k|sfzs k|fSsyg

g]kfn ;/sf/ kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| k|f/lDes afnlzIffb]lv sIff !@ ;Ddsf] ljBfno
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno lzIffsf] kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts Pjd\ cGo z}Ifl0fs ;fdu|Lsf] ljsf;,
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ u/L lzIffsf] /fli6«o p2]Zo k|flKtdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpgsf
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ nflu :yflkt lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfnocGtu{tsf] k|fl1s s]Gb| xf] .
ljBfno txsf kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':tsnufotsf k7gLo z}lIfs ;fdu|Lx¿
ljsf; tyf k|sfzg a[xt\ / r'gf}tLk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . k|sfzgsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{
kIf tyf eflifs z'4tf z}nLut Ps¿ktf sfod u/L k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿
ljZj;gLo agfpg' xf] . k|sfzgsf] oxL kIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu o;
© k|sfzsdf s]Gb|n] of] k|sfzg z}nL ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . k|sfzg z}nL (House Style)
s'g} klg k|sfzg u[xn] lnlvt ;fdu|L ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgsf nflu
j0f{ljGof;, efiff / 6ª\sgsf ;DaGwdf tof/ kf/]sf lgodx¿sf] ;ª\sng
xf] . of] ;fdu|L k|sfzgsf] z}nL lgwf{/0f ug]{ cfwf/ klg xf] . k|sfzg
klxnf] ;+:s/0f M @)%^ z}nLdf efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] /vfO, z'4Ls/0f, ;ª\lIfKt ¿k, kbj|md,
bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)^# kb;ª\ult, eflifs z}nLsf ;fy} 6ª\sg, lrqfª\sgnufot ljljw kIfdf
t];|f] ;+:s/0f M @)&) :ki6 kfg]{ p2]Zon] @)%^ ;fndf tof/ kfl/Psf] k|sfzg ;fdu|L ;Dkfbg
rf}yf] -kl/dflh{t_ ;+:s/0f M @)&! z}nL k'l:tsfnfO{ ljleGg ljifo lzIfs, k|fWofks, ;~rf/sdL{ / cGo
kfFrf}F -kl/dflh{t_ ;+:s/0f M @)&^ efiffljb\x¿ ;+nUg sfo{zfnfaf6 kl/dfh{g u/fO{ k'gM @)^# ;fndf k|sfzg
;Dkfbg z}nL k':tssf ¿kdf / @)^( df k|sfzg z}nLsf ¿kdf tof/
kfl/Psf] lyof] . k|sfzg z}nLsf] of] /fli6«o kf7\oj|md ljsf; tyf d"Nofª\sg
d'b|s M kl/ifb\sf] ^$cf}F a}7sn] lgb]{z u/]cg';f/ g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf] a[xt\
g]kfnL zAbsf]z cg'¿k j0f{ljGof; cBfjlws u/L g]kfnL dfWoddf k|sfzg
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf o; ;fdu|Lsf] k'/} jf cf+lzs x'g] ;fdu|Lsf] ;Dkfbgsf nflu tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;+:s/0fdf cª\u|]hL
efu x'ax' k|sfzg ug{, kl/jt{g u/]/ k|sfzg ug{, s'g} ljB'tLo ;fwg jf dfWodsf l;sfO ;fdu|Lsf nflu ;d]t pkof]uL x'g] u/L cª\u|]hL dfWodsf
cGo k|ljlwaf6 clen]va¢ ug{ / k|ltlnlk lgsfNg kfOg] 5}g . ;fdu|L ;Dkfbgsf] z}nL;d]t ljsf; u/L ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . sfo{bnaf6
tof/ kfl/Psf] o; k|sfzg z}nLnfO{ g]kfnL efiff ljifo ;ldlt, cª\u|]hL
efiff ljifo ;ldlt / ;dGjo tyf ;Dkfbg ;ldltdf 5nkmn u/L o; ljifo;"rL
¿kdf tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . efu M Ps
o; k|sfzg z}nLdf ljBfno txsf ljBfyL{nfO{ b[li6ut u/L efiffsf k[i7 ;ª\Vof
j0f{x¿sf] /vfO, z'4Ls/0f, ;ª\lIfKt ¿k, kbj|md, kb;ª\ult, eflifs z}nLsf kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] 9fFrf / cGo ;fGble{s hfgsf/L
;fy} 6ª\sg, lrqfª\sgnufot ljljw kIfdf g]kfnL / cª\u|]hL b'j} dfWodsf !–!$
l;sfO ;fdu|L ;Dkfbgsf kIfx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] tof/Ldf != k|sfzg z}nLsf] kl/ro !
ljZjljBfno tyf g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fgsf ;Da4 k|fWofks tyf k|f1, @= k|fl1s OdfGbf/L !
;DalGwt ljifosf lzIfs, k|a'4 efiffljb\, ljleGg kf7\o;fdu|L / #= ljljwtfsf] ;Djf]wg @
kqklqsfsf] k|sfzgdf ;+nUg ljlzi6 dxfg'efjx¿ tyf ;Da4 $= cg'lbt ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ro #
ljz]if1x¿sf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . of] z}nL k'l:tsf ljsf; ug{] sfo{df %= n]vg tl/sf #
of]ubfg ug'{x'g] ;a}k|lt kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| s[t1tf k|s6 u5{ . ^= kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|Ldf /xg] k|f/lDes zAbx¿ $
kf7\ok':ts tyf kf7\o;fdu|L n]vg / z}Ifl0fs k|of]udf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] ^=!= cfj/0f k[i7 $
p2]Zon] o;sf] k|sfzg ul/Psf] xf] . o; ;fdu|LnfO{ ;/n, ;j{dfGo, ^=@ zLif{s k[i7 %
Jofjxfl/s, j:t'lgi7 / k|of]uk/s agfpg ;Da4 ;a} kIfsf] cd"No ;'emfj ^=#= ;jf{lwsf/ k[i7 %
k|fKt x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| o;nfO{ cem kl/is[t ^=$= k|fSsyg÷e"ldsf k[i7 ^
kfg{ k|of]ustf{ dxfg'efjx¿af6 /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . ^=% ljifo;"rL &
&= clGtd k[i7 &
@)&^, h]7 lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno &=!= clGtd leqL tyf aflx/L k[i7 &
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| *= ;fdu|L n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgdf ljljwtfsf] ;Djf]wg &
(= ;ª\lIfKt gfd *
!)= ;ª\Vofsf] n]vg (
!!= dfk tyf gfk;DaGwL zAbx¿ !!
!@= lrqj0f{g !@
!#= kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] 9fFrf !#
!$= kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf nflu cIf/sf] ;fOh !$
!%= k':tssf] cfsf/ !%
!^= kl/R5]b÷PsfO !% *=*= a / j;DaGwL #*
!&= cª\s, cIf/ / a'n]6 !^ *=( o / P #(
!*= cIf/ / cIf/ ;ª\Vof tyf zAb / zAb ;ª\Vof !^ *=!) If ;DaGwL #(
!(= p¢/0f / ;Gbe{sf] k|of]u !* *=!!= C ;DaGwL #(
@)= efiff ;Dkfbg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿ !* *=!@= 1 ;DaGwL $)
*=!#= z÷if÷;;DaGwL $)
efu M b'O{ (= ljljw $@
!= tTej zAbsf] j0f{ljGof; @) (=!= P sf] g' cGTodf cfpg] s[bGt zAb
!=! zAbflb / zAbdWodf x|:j n]lvg zAbx¿ @) k5fl8 n] df ljelSt nfUbf lno{s\ ?k $@
!=@ zAtfGtdf bL3 O{ / pm x'g] zAbx¿ @# (=@= ljelSto'St ;j{gfd $@
@= cfuGt's zAb @% (=#= ljz]if0f -e]bs_ sf ¿kdf ;j{gfd $@
#= xnGt / chGt;DaGwL @^ !)= n]Vo lrx\gsf] k|of]u $#
$= a / j;DaGwL @& !)=!= k"0f{ lj/fd $#
%= lz/ljGb', rGb|ljGb' / k~rd j0f{sf] k|of]u @* !)=@= cNk lj/fd $#
^= kbof]u / kbljof]u @* !)=#= cw{ lj/fd $#
^=!= kbof]u @( !)=$= lgb]{z lrx\g $$
^=@= kbljof]u #! !)=%= k|Zgjfrs $$
&= tT;d zAbsf] j0f{ljGof; ## !)=^= lj:do;"rs $$
*= x|:jbL3{ ;DaGwL #$ !)=&= of]hs lrx\g $%
*=!= zAtflbdf x|:j O / p x'g] zAbx¿ #$ !)=*= sf]i7s lrx\g $%
*=@= zAbdWodf x|:j O jf p x'g] zAbx¿ #$ !)=(= p4/0f lrx\g $%
*=#= zAbfGtdf x|:j O jf p x'g] zAbx¿ #% !!= lnlk lrx\gsf] k|of]u $^
*=$= zAbflbdf bL3{ O{ jf pm x'g] zAbx¿ #^ Parti 3
*=%= zAbdWodf bL3{ O{ jf pm x'g] zAbx¿ #^ House Style
*=^= zAbfGtdf bL3{ O{ jf pm x'g] zAbx¿ #& 1. Introduction 47
*=&= xnGt / chGt;DaGwL #& 2. Academic Honesty 47
3. Acknowledgement the diversity efu M Ps
in language and content 48 -efiffdf ul/g] k|sfzg z}nL k|sfzgsf nflu_
4. Preliminary pages 49
!= k|sfzg z}nLsf] kl/ro
4.1. Cover page 49
k|sfzg z}nL (House Style) s'g} klg k|sfzg u[xn] lnlvt ;fdu|L
4.2. Inside Cover/Title pages 50
;Dkfbg / k|sfzgsf nflu j0f{ljGof;, efiff / 6ª\sgsf ;DaGwdf
4.3 The page of the publisher's blurb 5
tof/ kf/]sf lgodx¿sf] ;ª\sng xf] . o;nfO{ z}nL k'l:tsf klg
4.4. Preface 52
elgG5 . o;df efiffsf j0f{x¿sf] /vfO, z'4Ls/0f, ;ª\lIfKt ¿k,
4.5. Table of contents 52
5. Appendices 53
kbj|md, kb;ª\ult, eflifs z}nLsf ;fy} 6ª\sg, lrqfª\sgnufot ljljw
6. Writing caption : kIfdf :ki6 kfg]{ sfo{ ul/G5 .
describing pictures and photographs 53 k|To]s k|sfzg u[xsf n]cfp6, l8hfOg cflbsf ;DaGwdf cfcfˆg}
7. Layout format of the materials 54 tf}/tl/sf x'Gf ;S5g\ . k|sfzg ePsf ljljw ;fdu|Ldf eflifs /
8. Font face and font size 56 k|fljlws Ps¿ktf sfod ug{sf lglDt eg] k|sfzg z}nLsf] cjnDag
9. The size of the book 58 ug{' cfjZos 5 . o;n] n]vg, ;Dkfbg, ;fh;Hhf, k|sfzg cflb
10. The use of the heading, subheading sfo{df lglZrttf, ;xhtf / Ps¿ktfsf lglDt dfu{lgb]{zg ub{5 .
and sub-subheading 58 z}nL k'l:tsfdf n]vg 9fFrf -:yfgfª\sg, cIf/, k|:t'lt cflb_,
11. Numbers of letters and words in text 58 kf08'lnlksf] tof/L, 6ª\sg 9fFrf, z}nLut kIf ;d]tsf] lgb]{zg ul/G5 .
12. In-text citation and refrencing 59 n]vs / ;Dkfbsn] oxL z}nL k'l:tsfdf cfwfl/t eP/ cfˆgf] sfo{
13. Consistency in either American English ;Dkfbg ug'{kb{5 .
or British English 60 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G› kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo z}Ifl0fs
14. Factors to be considered while editing 60 ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ljsf; tyf k|sfzg ug]{ ;+:yf xf] . ;Dkfbg / k|sfzg ug]{
15. Punctuation 61 ;fdu|Ldf z'4tfsf ;fy} ;+:yfut klxrfg / Ps¿ktf x'g'kg]{
16. Numbers 70 cfjZostfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L of] k|sfzg z}nL ljsf; ul/Psf] xf] .
17. Fractions 71 @ k|fl1s Odfgbf/L (Academic Honesty)
18. Writing Dates 72 kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| k|fl1s dof{bf, Odfgbf/L / g}lts d"Nok|lt
19. Abbreviations and Acronyms 73
k|lta4 /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu pko'St ;Gbe{ ;|f]t lng], n]vsLo
ljrf/sf] df}lnstfsf] k|:t'lt ug]{, ;"rgf / ljrf/sf ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ug]{
1
tyf ljBfyL{;dIf k|bfg ul/g] k7g ;fdu|Ldf :ki6 efj ;Dk|]if0f x'g] u/L
k|:t'lt lbg] h:tf k|fl1s Odfgbf/Lsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o;afx]s
c¿sf /rgfsf] efjx/0f ug]{, ;flxTo / snfsf] h:tfsf] t:t} gSsn
ug]{ tyf c¿sf s[ltsf] s'g} g s'g} c+zsf] rf]/L ug]{ h:tf af}l4s rf]/L
kIfnfO{ k"0f{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt s'/f gxf];\ eGg]
% n]vg tl/sf
s'/fdf ;ts{ x'g' cfjZos 5 M
 c¿n] n]v]sf] s[lt jf u/]sf sfdnfO{ cfˆgf] eGg gx'g]
 s;}sf zAbx¿ jf ljrf/nfO{ n]vssf] gfd glbO{ cfˆgf] eg]/
k|:t't ug{ gkfOg]
 c¿sf egfOnfO{ p4/0f lrx\gleq /fv]/ k|:t't ug'{kg]{
 s'g} ;|f]taf6 lnOPsf ;fdu|LnfO{ aª\UofP/ k|:t't ug{ gx'g]
 zAb jf efiff kl/jt{g u/L c¿sf] egfOnfO{ s'g} ;|f]t glbO{
cfˆgf] efiffdf n]Vg gx'g]
 c¿sf] j]a;fO6af6 s'g} klg ;fdu|L :jLs[ltlagf lng gx'g]
# ljljwtfsf] ;Daf]wg
ljljwtfsf] ;Daf]wg x'g] u/L kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':tsnufotsf
kf7\o;fdu|Ldf lgDglnlvt kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
 ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO cj;/sf] lg/Gt/tf / ljsf;df ;a}
k|sf/sf ljljwtfsf] ;Daf]wg
 ;a} ljljwtf ePsf ljBfyL{nfO{ ;s];Dd ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L
ljifo / lj|mofsnfksf] k|:t'lt
 n}ªl\ us, hftLo, k];fut, ef}uf]lns, eflifs, juL{o /
ckfª\utf;DaGwL lje]b emlNsg] zAb, kbfjnL, pvfg 6'Ssf
/ ldysnufotsf ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]udf lgif]w
 cfk;L ;b\efj, k|]d, ljZjf; / dfgjLo efjgfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
ug]{ lsl;dsf l;sfO ;fdu|Ldf hf]8
2 3
$ cg"lbt ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
 cg"lbt ;fdu|Ldf :ki6 ¿kdf d"n n]vssf] gfd pNn]v ug]{
 s'g} s[lt÷kf7 n]vs jf cg'jfbssf] gfd;d]t pNn]v ug]{
 cg"lbt ;fdu|Lsf af/]df af}l4s Odfgbfl/tf sfod ug]{
kf7\oj|md, kf7\ok':tsnufotsf l;sfO ;fdu|L n]vg tyf
;Dkfbg ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
 n]Vbf 5f]6f] jfSo k|of]u ug'{k5{ . 5f]6f jfSo k9\g / a'‰g
;xh x'G5 . ;fdfGotM :t/cg';f/ @) zAbeGbf dflysf
jfSo pko'St dflgFb}g . jfSodf cgfjZos zAbx¿ k|of]u
ug'{ x'Fb}g .
 af]w Ifdtfsf] ljsf;df ljBfno txdf 5f]6f cg'R5]b g}
pko'St dflgG5g\ . ;fdfGotM a9Ldf bz jfSo jf !))–!%)
zAb;Ddsf] cg'R5]b pko'St x'G5 . 5f]6f] cg'R5]bn]
kf7÷n]vgnfO{ 5l/tf] / :ki6 agfpF5 .
 n]vgdf cgfjZos kb tyf kbfjnL Pjd\ kfl/eflifs zAbsf]
k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . kf7\ok':ts cfd ljBfyL{ jf ;fdfGo
kf7ssf nflu x'g] x'Fbf ck|fljlws jf ckfl/eflifs zAbsf]
rog ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . kfl/eflifs tyf k|fljlws zAb k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf klg ltgsf] cy{ v'Ng] u/L ;lhnf] agfP/
k|:t't ug'{kb{5 .
 n]vgdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . o;sf
nflu zAbfjnL, ;ª\lIfKt zAb, jfSo, lrx\g k|of]unufotdf
klg Ps¿ktf eof] ePg eGg] s'/fdf Vofn ug'{kb{5 .
 n]vsn] n]v]sf] l;sfO ;fdu|L kf7ssf nflu xf] eGg] s'/fdf
 Vofn k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . /fd|f] kf7\ok':ts n]vsn] afnaflnsf÷ ^=@ zLif{s k[i7
kf7ssf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . o;sf nflu s'g pd]/ -s_ zLif{s k[i7sf] ;'?df kf7\ok':ts÷;Gbe{ k':tssf] gfd
;d"x -sIff_, s'g ljifo tyf s'g :t/sf ljBfyL{sf nflu kf7 /xg] 5 .
n]lvPsf] xf], To;sf] Vofn ug'{kb{5 . pgLx¿n] klxn] g} s] -v_ lardf n]vssf] gfd /xg] 5 . kl/dflh{t k':tsdf d"n
s'/fsf] cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ / n]vsn] n]Vg] zLif{sdf ltgsf] n]vs tyf kl/dfh{gstf{x¿sf] gfd, ;Dkfbs, k|fSsyg÷
?lr jf af]w s] x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 . To;}n] e"ldsf÷xfd|f] egfOdf dfq /xg] 5 ._
n]vg of]hgf agfpFbf jf k"j{tof/L ubf{ g} ljifoj:t', zLif{s k[i7sf] gd'gf o;k|sf/ x'g] 5 M
k|fljlws af]wsf] :t/, ltgsf] ?lr / n]vsn] lbPsf] ;"rgfsf g]kfnL
cfwf/df ltgn] ug{ ;Sg] cEof;÷sfo{sf af/]df ljrf/ sIff !)
k'¥ofpg'k5{ . n]vssf] gfd

 cfjZostfcg';f/ cf}krfl/s / cgf}krfl/s efiffsf] k|of]u g]kfn ;/sf/

ug'{ pko'St x'G5 . uDeL/ ljifodf cf}krfl/s k|:t'lt g} a9L lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›
pko'St dflgG5 . ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/
^= kf7\ok':ts / kf7\o;fdu|Ldf /xg] k|f/lDes k[i7x¿ ^=# ;jf{lwsf/ k[i7
kf7\ok':tssf ;'?sf k[i7x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] j|mddf /fVg'k5{ M ljj/0f -;jf{lwsf/_ k[i7df lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ j|mdzM /xg] 5g\ M
cfj/0f k[i7 bfofF k[i7 (Recto) df -s_ k|sfzssf] gfd / 7]ufgf
zLif{s k[i7 bfofF k[i7 (Recto) df -v_ ;jf{lwsf/ -;jf{lwsf/sf nflu © sf] k|of]u u/L
ljj/0f -;jf{lwsf/_ k[i7 afofF k[i7df (Verso) clwsf/jfnfsf] gfd /fVg]_
k|fSsyg÷e"ldsf bfofF k[i7df -u_ ;+:s/0f
ljifo;"rL bfofF k[i7df -3_ k|sfzg -jif{ lj=;+= df n]Vg]_
-ª_ d'›ssf] gfd / 7]ufgf
^=! cfj/0f k[i7
-r_ d"No
cfj/0f k[i7df kf7\ok':tssf] gfd / kf7\ok':tssf] ljifoj:t'sf]
-5_ ISBN
k|ltlglwŒj ug]{ b[i6fGt lrq /xg] 5g\ . cfj/0fsf] cluNnf]
-h_ ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zg
(Front) / kl5Nnf] (Back) b'j} efunfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

4 5
^=$= k|fSsyg÷e"ldsf k[i7 ^=%= ljifo;"rL
kf7\oj|md÷kf7\ok':ts÷lgb]{lzsfx¿÷;Gbe{ ;fdu|Ldf cfwf/e"t / ljifo;"rLsf] gd'gf lgDgfg';f/sf] x'g] 5 M
dfWolds txsf nflu 5'66\ f5'6\6} e"ldsf k[i7 /xg] 5g\ . ;a} l;sfO j|m=;= zLif{s k[i7 ;ª\Vof
;fdu|Ldf /flvg] e"ldsf k[i7sf klxnf] / t];|f] cg'R5]b Ps} vfnsf /xg]
5g\ eg] bf];|f] cg'R5]bdf ljifout ;"rgfd"ns hfgsf/L /xg] 5g\ . &= clGtd k[i7x¿
o;sf cltl/St o;df lgDglnlvt s'/fx¿ /xg] 5g\ M -s_ clGtd k[i7x¿df lgDgfg';f/sf zLif{sx¿ cfjZostfcg';f/ /xg]
d"n n]vssf] gfd M 5g\ M
kl/dfh{sx¿sf] gfd M  kl/lzi6
efiff ;Dkfbssf] gfd M  ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L (References)
6fOk ug]{sf] gfd M
 zAbfjnL (Glossary)
lrqfª\sgstf{sf] gfd M
;fh;Hhfsf/sf] gfd M  cg'j|mdl0fsf
o; k[i7sf] cGTodf b]a|]k6\l6 k|sfzg ldlt / bflxg]k6\l6 k|sfzssf] gfd  k':tsdf k|of]u ul/Psf ;fdu|Lsf ;|f]t ;ª\s]t
/xg] 5 . ljj/0f k[i7 / e"ldsf k[i7sf] gd'gf lgDglnlvt k|sf/sf] x'g]  cg';"rL
5M &=!= clGtd leqL tyf aflx/L k[i7
k|sfzs xfd|f] egfO kf7\ok':tsdf eP clGtd leqL tyf aflx/L k[i7df sIffut jf
lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›
;fd"lxs uLt /fVg'k5{ / cGo ;fdu|Ldf eP kf7\oj|md ljsf;
;a} ljifodf
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/ != ;femf cg'R5]b s]G›af6 k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;"rL jf cGo ;fGble{s ljifoj:t'
@= ljifout cg'R5]b ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] 5 . kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›af6 ;xof]uL
g]kfn ;/sf/
© kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb| #= ;femf cg'R5]b ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ k|sflzt ;fdu|Lsf] cg'jfb ul/Pdf
;+:s/0f M ============================= ltgdf klg g]kfnL ;+:s/0fdf /x]sf] sIffut jf ;fd"lxs uLt
k|sfzg jif{ M
d'›s M g]kfnL efiffdf g} h:tfsf] t:t} /flvg] 5 .
d"No ?= g]kfn ;/sf/ *= ;fdu|L n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgdf ljljwtfsf] ;Daf]wg
ISBN lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G› ;fdu|L n]vg tyf ;Dkfbgdf n}ªl\ us, If]qLo / ;f+:s[lts
kf7\ok':tssf ;DaGwdf s'g} ;'emfj ;Gt'ngnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ 5 M
ePdf kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›, ;Dkfbg lj=;+= ========
tyf k|sfzg zfvfdf k7fOlbg'xg' -s_ dlxnf jf k'?ifn] k/Dk/fut e"ldsfsf ;fy} ;dfg e"ldsf klg
cg'/f]w 5 .
6 7
 lgjf{x ul//x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t eO{ kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿
tof/ kfg'{k5{ .
-v_ kl/jf/, lzIff, k];f, ;fdflhs sfo{ cflbdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf]
;dfg e"ldsf /xG5 eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t eO{ kf7\o;fdu|L tof/
kfg'{k5{ .
-u_ /fi6«sf lhDd]jf/ gful/ssf x}l;otn] afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s,
dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg clwsf/ tyf st{Jo x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf
Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
-3_ dfgjLo ;fdflhs cl:tŒjaf]w u/fpg tyf ;+/If0f ug{ cfk;L
;xof]u / cfb/ ;Ddfg ug]{ h:tf ljifoj:t'x¿df dlxnf jf
k'?ifnfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{k5{ .
-ª_ ljz]if bhf{ hgfpg] / ljz]if lnª\unfO{ af]w u/fpg] x]8df:6/,
;efklt, r]o/d]g, d]gkfj/ h:tf zAb k|of]u gu/L o;sf 7fpFdf
k|frfo{, ;efWoIf, r]o/ k;{g, hgzlSt h:tf j}slNks jf
¿kfGtl/t zAbsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
-r_ kf7\o;fdu|Ldf s'g} If]q ljz]if jf :yfg ljz]if jf ToxfFsf
hg;d'bfonfO{ clk|o nfUg] vfnsf ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z gxf]pg\
egL Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
-5_ s'g} klg wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg cflbsf] ;Ddfg
ul/g'k5{ .
-h_ s'g} hfthflt jf ;d'bfo, lnª\u, j0f{, ju{, cj:yf, czSttf,
ckfª\utf cflbsf cfwf/df s;}nfO{ nf~5gf nfUg] jf xf]Rofpg]
jf clk|o / cZnLn nfUg] vfnsf kf7, zAb, pvfg 6'Ssf, egfO
cflb kf7\o;fdu|Ldf ;dfj]z ug'{ x'Fb}g .
(= ;ª\lIfKt gfd
-s_ ;'?df k'/} gfd n]Vg] / bf]xf]¥ofpg' kbf{ To;sf] ;ª\lIfKt ¿k dfq
8 9
k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_
ufpFkflnsf -ufkf_÷gu/kflnsf -gkf_
;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3 -;+/f;_
o'gfO6]8 :6]6\; ckm cd]l/sf -o'P;P_
-v_ Pp6} zAbdf n]lvg] zAbsf] ;ª\lIfKt ¿knfO{ laGb' glbO{
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M 6]lnlehg -l6eL_, lel;8L, lala;L, l;cf/;L
-u_ lj=;+=, O=k"=, 8f=, aL=P=, Pd=P=, Pd=P8=, Pd=P:;L=, ;]=ld=,
ld=ld=, ls=u|f= h:tf ;ª\lIfKt gfdx¿ ;'?d} klg ;ª\lIfKt ¿kdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
-3_ klxnf cIf/x¿ ldn]/ aGg] c+zfIf/L gfdx¿ (Acronyms) ;'?d}
;ª\If]kdf n]Vg klg ;lsG5 . h:t} M o'lg;]km, ;fs{, o'g]:sf]
cflb .
!)= ;ª\Vofsf] n]vg
pd]/, ;do, ut] h:tf ltly, ldlt, dfkgsf PsfO, d'›f, tflnsf,
clen]v, tfkdfg, hg;ª\Vof, k|ltzt cflbnfO{ lgDgfg';f/
n]Vg'k5{ M
-s_ pvfg 6'Ssfdf cª\ssf] k|of]u x'g] eP To;nfO{ cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
afx| 5f]/f t]/ gflt, a'9fsf] wf]j|mf] sfFw}dfly
gf}tn] 3/sf] ‰ofn g 9f]sf
-v_ ;do hgfpFbf cª\ssf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M $ ah] . #M#)
ah] .
;do hgfpg cfwf, kf}g], ;jf h:tf zAb k|of]u ug]{ eP ltgnfO{
cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M ;f9] b'O{ ah] .
-u_ ut] hgfpg] ;ª\Vof ;w}F cª\sdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M j}zfv !)
 ut] . kmfu'g ! ut] . k|f/Ded} === .
-3_ jif{ jf ;fn hgfpg] ;ª\Vof cª\sdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M g]kfndf -9_ j|md hgfpFbf cª\ssf ;fydf yf]Knf] / cIf/sf ;fydf sf]i7s
@))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] k|hftGq cfof] . k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M !=, -s_
-ª_ dfkg, cfofd, cfotg, ulx/fO, prfO, nDafO, rf}8fO cflbdf !!= dfk tyf gfk;DaGwL zAbx¿
cª\ssf] k|of]u u/L cfofdsf] k|0ffnL -OGr, ln6/, ld6/ cflb_ dfk;DaGwL zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u dfgs :t/cg';f/ ug'{k5{ .
cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M ;Ltf !=^ ld6/ cUnL l5g\ . ;Ltfn] ! ef}lts kl/efiff ;ª\s]t
ln6/ kfgLdf hLjghn agfOg\ . -bzdnj PsfO k|of]u ubf{ nDafO ld6/ (m)
cª\s / bzdnj laGb'sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ ._ ;]lG6ld6/ (cm)
-r_ PseGbf sdsf] bzdnj PsfOdf laGb'sf] cl3lNt/ z"Gosf] k|of]u ldlnld6/ (mm)
ug'{k5{ . h:t} M )=!@ ld6/ .
lk08 lsnf]u|fd (Kg)
-5_ Ps ltxfO, b'O{ ltxfO, tLg rf}yfO cflb cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;do ;]s]G8 (s)
p;n] Ps ltxfO sfd ;Sof] .
tfkj|md ;]lN;o; (C)
-h_ ;dofjlw hgfpFbf cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M 5 lbg] ofqf . Ps
ljB't\ wf/f PlDko/ (A)
dlxgfsf] sfd .
ljB't\ cj/f]w cf]xd (Ω)
-em_ tLgeGbf dflysf] cª\sdf cNklj/fd lrx\gsf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
h:t} M %,%%%÷%%,%%%÷%,%%,%%% sfo{÷zlSt h'n (J)
-`_ jfSosf] ;'?sf] cª\s cIf/df n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M afO; a;]{ an Go'6g (N)
/fdaxfb'/n] ;u/dfyf r9] . ;f]/ a;]{ pd]/}df d} klg lemNs] x'Fbf] ;fdYo{ jf6 (W)
x'F . ul0ft ljifodf cª\saf6} klg jfSo ;'? ug{ ;lsG5 . ult ld6/ k|lt;]s]G8 (m/s)
-6_ ul0ft, lj1fg h:tf ljifodf k|ltzt hgfpg k|ltzt lrx\gsf] k|j]u ld6/ k|ltju{;]s]G8 (m/s2)
k|of]u ug'{k5{ . efiffdf eg] cIf/d} n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M ()Ü If]qkmn ju{ld6/ (m2)
ljBfyL{n] g]kfnL ljifodf P Kn; u|]8 NofP . xfjfdf &*Ü cfotg 3gld6/ (m3)
gfO6«f]hg 5 . 3gŒj lsnf]u|fd k|lt3gld6/ (Kg/m3)
xfdL cfkm\gf] nIodf ztk|ltzt ;kmn eof}F . rfk kf:sn (Pa)
-7_ ldlt n]Vbf jif{, dlxgf / ut]sf] j|mddf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M @)&^ cfj[lQ xh{ (Hz)
c;f/ @! ut] jf @)&^÷)#÷@! n]Vg'k5{ . kf]6]lG;on km/s ef]N6 (V)
-8_ ;fn jf jif{df cª\ss} k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M lj=;+= @)&^ sf]
10 11
!@= lrq j0f{g (Caption)
lrq j0f{gn] kf7df /x]sf] ljifoj:t' bf]xf]¥ofpg] sfd gu/L
ljifoj:t'nfO{ JofVof, yk k'li6 ug{ jf k|sfz kfg{ ;3fpg'k5{ .
lrq j0f{gsf] cfsf/ d"ntM lrqsf] :j¿k tyf ljifoj:t'df e/
k5{ . lrq j0f{g ;s];Dd Ps} kª\lStdf / g;lsPdf b'O{ kª\lStdf
lbg'k5{ . lrq j0f{g ubf{ lgDglnlvt s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ M
-s_ lrq j0f{g (Caption) 5f]6f] jfSodf n]Vg'k5{ .
-v_ ;fdfGotof s] -ljifoj:t'_, sf] -JolSt_, sxfF -7fpF_ h:tf
lh1f;fnfO{ :ki6 ug{ lrq j0f{g ug'{k5{ .
-u_ lrq j0f{g ;/n, k|efjsf/L / k"0f{ x'g'k5{ .
-3_ lrq j0f{gn] tl:a/ jf lrqn] b]vfPsf s'/fx¿ bf]xf]¥ofP/
atfpg'eGbf lrqn] k|:6 gb]vfPsf k[i7e"ldsf s'/f j0f{g ug'{k5{ .
h:t} M lxdfn b]lvg] lrqdf of] lxdfn xf] jf of] lxdfnsf] lrq xf]
eGg' cfjZos 5}g . a? To;df c¿ ;ª\s]tx¿af/] hfgsf/L
lbg'k5{ . lrq j0f{g sIffsf] :t/cg';f/ x'g'k5{ .
-ª_ lrq tyf kmf]6f] cflbsf nflu kof{Kt ljj/0f (Description)
cyjf lrq jf kmf]6f] (Photographs) x¿ /fVg'kg]{ 5 .
-r_ lrqx¿ cfjZos lgb]{zgcg';f/ sfnf] jf /ª\uLg x'g'kg]{ 5 .
-5_ lrq (Art work) agfpFbf k"j{ k|sflzt lrqx¿ jf lSnk cf6{
(Clip art) sf] k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-h_ lrqsf] tn /xg] lrq ljj/0f ;fgf] cIf/df /xg] 5 . o;leq /xg]
lrqsf] ;ª\Vof n]Vg] tl/sf lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 M
lrq g= !=! cyjf tflnsf g=!=!
-em_ kf7leq lrqx¿ /fVbf lrqsf] ;fOh kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf]
lgb]{zgcg';f/ x'g'kg]{ 5 . lrqnfO{ ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' /x]sf]
pko'St 7fpFdf /fVg'kg]{ 5 . kf7 / lrq k|of]u ePsf ;fdu|Lsf
k[i7df lrq dfq g/fvL kf7\of+z klg /fVg'k5{ .
12
!#= kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] 9f“rf (Layout format)
-s_ lrqsf] j0f{g Ps nx/sf] x'g'kg]{ 5 .
-v_ lsgf/f ;f]emf] (Justify) ug'{k5{ .
-u_ cufl8 g5f]8]sf] (No indent) x'g'k5{ .
-3_ kf7\ok':tssf ;fdu|Lx¿ nx/ (Column) df /fVg' x'Fb}g . klqsf,
hg{n, a|f];/ / k|lŒj]bg (Report) x¿df nx/df /fVg'kg]{ eP b'O{
nx/df (Two column) n]cfp6 ug'{k5{ . ;fdu|LnfO{ nx/df
/fVbf bfofF afofF a/fa/ kf/L (Justify) /fVg'k5{ .
-ª_ Ps cg'R5]bb]lv csf]{ cg'R5]blarsf] cGt/fn / kf7\o;fdu|Lsf]
d"n c+znfO{ c6f] lnl8ª (Auto leading) ug'{k5{ .
-r_ k[i7 ;ª\Vof /fVbf k[i7sf] k'R5/ (Footer) df k':tssf] gfd,
sIff / k[i7 ;ª\Vof lahf]/ k[i7df bfofF / hf]/ k[i7df afofFlt/
/fVg'k5{ . e"ldsf, k|fSsyg, s[t1tf cflb cnUu} /fVg'k5{ .
logdf k[i7 ;ª\Vof /flvFb}g . o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\Vof hgfpg
5'66\ } ;ª\s]t /fVg'k5{ . d"n ;fdu|Laf6 dfq k[i7 ;ª\Vof ;'?
ug'{k5{ .
-5_ kfb l6Kk0fL (Foot notes) /fVg'kg]{ ;fdu|Ldf d"n kf7sf] cIf/sf]
cfsf/ (Text size) eGbf b'O{ ;fOh ;fgf] /fVg'k5{ .
-h_ kfb l6Kk0fL (Foot notes) /fVbf cª\ssf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . kfb
l6Kk0fLsf nflu Ps ;]=ld= Footer 5f]8g\ 'k5{ .
h:t} M kfb l6Kk0fL ! ===
kfb l6Kk0fL @ ===
-em_ kf7\ok':tssf cfjZos 7fpFdf lzIf0fsf nflu jf cGo ;fGble{s
lgb]{zg /fVg ;lsg] 5 .
6fOk ubf{ A4 ;fOhdf tNnf] / dflyNnf] nfOgsf lardf b'O{ cGt/fn
5f]8g\ 'k5{ / afofFlt/ sDtLdf 8]9 OGr vfnL 7fpF 5f]8g\ 'k5{ . bfofFlt/sf
13
vfnL 7fpF sDtLdf Ps OGr / tn / dflysf] vfnL 7fpF sDtLdf b'O{ Roman cflbdWo] s'g} pko'St Font sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
OGr 5f]l8Psf] x'g'k5{ . o;n] ubf{ l8hfOg / ljifo tyf efiff ;Dkfbg ;do j|mddf cGo ;'xfpFbf kmG6 klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
-3_ kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] 6fOk ug'{k"j{ k|of]u ul/g] kmG6, n]cfp6 / l8hfOg
(Copy editing) ug{ k|z:t 7fpF x'G5 / :ki6 klg x'G5 .
(Font, Layout and Design) sf af/]df s]Gb|af6 hfgsf/L
!$= kf7\ok':ts tyf cGo ;fdu|Lsf nflu cIf/sf] ;fOh (Type
lng'kg]{ 5 .
faces and type sizes)
!%= k':tssf] cfsf/ (Book size)
ljBfno txsf kf7\ok':tsx¿df ;fdfGotM lgDgfg';f/ ;fOhsf
-s_ cfwf/e"t tx tyf dfWolds txsf kf7\ok':tssf] ;fOh (Trim
cIf/x¿ k|of]u ug'k{ g]{ 5 M
size) !* ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) × @$ ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) jf @!
sIff g]kfnL cª\u|]hL
! @$ !* ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) × @* ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) x'g] 5 .
@ @$ !* -v_ cfwf/e"t tx tyf dfWolds txsf kf7\ok':tssf] ljifoj:t'sf]
# @@ !^ cfsf/ (Running text)
$ !* !$
% !* !$ !$ ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) × @@ ;]lG6ld6/ (cm) / !& ;]lG6ld6/ (cm
^ !^ !$ × @$ ;]lG6ld6/ (cm)
& !^ !$
* !^ !@ !^= kl/R5]b÷PsfO (Chapter/Unit font size)
( !$ !@ ljBfno txdf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf] kl/R5]b÷PsfO 9fFrf ;fdfGotM
!) !$ !@ lgDgfg';f/ x'g] 5 M
b|i6Jo M sIff g]kfnL cIf/ English Font
zLif{s pkzLif{s pkpkzLif{s Heading Sub- Sub-Sub-
-s_ ul0ft ljifosf ;DaGwdf lrq, cIf/ / cª\s;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut Heading Heading
u/L cIf/sf] ;fOh sIffut ¿kdf cGo ljifoeGbf km/s x'g ! @* uf9f @^ uf9f @$ uf9f 24 Bold 20 Bold 18 Bold
@ @* uf9f @^ uf9f @$ uf9f 24 Bold 20 Bold 18 Bold
;Sg] 5 .
# @^ uf9f @$ uf9f @@ uf9f 24 Bold 18 Bold 16 Bold
-v_ kf7\o;fdu|Ldf ;Dej eP;Dd OTF (Open Type Font) sf] $ @$ uf9f @@ uf9f !* uf9f 22 Bold 16 Bold 16 Bold
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ 5 . % @$ uf9f @@ uf9f !* uf9f 22 Bold 16 Bold 16 Bold
-u_ xfnnfO{ g]kfnL 6fOkdf lxdfnL, k|Llt, ;u/dfyf (Himalli, ^ @) uf9f !* uf9f !^ uf9f 22 Bold 16 Bold 14 Bold
Preeti, Sagarmatha) / lxdfn af]N8 (Himal Bold) jf kfljs] & @) uf9f !* uf9f !^ uf9f 20 Bold 16 Bold 14 Bold
jf cGo cflwsfl/s lgsfon] tof/ kf/]sf pko'St Font tyf * @) uf9f !^ uf9f !^ uf9f 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold
cª\u|]hL 6fOkdf Century Gothic, Arial jf Times New (–!@ @) uf9f !^ uf9f !^ uf9f 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold

14 15
!&= cª\s, cIf/ / a'n]6 -v_ cfwf/e"t txcGtu{t sIff 5b]lv cf7;Ddsf kf7\ok':ts / cGo
kf7\o;fdu|Ldf zLif{s, pkzLif{s cflbnfO{ 5'6o\ fpg lgDgfg';f/ cª\s kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿df ;fdfGotof kfFr cIf/ jf zAbf+z;Ddsf
cIf/ / a'n]6 /fVg'k5{ M zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ug{' pko'St x'G5 . h:t} M
!= zLif{s pQ/fk]IfL -pt\=t=/f=k]s\=l5_, ;+jw} flgstf -;d\=a}=wf=lgs\=tf_,
!=!= pkzLif{s ;fdfGotof -;f=dfg\=Go=t=of_, k':tsfno -k';=\ t=sf=n=o_,
-s_ pkpkzLif{s k|of]uzfnf -k|=of]u=\ ;f=nf_ cflb .
-c_ cGo zLif{s / a'Fbfx¿ cflb . -u_ dfWolds txsf kf7\ok':ts / cGo kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿df ;ftb]lv
;ª\s]t lrx\g -a'n]6_ sf] k|of]u ;se/ sd ug'{k5{ . cª\s jf cIf/af6 dflysf cIf/ jf zAbf+zx¿sf] klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t} M
sfd grNg] 7fpFdf dfq ;ª\s]t lrx\g -a'n]6_ k|of]u ug'{k5{ . pQ/bfloŒjk"j{s -pt\=t/\=bf=Ot\=Œj=k'/=\ as\_, efiff j}1flgsx¿n]
!*= cIf/, cIf/ ;ª\Vof, zAb / zAb ;ª\Vof -ef=;f=a}=Uof=lgs\=x=?=n]_, kl/lzi6fª\sx¿af6
zAbdf cIf/ ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f ubf{ efiff lzIf0fsf] ;}4flGts -k=l/=l;;\=6fª\=s=x=?=af=6_, pQ/flwsf/Lx¿af6
cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;/ntfaf6 hl6ntfsf] j|mddf k|f/lDes sIffb]lv -pt\=t=/f=lw=sf=l/=x=?=af=6_ cflb .
dflyNnf sIffx¿df j|mdzM l;Sg ;Sg] u/L k|of]u ug'{k5{ . -3_ w]/} cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ k9\g k|f/lDes sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
-s_ cIf/ ljefhg tyf zAbf+z -l;n]an_ sf b[li6n] cfwf/e"t sl7g x'g] x'Fbf To:tf sIffdf sd cIf/ ePsf zAbx¿ dfq k|of]u
txcGtu{t sIff Psb]lv kfFr;Ddsf kf7\ok':ts / cGo
ug'{ pko'St x'G5 . g]kfnL efiffdf ;'kf7\otfsf nflu jfSo
kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿df rf/ cIf/ jf zAbf+z;Ddsf zAbx¿sf] k|of]u
lgdf{0fsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] dfgs tof/ ul/Psf] 5 M
pko'St x'G5 . o; txdf ;+o'St j0f{x¿sf] k|of]u ;se/ sd
* zAb jf To;eGbf sd k9\g c;fWo} ;lhnf] (Very easy)
ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
(–!! zAb;Dd k9\g ;lhnf] (Easy)
 d, k9\, eg\, vf, 5]s\, p7\, dg -dg\_, ?v -?v\_, sfd -sfd\_
!@–!$ zAb;Dd k9\g l7Ss} ;lhnf] (Fairly easy)
cflb . -Ps cIf/_
!& zAb;Dd :t/Lo (Standard)
 kv{ -k/\=v_, em':; -em';\=;_, d;L -d=l;=_, 6f]kL -6f]=lk=_, h'Qf !*–@! zAb;Dd k9\g s]xL sl7g (Fairly difficult)
-h't=\ tf_, k|tLs -k|=lts\_ cflb . -b'O{ cIf/_ @@–@% zAb;Dd k9\g sl7g (Difficult)
 d's'Gb- d'=s'g\=b_, ;':t/L -;';\=t=l/_, ljBfyL{ -lab\=b\of/\=ly_ @^ zAbeGbf dfly k9\g w]/} sl7g (Very difficult)
cflb . -tLg cIf/_ o; b[li6n] k|lŒjfSo @) eGbf a9L zAbx¿sf] k|of]u ePsf jfSo k9\g
 ;';dfrf/ -;'=;=df=rf/\_, cfjthfjt -cf=jt\=hf=jt\_, sl7g x'g] b]lvG5 . o;df klg efjjfrs / ;+o'St zAbsf] k|ltzt s'n
kf08'lnlk -kfg\=8'=ln=lk_ cflb . -rf/ cIf/_ zAbsf] bz k|ltzteGbf a9L x'g' x'Fb}g . ljBfno txsf kf7\o;fdu|Lsf]
16 17
jfSo u7gdf sd zAb ePsf 5f]6f jfSosf] k|of]u pko'St x'G5 . s'g} hfthfltnfO{ cfIf]k nfUg] zAb, cZnLn zAb / c:jLsfo{
;fdfGotof cfwf/e"t txsf] sIff Psb]lv kfFr;Dddf cf7 zAbeGbf zAb k|of]u x'g lbg' x'Fb}g . g]kfnL efiffsf eflifsfdf k|of]u x'g]
sd / sIff 5b]lv cf7;Dddf !$ zAbeGbf sd tyf dfWolds txdf zAbdf eGbf :t/Lo / dfgs efiff k|of]udf hf]8 lbg'k5{ .
@! zAb;Ddsf jfSox¿ dfq k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L / cGo
;fdu|Ldf klg pko'{St zAb ;Ldfsf] Vofn ug'{k5{ .
!(= p4/0f / ;Gbe{sf] k|of]u
-s_ kf7\o;fdu|Ldf cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 s'g} c+z p4/0f ubf{ pb\w[t\ c+z
h:tfsf] t:t} eP bf]xf]/f] p4/0f lrx\gleq /fVg'k5{ . h:t} M
afns[i0f ;d eG5g\, æ1fg db{5 xfF;]/, /f]O{ lj1fg db{5 .Æ
-v_ p4/0fnfO{ kf7\o;fdu|Ldf cg's"lnt u/L /flvPsf] eP klg k]6]
l6Kk0fL jf kfb l6Kk0fL lbg'k5{ . kfb l6Kk0fL /fVg gldNg] 7fpF
eP ;f] c+z k/]s} k[i7df k]6] l6Kk0fLsf ¿kdf ;|f]t v'nfpg'k5{ .
-u_ kf7\o;fdu|Ldf s'g} cGo ;fdu|Lsf] k|ltlnlk /flvPsf] eP klg
To;sf] ;|f]t v'nfpg'k5{ .
@)= efiff ;Dkfbg ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ kIfx¿
6ª\lst lnlknfO{ :ki6 kfg{ / bf]xf]/f] cy{ gnfUg] agfpg tyf
q'l6/lxt agfpg efiff ;Dkfbg ul/G5 . efiff ;Dkfbg ubf{
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›sf] lglZrt dfgs (standard) nfO{
k5\ofpg'k5{ . o;sf nflu kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›n] tof/ kf/]sf]
k|sfzg z}nLnfO{ cjnDag ug'{k5{ . efiff ;Dkfbg ubf{ d"ntM
lgDgfg';f/sf kIfdf Wofg lbg'kb{5 M
-s_ z'4 j0f{ljGof; k|of]u ug'{k5{ . k|sfzg z}nL cjnDag ug'{k5{ .
efiff ;Dkfbsn] ;DalGwt sIffsf ljBfyL{sf] :t/cg';f/sf
zAb÷jfSosf] k|of]udf ljz]if Vofn ug'{k5{ .
-v_ kf7\o;fdu|Ldf ljBfyL{ cndlng], ax' cy{ nfUg] / c:ki6 efiff
/xg lbg' x'Fb}g . eflifs q'l6 gxf];\ eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t /xg'k5{ .
18 19
 efu M b'O{
j0f{ljGof;
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›af6 k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿df kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›n]
tof/ kf/]sf] k|sfzg z}nLcg';f/sf] j0f{ljGof; k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
!= tb\ej zAbsf] j0f{ljGof;
!=!= zAbflb / zAbdWodf x|:j n]lvg] zAbx¿
-s_ tb\ej zAbsf] zAbflb / zAbdWosf] Osf/ / psf/ x|:j
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;'g, g'g, ylkgL, g'lgnf], slnnf], alnof], ;lhnf], af?nf], aflx/,
leq, lalQs}, vflt/, lglDt, klxnf], dflxnf], ulx/f], /l;nf], a6'jf,
xr'jf, lemlnSs, ltl//L, lkml//L, l;l/l;/L cflb .
-v_ ;+:s[t tT;d zAbaf6 ¿k kl/jt{g eP/ g]kfnLdf cfPsf
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf zAbflb / zAbdWodf bL3{ n]lvPsf tb\ej
zAbnfO{ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
lgnf] -gLn_, ls/f] -sL6_, l3g -3[0ff_, lsnf]÷lvn -sLn_, lv/
-IfL/_, lbof] -bLk_, lk/ -kL8f_, lk/f] -kL8s_, ulx/f] -ueL/_, lr;f]
-zLt_, lap -aLh_, lhp -hLj_, w'nf] -w"ln_, w'jfF -w"d_, ;'/f] -z"/_,
d';f] -d"ifs_, d'nf -d"n_ cflb .
-u_ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf bL3{ n]lvg] zAbx¿ klg tb\ej g} ePsfn] ltgsf]
zAbflb / zAbdWosf] Osf/ -O_, psf/ -p_ nfO{ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
 lttf], ld7f], ltvf], lk7f], a'9f], l96f], b'w, ldt, ?v, ?vf], ?uf,
sk't, ;k't, r'g, r's, lrn, lar, l;k, lbuf], l7s, 7'nf],
lev, le/
 ;'Gbf pRrf/0f Pp6} nfUg] t/ cy{ leGg x'g] zAbx¿sf] lxHh]
lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M km'n -c08f_, km"n -k'ik_, k'/f -
h'7f] s'/f_, k"/f -k"0f{_, h'g -kbju{_, h"g -rGb|df_, ltg -
kbju{_, tLg -;ª\Vof_ cflb .
20
-3_ tT;d zAbdf tb\ej k|Too nfu]df ltgsf] Osf/ / psf/ x|:j
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
k'a]{nL -k"j{±PnL_, d'Vof{OF -d"v{±ofOF_, a;]{lg -jif{±Plg_, a;]{
-jif{±P_, k':6\ofOF -k'li6±ofOF_, b':6\ofOF -b'i6±ofOF_, w'Tof{OF
-w"t{±ofOF_, b;f{pg' -b[z± \ cfpg'_, la/lStg' -lj/lSt±g'_, AolStg'
-JoSt±Og'__, c+l;of/ -c+z±Oof/_, l:jsfg'{ -:jLsf/±g'_ cflb .
-ª_ ;ª\Vofjfrs zAbnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
Ps, b'O{, tLg, rf/ kfFr, 5, ;ft, cf7, gf}, bz, P3f/, afx|, t]/,
rf}w, kGw|, ;f]/, ;q, c7f/, pGgfO;, la;, PSsfO;, afO;, t]O;,
rf}la;, klRr;, 5lAa;, ;QfO;, c7\7fO;, pglGt;, lt;,
Pslt;, alQ;, t]lQ;, rfF}lt;, k}Flt;, 5lQ;, ;F}lt;, c7lt;,
pgGrfln;, rfln;, Psrfln;, aofln;, lqrfln;, rjfln;,
k}Ftfln;, 5ofln;, ;trfln;, c7rfln;, pgGrf;, krf;,
PsfpGg, afpGg, lqkGg, rpGg, krkGg, 5kGg, ;GtfpGg,
cG7fpGg, pgG;f7L, ;f7L, Ps;6\7L, ao;6\7L, lq;6\7L, rf};6\7L,
k}F;6\7L, 5o;6\7L, ;t;6\7L, c7;6\7L, pgG;Q/L,
;Q/L, PsxQ/, axQ/, lqxQ/, rf}xQ/, krxQ/, 5oxQ/,
;txQ/, c7xQ/, pgf;L, c;L, Psf;L, aof;L, lqof;L, rf}/f;L,
krf;L, 5of;L, ;tf;L, c7f;L, pgfGgAa], gAa], PsfgAa],
aofgAa], lqofgAa], rf}/fgAa], kGrfgAa], 5ofgAa], ;GtfgAa],
cG7fgAa], pgfG;o, ;o .
-r_ zAbfGtdf bL3{ n]lvg] zAb k|Too nfu]kl5 x|:j n]lvG5g\ . h:t} M
cl;cf}F -c;L±cf}F_, ;fl7cf}F -;f7L±cf}F_, ;Ql/cf}F -;Q/L±cf}F_,
lq;6\l7cf}F -lq;6\7L±cf}F_
b'O6f -b'O{ ± cf]6f_ cflb .
-5_ cfBfIf/df yf]Knf] glbO{ Pp6} l8sf]df n]lvPdf ;ª\lIfKt zAbsf
21
 cflb / dWo Osf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
l;l8cf], o'g]:sf], o'lg;]km, lala;L
yf]Knf] lbP/ n]lvPdf eg] PsfIf/L Osf/ bL3{ g} n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;L=8L=cf], aL=aL=;L=
-h_ cg's/0ffTds zAbsf lardf cfpg] Osf/ psf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
l6lnSs, ldlnSs, l;lgQ, ;'n'Q, x'n'Ss, lemlnldnL, l;l//L, t'??,
e'??, 6'n'6'n' cflb .
-em_ gftfaf]ws k'lnª\uL zAbsf] zAbfGtdf /x]sf O, p x|:j n]Vg]'k5{ .
h:t} M
HjfOF, bfO, efO, klt, kgflt, h]7fh', bfh', km'kfh', legfh' cflb .
-`_ cfO, ofO“, cfp, cf?, cfn', Pn' k|Too nfu]/ ag]sf zAbx¿sf]
Osf/ psf/ k|Toocg';f/ g} x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
k9fO, n]vfO, sdfO, ndfO, b':6\ofOF, a'9\ofOF, /f]kfOF, 3]/fp, r'gfp,
l6sfp, lasfp, l;sf?, x6f?, Ovfn', d}tfn', 3/]n' cflb .
-6_ s]xL cJoo zAb / ljelStsf] cGTosf] O x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
cufl8, k5fl8, clu, kl5, jfl/, kfl/, dfly, d'lg, v]l/, km]l/, el/,
jl/kl/, nflu, lglDt, b]lv, lsgls, clg, klg, tfklg, xlu, s'lGg,
rflxF .
t/ xL, xLF, k|Too nfu]sf oxL, sxLF, oxLF ToxLF / nfO{ ljelSt eg]
bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ .
-7_ kl/df0f hgfpg] zAb x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
slt, olt, plt, hlt, Tolt, cln cflb .
-8_ n3' jf lk|o cy{df cfpg] psf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
sfn', /fd', afa', aRr', ;fg', gfg', 5f]6' cflb .
22
-9_ psf/fGt gfd, ljz]if0f / cJoo x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
gfd
efp, bfp, l3p, lhp, cfn', s]/fp, lap, l;?, lxpF, plgpF, klgpF
cflb .
ufpF, 7fpF, d'u', rfFu', ;fFv,' afnfh', b'Nn', tgx'F, 6]s', x]nDa',
lr;ª\v', ;f]n', sfx'F cflb .
lnv', dn]v,' aNv', ;fx', efn', lxGb', v'Da', afDa', ofDkm', Hofk',
yf?, xfo', sf]o',t]nu', pb'{ cflb .
ljz]if0f
rfn', pNn', 56\6', 98\8', d6\7', nb\b', kq', lk6\7', lk5nUu', b'wfn',
l;sf?, lasfp, nfu', 7fn', n8fs' cflb .
cJoo
;fd', cfR5', cfTy', px', a?
-0f_ ;dfks 5' / x' lj|mofkbsf] psf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
d /fd|f] 5' . d g]kfnL x'F . d kmnkm"n vfG5' .
!=@ zAbfGtdf bL3{ O{, pm x'g] zAbx¿
-s_ ;a} :qLlnª\uL zAbx¿sf cGTodf Osf/ / psf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
Osf/fGt gfdkb M s]6L, /fgL, lbbL, ufO{, dfO{, e}F;L
gftfaf]ws zAb M efph", km'k", ;f;", dfOh" cflb .
-v_ lghL{j j:t' hgfpg] Osf/fGt zAbx¿ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
7]sL, bxL, dxL, sf]bfnL, 6f]kL, 5ftL, d;L, af/L, afnL, sfutL,
gf;kftL cflb .
s]xL ;hLj gfdsf cGTodf cfpg] Osf/ bL3{ n]Vg] M hf]uL, ;DwL,
xfQL, v;L .
23
-u_ gfd / ljz]if0faf6 ag]sf efjjfrs Osf/fGt gfd bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
ul/aL, ;fem]bf/L, Odfgbf/L, va/bf/L, df:6/L, 8fS6/L, v]tL,
gf]s/L cflb .
-3_ gbL / :yfgjfrs Osf/fGt gfd bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
jfUdtL, gf/fo0fL, dxfsfnL, sGsfO{, ;]tL, sf];L, /f];L, e]/L,
/fKtL, dfbL, df8L, d]rL cflb .
-ª_ :yfgjfrs ljz]if0f / cGo ljz]if0fsf] cGTosf] Osf/ bL3{
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
emfkfnL, kfNkfnL, u'Nd]nL, :ofª\hfnL, cd]l/sfnL, /l;ofnL,
clk|msL, h'DnL, ;'v]{tL cflb .
vfnL, cN5L, hftL, nf5L, l;NnL, bfdL, c;nL, sfg'gL, b]vfj6L
cflb .
-r_ hft, y/, k];f a'emfpg] klxrfg;“u hf]l8Psf zAbsf clGtd Osf/
/ psf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
clwsf/L, /fO{, 5]qL, e6\6/fO{, ahufO{F, k'hf/L, 8sdL{, wf]aL, t]nL,
lnDa" cflb . k|rngdf /x]sf] ;fold h:tf k|of]unfO{ oyfjt\
¿kdf n]Vg'k5{ .
-5_ hflt, wd{, ju{, efiff cflb hgfpg] zAbsf] clGtd Osf/ bL3{
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
g]kfnL, cª\u|]hL, aª\ufnL, lxGbL cflb .
-h_ ;j{gfd zAbsf] cGTosf] Osf/ / psf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
ltdL, xfdL, pgL, oL, tL, tkfO{F, cfkm", pm, c¿ cflb .
-em_ ;dfks :qLlnª\uL lj|mofkbsf] cGTosf] Osf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t}M
uO{, k9L, lxF8L, a;L, k9fO{, v]nL
24
alxgL 3/ uO{ . alxgLn] pkGof; k9L .
-`_ …P/Ú k|ToofGt s[bGt lj|mofsf ;6\6fdf k|of]u x'g] s[bGt lj|mofsf]
Osf/ klg bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t}M
cfO{ -cfP/_, ;sL -;s]/_, b]vfO{ -b]vfP/_ cflb .
pgLx¿n] snd lsgL -lsg]/_ dnfO{ lbP .
-6_ zAbfGtdf cfpg] OR5fy{s tyf cf1fy{s lj|mofkbsf] psf/ bL3{
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
hfpm, vfpm, a;"F, x]¿F, b]vfpm, hfg", k9\g" cflb .
OR5fy{s lj|mofkbsf] larsf] psf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
hfpg\, vfpg\, p8'g\, afFr'g\, a;'g,\ b]v'g\ cflb .
-7_ /L÷c/L, t/L, tL / O{ df 6'ªl\ ug] lj|mofof]uL zAbx¿sf] Osf/
bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
o;/L, p;/L, o:t/L, p:t/L, s;/L, s:t/L, o:t/L, /fd|/L,
a/a/L, bgbgL, ;/;/tL, kmgkmgtL, 6\jfn6\jfntL, t/t/L,
;/f;/L, lkml//L, l;l//L, ltl//L cflb .
-8_ k[ys\ / :jtGq ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] bL3{ Osf/fGt zAbx¿ ;df;
ePkl5 klg oyfjt\ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
:jfdLeSt, e]8Luf]7, h8La'6L, xfQLjg, d}qLk"0f{, gfnLa]nL,
af]nLrfnL, xfF;Lv]nL, sf]/Laf6L cflb .
-9_ ax'jrg hgfpg] …x¿Ú tyf cfb/ hgfpg] …Ho"Ú bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
efOx¿, pgLx¿
;DkfbsHo", k|wfgdGqLHo" OToflb .
@= cfuGt's zAb
-s_ zAbflb / zAbdWodf cfpg] Osf/ / psf/ tb\ejs} lgodcg';f/
25
 x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
ul/a, sfg'g, l;kmfl/;, dlxgf, tflnd, clha, /l;b, ;lxb,
OlGhg, OlGhlgol/ª, P;f]l;P;g, le6fldg, 6]lnlehg, o'/f]k,
Go'lhNofG8, yfONofG8, Go'/f]8, Go'of]s{, xflh/, xh'/ cflb .
-v_ cfuGt's zAbdf bGTo ; -;_ dfq n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
l;kmfl/;, ;x/, ;lxb, ;'?, ?;, :6];g, :6'l8of], df:6/, /lh:6/,
Pe/]:6, kf]:6, OlG:6Ro'6, P;f]l;P;g cflb .
t/ tfnJo z n]Vg] ul/Psf gfd, y/ / kbjLdf eg] tfnJo …zÚ g}
k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
hf]zL, zfx, s'zjfx, z]kf{, z]/axfb'/ cflb
-u_ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbsf] ;+o'St Jo~hgdf cNkk|f0fkl5 dxfk|f0f
j0f{ cfpg] x'“bf ;f]xLcg';f/ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;DxfNg', Nxf;f, Nxf];f/, Dx]Gb', kf;fª Nxfd', R5f]/f]Nkf
#= xnGt / chGt;DaGwL
Jo~hg j0f{nfO{ xn\ / :j/ j0f{nfO{ cr\ klg elgG5 . s'g} cIf/
jf zAbsf cGTodf Jo~hg cfPdf To:tfnfO{ xnGt elgG5 .
zAbdf cfpg] xn\ j0f{nfO{ k|foM tLg lsl;dn] n]lvG5 . s'g} cIf/
jf zAbsf cGTodf :j/ j0f{ cfPdf To:tf zAbnfO{ chGt
elgG5 . xnGtnfO{ Jo~hgfGt / chGtnfO{ :j/fGt klg elgG5 .
g]kfnLdf ª, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, b, x nfO{ cfwf cIf/df n]Vg gldNg]
ePsfn] lognfO{ xnGt agfpFbf ;w}F v'6\6f sf6]/ -ª\, 5\ cflb_,
-;ª\lng', pb\3f6g, e6\6L, k8\lsg' cflb_ n]Vg] rng 5 . r, h,
e h:tf 7f8f] wsf]{ -kfO{_ ePsf j0f{nfO{ 7f8f] wsf]{ x6fP/ -R, H,
E cflb_ zAbsf] cflb / dWodf xnGt -aRrf, dlGb/, aflN6g_
agfOG5 . s, em, km df eg] xft efFr]/ -S===_ xnGt -kSsf,
;lS5g\_ agfOPsf] klg kfOG5 . xnGt / chGt zAb;DaGwL s]xL
26
;fdfGo pbfx/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M
-s_ gfd, ;j{gfd / ljz]if0f zAbsf] pRrf/0f ubf{ cGTodf xnGt
pRrf/0f eP klg n]Vbf chGt n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
/fd, eft, ‰ofn, sfd, wfg, c;n, v/fa, Odfg cflb .
;ª\lIfKt zAbdf klg xnGt pRrf/0f eP klg chGt g} n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
Pd=P=, Pd=P8=, aL=P8=, aL=P:;L=, P;=Pn=;L=
pRrf/0f xnGt x'g] cfuGt's zAbnfO{ klg chGt g} n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t}M
l/hN6, l;d]G6, aNa, lkmN8 cflb .
-v_ k|Too nfu]kl5 zAbdWodf k/]sf] cfwf/ c+z klxn] chGt n]lvg]
eP ;f]xLcg';f/ chGt g} n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
Odfgbf/, hldgbf/, n]vgbf; cflb .
-u_ låTj k|s[ltsf cg's/0ffTds zAbdf xnGt pRrf/0f eP klg
chGt n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
km/km/, ;/;/, kmgkmg, ld/ld/, vnvn, rdrd, ;/;/L
-3_ OR5fy{s psf/fGtafx]ssf lj|mofkbdf pRrf/0fcg';f/ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
eg\, eg];\, cfP;\, elgg\, kl9g\, al;g\
elgg, ul/g, vfOg, al;g cflb .
$= a / j;DaGwL
-s_ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf pRrf/0fcg';f/ -a_ cyjf -j_
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
a sf] pRrf/0f
as'Nnf], avt, afkt, afs;, afN6L, alxgL, afl56f, af6f], aflx/,
afª\uf] cflb .
27
j sf] pRrf/0f
jlsn, kfj/, jhg, jfsjfs, jf/kf/, jfl/;, a]jf:tf, km]jf, d]jf,
;?jf cflb .
%= lz/laGb', rGb|laGb' / k~rd j0f{sf] k|of]u
-s_ !=%=! o, /, n, j, z, if, ;, x sf clu cg'gfl;s pRrf/0f
ePdf lz/laGb' k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
;+jfb, ;+od, ;+/rgf, ;+/If0f, ;+nUg, ;+jt\, j+z, ;+;f/, x+;, c+z,
;+xf/ cflb .
-v_ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf cfpg] cg'gfl;s :j/nfO{
pRrf/0fcg';f/ g} rGb|laGb' - “ _ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
uPF, vfPF, ufpF5, cfpF5, sfF7, cfFk, cFWof/f], pFwf], ;Fu
sf7df8f}F, x'Fbf, ul/Fb}, b;}F, gjf}F, kfFrf}F cflb .
-u_ tb\ej / cfuGt's zAbdf /x]sf k~rd j0f{nfO{ pRrf/0fcg';f/
-ª_, -g_ / -d_ g} n]Vg'k5{ . h:t}M
s/ª, cª\u|]h, rª\uf, cª\u'n, ;Gsfxf, l;Gsf, ;Gr}, dfG5], sfG5f,
x'G5, efGhf, emGem6, hGhfn, cG8f, emG8f, 6G6f, xG8/,
OGh]S;g, uGhfuf]n, kGw|, sDkfpG8/, aG8n, nG8g, kG8fn,
KofG6, ;]G6/, ;'kl/G6]G8]G6, lhG;L cflb .
-3_ xnGt ª dfq pRrf/0f x'g] zAbdf ª\u gn]vL ª dfq n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
u'?ª, tfdfª, dgfª, df]/ª, afun'ª, bfª, aemfª, bflh{lnª,
xªsª, s/ª, OlGhlgol/ª, af]l8{ª, lalN8ª, 6«]lgª, /ª 5n{ªª\ ,
t'n'{ªª\ , km'?ª\ª, km'ª\ª, vª\/ª\, 5\ofª\ª, bª\ª
^= kbof]u / kbljof]u
kbof]u x'g] zAbnfO{ Pp6} l8sfdf / kbof]u gx'g] zAbnfO{ leGg
leGg l8sfdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
28
/fdl;t -kbof]u M ;xL_ /fd l;t -kbljof]u M unt_
/fdsf nflu -kbljof]u M ;xL_ /fdsfnflu -kbof]u M unt_
^=!= kbof]u
-s_ ljelSt / jrgaf]ws k|Too kbof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
/fdn], /fdnfO{, /fdsf], 3/df, ?vaf6, ;8sb]lv, sf7x¿,
efOx¿, alxgLx¿ .
-v_ gfdof]uLnfO{ kbof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
/fd;Fu, /fdl;t, 3/;Dd, af6fd'lg, 3/lt/, Kjfnlar, k"j{k6\l6,
3/tkm{, ;'Gtnfafx]s, kfg;d]t, eg]adf]lhd, sfg'gadf]lhd,
cfb]zd'tflas, lzIfsnufot, ljefucGtu{t, lgodcg'¿k,
xflsd;dIf, x'nfsdfkm{t, sfg'gk|lts"n cflb .
-kl5, clu, k"j{, d'lg, dfly, jfl/, lar, leq, aflx/, tkm{, lt/,
;fd', eGbf, ;Dd, k6\l6, ts, ;Fu, l;t, afx]s, ;d]t ;dIf,
dfkm{t, ko{Gt, pk/, nufot, adf]lhd, ;Ddt, cg';f/, d'tflas,
cGtu{t, cg'¿k, cg's"n, k|lts"n cflb gfdof]uL x'g\ ._
-u_ s'g} b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L zAbsf lar ;df; eP/ ag]sf b'O{ jf
b'O{eGbf a9L lnlk lrx\gdf n]lvg] zAbx¿nfO{ kbof]u u/L
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
bfneft, wgdfn, 3/af/L, vfgfvr{, cfdfafa', v]ns'b, u[xTofu,
hGdhft, /f]ud'St, 3/wgL, efG;f3/, cy{dGqL, uugr'DaL
›i6Jo M ;+o'St j0f{nfO{ klg oxfF Pp6} lnlk dflgPsf] 5 .
-3_ cfwf/ tŒj;“u ;df; x'“bf a$ k|s[ltsf cyjf k|Toojt\ eO{ cfPsf
zAbsf] c+z kbof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
gf6ssf/, Oltxf;sf/, >dd"ns, cfTdk/s, ank"j{s, s]G›Ls/0f,
gfds/0f, xflgsf/s, j:t'ut, ljsf;zLn, ;doa$, sfo{/t,
;Gtf]ifhgs, pQ/bfoL, lj:dosf/L, k|ZgjfrL, zLif{:y, lzIffk|b,
29
 hafkmb]xL cflb .
-ª_ ¿kdf÷¿kn] eGg] clek|fodf lj|mofof]uLsf] sfo{ hgfpg kbfGtdf
b]lvg] :j¿k zAb cluNnf] gflds c+z;“u hf]8]/ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
kmn:j¿k, kl/0ffd:j¿k, k|df0f:j¿k, pkxf/:j¿k
kl/0ffd:j¿k pm d;Fu l/;fof] . p;n] dnfO{ pkxf/:j¿k b'O6f
snd lbof] . d}n] k|df0f:j¿k Pp6f lr7L k]; u/]F .
-r_ kl/jlt{t jf cf+lzs kl/jlt{t eP/ ag]sf cg's/0f hgfpg] jf
ghgfpg] låŒj zAb kbof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;'n;'n, km'/km'/, r6r6, kmgkmg, tgtg, s'?ªs'?ª, lt/ld/,
n6/k6/, t8se8s, cfnf]kfnf], cfgLafgL, cf]N6f]sf]N6f], u/uxgf,
eft;ft, aNntNn, hf]8hf8, cl;gkl;g, ;;fgf], cfcfˆgf],
7'N7'nf], bf}8fbf}8, l/;fl/; cflb .
-5_ cs/0fsf] …gÚ nfO{ kbof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
gv]n, ghf, gb]vfpm, hfFb}g, k9\b}gYof], k9\b}g, vfGgF, elGbgF
cflb .
-h_ ;lGw x'“bf ljsf/ eP/ ag]sf ;d:t zAb jf ;+o'St lj|mof;d]t
kbof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
dGqfno, ljBfno, ;"of]{bo, hGdf]T;j, lbJof]kb]z, ;flGbbL,
dgf]Joyf, cTofjZos, lghfTds, lgodfg';f/, sk85fg,
3f]8r9L, /tGwf], elGbg', eG7fGg' cflb .
-em_ ;+o'St lj|mofdf cfpg] lgDglnlvt s[bGt c+znfO{ kbof]u u/L
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
hfg'k5{, ug'{k5{, cfpg'k5{, hfg'k¥of], ug'{k/]sf] 5 .
hfg'xf];,\ cfpg'xf];\ .
vfg'x'G5, cfpg'xG' 5 .
kl9xfN5, uO;S5, n]lvlbG5, lbO;lsxfNof], x]l//xG5 .
30
-`_ gfd / y/sf lardf cfpg] dWojtL{ gfdnfO{ Ps} l8sfdf hf]8]/
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
/fdaxfb'/ yfkf, vu]G›k|;fb e6\6/fO{, k/z'gf/fo0f rf}w/L,
;'/]z/fh d}gfnL, /fds'df/L dxtf]
^=@= kbljof]u
-s_ ljelStkl5 cfpg] gfdof]uLnfO{ kbljof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
/fdsf nflu, 3/b]lv dfly, efOsf] ;d]t, To;sf] eGbf cflb .
-v_ ;df; eP klg tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ cnu l8sfdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
g]kfn ;/sf/, gu/ ljsf;, ;8s ;'wf/, ;dfh ;]jf, dfgj wd{,
cWoog k|lŒj]bg, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, dfgj clwsf/, ;+ljwfg ;ef,
;d'b\3f6g ;df/f]x, ;dfkg ;df/f]x, >d ljefu, jg ;+/If0f, b]z
ljsf;, lzIff ljefu, hLjg /Ifs, ;~rf/ u[x, ;'/Iff Joj:yf,
kmnkm"n k;n cflb .
-u_ ;fy{s låŒj zAbnfO{ kbljof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
hf] hf], sf] sf], h] h], s] s], h'g h'g, s'g s'g, hlt hlt, hxfF
hxfF, jg jg, ;8s ;8s, /fd|f] /fd|f], ld7f] ld7f], x'G5 x'G5,
a:of] a:of] .
-3_ ;+o'St lj|mofdf cfpg] lgDglnlvt s[bGt c+znfO{ kbljof]u u/L
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
k9\g' 5, b]vfpg' 5, ;'gfpg' lyof] .
k9\g] 5, hfg] 5, atfpg] 5, b]vfpg] lyof] .
;'g]sf] 5, eg]sf] lyof] .
vfFbf] 5, vfFbf] lyof], lxF8b\ } 5, cfpFb} lyof] .
vfg x'G5, cfpg x'G5, k9\g ;S5, lxF8\g ;SYof] .
vfP x'G5, uP x'G5, cfP x'GYof], b]vfP xf]nf .
x]/s
] f] x]¥o}, ;'g]sf] ;'Go} .
31
 o:t} gflds lj|mof;Fu cfpg] gfd cnu l8sfdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
dg kg'{, xfd kmfNg', ph'/ ug'{ cflb .
-ª_ /Llt hgfpg] Osf/fGt lj|mofnfO{ cluNnf] zAb;“u kbljof]u u/L
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
l9nf] u/L, ;lhnf] u/L, ;'lgg] u/L, b]lvg] u/L cflb .
-r_ PsfyL{ :yfg gfd zAbnfO{ kbof]u u/]/ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
eStk'/, nlntk'/, ljZjljBfno .
b'O{ zAbaf6 ag]sf PsfyL{ zAbnfO{ kbof]u u/]/ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M z'esfdgf, k|wfgdGqL, z'eofqf cflb .
-5_ lgkftx¿ kbljof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
d t, /fd g}, alxgL kf], xl/ em}F . xl/ rflxF d;Fu l/;fof] . efO
dfq rf}/df bf}8o\ f] . pm slxn] hfG5 v} < olt kf7 k9 n .
-h_ hgf zAbnfO{ cnu l8sfdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
kfFr hgf s]6f, bz hgf dfG5] cflb .
-em_ ljefhs g nfO{ kbljof]u u/]/ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
g /fd g Zofd cfof] cflb .
-`_ h:tf], h:t}, hqf], h;/L, em}“, ;l/ cflb t'ngfaf]ws zAbsf
cufl8 cfpg] gfd, ;j{gfd cflb;“u kb ljof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
/fd h:tf], lxdfno hqf, xfdL h:t}, atfP h:t}, b]vfP h;/L
/fwf em}F /fd|L,afF; em}F nfdf], ufO{ ;l/ ;fw'
-6_ JolSt, hflt, :yfg cflb zLif{ gfdsf] kl/ro hgfpg] zAbnfO{
cnu l8sfdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
sf:sL lhNnf, /f/f tfn, sf];L gbL, u'?ª hflt, gf/L ;dfh,
lzIfs ju{, df3 dlxgf, a'$ wd{
-7_ b'O{eGbf a9L zAbaf6 ag]sf ;d:t -;df; ePsf_ zAbnfO{
32
kbljof]u u/L n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u,
g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
&= tT;d zAbsf] j0f{ljGof;
-s_ lgDglnlvt tT;d zAbx¿nfO{ ;+:s[ts} lgodfg';f/ j0f{ljGof;
ldnfO{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
:d/0f, k|zf;g, jg, j]nf, ;Gb]x, /fli6«o, ejbLo, s[lt, dlt,
pRrf/0f, zª\sf, ljno, Iflt, :jod\, If]q, z/L/ cflb .
-v_ tT;d zAbdf cfPsf] ª, `, 0f, g, d nfO{ oL j0f{eGbf k/jtL{
:kz{ j0f{ -…sÚ b]lv …dÚ ;Ddsf j0f{_ eP ;f] :kz{ j0f{sf] ;juL{o
k~rd j0f{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
-u_ …sÚ ju{eGbf cufl8 …ª\Ú n]Vg'k5{ .h:t} M
zª\sf, cnª\sf/, zª\v, d[bª\u, uª\uf, cª\u, ;ª\u7g, ;ª\3,
;ª\3if{ cflb .
-3_ …rÚ ju{eGbf cufl8 …`\Ú n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;~ro, r~rn, nf~5gf, jf~5f, ;~hfn, k'~h, em~emfjft
-ª_ …6Ú ju{eGbf cufl8 …0f\Ú n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
s06s, 306f, s07, v08, lk08, u08sL, vl08t, v08g,
s'idf08, b08, d[b08, dfs{08]o cflb .
-r_ …tÚ ju{sf cufl8 …g\Ú n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;Gtfk, b]xfGt, clGtd, tGt', ;Gt[Kt, ;Gqf;, u|GyL, kGy, dGyg,
;Gb]z, ;Gbe{, ;Gb]x, cfgGb, cfGbf]lnt, dGb, k|aGw, ;GWof,
lgaGw, ;lGw, pGglt, ;lGgs6 cflb .
-5_ …kÚ ju{sf cufl8 …d\Ú n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;Dks{, ;Dkfbg, ;Dk|bfo, ;Dk/LIf0f, ;Dk|]if0f, ;DaGw, ;DalGwt,
33
 ;Daf]wg, ;Dej, ;Def]u, ;De|fGt, ;Dd]ng, ;Dd'v, ;d|f6\ cflb .
t/ tT;d zAbdf k~rd j0f{eGbf k/jtL{ -o, j, /, n, z, if, ;,
x, j0f{ eP k~rd j0f{sf] ;6\6f cg':jf/ - _+ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
…oÚ k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+od, ;+o'St, ;+of]u
…/Ú k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+/rgf, ;+/lIft, ;+/If0f
…nÚ k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+nUg, ;+nfk
…jÚ k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+ljwfg, ;+jt\, ;+jfb
…zÚ k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+zf]wg, ;+>o, ;+zo
…;Ú k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+;f/, ;+;u{, ;+;b\
…xÚ k/lt/ x'Fbf M ;+xf/, ;+lxtf
*= x|:jbL3{;DaGwL
*=!= zAbflbdf x|:j O jf p x'g] zAbx¿
-s_ lj, lg, lg;\, lg/\, ;', pk, pt\, b';\, b'/\ pk;u{ nfu]sf zAbx¿sf]
zAbflbsf] Osf/ / psf/ x|:j n]Vg]'k5{ . h:t} M
ljrf/, ljgfz, ljho, lgkft, lgZro, lgof]u, ;'dfu{, ;'s'df/,
;'kfRo, pkrf/, pkxf/, pksf/, pTvgg, pTkft, pTklQ, b'u{d,
b'lj{rf/, b'a{n cflb .
-v_ lå, lq ePsf ;ª\VofjfrL zAbdf Osf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
låafx', låd'v, lqsf]0f, lqh6f, lqe'h, lqlk6s, lqzª\s', lqkmnf
cflb .
*=@= zAbdWodf x|:j O jf p x'g] zAbx¿
-s_ clt, clw, cg', k|lt, kl/, cle pk;u{ nfu]sf zAbx¿sf]
zAbdWosf] Osf/ / psf/ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
cltl/St, clŒjfb, cltzo, clwsf/, clwjStf, cg'xf/, cg's/0f,
k|ltlj|mof, k|ltufdL, kl/sNkgf, kl/j|mdf, cleof]u, clegGbg
cflb .
34
-v_ Os, Osf, Ot, Od, Odf, Oi7, ps k|Toox¿sf] Osf/ / psf/
x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
k|fl1s, eflifs, n]lvsf, gflosf, uflosf, /lrt, x]lnt, kl08t,
:jl0f{d, clu|d, cflbd, ul/df, gLlndf, dlxdf, slgi7, jl/i7,
ul/i7, hfu?s, efj's, sfd's cflb .
-u_ zAbfGtdf bL3{ n]lvg] zAb k|Too nfu]kl5 x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
pkof]lutf, k|efjsfl/tf, bfloŒj, :jfldŒj cflb .
t/ :qLlnª\uL zAbx¿df eg] k|Too nfu] klg oyfjt\ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
;tLŒj, :qLŒj cflb .
*=#= zAbfGtdf x|:j O jf p x'g] zAbx¿
-s_ lr, l6, l0f, lt, ly, l¢, lw, lg, lk, le, ld, l/, ln, lj, lz,
lif, li6 cGtdf cfpg] s]xL zAbx¿ x|:j n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
?lr, z'lr, q'l6, sf]l6, kfl0f, s[lt, ult, dlt, Iflt, k|s[lt, elSt,
gLlt, k|0flt, sLlt{, ltly, ;f/ly, cltly, k|Llt, uLlt, l;l$, a'l$,
j[l$, Cl$, ljlw, lglw, ;lGw, Joflw, clUg, cwLlt, zlg, d'lg,
Unflg, xflg, lnlk, oBlk, gfle, ;'/le, b'Gb'le, pmld{, lgld, /lZd,
lul/, cl/, sln, aln, xlj, 5lj, slj, /flz, s[lif, Clif, ;[li6,
j[li6, b[li6 cflb .
ckjfb M t/ g]kfnLdf zAbfGtdf bL3{ rn]sf o'jtL, >]0fL, ;"rL,
c~hnL ->$f~hnL_, cfjnL -zAbfjnL_, cf}ifwL, u|GyL -dgf]u|GyL_
cflbnfO{ bL3{ g} n]Vg'k5{ .
-v_ cGTodf g', e', w', ?, n' ePsf s]xL zAbx¿ x|:j n]Vg] h:t} M
efg', zGtg', zDe', lje', k|e', ;fw', r?, u'?, ;'rf?, eL?, >$fn',
s[kfn', bofn', O{iof{n' cflb .
35
*=$= zAbflbdf bL3{ O{ jf pm x'g] zAbx¿
-s_ /]km nfu]sf j0f{eGbf cufl8 cfPsf ;+oS' t Jo~hgdf Osf/ jf
psf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
sLt{g, sLlt{, hL0f{, zL0f{, bL3{, sL0f{, zLif{s, d"v{, k"lt{, k"j{, k"0f{,
z"k{0fvf, pmhf{, k"0f{, w"t{, :km"t{, jLo{, pmWj{, r"0f{, s"d{ cflb .
-v_ zAbsf ;'?df O{If\, O{z,\ hLj\, tLIf\, bLk\, b"/\, wL/\, k|L, e", e"if\,
d"/\, /L, ¿k\, ;"/\ cflb ePsf zAbx¿sf] Osf/ jf psf/ bL3{
n]Vg'k5{ .h:t} M -u_
O{If0f, O{Iff, O{Zj/, O{zfg, O{z, hLjg, hLljt, tLI0f, tLI0ftf,
bLlkt, bLlksf, bLk, b"/bzL{, b"/bz{g, b"/fGjoL, wL/, jL/, wL/tf,
k|Llt, k|Lt, e"t, e"klt, e"ld, e"if0f, e"lift, d"lt{, /Llt, ¿k, ¿lkt,
¿lkd, ¿kfog, ;"o{ cflb .
-u_ cGo s]xL tT;d zAbdf zAbflbsf Osf/ jf psf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M *=^=
k"hf, b"t, w"k, ;"rgf, ;"rL, z"nL, ;"ts, e"|0f, s"k, k"/s, d"n, -s_
IfL0f, bLg, gLr, eL?, zLtn, uLt, 6Lsf, kL8f, ;Ltf, ;Ldf,
kLo"if, gL/, ;"Id, j|m/" , Go"g, :t"k, :y"n, :km"lt{ cflb .
*=%= zAbdWodf bL3{ O{ jf pm x'g] zAbx¿ -v_
-s_ e" / s[ wft'af6 ag]sf ejg, e"t, s/0f, s[t, efj, sf/eGbf
clusf] zAbsf] -To;af6 x'g]÷ul/g] jf ePsf]÷ul/Psf] eGg] -u_
clek|fodf ‘O{’ k|Too nfuL ag]sf]_ O{ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
;dLejg, ;dLs/0f, ;dfhLs/0f, PsLs/0f, s]G›Ls/0f,
;anLs/0f, s]G›Le"t, pidLe"t, :jLs[t, PsLefj, :jLsf/, *=&=
cª\uLsf/ cflb .
-v_ O{o, O{g, cgLo, tLo k|Too nfu]sf zAbsf] Osf/ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ .
36
h:t} M
s]G›Lo, uf]qLo, If]qLo, k|fGtLo, ejbLo, ;+;bLo, :juL{o, juL{o,
bnLo, k|frLg, gjLg, u|fdL0f, ;jf{ªu\ L0f, dfggLo, :d/0fLo,
/If0fLo, cfb/0fLo, sygLo, bogLo, k7gLo, låtLo, t[tLo,
ejbLo cflb .
ckjfb M /fli6«o, OlG›o, >f]lqo, Iflqo, uf]lqo zAbdWosf Osf/
x|:j n]Vg'k5{ .
tnsf s]xL tT;d zAbsf lardf cfpg] Osf/ jf psf/ bL3{
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
chLj, cj|m/" , ck"0f{, cd"No, ;ª\sL0f{, ljk/Lt, k/LIff, ;Dk"0f{,
k|tLIff, k|lts"n, ctLt, k|tLs, lqz"n, ljeLif0f, z/L/, ;dLIff,
bLIff, ceLi6, euL/y, ljb"ifs, ;dL/, ;'u|Lj, p2Lkg, s't"xn,
s:t"/L, kLo"if cflb .
zAbfGtdf bL3{ O{ jf pm x'g] zAbx¿
cGTodf dtL, jtL k|Too nfu]sf zAbx¿ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
>LdtL, ¿kjtL, cd/fjtL, eujtL, ;f}efUojtL, sflGtdtL,
ue{jtL cflb .
:qLlnª\uL zAbx¿ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
b]jL, efuL/yL, O{Zj/L, nIdL, sfldgL, kfj{tL, uf}/L, jw" cflb .
cGTodf ‘jL’, ‘O{’ k|Too nfu]sf zAbx¿ bL3{ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
t]h:jL, oz:jL, dfofjL, d]wfjL, cf]h:jL, tk:jL, ;+odL, lj›f]xL,
:jfdL, u'0fL cflb .
xnGt / chGt;DaGwL
cGTodf jt\, jfg\, dfg\, s\, u\, 6\, t\, b\, g\, k\, d\ cfpg] s]xL
zAb xnGt n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
37
 k"j{jt\, ljåt\, ofjt\, b08jt\, e|ft[jt\, eujfg\, ljåfg\, Cs\, kfs\,
k[ys\, lbs\, Cu\, ;d|f6, hut\, cyf{t,\ cs:dft\, ;fIfft\, kZrft\,
ljB't\, ljkt\, cfkt\, ;+;b\, ;ef;b\, a[xt\, efiffljb\, dxfg\,
cg'i6'k\, :jod\, z'ed\, Pjd\, cxd\, :jfutd\, >Ldfg\, a'l$dfg\,
eujfg\, zLnjfg\, ¿kjfg\ cflb .
*=*= a / j;DaGwL
-s_ zAbflbdf aGw, a|x\d, a[x, alx;\, ax', afw, afn, a'w, cfPsf
zAbdf ‘a’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
aGw', aGw, a¢, a|xd \ f, a|fx\dL, a|fx\d0f, alx/ª\u, alxisf/,
a[x:klt, ax'j|Llx, ax'dt, ax'/ª, afws, afWo, afns, aflnsf,
a'w, a'$, af]w, af]wfy{ cflb .
-v_ ‘d’ kl5 / b\, w\ eGbf klxn] cfPdf -a_ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
clDasf, r'Das, ;DaGw, cDa/, zAb, ztfAbL, :tAw, If'Aw, nAw,
clAw, pknlAw cflb .
-u_ ;+:s[tsf jb\, j~r, j[, jr\, ljb\, ljz\, jx\, ljr\, j[t\, hLj\
wft'af6 ag]sf zAbdf ‘j’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
jfb, jbg, j~rg, jl~rt, j[t, kl/j[t, ;+jt[ , j/0f, ;+j/0f, j/,
jrg, jfRo, jStf, jSŒjo, jfSo, k|jrg, jfrg, ljBf, ljåfg\,
ljåQf, j]b, j]bgf, lgj]bg, k|j]z, k|ljli6, cfj]i6g, cfj]u, jfxs,
jxg, k|jfx, j[lQ, jt{g, jflt{s, hLjg, hLljt, hLljsf cflb .
-3_ ;+:s[tdf g} j / a b'j} j}slNks ¿kdf rn]sf g]kfnLdf a9L
k|rlnt tnsf zAbdf ‘a’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
af0f, laGb', laDa, a]nf -s'a]nf, ;'an ] f_ af/ -cfOtaf/, a'waf/_,
lagf cflb .
-ª_ cj, lj, pk;u{df ‘j’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
38
cjx]ngf, cjsfz, cjut, cjr]tg, cjtf/, cjglt, cj/f]w,
ljsf;, ljsn, ljj|]mtf, ljls/0f, lj1fg, ljwfg, ljwftf, ljj]s,
ljjfb, lj/f]w, lj/fu, ljz]if cflb .
-r_ Œjo, Œj, jt\, jfg\, jtL, jL k|Too nfu]sf zAbdf ‘j’ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
uGŒjo, eljŒjo, jSŒjo, g]t[Œj, :jŒj, ;tLŒj, k"j{jt\, cfTdjt\,
u'0fjfg\, bofjfg\, wgjfg\, k'qjtL, ue{jtL, eujtL, u'0fjtL,
d]wfjL cflb .
-5_ ;+o'St cIf/df j pRrf/0f x'g] 7fpFdf ‘j’ g} n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
:j/, :j}/, :jl:t, Zjf;, ljZj, :jfdL, :jfb, :j]R5f
*=(= o/P
-s_ lgDglnlvt zAbdf ‘o’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
o1, od, oIf, oq, ofg, of]u, ofrgf, ofqf, of]hgf, oGq, jfo',
o'jf, k|To]s, ho]G›, Wo]o, ljho, cljh]o, u]o, k|0f]o cflb .
-v_ lgDglnlvt zAbdf ‘P’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
Ps, Ptt\, PsfGt, Pjd\, Pstf, PsLe"t cflb .
*=!)= ‘If’ ;DaGwL
lgDglnlvt zAbdf ‘If’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
/Iff, cWoIf, nIo, gIfq, kIf, k|tLIff, If0f, cIftf, lzIff, lzIfs,
sIff, Ifo, df]If, bIf, kIff3ft, k/LIff, Iflqo, If]qLo, k|If]k,
cfIf]k, If]Kof:q, ljIf]k, If]d, cIf/, sIff, lIflth, rIf' cflb .
tT;d zAbdf dfq …IfÚ sf] k|of]u x'g] u5{ t/ tb\ej /
cfuGt'sdf o;sf] k|of]u x'Fb}g .
*=!!= ‘C’ ;DaGwL
lgDglnlvt zAbdf ‘C’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
39
 Cs\, CUj]b, Cl$, Ct', C0f, Clif, Crf, Csf/, s[lt, s[lif,
s[t1, u[x, 3[t, 3[0ff, e[s'6L, d[t, d[u, s[i0f, t[0f g}C{To, j[lQ
cflb .
tT;d zAbdf dfq …CÚ sf] k|of]u x'G5 t/ tb\ej / cfuGt'sdf
o;sf] k|of]u x'Fb}g .
*=!@= ‘1’ ;DaGwL
tnsf tT;d zAbdf ‘1’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
o1, k|1f, k|f1, 1ftf, 1fg, cf1f, lj1fg, k|lt1f, cgle1, 1fgL,
lh1f;f, lh1f;', lj1, lj1fkg, ;fd|f1L, o'j/f1L cflb .
tT;d zAbdf dfq …1Ú sf] k|of]u x'G5 . tb\ej / cfuGt'sdf
o;sf] k|of]u x'Fb}g .
*=!#= z÷if÷;;DaGwL
-s_ z;\, lzif\, zf;\, z'r,\ z'if\, b[z,\ >', z'e\, Zj;\, lzIf\, z+;\ cflb
wft'af6 ag]sf zAbdf ‘z’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
zf:q, z:o, lzio, z]if, lzi6, ljlzi6, zf;g, zf:q, zf;s,
zf;g, z'lr, z'is, zf]lift, bz{g, bz{s, b[Zo, >'lt, >j0f, >fj0f,
z'e, zf]ef, zf]let, Zjf;, ljZjf;, k|z+;f, lzIfs, lzIff, lzIf0f
cflb .
-v_ C, r, /, n eGbf klxn] ;fdfGotM ‘z’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
kZrft\, klZrd, lgZro, cfZro{, kfZrfTo, z[ªu\ f/, lj>fd,
cf>d, c>', Zn]if, lZni6
-u_ lgDglnlvt zAbsf cGtdf ‘z’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
cIf/zM, j|mdzM, k|fozM, ztzM, ;x;|zM cflb .
-3_ lgDglnlvt zAbdf ‘z’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
zzL, lzz', z}zj, zzfª\s, zfZjt, zs'Gtnf, O{z, u0f]z,
zfnu|fd, Zofd, /flz, >]i7, z"›, lqz"n, >fk, cfz'slj, zf]eg,
40
j}zfv, ozf]w/f, lzlz/, j}Zo, z'>"iff, cfzf, zlSt, zLt,
cfzLjf{b, s]z, sf]z, ljZj, ljZjf; cflb .
-ª_ s[if\, k'if\, efif\, e"if\, lzif\, z'if\ wft'af6 ag]sf zAbdf ‘if’
n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
s[lif, cfsif{0f, s[ifs, lgs[i6, k'i6, kf]if0f, kf]lift, kf}if, kf}io,
efiff, efif0f, e"if0f, e"lift, cfe"if0f, lzi6, lzio, z'is, zf]if0f,
zf]ifs cflb .
-r_ s, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0f, k eGbf klxnf ‘if‘ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
lgisd{, k'is/, dl:tis, alxisf/, kl/isf/, lgisnª\s, b[li6,
:ki6, gi6, w[i6, k[i7, sfi7, cf]i7, ul/i7, jl/i7, lgi7f, iff]8z,
cfiff9, lji0f', s[i0f, t[i0f, k'ik, k'ikf cflb .
-5_ lgDglnlvt zAbx¿df ‘if’ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
O{iof{, e]if, sf]if, Clif, eLid, u|Lid, xif{, jiff{, jif{, pTsif{, lgd]if,
k|]ifs, ljiffb\, ljif, e]if, å]if, pmid, ljifo, cflzif\ cflb .
-h_ ;, ;', ;t\, ;d\, ;x, :j, :jod\ hf]l8Psf zAbdf ‘;’ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
;kmn, ;uf]n, ;kTgL, ;r]t, ;an, ;:g]x, ;fb/, ;sfd, ;'gLn,
;'zLn, ;'of]Uo, ;'eflift, ;'kfq, ;'j0f{, ;'of]u, ;'zfGt, ;'oz,
;'jf;, ;Tsfo{, ;lbR5f, ;b\ult, ;Tk|of;, ;bfrf/, ;b\efjgf,
;Gdfu{, ;DklQ, ;+:sf/, ;dLIff, ;Dkfbs, ;+o'St, ;ª\uf]i7L,
;ª\If]k, ;Dd'v, ;xk|fWofks, ;x;lrj, ;xof]u, ;xsfo{, ;xsf/,
;xrf/L, ;x;Dkfbs, :jsd{, :jsLo, :jrflnt, :jR5, :jR5Gb,
:j¿k, :ju{, :j0f{, :joDe", :jo+j/ cflb .
-em_ :yf, :d[, :t', :km'6,\ :gf cflb wft'af6 ag]sf zAbdf ‘;’ n]Vg'k5{ .
h:t} M
:yfg, :yfkTo, l:yt, k|:yfg, pkl:ylt, :d/0f, :d[lt, :df/s,
41
 :t'lt, :km'/0f, :km"lt{, :gfts, :gfg, :gfo' cflb .
-`_ lgDglnlvt zAbdf ‘;’ n]Vg'k5{ M
;fIfft\, ;fIfL, t]h:jL, /h:jnf, /fh;L, k|of;, d:ts, /x:o,
lx+;f, ;fx;, df;, df+;, jf;'b]j, ;/:jtL, c;Lldt, pT;'s,
k|x;g, /;, k':ts, zf;g, gd:sf/, :kz{, :qL, ;fw', :tg, ;3g
cflb .
›i6Jo M tT;d zAbdf z, if, ; sf] k|of]u x'G5 t/ cfuGt's /
tb\ej zAbdf …;Ú sf] dfq k|of]u x'G5 .
(= ljljw
(=!= Psf], g' cGTodf cfpg] s[bGt zAbsf k5fl8 n], df ljelSt nfUbf
lto{s\ ¿k n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
ePsf] ± n] Ö ePsfn], k9]sfn], ePsfn], af]nfPsfn]
ug'{ ± n] Ö ugf{n], eGgfn], v]Ngfn], b]Vgfn]
ePsf] ± df Ö ePsfdf, k9]sfdf, v]n]sfdf, xfF;]sfdf
cGoq rflxF lto{s\ ¿k gn]vL oyfjt\ n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
ug'{ ± sf] Ö ug'{sf], k9\g'sf], n]Vg'sf], eGg'sf]
ug'{ ± nfO{ Ö ug{nfO{, k9\gnfO{, n]VgnfO{, eGgnfO{
ug'{ ± af6 Ö ug{af6
(=@= ljelSto'St ;j{gfdnfO{ lto{s\ ¿kdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
o;n], To;nfO{, p;n], logn], ltgsf], t}Fn], d}n] cflb .
(=#= ljz]if0f -e]bs_ sf ¿kdf ;j{gfd cfp“bf ljz]iodf ljelSt eP
ljz]if0f -;j{gfd_ nfO{ klg lto{s\ ¿kdf n]Vg'k5{ . h:t} M
To; dfG5]nfO{, o; s]6fn], d]/f 5f]/fnfO{, xfd|f 3/df, t]/f
efOnfO{, ltd|f ;fyLaf6, p;sf lstfax¿, pgsL alxgL, pgsf
v]nf}gfx¿ cflb .
42
!)= n]Vo lrx\gsf] k|of]u
!)=!= k"0f{lj/fd -._ M jfSosf] cGTo x'Fbf k"0f{lj/fd lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
h:t} M /fd 3/ uof] .
ltdL eft vfP/ ljBfno hfpm .
g]kfnL efiffsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ bfloŒj xfdL ;a}sf] xf] .
kf7\o;fdu|Ldf jfSo k"/f ePkl5 dfq k"0f{lj/fd lrx\g k|of]u
ug'{k5{ . s'g} a'Fbf k|:t't ubf{ jf ck"0f{ jfSo k|:t't ubf{
k"0f{lj/fdsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}g . h:t} M
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›n] kf7\ok':tssf] ljsf; u5{ . -k"0f{lj/fd_
kf7\oj|md ljsf; s]G›sf p@]Zo lgDglnlvt 5g\ M
kf7\oj|md lgdf{0f ug'{ -k"0f{lj/fd gx'g]_
kf7\ok':ts ljsf; ug'{ -k"0f{ lj/fd gx'g]_
!)=@= cNklj/fd -,_ M cNklj/fd eg]sf] cf+lzs lj>fd xf] . jfSodf
PseGbf a9L k|sf/sf kb, kbfjnL, pkjfSo cflbnfO{ 5'6o\ fpg,
;+of]hs k|of]u gePsf 7fpFdf, ;+o'St jfSodf / sylotf c+zsf]
k5fl8 cNklj/fd lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
/fd, Zofd, /lj, /df / ;l/tf lj/f6gu/ uP .
/lj cToGt ljrf/zLn, uDeL/, ;Ifd / s'zn k|zf;s x'g\ .
/ljn] eft vfof], n'uf nufof] / lstfa af]s]/ ljBfno uof] .
lbbL, bfh' b'j} cfpg'eof] .
!)=#= cw{lj/fd -Ù_ M cNklj/fdeGbf a9L / k"0f{lj/fdeGbf sd lj>fd
x'Fbf cw{lj/fd lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
-s_ dfgjtf g}ltstfsf] gfd xf]Ù axfb'/Lsf] gfd xf] / ljZjf;sf] gfd
xf] .
-v_ /fd|/L k9"FÙ wg sdfpmFÙ ;'vL ag"FÙ ;a}sf ;femf OR5f x'g\ .
k"0f{lj/fdn] jfSox¿nfO{ Pscsf{af6 ljR5]lbt u5{ eg]
43
 cw{lj/fdn] tL jfSox¿nfO{ ;fk]If agfpF5 .
k"0f{lj/fdkl5 s'g} s'/fsf] pbfx/0f lbFbf pbfx/0ffy{df ;fk]If jf
lgb]{z lrx\geGbf cw{lj/fd lrx\g k|of]u ug'{ plrt x'G5 .
cw{lj/fdn] nfdf jfSodf jfSo ;/x g} k|of]u ePsf] pkjfSonfO{
5'6o\ fpg] sfd u5{ . Pp6} jfSodf zAb, kbfjnL / pkjfSo
5'6o\ fpg'kbf{ zAb / kbfjnL 5'6\ofpg cNklj/fd / pkjfSo
5'6o\ fpg cw{lj/fd k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
!)=$= lgb]{z lrx\g - M _ M s'g} ljifosf] lglZrt ;"rgf lbFbf lgb]{z lrx\g
k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
g]kfndf zf;g Joj:yfsf tLg tx 5g\ M ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx
tnsf s'g} Ps ljifodf lgaGw n]v M
-s_ lxdfn -v_ ko{6g
o;nfO{ ck"0f{ lj/fd / ;fk]If lj/fd klg elgG5 .
!)=%= k|Zgjfrs lrx\g -<_ M lh1f;f k|s6 ubf{ jf ;f]Wbf k|Zgjfrs
lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
ltd|f] gfd s] xf] <
gjLg slxn] cfpF5 <
!)=^= lj:do;"rs lrx\g - Û _ M cfZro{, 3[0ff, xif{, la:dft\ cflb ljz]if
efj a'emfpg lj:do;"rs lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
cfxf Û slt /fd|f] km"n Û
l5 Û s] Kof6\6 s'6]sf] Û
xh'/ Û Ps k};f kfpmF g Û
jfSosf] k5fl8 lj:do;"rs lrx\g /fVbf eg] jfSo g}
lj:do;"rs x'G5 .h:t} M
pm kf; eP5 / Û
44
!)=&= of]hs lrx\g -–_ M kf/:kl/s cy{ hgfpg] ;d:t jf låŒj
zAbx¿sf lar / kª\lStsf cGTodf zAb gc6]df 6'S|ofpg'kbf{
of]hs lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
g]kfn – rLg ;DaGw, ;ª\s6f–7d]n le8Gt
g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfcg';f/ :yfgLo txn] dfWolds lzIff–
;Ddsf] Joj:yfkg u5{ .
!)=*= sf]i7s lrx\g - _ M cy{ :ki6 kfg{ / j|md hgfpg sf]i7s lrx\g
k|of]u ug'{k5{ . h:t} M Eofu'tf] peor/ -hldg / kfgL b'jd} f a:g]
k|f0fL_ xf] .
-!_ -@_ -#_ -$_ ===
!)=(= p4/0f lrx\g -æ Æ÷‘ ’_M c? s;}sf] egfO pNn]v ubf{ / u|Gy,
k':ts, kqklqsf, k'/:sf/ cflbnfO{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOPsf] hgfpFbf
p$/0f lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
-s_ u|Gy, k':ts, kq, klqsf, k'/:sf/ cflbdf Psn p$/0f
lrx\g k|of]u ug]{ h:t} M …lbJof]kb]zÚ …dw'ks{Ú, …dbg
k'/:sf/, cflb .
-v_ s;}sf] egfO pNn]v ubf{ bf]xf]/f] p$/0f lrx\g k|of]u
ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
b]jsf]6fn] eg], æd]/f] d'gf dbg ghnfpg" .Æ
-u_ egfOleqsf] ljz]if zAbdf Psn p$/0f lrx\g k|of]u
ug'{k5{ . h:t} M
;dn] eg], æb]jsf]6fsf] pTs[i6 s[lt …d'gfdbgÚ xf] .Æ
-3_ s'g} zAbnfO{ hf]8 lbFbf Psn p$/0f lrx\g k|of]u ug'{k5{ .
h:t} M
…aGbÚ lj/f]wsf] ;xL tl/sf xf]Og .
45
!!= lnlk lrx\gsf] k|of]u Part Three
!!=! Pp6} kf7\o;fdu|Lleq ;s];Dd j}slNks lnlkx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{
x'Fb}g . pbfx/0ffy{ M …emÚ sf] k|of]u u/] kf7\o;fdu|Lel/ g} o:t} House Style
…emÚ n]Vg'k5{ . (For the Publication of Materials in English)
!!=@ b / t j0f{ hf]l8P/ cfPsf zAbnfO{ k|rngcg';f/ n]Vg'k5{ .
1. Introduction
h:t} M e2f, ljBf, p4f/, pb\3f6g, zlSt, elSt, tŒj cflb .
House style is a set of conventions adopted by a publishing house for
editing and publishing. It is also known as Publication Manual. It
includes spelling, punctuation, text formatting, abbreviation, layout,
caption, number and dates, etc.
Each publishing house has its own layout and designing. A
publishing house needs its own house style to maintain uniformity,
accuracy and standard in all published books and other materials in
terms of language and technical aspects. It is the guideline for book
writers, editors, layout designers and illustrators.
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) publishes curricula,
textbooks, teacherÚs guides and other resource materials. CDC has
designed this House Style in order to provide the book writers and
editors with some standard norms and systems. It primarily focuses
on maintaining consistency and accuracy in syntax, vocabulary,
style, formatting and designing. This house style will be instrumental
in order to establish self-recognition of the publication Curriculum
Development Centre.
2. Academic Honesty
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) is dedicated to academic
norms, honesty and ethical values. For this purpose, it follows the
standard system of giving credit to the original sources through the
in-text citations and referencing. In addition, the materials to be
prepared for our readers will own the originality of the writers.

46 47
However, in the case of acknowledging the original sources, the
sense they convey should not be deviated while writers are
paraphrasing and summarising them. The act of plagiarism as the
academic dishonesty has been completely forbidden. In order to
maintain consistency in writing textbooks and to avoid the charge of
plagiarism, the following code of conduct has been provisioned:
a. It is prohibited to present works of other writers without
acknowledging them.
b. Specific ideas and information generated by other writers
should not be presented without giving credit to the
original writers.
c. The ideas and information of other writers should not be
deviated from the original content of the texts.
d. The information about the source of the text should be
mentioned.
e. The content of other writers should not be presented by
changing only some key words and sentences.
f. The information from the electronic sources should be
acknowledged in an accepted style.
3. Acknowledging the Diversity in Language and Content
In preparing curricula, textbooks and other curricular materials,
various diversities, such as contents belonging gender, religion,
region and culture are to be considered. In order to acknowledge
them while developing materials; the following aspects should be
considered :
a. In addition to socially and naturally established roles of the
male and female members in society equal treatment to the,
responsibilities and capabilities of the both genders
b. Equality in role of the both genders in the family, education,
48
profession, social work, etc.
c. Equal rights and duties of children, women and men as the
responsible citizens
d. Equal dignity and respect to the male and female
e. Use of neutral words such as …head teacher/principal,
chairperson, salesperson, etc.Ú instead of …headmaster,
chairman, sales boy/girl', etc.Ú
f. Avoidance of the words reflecting negative connotation in
the realization of people living in particular regions
g. Equal respect to all the religions, cultures and modes of life
of people
h. Avoidance of the proverbs and sayings, words and phrases
that have offensive sense related to cultures, religions,
ethnicity, gender, or mental/physical disabilities.
4. Preliminary pages
At the beginning of a textbook, the following preliminary pages are
designed:
 Cover page (should be right page)
 Title page (should be right page)
 PublisherÚs blurb (should be left page)
 Preface/forward (should be right page)
 Table of contents (should be right)
4.1 Cover page : front and back
It contains title of the book and pictures representing the central idea
of the content.
49
 Example:
Example
Front Cover Back Cover My English
Grade 10
Name (s) of the Writer(s)

My English
Grade 10
Class song in Nepali

Picture Government of Nepal

Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
4.2 Inside cover/title page Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
Inside cover page contains:
 Title of the book (at the top centre)
4.3 The page of the publisherÚs blurb
 Full name (s) of the writer (s)
The page of the publisher's blurb contains the following
In the revised book, name of the writer (s), reviser(s) and the editors
information in the order:
will remain only in the preface.
a. Name and address of the publisher
b. Copyright to (for copyright use the symbol © and place
the name of the one who owns copyright)
c. Edition
d. Year of publication in AD
e. Printed at (i.e. name and address of the printer)
f. Price
g. ISBN number
h. Instruction and feedback
50 51
Example variation among subjects.)
Publisher: Government of Nepal S.N. Title Page number
Ministry of Education, Science and Technology
Curriculum Development Centre
5. Appendices
Sanothimi, Bhaktapur
The following topics will be included in the appendices as per the
© Publisher
need:
Edition:
Year of Publication:  References (To be prepared according the recent APA
Printed at: Manual system)
Price: Rs. .............  Glossary (To be arranged in an alphabetical order; should
ISBN: …............... indicate word/ phrase/idiom spelling, word class,
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, (pronunciation and meaning)
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any other form or by 6. Writing caption: describing pictures and photographs
any means for commercial purpose without the prior permission in The caption of a picture or photograph should express its main
writing of the Curriculum Development Centre. concept, and it is simply written in one or two sentences. The
following things should be kept in mind while writing a caption:
4.4 Preface  The caption should be written in short sentences.
The preface includes the following information in the order:  It should clarify the answers to …what, who, and whereÚ.
 Paragraph 1: General introduction (common for all  It should be simple, effective and complete.
subjects)  Appropriate size of the picture/photograph should be
 Paragraph 2: Subject-specific information (There can be determined as per the grade and size of the book.
more than one paragraph.)  Multi-coloured pictures are better than black ones;
 Paragraph 3: Acknowledgement to writer(s), reviser(s) therefore, they should be made impressive by using
(if any), editor(s), typist(s), artists, cover designer(s), different colours properly.
layout designer(s), etc.  Previously published pictures in others' materials and clip
 Date of publication to the left margin (bottom) art must not be used while making pictures.
 Name of the publisher to the right margin (bottom)  The font size of the caption should be two-point smaller
4.5 Table of Contents than the font size of the running text.
Table of contents includes the following information: (There can be  The number of the picture should be written as Fig 1.1, Fig

52 53
 1.2, etc. just under it. Major causes of pollution ……………………………....
 Some portion of the running text should be written on the
………………………………………………….....
page of the picture, not only the picture.
………………………………………………….....
Picture
………………………………………………….....
Fig 1.2 The alarming effects of pollution ………………………..
………………………………………………….....
............................... ………………………………………………….....
..............................
………………………………………………….....
d. Generally, the running text of the book should not be
Caption designed in columns; but some of the texts such as news
stories, letter to the editor, newspaper articles, etc. can be
7. Layout format of the material
written in two columns in order to make them look like
With reference to the layout format of the materials, the
authentic.
following aspects should be kept in mind:
e. The page number should be written at the left margin of
a. The caption should be written in one or two lines, but not
the footer on the even page and at the right margin on the
more than two.
odd page. The subject and the class should be written
b. The text has to be justified.
opposite the page number.
c. The beginning of each paragraph should not be indented.
f. The initial pages should be given different indication as
There must be double space between two paragraphs.
the number of the page. The page number of the book
Example : should begin from the first page of the body part.
Pollution in Kathmandu g. Consistency has to be maintained in line-space, margin,
font-type, font-size, type of English (American/British)
The capital city of Nepal …………………………….......
and language use (formal/informal).
…………………………………………………….. h. The font-size of the foot-note should be two-point smaller
…………………………………………………...... than the size of the text.
…………………………………………………….. i. The number such as 1, 2,3, etc. should be used to indicate
the foot-note, and two-cm space should be provisioned

54 55
 for it. 8 12
j. Some instructions for teaching-learning strategies can be 9 12
incorporated in the text if required, but they should be 10 12
written distinctly. 11 12
k. The size of the paper and its space should be maintained 12 12
as below. b. Font size of the unit/chapter, heading, sub-heading and
sub-sub-heading will be as follows:
15 cm Class Heading Sub-heading Sub-sub-heading
1 24 Bold 20 Bold 18 Bold
2 cm 1 inch space 2 24 Bold 20 Bold 18 Bold
3 24 Bold 18 Bold 16 Bold
4 22 Bold 16 Bold 16 Bold
5 22 Bold 16 Bold 16 Bold
6 22 Bold 16 Bold 14 Bold
7 20 Bold 16 Bold 14 Bold
8 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold
9 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold
10 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold
2.5 cm
11 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold
8. Font face and font size 12 20 Bold 14 Bold 12 Bold
a. Font size of the main text of a book will be as follows: c. The font size of the text in tables, charts, graphs and
Class Font size diagrams can be 2-size smaller than that of the running
1 18 text.
2 18 d. Any one of the following font types can be used:
3 16  Century Gothic
4 14  Arial
5 14
 Times New Roman
6 14
e. The line space of the running text should be 1.15
7 14

56 57
9. The size of the book Number of words in a sentence Difficulty level
a. Trim size of the Basic and Secondary Level textbook Below 8 Very easy
should be (18 cm. × 24 cm.) or (21 cm × 28 cm.).
9 – 11 Easy
b. The running text size of the Basic and Secondary level
12 – 14 Fairly easy
textbook should be (14 cm. × 22 cm.) and (17 cm × 24
cm.) 15 –17 Standard
10. The use of the heading, subheading and sub-subheading 18 – 21 Fairly difficult
The digit, letter and bullet in the curricular materials should be 22 – 25 Difficult
used in the following order to separate heading, sub-heading Above 26 Very difficult
and sub-sub heading.
1. (digit) heading It seems that the sentences with more than 20 words are difficult to
1.1. subheading read and understand. The use of abstract and compound words in
a. sub-subheading sentences make it even more difficult to understand.

 other topics d. Appropriate number of words in sentences for

different levels in English is recommended as follows:
11. Number of letters and words in a text
a. Number of letters in words, number of words in sentences Grades Number of words in sentences
and nature of the words should be decided on the basis of 1–5 Up to 8
the level/grade of the learners. The principle of simple to 6–8 Up to 14
complex should be followed while using words and 9 – 10 Up to 21
number of words in sentences. The complexity should 11-12 Up to 25
gradually move to the higher grades. e. Compound words and abstract words should not be more
b. The sentences having more words become difficult to read than 10 percent of the total number of words in the text for
for the students of lower grades. Therefore, sentences to be school level; however, this percent will not be suitable for
included in the curricular materials for the students of primary level (1-5) because of their level of cognitive
basic level should not contain more words. development. Therefore, such words should be minimised
c. Based on the conclusion of research findings, the in lower grades.
following guideline is recommended for deciding the 12. In-text Citation and Referencing
number of words in sentences: a. Instead of making Reference List, foot-note should be
used to give the source of the text cited. It should be

58 59
 written in a format.
Example: 1. (Rai, 2009, p.22) or (Rai, 2009, pp. 3-7)
b. Digits 1, 2, 3, etc. should be used to indicate the source in
the text and the foot-note.
13. Consistency in either American English or British English
a. Both American and British English should be used in
writing books in order to get learners exposed to these
Standard English Varieties.
b. Regarding vocabulary, either American English or British
English system can be followed in a particular text, but
alternative equivalent term can be given in the foot-note.
c. In the case of lexical difference of the vocabulary items of
British English and American English, the difference
should be clearly given in the foot-note. For example,
pants ( AE) = trousers ( BrE)
14. Factors to be considered while editing
a. Accuracy in structures
b. Appropriateness of the level of language structures and
vocabulary items based on the particular grade
c. Content order from simple to complex
d. Level of cognitive development of learners
e. Clarity in language
f. Proper use of words indicating particular race, culture,
religion, etc.
g. Avoidance of swear words
h. Correlation between the text and curriculum (learning
outcomes)
i. Nature of the content: content-familiarity and content-
60
interest
j. Types of content: real-world, fictional and opinion-based,
and their proper ratio
15. Punctuation
Punctuation establishes the cadence of a sentence, telling the
reader where to pause (comma, semicolon, and colon), stop
(period and question mark), or take a detour (dash,
parentheses, and brackets). Punctuation of a sentence usually
denotes a pause in thought; different kinds of punctuation
indicate different kinds and lengths of pauses.
a. Period
Use a period to end a complete sentence. Periods are used with
abbreviations as follows:
Use periods:
 to mark the end of sentence
 in websites and email addresses (called dot) (e.g.
www.moecdc.gov.np)
 in numbers to separate the whole number from the decimal
(called decimal point) (e.g. Rs. 14.45)
Do not use periods:
 with web addresses in text or in the reference list (http
://www.apa.org). In text, include these in parentheses
when possible or revise the sentence to avoid ending a
sentence with a URL and no punctuation.
 at the end of headings, phrases and words. Sometimes
single word or phrase functions as a sentence. In this case
use full stop (e.g. 'Good morning.', 'Sure.')
 if a sentence ends with an ellipsis (...), with an
61
 abbreviation that takes a point (e.g. 'etc.' or with a
quotation complete in itself that ends in a full stop,
question mark or exclamation mark before the closing
quote.
Example : Right Honorable Prime Minister said, "Nepal
is moving ahead with the mission of prosperous Nepal, Do not use a comma:
happy Nepali."
b. Comma
Use a comma:
 to separate a list of three or more items, except for the
final two, which are separated by 'and' or 'or'
Mr. Thapa bought a book, pen and bag.
 to set off a non-restrictive clause c.
My brother Jack, who lives next door, is a teacher.
 to separate two independent clauses joined by a
conjunction
Mr. Bhandari went to the class, and he started correcting
the students' tasks.
Note:
a. If the subject of the second sentence is omitted, or if the
conjunction is 'and', 'or', 'but', the comma is not obligatory.
The boy entered into the hall and said hello to everyone.
b. Where there is no conjunction, use a semicolon;
The government and the representatives of the trade unions
agreed on the common points regarding promotion; the issue
of transfer was not considered.
 to set off the year in exact dates d.
April 10, 2015, was the correct date. Use a colon:
 before 'etc.' in a series, but do not use it if no series is
62
involved
Food such as rice, bread, bananas, etc. gives us
carbohydrates.
The committee discussed vitamins etc., then moved on to
minerals.
 before a restrictive clause, that is, a clause that limits or
defines the material it modifies removal of such a clause
from the sentence would alter the intended meaning.
The girl with a red sari is my sister.
 to separate parts of measurement
8 years 2 months 3 min 40 s
Semicolon
Use a semicolon:
 to separate two independent clauses that are not joined by
a conjunction
The participants in the first batch were paid; those in the
second were unpaid.
 to separate elements in a series that already contain
commas
The colour order was red, yellow, blue; blue, yellow, red;
or yellow, red, blue.
The membership of the international commission was as
follows: France: 4, which had 3 members until 2010;
Germany: 5, whose membership remained stable; and
Italy: 3, whose membership increased from 1 in 2001.
Colon
 between a grammatically complete introductory clause
63
 (one that could stand as a sentence) and a final phrase or
clause that illustrates, extends, or amplifies the preceding
thought. If the clause following the colon is a complete
sentence, it begins with a capital letter.
Pokhrel (1999) wrote two books on education: One
on educational leadership and the other on
educational planning.
The committee has agreed on the agenda: The
members must attend its regular meetings.
 in ratios and proportions
The proportion (saltwater) was 1:8
 in references between place of publication and publisher
London : Oxford University Press
Do not use a colon:
 after an introduction that is not an independent clause or
complete sentence.
The formula is e = mc2
 at the end of headings
Living with a Predator
e. Dash
Use a dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the
continuity of a sentence. Overuse weakens the flow of
material.
These two participants-one from community school and one
from institutional school were tested separately.
f. Quotation marks
Use double quotation marks for the quotations.
Jack said, "I feel really happy today."
Do not use double quotation marks:
64
 to cite a letter, word, phrase, or sentence as a linguistic
example. Instead, italicize the term.
He clarified the distinction between competence and
performance.
 to introduce a technical or key term. Instead, italicize the
term.
The term reengineering of the system appeared frequently
in the speech.
g. Parentheses
Use parentheses:
 to set off structurally independent elements
The content of this curriculum basically contains the
language functions (see scope and sequence section).
 to introduce an abbreviation
This activates the language acquisition device (LAD).
 to set off letters that identify items in a series within a
sentence or paragraph
The participants included (a) school supervisors, (b) head
teachers, and (c) local level representatives.
 to group mathematical expressions
(k - 1)/(g - 2)
 To separate extra information or a comment from the rest
of the sentence
Mt. Everest (8,848 m) is the highest mountain in the
world.
 To enclose cross-references
This moral ambiguity is a feature of Shakespeare's later
works (see Chapter Eight)
 Around numbers or letters in text
65
 Our objectives are (1) to increase output, (2) to improve Do not use a slash:
quality and (3) to maximize profits.  when a phrase would be clearer
h. Brackets Each child handed the ball to her mother or guardian.
Use brackets: not
 to enclose the values that are the limits of a confidence Each child handed the ball to her mother/guardian.
interval  for simple comparisons. Use a hyphen or short dash (en
85% Cls [-9.2, 5.3], [9.2, 10.5 ], and [-2.1,- 0.5] dash) instead.
 to enclose material inserted in a quotation by some person test-retest method
other than the original writer not
"The consequences [of deforestation in Nepal] are test/retest method
alarming." (Karki, 1999, p. 25) j. Hyphen
 to enclose parenthetical material that is already within Use hyphen:
parentheses  to form a compound from two or more other words
(The results for the control group [n = 6] are also good-for-nothing, passers-by, son-in-law, hard- hearted
presented in Figure 5.)  to form a compound from a prefix and a proper name
i. Slash pre-service post-listening
Use a slash (also called a virgule, solidus, or shill):  when writing compound numbers between 21 and 99 in
 to clarify a relationship in which a hyphenated words
compound is used the classification/similarity- seventy-three thirty-one
judgment condition hits/false-alarms comparison  to separate a prefix ending in a vowel from a word
 to separate numerator from denominator beginning with the same vowel
A/B co-operate pre-eminent
 to indicate per to separate units of measurement Note: Use no space before or after hyphen
accompanied by a numerical value k. Capitalization
0.5 deg/s 6.4 mg/kg Capitalize:
 to set off English phonemes  the first word in a complete sentence
/v/ Nepal is a beautiful country.
 to cite a republished work in text  the first word after a colon that begins a complete sentence
Baral (2015/2016) The author made one main point: No explanation that has

66 67
 been suggested so far answers all questions.
 major words in titles of books and articles within the body
of the paper
In the book, History of Knowledge...
 proper nouns
Hari Mina Dolam Kathmandu
 names of university departments if they refer to a specific
department within a specific university and complete
names of academic courses if they refer to a specific course
Department of Psychology, Tribhuvan University
but
a psychology department
an introductory psychology course
 nouns followed by numerals or letters that denote a
specific place in a numbered series.
On Day 2 of Experiment 4
during Trial 5, the no-delay group performed
as shown in Table 2, Figure 38, and Chapter 4
 exact, complete titles of published and unpublished tests.
Words such as test or scale are not capitalized if they refer
to subscales of tests.
Advanced Reading Test
 nations and nationality
France, the French language, a Frenchman, a French artist
 names of days, months and festivals
Sunday, July, New Year, Dashain, Christmas
 periods in history
the Renaissance, the Dark Ages
 title of people
Professor Chomsky, Technical Officer
 names of mountains, rivers, cities, geographical area
the Mount Everest, the Bagmati, the Nile, Lake Superior,
the Sahara Desert, the Pacific Ocean
 title of books, works of arts, films, newspaper, TV/ Radio
programmes
The Good Earth, Mona Lisa, Titanic, The Times,
BihaniPakha
 abbreviations
B.A., M. Ed., SRRP, MDG
 the word of a quotation
He said, "Experience is the best teacher."
 the pronoun 'I' and the interjection 'O'
 the important historical events, e.g. the Russian
Revolution, the American War of Independence
 the forms of address in letters, e.g. Dear Sir, Dear Madam
 the names of ships, political parties, societies, etc.
l. Italics
Use italics:
 titles of books, periodicals, films, videos, TV shows, and
microfilm publications
The Elements of Style
American Psychologist
 genera, species, and varieties
Macacamulatta
 introduction of a new, technical, or key term or label (after
a term has been used once, do not italicize it)
The term backward masking
box labeled empty

68 69
  a letter, word, or phrase cited as a linguistic example 25 ( twenty-five), 54 ( fifty-four)
words such as big and little  Use 'and' to write numbers over 100.
the letter a 324 ( three hundred and twenty four)
 words that could be misread  There are two ways of writing numbers over 1000.
the small group [meaning a designation, not group size] 1200 (one thousand two hundred: formal)
 letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variables 1200 (twelve hundred: informal)
Cohen's d = 0.084 2600 (two thous and six hundred: formal)
a/b = c/d 2600 (twenty-six hundred: informal)
SEM  Use 'comma' to divide 'the large numbers' into groups of
Do not use italics for : three figures.
 foreign phrases and abbreviations common in English (i.e., 2,333,345 (two million three hundred and thirty-three
phrases found as mainentries in Merriam-Webster's thousand three hundred and forty-five)
Collegiate Dictionary, 2005).  Use commas between groups of three digits in most
a posteriori et al. figures of 1,000 or more.
a priori Exceptions:
ad lib page numbers page 1029
 chemical terms binary digits 00110010
NaCl, LSD serial numbers 290466960
 trigonometric terms degrees of temperature 3071 0F
sin, tan, log acoustic frequency designations 2000 Hz
 mere emphasis. (Italics are acceptable if emphasis might  Write ordinal numbers as follows.
otherwise be lost; in general, however, use syntax to 22nd (twenty-second)
provide emphasis.) 131st (one hundred and thirty-first)
 letters used as abbreviations  Use …OneÚ instead of …aÚ:
Curriculum Development Center (CDC) 121 (one hundred and twenty-one)
16. Numbers 17. Fractions
 Use numerals to express numbers 10 and above and words  Write fractions as follows:
to express numbers below 10. 1 1 2 4
( a/one half), (one fourth), (two thirds), (four fifths)
2 4 3 5
 Use hyphen to write numbers over 20 and below 100.

70 71
  Use 'over' to write complex fractions: 23/1/2019
22/69 (twenty-two over sixty-nine) on the twenty-third of January 2019
 Write whole numbers as follows: on January the twenty-third 2019
1 1 American English
3 (three and a half), 4 (four and one fourth)
2 4 1/23/2019
 At the first position of the sentence use …wordÚ, not …figureÚ January 23, 2019
Write : Twenty-two passengers travelling on the bus were 19. Abbreviations and Acronyms
injured in the accident.  First introduce full form followed by
Do not write : 22 passengers travelling on the bus were injured in abbreviation/acronym in brackets. From the second time,
the accident. use abbreviations/acronyms.
 There are various ways to express time of the day. The United States of America (USA) in first writing
Examples The USA in subsequent writing
He gets up at 4 a.m. to go to temple.  Each letter of the abbreviations may be followed by a
She will arrive here at 2:15. Or period, or may not be followed by it, but maintain
She will arrive here at two fifteen. consistency in one piece of writing.
She will arrive here at quarter past two. the U.S.A. Or the USA
 In decimals each figure after the point is said separately  Write acronyms without the period.
24.5: twenty-four point five SAARC
26.34: twenty-six point three four  The abbreviations such as A.D./AD, B.C./BC, B.S./BS.,
23. 135: twenty-three point one three five Dr./Dr, B.Sc./B Sc, etc. can be introduced first without
0. 342: (zero) point three four two their full forms.
 In telephone numbers all numbers are said separately
014335972: 0 one four three three five nine seven two
014331258: 0 one four double three one two five eight
18. Writing dates
British and American English have different ways to write
dates. Use any one style and be consistent with it.
British English
23 January 2019 or 23rd January 2019

72 73