Module 2:

Consumer Behavior
The second module of the course introduces you to the analysis of consumer
behavior. Decisions about what and how much to consume are among the most
important factors affecting the overall evolution of the economy. The underlying
preferences of these decisions can be investigated. You will learn how to model
consumer preferences in a utility function and apply it to predict how consumers will
behave given a given income and the option to buy products at a given price. You
will also gain knowledge on how to assess people's choices regarding whether and
how much to work.

Learning Outcomes

1) Give an explanation of the terms utility and satisfaction.

2) Distinguish between total and marginal utility.
3) Explain and compute the marginal utility concept.
4) Using the Utility Maximizing Rule, describe how consumers can maximize their
overall utility within a given income.
5) Describe how adjustments to income or prices affect a consumer's utility.
6) Describe the equilibrium at tangency, the budget line, and the indifference curve.

Utility
In this section, we'll take a closer look at the variables affecting demand curve and
consumer behavior. How does a buyer decide how much money to spend on all the
different things, like food, housing, entertainment, and clothes, that they want? It is
assumed that the goal of the consumer, subject to income constraints, is to optimize
their degree of contentment or pleasure.

Economists use the term "utility" to characterize a happy, joyful, or content state. To
what extent does consuming pizza or watching a movie satisfy someone? The
evaluation of utility is solely dependent on individual preferences and is not
influenced by the cost of the good.

Step 1: Gather some of your favorite candies, baked goods, or biscuits.

Step 2: Rate a bite's utility on a scale of 0 to 100, with 100 denoting the highest
degree of utility. Keep track of the amount you could have gotten with just one
more bite, or the bite's marginal utility.

Step 03: Return to step 02 once more. It's critical to maintain consistency with each
unit consumed, meaning you should never stop eating halfway through and should
always consume the same amount of food. When you run out of candy or your
marginal utility is zero, you can quit.

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS
Entrepreneurship by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
As more of an item is consumed, the satisfaction from taking another bite of it will
eventually diminish, according to the law of diminishing marginal utility. Marginal
utility is defined as the satisfaction one receives from each additional bite. As more
of the good is consumed, we get less additional satisfaction from consuming a unit of
it. Even in the case where a good was free and you could consume as much as you
pleased, there would still be a limit to how much you could take because of the law
of diminishing marginal utility.

The marginal utilities are added to obtain the total utility. Eating two chocolates
would provide a total utility of 164 if, for example, the second chocolate had a
marginal utility of 79 and the first chocolate had an 85. The total utility of three
chocolates is 85 + 79 + 73 = 237. Even though it does so more slowly when our
marginal utility falls, our overall utility increases as long as it is positive.

Table 2.1 and Figure 2.1- Total & Marginal Utility and TU and MU Curve

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS
Entrepreneurship by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
 Can a marginal utility be negative? Yes, exactly. During a holiday meal, you may
overeat and feel so sick that you regret it later, but when you organized the dinner, you
most likely believed you would benefit more from eating all of the food. We wouldn't
willingly eat something if its marginal utility was negatively impacted. Then why, when
it's clear that the last few hot dogs they ate are making them sicker, would someone stuff
themselves during a competition to see how many they can eat? Winning the
competition increases someone's marginal utility, making it positive, even though having
the last hot dog decreases it.

The marginal utility of an item can change. Water, for example, has a declining
marginal utility as it rains more and a high positive marginal utility during a drought. At
some point, excessive rain turns into a bad utility, and after flooding has already
happened, there is no marginal gain from more rain.

Figure 2.2 Total Utility of Water

Maximizing Utility

To find their utility values, people can order their preferences from least to most
preferred. The resulting utility or ranking values are subjective or arbitrary. Moreover,
they are ordinal rather than cardinal. Ordinal indicates that the utility values only define
a ranking of preferences, not a cardinal measurement itself.

Imagine you are in a class of ten students, and the teacher has arranged them
according to height. He then assigned a height-based number to each student, giving a 1
to the shortest and a 10 to the tallest.

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
 Because utility is ordinal rather than cardinal, we are unable to compare it
interpersonally. Do the rich and the poor have different values for the same dollar?
Some contend that they would value a dollar more if they thought the impoverished
person had more unmet needs. The reply is that everything depends on individual
preferences. A rich person with a "love of money" and a simpler lifestyle may value an
extra dollar more than someone in poverty (1 Timothy 6:10). This is simply not how we
can compare interpersonal utility.

So, how does the consumer decide what to purchase? Unfortunately, everything has
a price, and customers have a finite amount of disposable income. Because of this,
consumers try to direct their limited funds toward the products that will most satisfy
them. The foundation of utility maximization is selecting goods that maximize utility per
peso while staying affordable and within budget. Grocery stores frequently sell their
products with a price per peso tag. This allows customers to compare the cost per pound
for different brands or sizes. To maximize utility, the same concept is used; however, we
divide the marginal utility by the price to find the marginal utility per peso.

Assume that we only consume milk shakes and pizza, with each slice costing P2 and
each shake costing P1, leaving us with only P11 in spending money. To enable a
common comparison, we must divide the marginal utility by the price because each good
has a different price. Next, we contrast the marginal utility per peso of shakes and pizzas.
We would buy the first shake because its marginal utility per peso is 50 for the shake and
only 45 for the pizza. After that, we buy the first slice of pizza by comparing its marginal
utility per dollar (45) to the second shake's marginal utility per peso (40). We would buy
both if we had the money to do so and the marginal utility per peso for the two goods
was the same, as demonstrated by the second pizza slice and the second shake.

Income = P 11 MU pizza = MU shakes

P pizza P shakes

Price of Pizza: P 2.00 Price of Shakes: P 1.00

Quantity MU of Pizza MUpizza/Ppizza MU of Shakes MU shakes/P shakes

1 90 45 50 50

2 80 40 40 40

3 70 35 30 30

4 60 30 20 20

5 50 25 15 15

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
 6 40 20 10 10

Budgetary allotments are still given to the goods that offer the highest marginal utility
per unit of currency. In this case, we would buy three milkshakes and four slices of pizza
with our entire P 11 budget. After this purchase, the total marginal utilities would be 50 +
90 + 80 + 40 + 70 + 60 + 30 = 420. Our budget does not permit us to purchase
milkshakes and pizzas in a different combination, so the marginal utility per peso spent
on the two items is the same as it was when we made our previous purchase.

Practice

You have the chance to practice now. Mark Louie wants to go to the movies or bowling
to make the most of his P20. Complete the table and determine the number of bowling
alley games and movies that will be most beneficial.

Practice

Income= P20

Price of movies: P8.00 Price of Bowling: P4.00

Quantity MU of movies MU/Pmovies MU of Bowling MU/Pbowling

1 100 60

2 80 40

3 60 30

First, we divide the marginal utility of each item by its cost. What he can purchase with
her P20 income is restricted. Since bowling has a higher marginal utility per peso (15)
than the first movie (12.5), he would go bowling first and spend P4. She would compare
the first movie (12.5) with the second round of bowling (10), spending an additional P8
for a total of P12. It's a little trickier to decide. There are eight pesos left over for Mark
Louie to spend, and the marginal utility of every good is the same per peso. If he decides
to go to the movie, he will spend all eight pesos; however, if he decides to go bowling,
he will only need four and have four left over. It is believed that he wants to spend all of
his money and that not having the money is advantageous to him. Since he cannot afford
to buy another movie, he would rather buy a third game of bowling, which has a
marginal utility per peso of only 7.5. Consequently, he would spend a total of (60 + 100
+ 80) = 240 on two movies and a game of bowling in order to maximize his utility.
Remember that the marginal utility per peso spent on the final items must be the same for
all goods for our decision rule to be applicable. Although we can't have it exactly now,

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
we do our best to get close to that. Considering our income, no other combination could
offer us greater utility.

How Businesses React

When companies see that people's marginal utility is declining, how do they react?
Recall that the consumer surplus is the area above the price but below the demand curve.
Examine a few examples of how businesses react when considering the law of
diminishing marginal utility.

One example is the unit price that depends on the size of the package. An ice cream
shop offers three different serving sizes: six-, ten-, and twelve-ounce cups. The smallest
size, "Like It," costs P4.29, or 71.5 cents, per ounce. With "Love It," an additional four
ounces for just thirty-two cents, the average cost per ounce is forty-six cents, while the
marginal cost per ounce is eight cents. With just 15.5 cents extra per ounce and an
average cost per ounce of just 41 cents, upgrading to the "Gotta Have It" size adds two
extra ounces. Although the large size is undoubtedly less expensive per ounce, not
everyone desires to consume such a large portion. The store profits from customers who
are more willing to pay for a smaller portion when they only want a tiny serving.
Whether it's cereal, ice cream, eggs, milk, or popcorn, it's standard procedure to charge
more per unit for a smaller package size.

Section 02: Indifference Curves and Budget Constraints

Indifference Curves

A more thorough analysis of demand is made possible by difference curves and

budgetary constraints. To model, we will look at the two goods. An indifference curve
shows the different combinations of the two commodities that yield the same level of
utility, regardless of the prices of the individual goods. The law of diminishing marginal
utility causes the indifference curve between the two goods to be convex to the origin.
All possible combinations of the two goods (pizza and shakes) that are represented by the
points A, B, and C on the indifference curve result in a level of utility that is equal to
100. Combination D illustrates how having more of the goods leads to a higher utility
level, whereas combination E illustrates a lower utility level.

The family of indifference curves is displayed on an indifference curve map. The

degree of utility at various combinations of the two goods could be reflected by an
infinite number of indifference curves. The various points along an indifference curve
represent the same degree of utility, much as a line on a topographical map indicates the
various points that are at the same elevation.

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
Figure 2.3 Indifference Curve Map

Marginal Rate of Substitution

The marginal rate of substitution, denoted by the slope of the curve, is the rate at
which a consumer would be willing to move from one good to another while maintaining
the same level of utility. Thus, the marginal rate of substitution reflects the ratio of
marginal utilities between the two goods.

For example, at point A, the customer would be willing to trade one shake for an
additional slice of pizza. At point B, the customer already has a lot of pizza but not many
shakes, so he would have to gain three pizzas in order to willingly give up half of a
shake. The marginal utility of the shake he would have to give up would therefore be
relatively large, while the marginal utility of an extra pizza would be relatively lower.

Since any combination of the two goods will only ever produce one degree of utility at
any given time, indifference curves never intersect.

Figure 2.4 Indifference Curve

Budget Constraint
Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
 The budget constraint displays the combinations of the two goods that are reasonable
in light of the consumer's income and the prices of the two goods. The income is divided
by the price of the good to determine the intercept points of the budget constraint. For
example, if a customer had P8 to spend, they could buy eight shakes for P8/P1, or four
pizzas for P8/P2, since shakes cost P1 and pizzas P2. When it comes to the two items,
any combination that is not within the budgetary constraints is not affordable, while
those that are nearer the source are. A parallel shift in income will cause the budget
constraint to move to the right, while a parallel shift to the left will result from a decrease
in income.

Figure 2.5 Budget Constraint Curve

When the prices of the goods change, so does the slope of the budget constraint. If
the customer makes $8 and the cost of the pizza is P2 and the shakes is P1, the budget
constraint would be BC1. If the price of pizza drops to P1, the budget constraint on the x-
axis would move to BC2. However, if shake prices increased to P2, the budget constraint
would shift to BC3.

The budget constraint's slope is represented by the negative price ratio (-Px/Py). For
example, if the prices of pizza and shakes were P1 and P2, respectively, on the x and y
axes, then the budget constraint's slope would be -2.

Utility Maximization

Because their objective is to maximize utility under budgetary constraints, customers

search for a combination of goods that will allow them to reach the highest indifference
curve. This occurs in combination A, where the indifference curve is tangent to the
budget constraint. It should be emphasized that while combinations A, B, and C are
equally expensive, combination A has a higher indifference curve. Combination D yields
the same utility as combinations C and B but requires less income, so the consumer can
increase utility by using more of it. Financial limitations prevent combination E from
being realized, even though it is superior to combination A.
Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
Figure 2.6 Equilibrium at Tangency

Utility is maximized, as we have previously mentioned, when every good has the same
marginal utility for every dollar spent. At the point where the indifference curve is
tangent to the budget constraint, the slope of the budget constraint (-Price x / Price y)
equals the slope of the indifference curve, which is the ratio of marginal utilities (-
MUx/Muy). This equation can be rewritten to show that the marginal utility for each
dollar spent will be the same for both goods.

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
 MODULE 2:

Consumer Behavior
Activity No. 1 Consumer Behavior

Name: ____________________________ Section:_____________________

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five

suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and write the
correct letter of your answer in the space provided for.

___1. Utility is the

A) benefit or satisfaction that a person gets from the consumption of a good or service
B) measure of how useful a resource is in the production process
C) measure of productivity associated with a good or service
D) economic term for consumption possibilities
E) All of the above
___2. If Ann gets 100 units of utility from reading a book and 500 units of utility from
playing with her cat, we know that Ann
A) does not enjoy reading books
B) does not enjoy playing with her cat
C) prefers reading a book to playing with her cat
D) prefers playing with her cat to reading a book
E) None of the above
___3. As more of a good is consumed, total utility
A) increases
B) decreases
C) remains the same
D) becomes negative and then turns positive
E) All of the above
___4. Marginal utility is equal to which of the following
A) total income divided by the price of the product
B) the change in total utility from consuming one more unit of a good
C) the satisfaction obtained from consuming any number of units of a good
D) none of the above is correct
E) All of the above are correct

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
___5. The first four dinner rolls Joan consumes have total utility of 15, 27, 37, and 45
respectively. What is the marginal utility of the 4th dinner roll?
A) 124 units of utility
B) 45 units of utility
C) 11.25 units of utility
D) 8 units of utility
E) None of the above is correct

___6. The goal of a consumer is to

A) acquire the largest possible quantity of goods
B) acquire the largest possible variety of goods
C) maximize utility
D) save money
E) All of the above
___7. The utility maximizing rule says that consumers must
A)only allocate the entire available budget
B)only make the marginal utility per dollar spent the same for all goods
C)both allocate the entire budget and make the marginal utility per dollar spent the same
for all goods
D)either allocate the available budget or make the marginal utility per dollar spent the
same
E)None of the above
___8. In a given time period, a person consumes more and more of a good and enjoys
each additional unit less and is willing to pay less for it, because of:
A)diminishing returns
B)diminishing marginal product
C)diminishing marginal utility
D)increasing costs
E)None of the above
___9. If your MU/P for gas is > than your MU/P for food, what should you do in order to
maximize utility?
A) spend less on gas
B) spend more on food
C) both
D) Neither
E) All of the above

Answer the next question(s) based on the table below showing the marginal utility
schedules for product X and product Y for a hypothetical consumer. The price of product
X is $4 and the price of product Y is $2. The income of the consumer is $20.

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
___10. Refer to the above table. If the consumer buys both product X and product Y,
how much will the consumer buy of each to maximize utility?
A) 4X and 2Y
B) 3X and 4Y
C) 4X and 3Y
D) 5X and 3Y
E) None of the above
___11. Which best expresses the law of diminishing marginal utility?
A) The more of a product is consumed, the smaller is the total utility from the product
B) The less of a product is consumed,the greater is the marginal utility of the product
C) The more of a product is consumed, the greater is the total utility from the product
D) The less of a product consumed, the smaller is marginal utility of the product
E) None of the above
___12. Chris spent his entire income on two goods. At his current consumption, the
marginal utility of Y is 12 and the marginal utility of Z is 4. If the price of Y is $2.00 and
the price of Z is $1, then to what should he do to maximize utility?
A) consume more Y and Z
B) consume more Z and less Y
C) consumer more Y and less Z
D) maintain his consumption
E) None of the above
___13. Which of the following is true if consuming one unit of a good yields 100 utils
and consuming the second unit of the good increases satisfaction by 20 utils?
A) the MU of the 1st unit is 20
B) the MU of the 2nd unit is 80
C) the MU of the 2nd unit is 120
D) the total utility of consuming 2 units is 120
E) None of the above
___14. A consumer makes purchases of anexisting product X such that the marginal
utility is 10 and the price is $5. The consumer also tries a new product Y and at the
current level of consumption it has a marginal utility of 8 and a price of $1. The utility-
maximizing rule suggests that this consumer should:
A) Increase consumption of product X and decrease consumption of product Y.
B) Increase consumption of product X and increase consumption of product Y.
C) Increase consumption of product Y and decrease consumption of product X.
D) Decrease consumption of product Y and decrease consumption of product X.
E) All of the above

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
___15. Refer to the above table. Suppose that the consumer's income increased from $20
to $30. What would be the utility-maximizing combination of products X and Y?
A) 3X and 3Y
B) 4X and 4Y
C) 5X and 4Y
D) 5X and 5Y
E) None of the above

Activity No. 2 Consumer Behavior

Name: ____________________________ Section:__________________________

Critical Thinking Questions

1) Think back to a purchase that you made recently. How would you describe your
thinking before you made that purchase?

2) Would you expect marginal utility to rise or fall with additional consumption of a
good? Why?

3) If people do not have a complete mental picture of total utility for every level of
consumption, how can they find their utility-maximizing consumption choice?

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
Activity No. 3 Consumer Behavior (Indifference Curve, Budget Line & Equilibrium
at Tangency)

Name: ____________________________ Section: ________________________

Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five

suggested answers or completions. Select the one that is best in each case and write the
correct letter of your answer in the space provided for.

___1) Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the standard
properties of indifference curves?
A. Indifference curves are downward sloping
B. Indifference curves do not cross each other
C. Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones
D. Indifference curves are bowed outward
E. All of the above
___2) Which of the following statements is not true with regard to the standard
properties of indifference curves?
A. Indifference curves are downward sloping
B. Indifference curves do not cross each other
C. Higher indifference curves are preferred to lower ones
D. Indifference curves are bowed outward
E. All of the above
___3) Indifference curves measure the consumer's willingness to trade one good for
another good while maintaining a constant level of satisfaction
A. True B. False C. Either A or B D. Neither A or B E. Incomplete information
___4) The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford is known as
A. An indifference curve
B. The marginal rate of substitution
C. The budget constraint
D. The consumption limit
E. All of the above

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
___5) Suppose a consumer must choose between the consumption of sandwiches and
pizza. If we measure the quantity of pizza on the horizontal axis and the quantity of
sandwiches on the vertical axis, and if the price of pizza is $10 and the price of a
sandwich is $5, then the slope of the budget constraint is
A. 5 B. 10 C. 2 D. 1/2 E. None of the above
___6) If income and prices were both to double, the budget line would
A. Shift outward in a parallel fashion
B. Shift inward in a parallel fashion
C. Stay the same
D. Rotate inward
E. Rotate outward
___7) A budget constraint is a set of commodity bundles that provide the consumer with
the same level of satisfaction
B. True B. False C. Either A or B D. Neither A or B E. Incomplete information
___8) Which of the following is true about the consumer's optimum consumption
bundle? A. At the optimum, The indifference curve is tangent to the budget constraint
B.The slope of the indifference curve equals the slope of the budget constraint
C. The relative prices of the two goods equals the marginal rate of substitution
D. All of the above are true
E. None of the above are true
___9) A consumer is in equilibrium at the point of tangency of his indifference curve and
the price line because ___________.
A. He does not want to go beyond it
B. He cannot go beyond it
C. He cannot go below it
D. He is confused
E. All of the above
___10) Which of the following is correct?
A. Budget lines are linear and upward sloping; indifference curves are downward sloping
and concave to the
origin.
B. Budget lines are linear and downward sloping; indifference curves are downward
sloping and concave to
the origin.
C. Budget lines are linear and downward sloping; indifference curves are downward
sloping and convex to
the origin.
D. Budget lines are downward sloping and convex to the origin; indifference curves are
linear and downward
sloping.

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
___11) Refer to the diagram above where xy is the relevant budget line and I1, I2, and I3
are indifference curves. The equilibrium position for the consumer is at:
A. any point on xy.
B. point M.
C. point K.
D. point J
E. None of the above
___12) Refer to the diagram above where xy is the relevant budget line and I1, I2, and I3
are indifference curves. Point M:
A. is the consumer's equilibrium position.
B. is unobtainable.
C. is inferior to point N.
D. entails the highest attainable level of total utility
E. None of the above
___13) Assume a diagram in which a budget line is imposed on an indifference map. a
consumer will maximize her utility:
A. At any point where the budget line and an indifference curve intersect.
B. At either point where the budget line intersects the horizontal and vertical axes.
C. Where the budget line is tangent to an indifference curve.
D. Where the ratio of the two product prices equals the reciprocal of the consumer's
income.
E. All of the above
___14) To maximize utility a consumer should allocate money income so that the:
A. Elasticity of demand on all products purchased is the same.
B. Marginal utility obtained from the last dollar spent on each product is the same.
C. Total utility derived from each product consumed is the same.
D. Marginal utility of the last unit of each product consumed is the same.
E. All of the above
___15) Refer to the above data. If the consumer has a money income of $52 and the
prices of j and k are $8 and $4 respectively, the consumer will maximize her utility by
purchasing:
A. 2 units of j and 7 units of k.
B. 5 units of j and 5 units of k.

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
C. 4 units of j and 5 units of k
D. 6 units of j and 3 units of k
E. None of the above

Activity No. 4 Consumer Behavior (Indifference Curve, Budget Line & Equilibrium
at Tangency)

Name: ____________________________ Section:_________________________

Critical Thinking Questions

1) What point is preferred along an indifference curve?

2) How can you tell which indifference curves represent higher or lower levels of utility?

3) Why does the consumer get the maximum satisfaction when the indifference curve is
tangent to the budget line?

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
4) How does a consumer achieve equilibrium given an indifference curve and budget
line?

Activity No. 5 Consumer Behavior (Utility Maximizing Rule)

Name: ____________________________ Section:_________________________

Utility Maximizing Rule. You have an income of P56. The price of sandwich is P8 and the
price of juice is P 4.

The utility received from consuming sandwich and juice is given below.

PROBLEM: How many sandwiches and juices should be bought to maximize utility? What
is the total utility?

Number of Total Marginal MU/Price Number Total Marginal MU/Price

sandwiches Utility of Utility of of of juices utility Utility of of juice
sandwich sandwich sandwich of juice
juice

0 0 0 0

1 64 1 40

2 120 2 76

3 168 3 108

4 208 4 136

5 240 5 160

6 264 6 180

7 280 7 196

Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA
Basic Microeconomics for BSBA Marketing Management & Human Resource Management and BS Entrepreneurship
by Exequiel Mendoza Perez, MBA