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GenBiology1 Q2 Mod1 Energy Transformation Ver4
GenBiology1 Q2 Mod1 Energy Transformation Ver4
GenBiology1 Q2 Mod1 Energy Transformation Ver4
NOT
General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Energy Transformation
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General Biology
1
Quarter 2 - Module 1:
Energy Transformation
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Table of Contents
Second Quarter
Lesson 1: ATP-ADP Cycle
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 12
What’s In........................................................................................................ 14
Lesson 2: Photosynthesis
What I Need to Know .................................................................................... 21
What I know................................................................................................... 22
What Is It………………………………………………………………………….27
What’s More………………………………………………………………………28
What’s New…………………………………………………………………34
Summary…………………………………………………………………………………. 40
References ......................................................................................................... 45
Module 1
Energy Transformation
What This Module is About
This module focuses on respiration and photosynthetic process as reactions
that complements each other to enable life to survive. It will enhance your
understanding of major features and events involved such as important steps in Calvin
cycle, glycolysis, and Krebs cycle. At the end of this module, you will be able to have
a deeper understanding on the importance of photosynthesis and cellular respiration
to all forms of living things.
In this module, you will study the important process of energy transformation
that occurs at the cellular level of plants, animals, and microbial cells. This reaction is
intervened by the energy known as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) using the
mitochondria and the chloroplasts as the main cell organelles for the majority of cell
types.
This module has three (3) lessons:
• Lesson 1- ATP-ADP Cycle
• Lesson 2- Photosynthesis
• Lesson 3- Cellular Respiration
i
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the learning competencies cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.
ii
What I Know
PRE-ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
__3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
A. another hydrogen, a gas
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide
C. an oxygen, water
D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
__4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondrion
__5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic
molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
A. Fermentation
B. Reduction
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron pumps
__6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound
________, which causes muscle soreness.
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid
__7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
A. smaller amounts
B. the same amount
C. larger amount
D. only twice the amount
iii
__8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of
____ATPs: _____from the ETC, _____from glycolysis, and _____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B. 38, 34, 2, 2
C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4
__9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed
__10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis
iv
Lesson
ATP-ADP Cycle
1
What I Need to Know
• Performance Standards:
Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or
vinegar via microorganisms.
• Introduction:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency used throughout the cell.
ATP provides energy for the cell to do work, such as mechanical work, transport
substances across the membrane, and perform various chemical reactions. ATP is
composed of phosphate groups, a ribose and adenine. In the structure of ATP, there
are three phosphate groups attached to adenosine. The last two bonds on the
phosphate groups contain especially high energy and are therefore very useful for
doing work within living cells. The bonds that hold phosphate groups are easily
broken by hydrolysis which results in the release of energy.
1
What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a chain of 3-
phosphate groups.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. NADH+
d. Nucleus
_____2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this happens
when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
a. Hydrolysis of ATP
b. Phosphorylation
c. Oxidation
d. Reduction
_____3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures based on the
differences in their structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation
b. Dephosphorylation
c. Hydrolysis
d. Chromatography
_____4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of different
wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll
b. Photon
c. Pigments
d. Light energy
_____5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a
plant cell.
a. Light energy
b. Chlorophyll
c. Photon
d. Pigments
2
What’s In
3
How the Hydrolysis of ATP Perform Work
• Proof that ATP releases heat: in a test set up, the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy in
the form of heat in the surrounding water.
• Most of the time when an animal is exposed in a cold environment, the reaction of the
body is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP during
muscle contraction to warm the body. Since it will also be a disadvantage for organisms to
generate heat during ATP hydrolysis, in order to maintain the living conditions inside the
cell, the energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work:
chemical, transport and mechanical
• Hydrolysis of ATP leads to change in the shape of protein and in its ability to bind to
another molecule. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylating (ATP to ADP)
promote crucial protein shape changes during important cellular process
Source:
4
The Regeneration of ATP
Terminology:
Chromatography
5
Pigments
• are substances that absorb visible light. Different pigments absorb light of different
wavelengths.
Light, as it encounters an object, is either reflected, transmitted, or absorbed. Visible light, with
a wavelength of 380–750nm, is the segment in the entire range of electromagnetic spectrum
that is most important to life on earth. It is detected as various colors by the human eye. The
color that is not absorbed by pigments of objects is transmitted or reflected and that is the
color of the object that we see.
Pigments are the means by which plants capture sun’s energy to be used in photosynthesis.
However, since each pigment absorbs only a narrow range of wavelength, there is usually a
need to produce several kinds of pigments of different colors to capture more of sun’s energy.
Chlorophyll
• is the greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast of a plant
cell.
Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light while it transmits and reflects green light. This is why
leaves appear green.
There are several kinds of chlorophyll. Among these, chlorophyll a plays the most important
role in photosynthesis. It directly participates in converting solar energy to chemical energy.
Other pigments in the chloroplast play the part of accessory pigments. These pigments can
absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. One of these accessory pigments is
chlorophyll b. Some carotenoids also contribute energy to chlorophyll a. Other carotenoids,
however, serve as protection for chlorophyll by dissipating excessive energy that will otherwise
be destructive to chlorophyll.
Structure of chlorophyll • Head—a flat hydrophilic head called porphyrin ring. It has a
magnesium atom at its center. Different chlorophylls differ on the side groups attached to the
porphyrin. • Tail—a lipid-soluble hydrocarbon tail.
How does photoexcitation of chlorophyll happen?
6
1. A chlorophyll molecule absorbs photon or light energy.
2. An electron of the molecule in its normal orbital, said to be in its ground state, will be
elevated to an orbital of a higher energy. The molecule is now in an excited state. The molecule
only absorbs photon that has the energy that is equal to the energy needed for it to be able to
elevate from the ground state to the excited state.
3. The excited state is unstable. Hence, excited electrons drop back down to the ground state
immediately after, releasing energy in the form of heat and photon. This happens in isolated
chlorophyll molecules. However, chlorophyll molecule that is found in its natural environment
in the thylakoid membrane forms a photosystem together with proteins and other organic
molecules to prevent the loss of energy from the electrons.
Photosystem
• Light-harvesting complex— is also called the ‘antenna’ complex and is consisted of several
different pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) bounded with proteins. When
a pigment molecule absorbs a photon, energy is passed on from one pigment molecule to
another pigment molecule until the energy reaches the reaction center.
• Photosystem II—was discovered later after the discovery of Photosystem I, but functions first
in the light reaction of photosynthesis. The chlorophyll a in the reaction-center of Photosystem
II effectively absorbs light with a wavelength of 680nm and thus called P680.
• Photosystem I—was discovered first. Its reaction-center has a chlorophyll a called P700
because it is effective in absorbing light with a wavelength of 700nm.
7
What’s New
1. Research videos on the Forms of Energy, Transformation of Energy, Free energy and
metabolism and ATP- structure and function.
2. Watch and Listen carefully to the video and be able to recognize and relate to each attributes
of the energy transformation.
3. Reflect on your life experiences and relate them to the lesson in the video so that you will
be able to make an analogy relating the concepts under ATP.
What Is It
• Q & A Activity:
3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?
What’s More
• Q and A Activity:
1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and
explanation.
8
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
• Performance Activity:
Construct a final draft sketch on the photoexcitation of Chlorophyll. Write your sketch
on a long bond paper/newsprint.
9
Lesson Photosynthesis
2
What I Need to Know
• Introduction:
10
What I Know
1. Light reactions
2. Noncyclic electron flow
3. Cyclic electron flow
4. Plastoquinone (Pq)
5. Plastocyanin (Pc)
6. ATP
7. Photophosphorylation
8. Ferredoxin
9. NADP+
10. NADPH
11. Chemiosmosis
What’s In
During PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
• Energy from sunlight is harvested and used to drive the synthesis of glucose from
CO2 and H2O. By converting the energy of sunlight to a usable form of potential
chemical energy, photosynthesis is the ultimate source of metabolic energy for all
biological systems.
11
• Photosynthesis takes place in two distinct stages. (A) In the light reactions, energy
from sunlight drives the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, coupled to the formation of
O2 from H2O. (B) In the dark reactions (named because they do not require
sunlight), the ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions drive glucose
synthesis.
• In eukaryotic cells, both the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur within
chloroplasts—the light reactions in the thylakoid membrane and the dark reactions
within the stroma.
12
Light Reactions Events
4. The excited electrons are then passed on from the primary electron acceptor to
the electron carrier molecules through the electron transport chain until they reach
Photosystem I. The electron carrier molecules involved here are plastoquinone
(Pq), a cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin (Pc).
5. At each transfer, the electrons release small amounts of energy. This energy is
used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. The splitting up of water
molecules results to an uneven distribution of hydrogen ions in the stroma and the
lumen. The H+ ions tries to equalize their distribution by moving from the lumen to
the stroma through the aid of a membrane protein called ATP synthase. This is
referred to as chemiosmosis. The movement of hydrogen ions through the ATP
synthase channel triggers the synthesis of ATP from ADP. The ATP contains high-
energy phosphate bonds.
6. Meanwhile, photon is also absorbed and energy is passed on from one pigment
molecule to another until the energy reaches the reaction center complex of
Photosystem I. The energy excites the electron present in the pair of P700
chlorophyll a located here. The excited electron is then transferred to a primary
electron acceptor, making the P700 positively charged and now seeking electrons
to fill up the missing ones. This is filled up by the electrons from Photosystem II that
are passed on through the electron transport chain.
8. An enzyme, the NADP+ reductase, then transfers the electron to NADP+ and
stabilizes it by adding a proton (H+) to form NADPH. NADPH is then released to
the stroma and becomes part of the Calvin Cycle.
Cyclic Electron Flow Aside from the usual route of electron flow as described in the
events of the light reactions (i.e., noncyclic or linear electron flow), photo-excited
electrons may take a short-circuited route which utilizes Photosystem I but not
13
Photosystem II. The ferrodoxin goes back to the cycle and passes the electron to the
cytochrome complex and to the Pc until it reaches P700 chlorophyll instead of
transferring the electron to NADP+reductase. Due to this event, no NADPH is
produced but ATP is still synthesized.
• The sugar that is produced in the Calvin Cycle is not the six-carbon glucose that
we are familiar with. This is formed later on. What is produced in the Calvin Cycle
is a three-carbon sugar known as G3P or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
• The Calvin Cycle needs to ‘spin’ three times to make one molecule of G3P from
three molecules of CO2.
14
Three Phases of Calvin Cycle:
Carbon Fixation
Reduction
• For every six G3Ps produced by the Calvin Cycle, five are recycled to regenerate
three molecules of RuBP. Only one G3P leaves the cycle to be packaged for use
by the cell.
• The ADP and NADP+ that is formed during the Calvin Cycle will be transported
back to the thylakoid membrane and will enter the light reactions. Here, they will be
‘recharged’ with energy and become ATP and NADPH.
Regeneration of RuBP
• Two G3Ps can combine together to form either glucose or fructose which are both
are six-carbon sugar.
15
The cost of making carbohydrate:
What’s New
What Is It
• Q & A Activity:
What’s More
Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of photosynthesis.
The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and end products of
photosynthesis.
16
Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis
REACTION
NEEDED MATERIALS END PRODUCTS
SERIES
1. Light-dependent
reactions (take
place in the a. a.
thylakoid
membrane)
a. Photochemical
b. b.
reactions
b. Electron
transport
c. Chemiosmosis c. c.
2. Carbon fixation
reactions (take 2 2
place in stroma)
Available Choices
17
What I Have Learned
What I Can Do
Performance Task:
For this activity, you have to gather materials that will help build a three-dimensional
model that represents the events or phases of the Calvin cycle. You may use clay,
Styrofoam balls, beads, or recyclable materials. The outputs will be presented to the
teacher.
18
Lesson Cellular Respiration
3
What I Need to Know
Cellular Respiration
In cellular respiration, glucose is converted to pyruvic acid which can enter either
through aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration.
In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid molecules enter the mitochondria and through
a series of chemical reactions known as the citric acid cycle (Kreb’s cycle) via electron
transport chain. In the Kreb’s cycle, the pyruvic acid is converted to carbon dioxide.
The electron transport chain accepts the electron from the breakdown products of the
Kreb’s cycle and glycolysis via the NADH and FADH2. At the end of the chain, the
electrons are combined with hydrogen ions and molecular oxygen to form water. This
process can produce ATP. During this process, the glucose molecule is broken down
and the carbon atoms released from glucose are combined with oxygen to produce
carbon dioxide.
In anaerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. There is a
production of two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule.
Fig. 3.a. Courtesy: Enger, Eldon D. et. Al., (2012). Concepts in Biology 14 th Edition. USA: McGraw-Hill
(Retrieved August 13, 2015)
19
What I Know
1. Aerobic respiration
2. Anaerobic respiration
3. Pyruvic acid
4. Fermentation
5. Glycolysis
6. Krebs cycle
7. Electron transport chain
What’s In
In Cellular respiration:
Glycolysis-means “sugar-splitting” that occurs in the cytosol of the cell. It does not
require oxygen to breakdown glucose into pyruvate.
20
proteins shuttle electrons during the redox reactions. The electrons will be used to
produce ATP by chemiosmosis.
NADH and FADH2-these are electron acceptor molecules that contain high-energy
electrons. They transport the electrons to ETC to produce many more ATPs by
oxidative phosphorylation.
ATP synthase-is an enzyme that is responsible for the great production of ATPs.
This happens when it uses the energy coming from H+ ions to bind ADP and
phosphate group together to produce ATP.
Fig. 3.b. The diagram below shows the total energy produced from the complete breakdown of glucose
by aerobic respiration.
21
Summary of Cellular Respiration
22
Differences and Similarities of Aerobic, Anaerobic and Fermenting Organisms
Differences Similarity
Aerobic,
Anaerobic
Fermenting
Aerobic Organisms Anaerobic Organisms and
Organisms
Fermenting
Organisms
ATP is
Do not use produced
Use oxygen Do not use oxygen
oxygen
Occur in
Occur in prokaryotes
Occur in prokaryotes prokaryotes
and eukaryotes
and eukaryotes
Simple and
faster
Requires no special
alternative to
organelles
cellular
respiration
Requires no
special
organelles
Glycolysis and
waste product
formation are
two sets of
reactions that
occur
23
What’s New
Procedure: Refine your knowledge on cellular respiration by doing the sample graphic
organizer below. Fill-out the table and distinguish how the two types of respiration are
alike and different. Then write your conclusion based on the similarities and
differences you have listed.
24
What Is It
25
What’s More
1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the chemical-bond
energy from a certain nutrient is released to the cell in the form of ATP?
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration as
well as in fermentation?
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-energy
molecules.
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What about in
fermentation?
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells can oxidize
organic fuel and generate ATP without the use of oxygen?
26
Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of cellular
respiration. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and end
products of cellular respiration.
Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis (in
cytosol)
2. Preparatory
reaction
4. Electron
transport and
chemiosmosis
Available Choices
a. Pyruvate, ATP, b. NADH, FADH2, c. Glucose, ATP, d. Pyruvate,
NADH O2, ADP Pi NAD+, ADP Pi Coenzyme A,
NAD+
e. Acetyl CoA, f. Acetyl CoA, g. CO2, NADH, h. ATP, H2O,
H2O, NAD+, FAD, CO2, NADH FADH2, ATP NAD+, FAD
ADP Pi
27
What I Have Learned
Directions: This is a modified TRUE or FALSE activity. Write the word TRUE if the
underlined word/phrase being referred to is correct. If it is FALSE, change the
word/phrase to make the whole statement correct based on the concept of cellular
respiration. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
_____1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP
without the use of oxygen.
_____2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic
processes.
_____3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that occurs
without the use of oxygen.
_____4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules, majority
are proteins, located in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the
plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.
_____5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation:
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for
cellular respiration.
_____7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and
Pi by chemiosmosis.
_____8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to
power ATP synthesis.
_____9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per molecule
of ATP.
_____10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not,
whether the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic.
28
• B. Learning Process Activity:
Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic
respiration.
What I Can Do
Performance Task:
29
Key Concepts:
Post-Assessment
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
30
__3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
E. another hydrogen, a gas
F. a carbon, carbon dioxide
G. an oxygen, water
H. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
__4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
E. Nucleus
F. Ribosome
G. Chloroplast
H. Mitochondrion
__5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic
molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
E. Fermentation
F. Reduction
G. Krebs cycle
H. Electron pumps
__6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound
________, which causes muscle soreness.
B. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid
__7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of glucose.
E. smaller amounts
F. the same amount
G. larger amount
H. only twice the amount
__9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed
__10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis
31
32
Lesson 1 ATP-ADP Cycle
What I Know Lesson 3 Cellular Respiration
1b What I Know
2a 1 Carbohydrates (glucose) & molecular oxygen
3d 2 Carbon dioxide & water
4c
5b What’s New
Comparing Graphic Organizer
What Is It (Suggested Answers) How alike?
1. Kinetic, Thermal, Light, Potential, Chemical Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the
2. Thermodynamics cell
1st Law: The energy of the universe is Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and
constant oxidative phosphorylation and chemiosmosis in
2nd Law: Every energy transfers or producing ATP molecules
transformation increases the energy of the Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules
universe. of pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule
3. The hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled
energy requiring reactions within cells. The reactions that take place in the cytoplasm
inorganic phosphate released during the Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine
hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme that accepts two
other compounds. electrons plus a hydrogen (H+) that becomes
NADH
Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic
cells
Lesson 2 Photosynthesis
What I Know How Different?
1 Carbon dioxide & water Aerobic Respiration
2 Carbohydrates (glucose) & molecular oxygen Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP molecules per
glucose
What’s More (Suggested Answers) Complete breakdown of glucose to carbon
a Light-energy; pigment (chlorophyll) dioxide and water with the use of oxygen
a Electrons Multiple metabolic pathways
b Electrons, NADP+, H2O, electron acceptors Pyruvate proceeds to acetyl formation in the
b NADPH, O2 mitochondrion
c Proton gradient, ADP+ P, ATP synthase The presence of enough oxygen in the cell
c ATP makes the cell perform its job smoothly without
2 Ribulose bisphosphate, CO2, ATP, NADPH, burning sensation
Necessary enzymes More efficient in harvesting energy from glucose
2 Carbohydrates, ADP+ P, NADP+ with estimated 39% energy efficiency (36-38
ATP) in eukaryotic organisms but much higher
What I Have Learned ATP production (38 to 40 ATP) in prokaryotic
1T organisms
2F Outputs are carbon dioxide, water and ATP
3T Products produce are for biochemical cycling and
4F for the cellular processes that require energy
5T Slow glucose breakdown
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron
transport chain
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by substrate-
level and oxidative
ANSWER KEY
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis
33
O2 is the final electron acceptor of the electron Summary and Conclusion
transport system Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen to
Brain cells in the human body can only live happen in the cells of most eukaryotes and
aerobically. They die if molecular oxygen is prokaryotes. Here, nutrients are split into a series
absent. of enzyme-controlled reactions producing an
estimated 36 to 38 ATP per glucose complete
Anaerobic Respiration breakdown. Molecular oxygen is the final
Maximum yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose acceptor of the low-energy level electron at the
for obligate anaerobes end of the electron transport system that results
Partial degradation of glucose without the use of in the production of water. In anaerobic
oxygen (obligate anaerobes) respiration on the other hand does not require
Single metabolic pathway (in fermentation) oxygen in splitting nutrients. Some prokaryotes
Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol and carbon that live in oxygen-free environments such as
dioxide or lactate (in fermentation) water logged soil, in ponds where water does not
Cause burning sensation in the muscle during flow, and in the intestines of animals transfer
strenuous exercise (in fermentation) glucose to NADH and then pass the electrons
Less efficient in harvesting energy from glucose down the electron transport chain that is joined to
with 2% energy efficiency (for obligate ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis. Nitrate and
anaerobes) sulfate are the final acceptors of electrons. The
Outputs are lactate, alcohol and carbon dioxide end products are carbon dioxide, reduced
(in fermentation); but reduced inorganic inorganic substances and ATP. In fermentation
compound in anaerobic respiration (as type of anaerobic respiration) there is no
electron acceptor because it has no electron
transport chain. Its products are either alcohol
Produce numerous products with economic and (and carbon dioxide) or lactate.
industrial importance through fermentation
Rapid breakdown of glucose
Electrons in NADH are transferred to electron What Is It
transport chain; but in fermentation electrons in Comparing Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
NADH are transferred to organic molecule Aerobic Respiration
Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by substrate- Main function: Production of ATP from food such
level and oxidative as carbohydrate, lipid and protein
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis; but in Site of Reaction: Cytoplasm and mitochondrion
fermentation substrate-level phosphorylation only Production of ATP: 36 to 38 ATP per glucose
during glycolysis molecule
In anaerobic respiration, inorganic substances Sustainability: Long-term
like NO3 - or SO4 2- are the final acceptor of the Production of lactic acid: Does not produce
electron transport system; but in fermentation, Oxygen requirement: Yes
there is no electron acceptor because it has no Recycling of NADH: Through the electron
electron transport system transport system
Some organisms like yeasts (eukaryotic), many Participating cells: Most cells
bacteria (prokaryotic) and the human muscle Anaerobic Respiration
cells (eukaryotic) can make enough ATP to Main function: Production of ATP without the use
survive in facultative anaerobes (can live in the of oxygen
absence or presence of oxygen). But under Site of Reaction: Cytoplasm
anaerobic conditions lactic acid fermentation Production of ATP: 2 ATP per glucose molecule
occurs. A facultative anaerobe needs to consume Sustainability: Short-term
the nutrient at a much faster rate when doing the Production of lactic acid: Produces
fermentation or anaerobic process Oxygen requirement: No
Recycling of NADH: In lactic acid fermentation
Participating cells: Yeast, other fungi,
prokaryotes, muscle cells.
ANSWER KEY
34
What Is It
Venn Diagram
(See Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Comparison)
What’s More
Compare fermentation with anaerobic and
aerobic respiration by analyzing the diagram
Suggested Answers:
1. Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration,
and fermentation
2. aerobic respiration — molecular oxygen,
anaerobic respiration — nitrate or sulfate,
fermentation – pyruvate
3. Water and carbon dioxide
4. Anaerobic respiration—ATP, water reduced
acceptor (nitrate or sulfate), fermentation, ATP,
carbon dioxide, alcohol or lactate
5. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Major Events and Features of Cellular
Respiration
1 Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP Pi
Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
2 Pyruvate, Coenzyme A, NAD+
Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
Pre & Post-
3 Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, ADP Pi Assessment
CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
1b
4 NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi 2b
ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD 3c
4d
What I Have Learned 5a
A. B. 6d
1 True 1 Glucose 7c
2 True 2 NADH 8a
3 Partial or Incomplete 3 Electron Transport Chain 9b
4 Cristae or Folds 4 ATP 10a
5 True
6 Krebs Cycle C.
7 True 1 Cellular Respiration
8 True 2 Photosynthesis
9 7.3 kcal
10 Glycolysis
ANSWER KEY
References
35