Lincen Ryrsin and Conlatin

Linar
Cnsur a Singk heyresyar Vonihe
Ihe Simpl: lincar ssqrecsn Consider
Y Vanabe Y.
predic hoy Vomidde X anel a deyendont

Cohere, the intercp} Bo and th p Slope B ax unkngon

cofiients a sanl onn eOor.

heast Squar Metod

T5e mehod deast Squan luey
As to cotinake he rgorsen

exs te n ohsevahins in
n
VS Cguehon t1), Wewe may
Sample &'
J=Bo t B
the
Cnd te sum
Obsewahons

A and P Say R anolA

1he Leaut syans ceshmators

-2 Z(8-P-Bx)
 ttt ah tuo
quhn gis

nomal eyuahins, The

Ih
Equatins(R) ae caled ik laut syuare
Sltin t th nomal egan sesultt in Je least sguv
esthmatory B and P

heast Squares EstimaBes

Ih least Sqyuave, eshinatey t inkret and slepe in
the simyle biheor renin model are

()
L

"Ihe Ated eshimate eqossatn ne

 on tte bai te foliy
2 6

Y:

X y
4
4 16
3 49
4 6 36

34 34
33
49 35

(E) (Tc)
n

(Zx)?

(35)x(2s )
(28)

1S|-14o

28
The grenin bine ij
x 9=342t039X
 a
least Squar uacah ft to k folaoiry data sel
2
3 4

We Rave to fit t*
The thee nemal
eyan mencal
Constunt 9, b Qnd

X
x4

3 6-0
3
81
3-5 l6 64 14 S.o
3o 100 &

Substituhig th valus abtinel tom he in h nmal agun

[o = S t lob t 3oc -C)
-C2)
-L3)
8 = 3ua tlob+3 s4c

Mutiyg 6= 10b t 4oc - C4)

Next mulhig eqpn (2) y 3 ond hen subbachiy trom

 =14C
o.143
14

Subshhahing In

6- lobt 4u x

Subshhhig the values b and c in ey" ) ue jcl

lo = Sa + + 30
3s

38
3s

Thu b= 0-0t nc= o.143

4encr
 model
We occosinally frd that the skaht- bie Jereuin
|= K+ß+£ Is inampne tecaue the uc
Is noninco Some oth of these situatins, a nunnear

tunctin k Opresel as a
tsansfmin. Such nninear malels core callel inbinsiealy

As an exome a non bhcar madel thot s inbinskally

Bincar, cos ider the cpnenhàl onchin

Ihe funchin sis intsinieally Arcor, sine it con be tomfomel

Skail ine y legaathmi. tanfomatin
a

ht an eponental cure h torm Ae Bx er the

folaain data :
 Uond X in
eyn Jineor ai>-This
B-leyb ond loya A-
logb logo+XBXAt ly1+t
ft e sa,ldee each dogavthm lakig
point. n
set afo ae )
Cusmes Expnn
tial itig
) .
pants. n set o tit bst
the to
cu t e is t)obtauhcel so b'and Ca' vales thbith
jt eentlyCoseyu ond bond Afor shed be
equathins
Con
Thege
bsy AZV Suy= Ond
aci B
ond estinahiy
A foCqualins
r
Normal
ondU Vin inear This
a os
loV: on
-ya loy,A U:whrx,
+A U
blyx loga+bV
quwe
Side, each
blgy=omtinm Takig
pns. nst a oaxb Y=uye pouoey Ftig
aaof 1.
Nok
Tk noamal eyuahons tur Aane BCne!
esmati
ZU= nA BYx

Svin thex quatins fr Aand B, we inaly g

CA) ond B- Ontleg()
oith thes valws

bX
y= ae'
log= logat bxlge
(biny-)x
’ V= A BX
Chen U=loy, A=loqa ond B: bloge
This Is a Jhear equahen in X nd U. and te namal
eyuatins
Ond Sxu= Ax+ BX
hom thèc se tid Aand B
b B
comsegpenty a Anhlo
Anhle Acd
Taking Joganihm each Side

bhoe, V-log, o-lo1A and b: Bloye

Ihis a binear cquahn in Xandu and ttenogmal

XX0=a tb x
3-)
XU
0-845 0.s4f
.

3 |236 3.490
|43) 16
4.547 I5.34)

Subshtak thes Yalw in eyun () we yet

4.s47 =4q+ lob -(3

13.34) = luq+ 30b

and b : U.3942

onhloy (or)
A= anhlog (a): 0.3999 1- 13
B b 0.90í0
loye oy342
 A ..

Cossclatnchage
1fI the in one vacu abe feds a
Vouade. ) tte Vayabes ae sad to b (osc clang
in the othy

laed.
3! tte taup yauale s
deviate in te same l'rchen ,he, if
1ncayc (or dece) in une the
(or deceac) in t hesulh in a Cresprdig incocae
cher, osrelahon s Sal to be
þosti. d'et or
9f t tus Vauobky devide in
th ote d'rechin le, e
Intrease (o decsoose 9 In one
(o inseaye) in th cher
hesult in o Cesferdr denoe
cemelathon scul thh be div
fa exanpk- The incom ond exendhr i's poa hvy cacatz d,
Th ne ornd oemnd is
ngohiy conelak 4.
Kosl Yeaon's Cosficint o (orelahcn
Ty): Cory, y)

when, Cor(4):
2
-

Nok,i Cone lahin

cofuentclap 'a behoeen
4 S=t1, tk Ccmelchin is erket and +1
4L 8:-, th ond jouh
Th tnelehen cs ked ond nesahit
 Caleulak the Cosclation
(in inches) 4 tatkrs (X) enad tet Suns ( 9)'
X: 6 66 67 67 68 69 49
67 65
69

X
x2 y2
6s 67
66 68 4356
4355
(s 435
68 449
72 4624 Slss 469!
69

69 4830

38132 3450
37098

n &

CovCx,4)
JH*-z)(4-9
31s%0 -68X9

-0}35-63
469s-4lqL
(4625.5-4424) ( 66.S- 61)
or603
Contidence Tntervals
indgperrt
Uhder t aumphn ta the abscwations ae n¡maly ond
cb'stibud, a loo(l-)7o Cntidene intewal
Simpe ner

Su
<B< B+ tay,n Sx

Smlarly at loo(-)1. Conficl ene inleoval on te intrcept

Btu2
We wol fihd a 9s conidence inewad om slae he
eremin ine sig daBa =j.$43, San= O6808% ard

Bi- tap,? S*n

4.943- o.s, t Vo.6&0gr

4.947 - .lo)
Vo-80&J

This sinplhea to
[2.181 < B.< 1.7)3
Inkrprthn The CT does not inlude zN, So t r b shory enlne
lct a 0.0S) tht the slo pe not ze0.
 we oidh t test the
Constont bypthe sio that slope cqols a
B.o, The
Ho : Bi= B,0

Test stcchsie -
tBi-B,o wher, Ssu--(d
llas the t c'stabutin toith n-2
degees pecadom Imder
Ib)> ta2,1-2
A Simlar Can be ued to tst hypotheses abat the
intexcepk.
Test Stohs h'e

Sa

ord thii test

Stutsti to, 1s Such that lto) >tele, n-2.
 the P
Hh esthinated Value B0.q03693 , teat the hypthesi
B =).0 against he adernative that B<I.0
Gien- Sx 4s-I
Nall Mypatheys B,l.o
Alkenctie 1hothess i <).0 n33
tous,)=)-648
Test tatiie
V SxM

t 0. qU3643-1-o

t= -1-9
(oith n-2= 31
Seusen: 3i0ue t>ta,n-.Ne Re ject th nul
evide nce hat B<I.o
Syjory tat it Is a