CELL

DIVISION
By Pruthvi Thakkar
 What is cell division?
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more
daughter cells.

it is essential for growth, development, and repair in multicellular organisms.

two main types of cell division are mitosis, which produces two genetically
identical daughter cells, and meiosis, which produces gametes (sperm and egg
cells) with half the genetic material of the parent cell.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the process where a single parent cell divides
to make two identical daughter cells.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 Unicellular organisms undergo
mitosis to reproduce asexually.

Multicellular organisms undergo

mitosis to create new cells for
growth and repair old cells.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 INTERPHASE
The cell grows in size and replicates its
DNA to prepare for cell division.

This stage occurs before mitosis begins.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 Interphase

G1 S G2
phase phase phase

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 The G1 phase, or Gap 1 phase, is the first stage of the cell
cycle in eukaryotic cells.
During this phase, the cell grows in size, synthesizes
proteins, and carries out its normal functions.
It's a crucial period where the cell prepares for DNA
replication.
Depending on the cell type and conditions, the length of
the G1 phase can vary greatly.
RNAs synthesise and number of DNA remain unchanged
It ends when the cell commits to DNA replication and
enters the S phase.
By Pruthvi Thakkar GROW
 The S phase, or synthesis phase, is the second stage of the
cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs.
In this phase, the cell duplicates its entire genome,
synthesizing a copy of each chromosome.
duplication of histone protein and DNA takes place

By Pruthvi Thakkar DUPLICATE

 During G2, the cell continues to grow and prepares for cell
division.
synthesizes proteins necessary for mitosis or meiosis,
checks for any DNA replication errors, and ensures that the
cell is ready for division.

By Pruthvi Thakkar CHEAK

 LET’S LOOK AT
THE STAGES
OF MITOSIS
By Pruthvi Thakkar
 PROPHASE
The chromosomes (genetic material)
condense (coil tightly) and the
nucleolus disappears.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 1. Chromatin condensation: The chromatin, consisting of DNA and associated proteins, condenses into
visible chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

2. Nuclear envelope breakdown: The nuclear envelope, which surrounds the nucleus, disintegrates, allowing
the spindle apparatus to interact with the chromosomes.

3. Formation of the spindle apparatus: Microtubules, called spindle fibers, extend from opposite ends of the
cell and organize into a structure called the spindle apparatus. This apparatus helps separate the
chromosomes during mitosis.

4. Centrosome movement: Centrosomes, containing the centrioles, move to opposite poles of the cell, from
which the spindle fibers originate.

Prophase sets the stage for the subsequent stages of mitosis, including metaphase, anaphase, telophase,
and cytokinesis. mitosis or meiosis, checks for any DNA replication errors, and ensures that the cell is ready
for division.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 METAPHASE
The chromosomes align in the centre
of the cell and attach to microtubules
in preparation to split apart.

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 ANAPHASE
Chromatids separate and move to
opposite ends of the cell.

This stage ensures that each cell contains

identical chromosomes after splitting.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 TELOPHASE
Two new nuclei form around each
set of chromosomes.

Chromosomes decondense and the cells

begin to split from each other.

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 CYTOKINESIS
The cytoplasm of the parent
cell splits to form two identical
daughter cells.

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 Cytokinesis in animal cell : cytoplasm divided by
constriction. pinches off the parent cell in to
daughter cell

Cytokines in plant cell: cell plate formation

takes place by fusion of vesicles at equator.
Starts from middle towards periphery.

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 THE WHOLE PROCESS
INTERPHASE PROPHASE METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE CYTOKINESIS

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 SIGNIFICANCE OF
MITOSIS
R. R. R. G. S

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 DIFFERENCE
mitosis in animal cell mitosis in plant cell

Centriole present Centriole absente

Aster is formed Aster is not formed

Cytokinesis through Cytokinesis through

constriction cell plate formation

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. Name the types of cell divisions.
2. Which cells of human body do not divide after maturation?
3. Why was interphase named as resting phase?
4. What is karyokinesis?
5. During which piases of the cell cycle does each chromosome
consist of two chromatids?
6. Give one difference between the cell division in a plant cell
and an animal cell.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 What is meiosis?
meiosis results in the formation of four daughter cells, each
with half the chromosome number of the parent cell. Meiosis
consists of two successive divisions, called meiosis I and II

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 Takes place in gamete formation of
plant and animal.

By Pruthvi Thakkar
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
MEIOSIS
The primary purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes (sperm
and egg cells) with half the chromosome number of the parent
cell. This reduction in chromosome number ensures that when
gametes fuse during fertilization, the resulting zygote has the
correct chromosome number for the species.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF
MEIOSIS
Meiosis involves several key events, including DNA replication,
homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over (exchange of
genetic material between homologous chromosomes), and two
rounds of division. These processes lead to genetic diversity
among the resulting gametes, which is crucial for evolution and
adaptation in sexually reproducing organisms.
PROCESS OF MEIOSIS

• The first division is a reduction division (meiosis I) in which

the chromosome number is reduced to half as the
homologous chromosomes from each pair get separated and
distributed equally in two daughter cells. During reduction
division, there may be exchange of chromatid segments of
homologous chromosomes. This is called crossing over. As a
result of crossing over exchange of genes occurs and produces
new gene combinations in the offspring.
PROCESS OF MEIOSIS

•
The second division is simple mitotic division (meiosis II) in
which each chromosome of daughter cells (which are formed
from reduction division) breaks up into two chromatids and
daughter cells undergo further division containing one
chromatid of each kind.
As a result of meiosis four haploid daughter cells are formed.
 ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
1. Which cells undergo meiosis?
2. Give one basic difference between meiosis I and
meiosis II.
3. What is the meaning of diploid chromosome
number?
4. Why is the first meiotic division called reduction
division?
5. Gametes for sexual reproduction must be produced
by meiosis. Why?
By Pruthvi Thakkar