國立勤益科技大學冷凍空調與能源系

冷凍空調節能技術
Energy Saving of HVAC system

空調系統的節能
Energy Saving of Air Conditioning System

Win Jet Luo

冷凍空調節能技術 1
4.4 變頻調速技術及其在製冷空調中的應用
4.4 Variable speed regulation technology and its application in
refrigeration and air conditioning
變頻調速，就是用變制器把50(或60)Hz的交流電變成頻率可調的交流電
，供給交流電動機，用於改變交流電動機轉速的技術。在製冷空調領域，
使用變頻調速的主要目的是節能，其次是提高控制質量。

Variable speed regulation is a technology that uses an inverter to

change the AC power of 50 (or 60) Hz into adjustable frequency AC
power for an AC motor, which is used to change the speed of the
AC motor. In the field of refrigeration and air conditioning, the main
purpose of using variable speed regulation is to save energy, followed
by improving the quality of control.

冷凍空調節能技術
 4.4.1 變頻調速技術原理(1)
4.4.1 Principle of Variable Speed ​Regulation Technology(1)

• 三相異步電動機的轉速表達式為：
The speed expression of the three-phase asynchronous motor is:
公式

N=60f(1-s)/P
f—電動機電源頻率（Hx）motor power frequency
s---電動機轉差率 motor slip
p—電動機的極對數 the number of pole pairs of the motor
N—電動機的轉速（r/min）motor speed

冷凍空調節能技術 3
 4.4.1 變頻調速技術原理(2)
4.4.1 Principle of Variable Frequency Speed
​Regulation Technology (2)
➢ 只要改變供電頻率f, 就能改變異步電動機的轉速。變頻調速通過變頻裝置改變供
電頻率，使電動機轉速根據需要而變化，從而達到不同的目的。根據不同的對象
和領域，使用變頻調速有不同的目的---節能、提高生產效率、提高產品質量、提
高調節性能等。變頻調速系統的核心是變頻器和控制器。

➢ As long as the power supply frequency, f, is changed, the speed of the

asynchronous motor can be changed. Speed regulation uses the frequency
conversion device to change the power supply frequency, so that the motor
speed changes according to needs, so as to achieve different purposes.
According to different objects and fields, the use of variable speed
regulation has different purposes --- energy saving, improve production
efficiency, improve product quality, improve regulation performance, and
so on. The core of the variable frequency speed regulation system is the
inverter and controller.

冷凍空調節能技術 4
 4.4.2 變頻調速系統的方案設計(1)
4.4.2 Design of Variable Speed ​Regulation
System(1)
• 傳統的”電動機＋工作機械”的模式許多情況下已不能補足需要，將逐漸被
”電動機＋調速裝置＋工作機械”的模式所取代。
• 即電動機轉速N與負荷轉矩T之間的函數關係〔N=f(T)〕。不同生產機械在
運動中所具有的轉矩特性不同，通常將負荷分為三大類型：恆轉矩負荷、平
方轉矩負荷（又稱二次方轉矩負載）和恒功率負載。

➢ In many cases, the traditional "motor + working machine" mode can no

longer satisfy the need, and will gradually be replaced by the "motor +
speed regulating device + working machine" mode.
➢
➢ That is, the functional relationship between the motor speed N and the load
torque T [N = f (T)]. Different production machines have different torque
characteristics in motion. Generally, in terms of loads, motors are
divided into three types: constant torque load, square torque load
(also known as quadratic torque load), and constant power load.

冷凍空調節能技術 5
 4.4.2 變頻調速系統的方案設計(2)
4.4.2 Design of Variable Frequency Speed ​Regulation
System(2)

冷凍空調節能技術 6
 4.4.2 變頻調速系統的方案設計(3)
4.4.2 Design of Variable Frequency Speed
​Regulation System(3)
➢ 在製冷空調的變頻調速中，主要目的是節能，調速的主要對像是水泵
風機和壓縮機。壓縮機的功率與轉速成正比，水泵風機的功率與轉速
的三次成正比，故調速時水泵風機比壓縮機具有更明顯的節能效果。
對於恒功率負荷，由於負載功率與轉速無關，故調速並不節能。

➢ In the speed regulation of refrigeration and air conditioning, the

main purpose is to save energy. The main objects of speed
regulation are water pump fans and compressors. The power of the
compressor is directly proportional to the speed, and the power
of the water pump fan is proportional to the third speed.
Therefore, the water pump & fan have a more significant energy
saving effect than the compressor when speed is adjusted. For
constant power loads, speed regulation does not save energy
because the load power has nothing to do with the speed.

冷凍空調節能技術 7
 4.4.2 變頻調速系統的方案設計(4)
4.4.2 Design of Variable Frequency Speed ​Regulation
System(4)
➢ 在設計選擇變頻調速系統的方案時，要充分考慮：① 要求的速
度變化範圍：②. 壓縮機或電動機的負荷大小。③. 調速裝置的
技術複雜程度。④. 調速裝置的價格。⑤. 可靠性及易維修性。
⑥. 特殊要求或其他因素。

➢ When design a variable speed control system, we must fully

consider: ① the required speed change range: ②. The load
of the compressor or the motor. ③. The technical
complexity of the speed control device. ④. Price of speed
control device. ⑤. Reliability and easy maintenance. ⑥.
Special requirements or other factors.

冷凍空調節能技術 8
 4.4.3泵和風機的變頻調速(1)
4.4.3 Variable frequency speed regulation of pumps
and fans(1)
➢ 水泵風機屬於平方轉矩負載，當平均轉速下降至額定轉速的70%，此
時的負載功率僅為額定功率的35%，即此時理論上節能可答65%。離
心式風機和軸流式風機屬於典型的二次方轉矩負載。有風量與轉速成
正比、風壓與轉速二次方成正比、機械軸功率與轉速立方成正比的關
係。

➢ Water pump fan is a square torque load. When the average

speed drops to 70% of the rated speed, the load power at this
time is only 35% of the rated power, which means that
theoretically energy saving can answer 65%. Centrifugal fans and
axial fans are typical quadratic torque loads. There is a relationship
between the air volume and the speed, the wind pressure is
proportional to the square power of the speed, and the mechanical
shaft power is proportional to the cube power of the speed.

冷凍空調節能技術 9
 4.4.3泵和風機的變頻調速(2)
4.4.3 Variable frequency speed regulation of pumps
and fans(2)

冷凍空調節能技術 10
 4.4.3泵和風機的變頻調速(3)
4.4.3 Variable frequency speed regulation of pumps
and fans(3)
➢ 泵和風機採用變頻調速必須注意以下問題：
(1) 轉速超過額定轉速時，轉矩將按平方規律增加，導致電動機嚴
重過載。因此，變頻器的最高頻律只能低於或者等於工頻。

➢ The following issues must be paid attention to when pumps and

fans adopt variable speed regulation:
(1) When the speed exceeds the rated speed, the torque will
increase according to the square rule, resulting in severe
overload of the motor. Therefore, the maximum frequency law
of the inverter can only be lower than or equal to the rated
frequency.

冷凍空調節能技術 11
 4.4.3泵和風機的變頻調速(4)
4.4.3 Variable frequency speed regulation of pumps
and fans(4)
(2) 當泵的轉速過低，全揚程小於基本楊程（實際揚程）。因此，
在多數情況下，泵變頻的下限頻率應定為30-35Hz。
When the speed of the pump is too low, the full head is smaller
than the actual head. Therefore, in most cases, the lower limit
frequency of the pump frequency conversion should be set
to 30-35Hz.

風機在頻率太低時，實際意義不大，故下限頻律常設定為35Hz。
When the frequency of the fan is too low, the actual meaning is
not significant, so the lower frequency limit is often set to 35Hz.

冷凍空調節能技術 12
 4.4.4壓縮機的變頻調速(1)
4.4.4 Frequency conversion speed regulation of
compressor(1)
➢ 在非調負荷時，電動機輸出功率比負荷需要的大，造成功率的
浪費。採用變頻調速，在部份負荷時就可以實施轉速調節，大
幅度削減消耗的電力。制冷壓縮機採用變頻調速能量調節的主
要特點如下：

➢ when the load is not regulated, the output power of the motor
is greater than that required by the load, causing waste of
power. Adopting variable speed regulation, the speed can be
adjusted under partial load, which greatly reduces the power
consumption. The main characteristics of the refrigeration
compressor using speed regulation are as follows:
•

冷凍空調節能技術 13
 4.4.4壓縮機的變頻調速(2)
4.4.4 Frequency conversion speed regulation of
compressor(2)
(1) 節能、能效比高。
Energy saving and high energy efficiency.

(2) 起動電流小。一般電動機的起動電流是額定電流的5-7倍。採用變
頻調節時，可以進行「軟起動」，即起動時以低頻、低壓供電，起
動電流不超過電動機的額定電流。
The starting current is small. The starting current of a general
motor is 5-7 times greater than the rated current. When
frequency conversion adjustment is used, "soft start" can be
performed, that is, low-frequency and low-voltage power is
supplied during starting, and the starting current does not exceed
the rated current of the motor.
(3) 壓縮機的壽命延長。Longer compressor life
• .
冷凍空調節能技術 14
 4.4.4壓縮機的變頻調速(3)
4.4.4 Frequency conversion speed regulation of
compressor(3)

(4) 無級調速、調節範圍廣。
Stepless speed regulation and wide adjustment range.

(5) 溫度波動小，控制精度高。
The temperature fluctuation is small, and the control
accuracy is high.

(6) 功率因數高。採用變頻調節後，電動機運行的功率因數一般
在0.95以上。
High power factor. After the frequency conversion is
adopted, the power factor of the motor is generally above
0.95.
冷凍空調節能技術 15
4.4.5 變頻調速應用的注意點與綜合效益（1)
4.4.5 Attention Points and Comprehensive Benefits of Frequency
Conversion Speed ​Regulation Application (1)

➢ 在變頻調速技術的應用中，對於制冷空調系統而言，需要注意以下問
題：
In the application of variable speed regulation technology, for
refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the following issues need
to be paid attention to:
(1)變頻器類別問題。
Inverter category problem.
(2)潤滑問題。低轉速（尤其頻率低於10Hz）有可能使壓縮機潤滑油供
給 不 足 ， 此 時 應 考 慮 設 置 外 置 油 泵 等 措 施 。
Problems with lubrication. Low speed (especially frequency less
than 10Hz) may cause insufficient oil supply to the compressor.
At this time, measures such as installing an external oil pump should
be considered.

冷凍空調節能技術 16
 4.4.5 變頻調速應用的注意點與綜合效益(2)
4.4.5 Attention Points and Comprehensive Benefits of Frequency
Conversion Speed ​Regulation Application (2)

3) 電動機散熱問題。當異步電動機需要降到很低的轉速時，必須注意電
動機散熱冷卻問題。Motor cooling problem. When the
asynchronous motor needs to be reduced to a very low speed,
attention must be paid to the problem of heat dissipation and cooling
of the motor.
4) 避免共震。調試時應該找出共震頻率，設定需要跳躍的頻率，避免共
震。). Avoid resonance. Find the frequency of resonance, set the
frequency that needs to jump, and avoid resonance.
5) 回油問題。氟利昂制冷空調系統採用變頻調速時，需要採取措施保證
回油。Oil back problem. When the Freon refrigeration and air-
conditioning system adopts variable speed regulation, measures
need to be taken to ensure oil return.

冷凍空調節能技術 17
 思考題：
Thinking questions:

➢ 平方轉矩負載有何特點？具體有哪些設備屬於
平方轉矩負載？
➢ 為什麼風機和水泵變頻調速通常具有巨大的節
能效果？
➢ What are the characteristics of the square torque load?
Which specific devices are square torque loads?
➢ Why does the speed regulation of fans and pumps
usually have huge energy saving effects?

冷凍空調節能技術 18