國立勤益科技大學冷凍空調與能源系

冷凍空調節能技術
Energy-saving technology for refrigeration and air
conditioning

Chapter 2 Selection of compressor and components of

HVAC system
By
Prof. Win-Jet Luo

冷凍空調節能技術 1
 2.1製冷壓縮機的特點和選型
(Characteristics and selection of refrigeration
compressors)
2.1.1常用製冷壓縮機的特點 (Characteristics of common refrigeration
compressors)
1.活塞式製冷壓縮機 (Piston compressor/reciprocating compressor)
 High speed, multi pistons, adjustable refrigerant volume, wide temperature
range
 complicated configuration, Vulnerable components, short maintaining
period
2.螺桿式製冷壓縮機 (Screw compressor)
 Good partial operational efficiency
 High noise, great oil consumption, complicated oil piping and necessary
auxiliary components
3.離心式製冷壓縮機 (Centrifugal compressor)
 high rotating speed, great cooling capacity per unit, less Vulnerable
components, stable, low noise, easy maintenance
 surge problem
 2.1.2製冷空調壓縮機的選型要點
Selection points of refrigeration and air conditioning
compressors

1.製冷量 (Cooling capacity)

2.運行能耗 (Operating energy consumption)
3.製冷量調節性能 (Cooling capacity adjustment)
4.工作溫度範圍 (Operating temperature range)
5.一次性投資(初投資) (Initial investment))
6.操作維護管理費 (Operation and maintenance
management fee)
7.環境保護 (Environmental protection)
9.全面分析綜合考慮 (Comprehensive analysis and
comprehensive consideration)

冷凍空調節能技術 3
 Application domain of refrigeration
compressors and capacities

Reciprocating
Rotary
scroll
Screw
Centrifugal
vehicle household room residential
refrigerator building Huge
commercial
building building
 2.2製冷壓縮機的台數與容量
(The number and capacity of refrigeration compressors)

Loading percentage
Single compressor
Four compressors
Energy saving by
four compressors

(1)Satisfy different cooling demands by less compressors

(2) Gradually start up one compressor by one compressor.

(3) Reduce the impact to the electrical grid.

(4) System can continue operating in maintenance.

 One compressor close
Two compressor close
Three compressor close

One compressor close

Operational efficiency of two chillers

and four chillers in parallel under
different operational loadings
 2.3製冷壓縮機的能量調節方式
(Refrigeration compressor energy regulation)

2.3.1 活塞式壓縮機的能量調節方式
(Volume adjustment mode of piston refrigeration compressor)

The suction valve piece is disengaged from the valve seat by the opening
mechanism, and the suction vapor cannot be compressed in the cylinder

2.3.2螺桿式製冷壓縮機的能量調節方式
(Volume adjustment mode of screw refrigeration compressor)

2.3.3離心式製冷壓縮機的能量調節方式
(Volume regulation mode of centrifugal refrigeration compressor)
(1) Change rotating speed
(2) inlet throttling adjustment
(3) inlet guide van adjustment
(4) cooling water adjustment
(5) bypass adjustment
 2.4.2 水冷式冷凝器
2.4.2 Water-cooled condenser
用水作為冷卻介質，使高溫高壓制冷劑氣體冷凝的設備，稱為水冷式冷凝器。水
的溫度一般比較低，水的傳熱性能優良，故水冷式冷凝器的冷凝溫度比較低。
冷却水，可以一次流過，也可以循環使用。循環水時，需設有冷却塔等裝置，使
離開冷凝器的水得到冷却降溫。
水冷式冷凝器有臥式殼管式冷凝器、立式殼管式冷凝器和套管式冷凝器。

 A device that uses water as a cooling medium to condense high-

temperature and high-pressure refrigerant gas is called a water-cooled
condenser. The temperature of water is generally low and the heat
transfer performance of water is excellent, so the condensation
temperature of water-cooled condensers is relatively low.

 Cooling water can be flowed through once or recycled. When

circulating water, devices such as cooling towers are required to
cool the water leaving the condenser.

 Water-cooled condensers include horizontal shell and tube

condensers, vertical shell and tube condensers and double-pipe
condensers.
 2.4.3 蒸發式和淋激式冷凝器(1)
2.4.3 Evaporative and shower condensers (1)

1. 蒸發式冷凝器 Evaporative condenser

蒸發式冷凝器最主要的特點是需要的水流量少，其工作原理是利用冷却水蒸發
的汽化熱，來吸收制冷劑放出的熱量。水的汽化熱很大，所以蒸發式冷凝器只
需要少量的冷却水。

 The most important feature of the evaporative condenser is that

it requires less water flow. Its working principle is to use the
heat of vaporization of the cooling water to absorb the heat
released by the refrigerant. The heat of vaporization of water
is large, so evaporative condensers require only a small amount
of cooling water.

冷凍空調原理講義 9
 2.4.3 蒸發式和淋激式冷凝器(2)
2.4.3 Evaporative and shower condensers (2)
蒸發式冷凝器基本上是冷却塔與冷凝器的組合。冷凝溫度有可能更接近空氣的
溼球溫度。其冷凝溫度可比冷却塔水冷式冷凝器系統低3-5℃，比風冷式冷凝器
約低8-11℃。 冷凝溫度與空氣濕球溫度的溫差在8.3℃以內。

 An evaporative condenser is basically a combination of a

cooling tower and a condenser. The condensing temperature
may be closer to the wet bulb temperature of the air.

 Its condensation temperature can be 3-5 ° C lower than the

cooling tower water-cooled condenser system, and about
8-11 ° C lower than the air-cooled condenser. The
temperature difference between the condensation temperature
and the air wet bulb temperature is within 8.3 ° C.

冷凍空調節能技術 10
 2.4.3 蒸發式和淋激式冷凝器(3)
2.4.3 Evaporative and shower condensers (3)
採用蒸發式冷凝器可以節能的原因有兩方面：一是水的循環量小。二是冷凝溫
度可降低，壓縮機的功耗降低。
缺點：例如，換熱管組的嚴重结垢；冷凝器外殼和換熱管的嚴重腐蝕；水噴頭
常堵塞等。

 There are two reasons why using an evaporative condenser

can save energy: First, the amount of water circulating is
small. Second, the condensation temperature can be
reduced, and the power consumption of the compressor is
reduced.
 Disadvantages: for example, severe fouling of the heat
exchange tube group; severe corrosion of the condenser
shell and the heat exchange tube; the water nozzle is often
blocked.

冷凍空調節能技術 11
 2.5 蒸發器
2.5 Evaporator

在蒸發器中，制冷劑液體在低溫下吸收被冷却物體的熱量，沸騰轉變為蒸氣。

In the evaporator, the refrigerant liquid absorbs the heat

of the object to be cooled at a low temperature, and the
boiling refrigerant is transformed into a vapor.

冷凍空調節能技術 12
 2.5.1 蒸發器的種類及特點(1)
2.5.1 Types and characteristics of evaporator (1)

根據制冷劑的供液方式，可分為滿液式，非滿液式，循環式，噴淋式。按被冷卻
介質的特性，蒸發器主要可分為冷却液體的蒸發器和冷却空氣的蒸發器兩大類。

According to the refrigerant supply mode, it can be divided into

full liquid type, non-full liquid type, circulation type and spray
type.

According to the characteristics of the medium to be cooled,

evaporators can be divided into two categories: evaporators for
cooling liquids and evaporators for cooling air.

冷凍空調節能技術 13
 2.5.1 蒸發器的種類及特點(2)
2.5.1 Types and characteristics of
evaporator(2)
1. 冷却液體的蒸發器Cooling liquid evaporator
冷却液體的蒸發器分為滿液式蒸發器和非滿液式蒸發器。
滿液式蒸發器，即蒸發器中基本充滿了液態制冷劑（約占 蒸發器內容積的60%-
70%），這樣傳熱面積與液態制冷劑接觸面積大，傳熱系數較高。需充入大量制冷
劑，並且混在制冷劑中的油很難返回。

 Cooling liquid evaporators are divided into full-liquid evaporators

and non-full-liquid evaporators.

 The liquid-filled evaporator, that is, the evaporator is basically filled

with liquid refrigerant (accounting for 60% -70% of the inner
volume of the evaporator). In this way, the heat transfer area and the
liquid refrigerant have a large contact area and a high heat transfer
coefficient. A large amount of refrigerant needs to be charged, and
the oil mixed in the refrigerant is difficult to return.
冷凍空調節能技術 14
 2.5.1 蒸發器的種類及特點(3)
2.5.1 Types and characteristics of
evaporator(3)
2. 冷却空氣的蒸發器evaporator for cooling air
冷却空氣的蒸發器都是制冷劑在管內蒸發冷却管外的空氣，按照空氣的流動方式，
分為自然對流式和強迫對流式蒸發器。

 The cooling air evaporators are refrigerants that evaporate tube

inside the tube and cool down the air outside the tube.

 According to the air flow method, it is divided into natural

convection and forced convection evaporators.

冷凍空調節能技術 15
 2.5.2蒸發器的選擇(1)
2.5.2 Selection of evaporator (1)

蒸發器的傳熱面積A(單位為㎡)按下式計算，即
The heat transfer area A (unit: ㎡) of the evaporator is calculated
according to the following formula:

即採用較小的傳熱溫差，增大傳熱面積，當傳熱量一定時，傳熱溫差減小，就必
須增大傳熱面積。傳熱面積增大即意味著增加投資和減少運行費用。

When the heat transfer rate is constant, the heat transfer

temperature difference is reduced, and the heat transfer area must
be increased. Increasing heat transfer area means increasing
investment and reduced operating costs.

冷凍空調原理講義 16
 2.5.2蒸發器的選擇(2)
2.5.2 Selection of evaporator (2)
由於蒸發面積增大，制冷劑與熱水的傳熱溫差減小，制冷劑的蒸發溫度升高，使
循環的COP增大，能耗降低。
板式換熱器等各種新型換熱器正在不斷開發，對新型高效換熱表面的研究也正在
深入。
As the evaporation area increases, the heat transfer
temperature difference between the refrigerant and the hot water
decreases, and the evaporation temperature of the refrigerant
increases, which increases the COP of the cycle and reduces
energy consumption.

 Various new types of heat exchangers such as plate heat

exchangers are constantly being developed, and research on new
high-efficiency heat exchange surfaces is also being deepened.

冷凍空調節能技術 17
 2.6 膨脹與節流裝置(1)
2.6 Expansion and throttling device (1)
所謂「節流」是指工質在管路流動時，由於局部阻力，使壓力顯著下降的現象。
節流過程時間很短，工質與外界進行的熱交換很不明顯，近似作為絕熱過程來處
理，稱「絕熱節流」

The so-called "throttling" refers to the phenomenon that the

pressure drops significantly due to local resistance when the
refrigerant is flowing in the pipeline.

The throttling process takes a short time, and the heat

exchange between the refrigerant and the outside world is not
obvious. It is treated as an adiabatic process, which is called
"adiabatic throttling"
.

冷凍空調節能技術 18
 2.6 膨脹與節流裝置(2)
2.6 Expansion and throttling device (2)
節流裝置起了以下幾方面的作用：
1.使制冷劑液體膨脹、降壓、降溫。
2.控制蒸發器的供液量。
3.將制冷系統的高壓部份同低壓部份分開。

The throttling device plays the following roles:

1. Make refrigerant liquid expand, depressurize and cool down.

2. Control the liquid supply amount to the evaporator.
3. Separate the high pressure part from the low pressure part
of the refrigeration system.

冷凍空調原理講義 19
 2.6 膨脹與節流裝置(3)
2.6 Expansion and throttling device (3)
調節方式可以分為以下四類：
1.手動調節的節流裝置
2.利用液位調節的節流裝置
3.用制冷劑蒸氣過熱度調節的節流裝置
4.不調節的節流裝置

Adjustment methods can be divided into the following four

categories:
1. Throttle device with manual adjustment
2. Throttle device using liquid level adjustment
3. Throttling device adjusted by refrigerant vapor superheated
degree
4. Unregulated throttle device

冷凍空調節能技術 20
 2.6.1浮球調節閥（1)
2.6.1 Floating Ball Control Valve(1)
浮球閥是用液體連接管及蒸氣連接管。
Liquid tube and vapor tube connect to evaporator and inter-
cooler.
節流時產生的蒸氣，則經蒸氣連接管1進入蒸發器或中間冷却器。直通式浮球閥
結構比較簡單，但閥體內液面波動較大（由進入液體的衝擊作用引起），使浮球閥
的工作不穩定。

The steam generated during throttling enters the evaporator or

inter-cooler through the steam connection pipe 1. The structure of
the straight-through floating ball valve is relatively simple, but the
liquid level in the valve body fluctuates greatly (caused by the
impact of entering the liquid), which makes the floating ball valve
work unstable.
冷凍空調節能技術 21
Straight-through floating ball valve and Non
straight-through floating ball valve

冷凍空調節能技術 22
 2.6.1浮球調節閥(2)
2.6.1 Floating Ball Control Valve(2)
在非直通式浮球閥中，液態劑不進入閥體，而是用一單獨的管路送入蒸發器或中
間冷却器中。

In non-straight-through float ball valves, the liquid refrigerant does not
enter the valve body, but is sent to the evaporator or intercooler through a
separate line.

實際運行中，使用條件是變化的，浮球閥的容量應選擇比蒸發器負荷大30%-50%，
即

In actual operation, the operational conditions are changed. The

capacity of the float valve should be selected to be 30% -50% larger than
the evaporator load, that is,

冷凍空調節能技術 23
 2.6.2 熱力膨脹閥(1)
2.6.2 Thermal expansion valve (1)
注意三個方面：
1.選擇內平衡型還是外平衡型
2.容量大小的確定
3. 熱力膨脹閥充注方式的選擇

Pay attention to three aspects:

1. Choose the inner balance type or the outer balance type
2. Determination of capacity
3. Selection of filling method for thermal expansion valve

冷凍空調節能技術 24
冷凍空調原理講義 25
 2.6.2 熱力膨脹閥(2)
2.6.2 Thermal expansion valve (2)
對於蛇管較長，流動阻力較大的蒸發器，壓差的影響就不能忽略。例如，R12用
膨脹閥，設計需要5℃的過熱度才能保持閥門一定的開度。它用於小型蒸發器，蒸
發溫度為te＝-15℃時，則蒸發器出口溫度為t=-10℃。

For evaporators with longer coils and greater flow resistance,

the effect of pressure differential cannot be ignored.

For example, the expansion valve for R12 is designed to require

a 5°C superheat to maintain a certain opening of the valve. It is
used in small evaporators. When the evaporation temperature is te
= -15 °C, the outlet temperature of the evaporator is t1 = -10°C.

冷凍空調節能技術 26
冷凍空調節能技術 27
 2.6.2 熱力膨脹閥(3)
2.6.2 Thermal expansion valve (3)

對於蛇管長的蒸發器，設流阻力為 ，若仍保持蒸
發器進口的蒸發溫度為te=-15 ℃,，則蒸發器出口處的蒸發溫
度將降到 。未保持閥原先的開度，蒸發器出口溫度需保
持t=-10℃，蒸氣的過熱度需增大為 。過熱度增大，
意味著蒸發器的有效利用面積減小，顯然是不利的。

冷凍空調原理講義 28
 2.6.2 熱力膨脹閥(3)
2.6.2 Thermal expansion valve (3)
 For coiled evaporators, set the flow resistance of .
If the evaporation temperature at the inlet of the
evaporator is still maintained at te = -15 ° C, the
evaporation temperature at the outlet of the evaporator
will drop to
 In order to maintain the original opening of the valve, the
evaporator outlet temperature needs to be maintained at t
= -10 ° C, and the superheat vapor needs to be increased
to .
 An increase in the superheat degree means that the
effective utilization area of the evaporator is reduced,
which is obviously disadvantageous.

冷凍空調節能技術 29
 2.6.2 熱力膨脹閥(4)
2.6.2 Thermal expansion valve (4)

它用外平衡管4同蒸發器出口接觸。這樣膜片下方是蒸發器出口的壓力，因而消
除了蒸發器壓力損失對膨脹閥特性的影響。

It is in contact with the evaporator outlet by means of an

external balance tube 4. Under this diaphragm is the pressure
at the outlet of the evaporator, thus eliminating the effect of
the pressure loss of the evaporator on the expansion valve.

冷凍空調節能技術 30
 2.6.3 Electronic Expansion Valve
 採用電子膨脹閥節流的變頻空調，可以根據設再膨脹閥進口、
壓縮機吸氣管等處的感測器所收集的訊息，控制閥門開啟度。
 The inverter air conditioner that uses electronic
expansion valve throttling can control the valve opening
degree based on the information collected by sensors at
the inlet of the re-expansion valve and the compressor
suction pipe.
 可即時改變冷媒的流量，配合變頻壓縮機能力的變化，使壓縮
機始終有較佳的能效。
 The refrigerant flow rate can be changed in real time, and
with the change of the capacity of the inverter
compressor, the compressor always has a better energy
efficiency.
冷凍空調節能技術 31