2015 International Conference on Smart Grid and Clean Energy Technologies

Control of Bi-Directional DC-DC Converter Using Batteries for Wind Power

Generation

Emad Abdelkarim, Abdallah A. Ibrahim

Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, 81542 Aswan, Egypt
e-mail: emad.hussein2011@gmail.com.draaibrahim_eg@yahoo.com

Abstract-The wind turbines and storage batteries are system, and the designed parameters of bi-directional dual
considered one of the main components of distribution systems. active bridge. Section III explains the block diagram of dual
The paper describes in details the design and control of one of active bridge converter controller, and presents the overall
the bi-directional DC-DC converter topologies. It is simulation results for the dual active bridge converter during
bi-directional Dual Active Bridge. A control strategy, using PI wind gust. Section IV is the conclusion.
controllers, for the storage batteries is developed based on
constant wind turbine speed. With normal wind power II. THE PROPOSED CONTROLLED SYSTEM
generation, the batteries are set in a charging mode. When wind
power generation fluctuates due to large wind speed variation,
Fig. 1 shows the storage batteries which are modeled as
the developed control strategy allows batteries to mitigate these
controlled load and can act as system backup power
power fluctuations and avoids severe voltage transients on
generators. A daily power generation schedule of wind power
congested power systems. An actual wind speed data are used to generation based on environmental conditions is generated
simulate the impact of wind penetration during a 24-hour by the distribution management system (DMS) and
period. The simulations are carried out for wind without and dispatched over the system. Signals of the real time wind
with power fluctuation. power generation is also generated by individual wind
modules and processed by the DMS. The controllable load
Keywords-wind energy; DC-DC converter; dual active bridge; receives signals from the DMS that describe the system status.
smart grid storage If there is any shortage in the power generation, then batteries
will act temporarily as a generator, depending on internal
I. INTRODUCTION
state of charge of them.
The renewable energy replaces the conventional fuels in
many areas such as electricity generation, heating, off-grid
DC Link
(rural) energy services, and recently grid connected energy
services.
One of these sources is the wind. The numerous wind
turbines of one farm are connected via a 50 Hz grid. There are
many options of wind power generation and collection
system implementation [1]-[4], for higher efficiency a DC
wind farm collection is preferred. The DC-DC converter is
Speed
the key component for the realization of a dc-based wind Speed
farm. Energy Storage System (ESS) with batteries as the ref. � Control
Speed L..-__----'
main backup source is the most economic solutions to the
dynamics of wind turbine as well as bi-directional power ide, Vde �
flow [5].
i, V �
For high power transfer and isolation, dual active bridge DC bus voltage
(DAB) is considered one of and most important DC-DC Vdcr'f � controller
converter topologies [6]-[8]. The advantages of DAB or Bi­
directional DAB is the high power rating, isolation high Figure 1. Model of Wind converter generation system.

voltage bridge from low voltage bridge through the

transformer, and ZVS (Zero Voltage Switching) technique A. Modeling of Wind Power Generation System
that is used with High voltage bridge and ZCS (Zero Current As shown in Fig. 2, the wind rotor converts the air mass's
Switching) with Low voltage bridge [9-12]. kinetic energy into mechanical power (Pm) as [1]:
Using bi-directional DAB with batteries to mitigation the
wind gust and a pack up system for wind generation system is Pm = � pAV�indCp (1)
considered one of the important subjects in renewable energy
power generation system (PGS). where p is the air density, A is the swept area of the rotor,
The paper is organized as follows; Section II explains the Uwind is the wind speed, and Cp is the coefficient of
proposed control model of the wind system with storage

80 978-1-4673-8734-7/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE

perfonnance which depends on the values of tip speed ratio and the blade pitch angle.
Wind turbine Generator Grid Converter
AC Step-up Power system G
( rid)
PMSG Converter
Bus Transformer

[-<
Storage
Batteries
DC
DC n
Local Load

Bi-directional
Converter
Figure 2. Wind system with bi-directional converter using batteries for energy storage.

15 1.5

"'"
"
"
r\ / Q.
VJ

[7 2

.�
0
�

0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
TIme (sec) Time (sec)

(a) Wind speed b

( ) Rotor speed (P.u)

2�--�--��--�-----.--,

8� Q� Q� Q� Qll
Time (sec)
Q� Q�
f:[ [ [ [ [ I [ [
0. 5
,-----.1
9 L..--- 0..1. 0.'-2 ----0.L. 3---- 0-'.4-----c
Time(s)
L 5 ----.
.
O
i 0 6-:---- ..::"0. 7

c
( ) AC voltages ( P .u) (d) DC voltages ( P .u)
I
1.5
0.8
:s! -e 1
510.6 .�
eo
,s
:;:; 0.4 "V0 ./\ 7P/'�I"\.,-
o
;: 0 5� '-" ,
� "C7"P""'" � �
:;:
8. 0.2 \ t'\
�o
Q.
0
0
V
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 .03.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65
(sec)
Time Time (sec)
e
( ) Power from wind turbine to grid (f) Power to grid from wind turbine and batteries

Figure 3. Simulated results for wind turbine system.

The drive shaft transfers this rotating energy to the
electrical generator. The gearbox is used to match the
operating speed of the wind rotor to the PMSG. The electrical
energy is then fed into the electrical grid through two power
converters (generator converter and grid converter, DC link
capacitor in between).
The generator converter is controlled by a speed controller
algorithm to set the rotor speed at the reference value.
The grid converter is controlled to sustain the DC Bus
voltage at constant value and AC output voltage connected to
the grid, using a DC Bus voltage controller and an AC current
controller. The system was tested during the gust wind, and
the results of speed, DC link voltage, AC voltage and current
as shown in Fig. 3.
B. Bi- directional DC-DC
Fig. 4 shows a Bi-directional DC-DC converter -dual
active bridge topology- that consists of two full bridge
circuits, transfonner to tune the voltage ratio, and coil to store
the transferred energy for certain time during the energy

81
transfer process. Fig. 5 is the AC-model of the -Directional (4)
J = �
Ll ak'
Dual Active Bridge power circuit.
f f
peak = lood + M
For high efficiency and more reliability the following , (5)
steps should be following. Pmax
f (6)
{Oad= V- '
Bal
0.5 * ( VDC
M= --�"'------'''''---=.:..
-'- - VBal ) * VBaI (7)
f*L*VDC

Figure 4. Bi-Directional Dual Active Bridge power circuit.

E
�
, \Z: v''': &'oy

Iductanre value
"
U lmal �

Min Battel') Voltage

COli blductance (L)
Figure 6. Current Density versus Inductance.

3) For power devices, it is recommended to use Silicon

Figure 5. AC model of Bi-Directional Dual Active Bridge power circuit..
1) Transformer turns ratio of the converter is chosen to be
less than or equal the ratio between minimum
DC-Link voltage value to maximum Battery voltage
value. so,
N
:;;; VDC(min)
VBal(max)
2) To reduce the converter losses, the converter is
controlled to operate at discontinuous conduction
mode (DCM) to reduce switching loss and improve
efficiency [13-15]. The coil inductance is calculated as
Carbide (SIC) or Gallium Nitride (GaN) Mosfets for
high voltage and low voltage bridges to get high
efficiency [16].
4) To reduce the Inductive component size (Transformer
and coil), a switching frequency more than 80 KHz
can be used.
5) Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems can
have a range of effects on the device, and there are
ways to mitigate or eliminate them practically, but the
EMC mitigation techniques may differ depending on
(2) the device. An input filter in the front of each bridge is
suggested.
III. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DUAL ACTIVE BRIDGE
CONTROLLER
The PSIM Simulation software is used to simulate the

[
follows.
converter circuit, the control block diagram as shown in Fig.
min N2V2 . (vDC(min) - NV8at(mm)
. ) 7.
L( 8at(mtn)
, The output signals from the controller triggers the eight
4fPmaFDC(min) (3) Mosfets Gates shown in Fig. 4.
(vDC(mm) )

J
N2V2
Bat(max) . - NVBa/COla;.;.) The MOSFETs S3 and S7 are fired with the same signal;
also the Mosfets S4 and Sg are fired with the same signal.
4fPmaXVDC(mm)
,
In Fig. 6, the functions F lea) and F2(a) are calculated as
where/is the switching frequency. (Pmax) is maximum power follows,
of the designed converter.
The converter is controlled by using the triangular current
F;(a) = a / 360
(8)
mode modulation. F'z(a) =(a+180)/360
But for the optimal design the inductance value (L) the (9)
current density should be consider, and the minimum
In Fig. 7, the constant (C) equal the half of the saw tooth
inductance versus minimum current density (J) should be
amplitude.
calculated. Fig. 6 shows the relation between the coil
Fig. 8 the DC-Link voltage and current, Battery voltage
inductance (L) and its current density (J) for different battery
and current, and the current wave form in the coil where there
voltage values between VBat(min) to VBat(max).

82
is a wind gust and there is a power transfer from the DC-link to the batteries.

Gl
Phase shift angle

Signal to SI
a
:
Signal to S2
������
Signal to S3, S,
a M

:
Signal to S4, S8
� �""-'-<:><::.I-
.J'III -<... M

:t-I � <J:==M 1
Sign tO S5
c (constant)
... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ....1
... _ _ _ _
Signal to S6

Figure 7. Proposed Block diagram of control circuit for the Dual Active Bridge converter.

IV. CONCLUSION

This paper discussed the mitigation of wind gust using

Figure 8. (a) DC-Link voltage and current (p .u)
storage Battery system. The wind generation converter
system model is explained and simulated in details.
Dual Active Bridge bi-directional DC-DC converter
topology is assumed to control the Batteries storage system,
the design requirements and components values and types are
calculated and are highlighted.
The proposed controller circuit Block Diagram for the
Dual Active Bridge bi-directional DC-DC converter is
simulated using PSIM program. Discontinuous conduction
mode is used to reduce the losses and increase the converter
efficiency producing triangular current waveform in the coil.
Wind system with bi-directional converter using batteries
for energy storage and there Blocks Diagram is disused and
simulated, and studied the effect of wind gust in this paper.

REFERENCES
Figure 8. (b) Batteries voltage and current (p .u)
[I] T. Ackermann, Wind Power in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
2005, pp. 64-69.
[2] A. D. Hansen and 1. H. Hansen, "Wind Turbine Concept Market
Penetration over 10 Years 1
( 995-2004)," Wind Energy, vol. 10, pp.
81-97, 2007.
[3] E. Abdelkarim, M. M. Aly, M. Abdel-Akher, Z. Ziadi, and T. Senjyu,
0.5 "Supersession of large penetration photovoltaic power transients using
o storage batteries", iEEE 10th international Conference on Power
-0.5 Electronics and Drive Systems (PEDS), Kitakyushu, Japan, pp.78 - 83,
-1 22-25 April, 2013.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 [4] Syafii, K. M. Nor, and A.-A. Mamdouh, "Steady-State Wind Turbine
Time (s) Generation Model for Three-Phase Distribution Load Flow Analysis",
international Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS), vol. 4,
Figure 8. c
( ) Current in the coil and the transformer primary. It is
discontinuous and triangular (p.u) no. 2, pp. 772-777, 2011.
[5] 1. Max, and S. Lundberg (Oct. 2007), "System Effeciency of a DC/DC
converter-based Wind Farm," Wind Energy. 2008. [Online]. 11, pp.
109-120. , in Wiley Interscience. DOl: 10.1002/we.259. Available:
www. interscience. wiley.com.

83
[6] R. W. A. A. D. Doncker, D. M. Divan, and M. H. Kheraluwala, "A
threephase soft-switched high-power-density dc/dc converter for
high-power applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 27, no. 1, pp.
63-73, Jan.lfeb. 1991.
[7] R. Taleski and D. Rajicic, "Energy summation method for energy loss
computation in radial distribution networks," IEEE Trans. POlVer
Systems, vol. II, no. 2, pp. 1104-1111, 1996.
[8] H. Y. Chen, 1. F. Chen, D. Y. Shi, and X. Z. Duan, "Power flow Study
and Voltage Stability Analysis for Distribution Systems with
Distributed Generation", IEEE Power Engineering Society General
Meeting, pp. 1-8, 2006.
[9] S. Vandael, B. Claessens, M. Hommelberg, T. Holvoet, and G.
Deconinck, "A Scalable Three-Step Approach for Demand Side
Management of Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grids,
Early Acess, 2013.
[10] B. Zhao, Q. Song, W. H. Liu, and Y. D. Sun, "Overview of
Dual-Active-Bridge Isolated Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for
High-frequency-Link Power-Conversion System," iEEE Trans. on
Power Electronics, vol. 29, no. 8, August 2014.
[II] R. Huang and S. K. Mazumder, "A soft-switching scheme for an
isolated dc/dc converter with pulsating dc output for a three-phase
highfrequency-link PWM converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 24, no. 10, pp. 2276--2288, Oct. 2009.
84
[12] S. Inoue and H. Akagi, "A bidirectional isolated dc-dc converter as a
core circuit of the next-generation medium-voltage power conversion
system," iEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 535-542,
Mar. 2007.
[13] B. Zhao, Q. Yu, and W. Sun, "Extended-phase-shift control of isolated
bidirectional dc-dc converter for power distribution in microgrid,"
iEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. II, pp. 4667--4680, Nov.
2012.
[14] H. Bai and C. Mi, "Eliminate reactive power and increase system effi­
ciency of isolated bidirectional dual-active-bridge DC-DC converters
using novel dual-phase-shift control," iEEE Trans. Power Electron.,
vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2905-2914, Nov. 2008.
[15] D. Costinett, D. Maksimovic, and R. Zane, "Design and control for high
efficiency in high step-down dual active bridge converters operating at
high switching frequency," IEEE Trans. Power Electron. , vol. 28, no. 8,
pp. 3931-3940, Aug. 2013.
[16] 1. Biela, M. Schweizer, S. Waffler, and J. W. Kolar, "SiC versus
SiEvaluation of potentials for performance improvement of inverter
and dc-dc converter systems by SiC power semiconductors," iEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron. , vol. 58, no. 7, pp. 2872-2882, Jul. 2011.