Faraday’s Law

In 1831, Michael
Faraday discovered
electromagnetic
induction in his
experiment using a
magnet and a coil of
wire (solenoid).
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Joseph Henry
discovered the
electromagnetic
phenomenon of self-
inductance while
building
electromagnets.
Independent of
Faraday’s work, he
also discovered
mutual inductance. 3
How does magnetic flux relate
to the induced emf of a circuit?

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 Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux ΦB, or the total magnetic field that flows

through a given surface is given by:

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 Magnetic Flux

The angle θ, as shown, is the

angle between the magnetic
field and the infinitesimal area
element A.

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 Magnetic Flux

The rules for the calculating the flux in a uniform magnetic

field are shown below:

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

● It states that “the magnitude of the electromotive force

ℰ is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
flux in the circuit.”

● It shows how a given magnetic field will produce an

electromotive force in an electrical circuit.

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

The following are the three crucial relationships of the

electromotive force with three electromagnetic variables
from Faraday’s experiments:
1. The electromotive force ℰ is directly proportional to the
change in magnetic flux ΔΦB.
2. It is inversely proportional to the change in time Δt.
3. It is directly proportional to the number of turns N that
a coil has.
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The electromotive force or emf is the
electric potential difference across a
loop when no electric current is
flowing through it. Like voltage, it is
expressed in units of volts (V).

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

The Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction is given

by:

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The negative sign used in the Law of
Induction signifies that the induced
electromotive force and the change in
flux have opposite directions.

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What does Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
state?

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

Direction of the Induced emf

● The sign of the magnetic flux passing through a given
surface is arbitrary since there are always two
direction at right angles to it.
● However, sign conventions for the induced emf must
be carefully observed.

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

Direction of the Induced emf

The following are the steps in determining the direction of
an induced electromotive force:
1. Determine the loop and set a positive direction for the
vector area .

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

Direction of the Induced

emf
2. Identify the magnetic
flux ΦB through this
loop, including its sign
and rate of change
ΔΦB/Δt, as shown. Use
Ohm’s Law if the value
of current is unknown.
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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

Direction of the Induced emf

The following are the steps in determining the direction of
an induced electromotive force:
3. Identify the sign of the induced emf.

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An increasing rate of change ΔΦB/Δt
of the magnetic flux ΦB yields a
negative induced emf or current. A
decreasing flux yields a positive
induced emf or current.

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Using the right-hand rule, curl the
fingers of your right hand around the
surface area vector A, with your
thumb in its direction. The induced
emf will be in the same direction as
your curled fingers if it is positive and
opposite them if it is negative.

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 Faraday’s Law of Induction

Direction of the Induced emf

We can therefore conclude that:
● when the magnetic flux is increasing the induced emf
or current generates a field direction that also
decreases alongside it
● when the flux is decreasing, the induced emf or current
creates a field direction that increases the magnetic
flux
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How do we determine the
direction of the induced emf?

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A solenoid with a radius of 0.01 m contains 20 turns
of coil. Its uniform magnetic field changed from 30.0
✕ 10-3 T in one direction to 30.0 ✕ 10-3 T in the
opposite direction. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the induced emf if the time interval is 45
✕ 10-3 s.

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A solenoid with a radius of 0.01 m contains 20 turns
of coil. Its uniform magnetic field changed from 30.0
✕ 10-3 T in one direction to 30.0 ✕ 10-3 T in the
opposite direction. Determine the magnitude and
direction of the induced emf if the time interval is 45
✕ 10-3 s.

The induced emf is -8.37 ✕ 10-3 V.

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Another solenoid with a radius of 0.05
m contains 15 turns of coil. Its
magnetic field changed from 45.50 ✕
10-3 T in one direction to 45.50 ✕ 10-3 T
in the opposite direction in 10 ✕ 10-3 s.
What is its induced emf?

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A square wire loop with 1.2 cm on each side is found
in a uniform magnetic field with magnitude 0.22 T. If
the magnetic field B was rotated to an angle of 45°
with respect to the loop’s area A from being initially
parallel to it in 0.25 s, what would be the the average
current in the loop if it has a resistance of 0.023 Ω?

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A square wire loop with 1.2 cm on each side is found
in a uniform magnetic field with magnitude 0.22 T. If
the magnetic field B was rotated to an angle of 45°
with respect to the loop’s area A from being initially
parallel to it in 0.25 s, what would be the the average
current in the loop if it has a resistance of 0.023 Ω?

The electric current in the wire loop is 1.62 ✕ 10-3 A.

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A conducting square loop of side l =
8.90 cm is found in a uniform magnetic
field with magnitude 0.50 T. The
magnetic field B rotated to an angle of
60° with respect to the loop’s area A
from being initially parallel to it in 0.20
s. Determine the average current in
the loop if it has a resistance of 0.044
Ω. 27
A solenoid that consists of 5 turns of coil has a radius
of 15 ✕ 10-2 m. If the solenoid’s axis makes a 30-
degree angle to the field, determine the (a) change in
magnetic flux if the electromotive force is 20 V over a
time interval of 10 s, and (b) the time interval needed
to yield the same induced emf if the angle is changed
to 50°.

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A solenoid that consists of 5 turns of coil has a radius of 15
✕ 10-2 m. If the solenoid’s axis makes a 30-degree angle to
the field, determine the (a) change in magnetic flux if the
electromotive force is 20 V over a time interval of 10 s, and
(b) the time interval needed to yield the same induced
emf if the angle is changed to 50°.

The change in magnetic flux is 40.0 Wb. The time

interval it must take to yield the 20-V induced emf is
7.42 s.
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Consider a solenoid with r = 22 ✕ 10-2
m and with 10 turns of coil around it. If
the angle between its axis and the
field is 21°, what is the (a) change in
magnetic flux in 14 seconds if the emf
is 12 V, and the (b) duration required to
produce the same electromotive force
if the angle is changed to 70°?
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A. Identify whether each statement is true or false.

1. The angle θ in the general relation for the magnitude of

the magnetic flux refers to the angle between the
magnetic field and the electric field.
2. ℰ is inversely proportional to the rate of change of the
magnetic flux in the circuit.
3. The induced electromotive force and the change in
magnetic flux always head in similar directions.
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B. Supply the table with the corresponding values of
the induced emf appropriate to the conditions
provided. Choose from the options below.
A. Zero
B. ℰ > 0
C. ℰ < 0
D. Indeterminable

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 Magnetic Flux Rate of Change of Magnetic Resulting Induced
(𝚽B) Flux (Δ𝚽B/Δt) emf

_______________

2. _______________

3. _______________

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● Magnetic flux ΦB refers to the total magnetic
field that flows through a given surface area A is
given by . The following are the ways
to determine the magnitude of the flux based on
the positions of and A:
○ If and A are parallel, the angle between them
is zero; thus, .

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○ If and A are perpendicular, the angle
between them is 90° and .
○ If and A are tilted at an angle θ, the
magnetic flux is given by .

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● Faraday’s 1831 experiments revealed that:
○ The electromotive force ℰ is directly
proportional to the change in magnetic flux
ΔΦB.
○ It is inversely proportional to the change in
time Δt.
○ It is directly proportional to the number of
turns N that a coil has.
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● These relationships are collectively termed as
“Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction,”
which states that “the magnitude of the
electromotive force ℰ is proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux in the circuit.”

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● When the magnetic flux is increasing from a
given direction, the induced emf or current
generates a field direction that also decreases
alongside it, and when the flux is decreasing, the
induced emf or current creates a field direction
that increases the magnetic flux.

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 Concept Formula Description

Use this formula to

Faraday’s Law
solve for the
(Induced
where induced
Electromotive
● ℰ is the electromotive force electromotive
Force)
(emf); force (emf) in a
● ΦB is the change in magnetic given closed loop.
flux;
● Δt is the time interval of the
change of the flux through the
loop, and
● N is the number of coil turns in
the loop.
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