360

Building Construction
WOODEN
MEMOERS

MILD STEEL
BOLTS

BOLTS
WOODEN
MEMBERS

STEE.L
STIRRUP
STRAP

Fig, 161 Lapping joint with mild steel bolts

Fig. 162 Lapping joint with stirrup straps
METAL FIM
PLATE

WOODEN
MEMBER

wOODEN
BoLTS PLATe
WOcDEN FISH PLATE

WO0E N
ME MBER

WOO0EN PLATE HARD WOOp KEvd

METAL FISH PLATE

BOLTS
WOODE N PLATE
Fig, 163
Sectional elevations of various tvpes of fishing joints
164. LENGTHENING, SPLICED OR LONGITUDINAL JOINTS
wooden
As the name suggests, these joints are used to lengthen a
withis
member. The method of lengthening the member varnes
situation in a framed structure. Thus, lengthening joints are furthersub
divided into the following types:
361
Building Construction
() Lappingjoint.
(i) Fishingjoint.
(ii) Scarfingjoints
(iv) Tablingjoints.
() Lapping joints: This is the simplest form of lengthening joint
forned by lapping the end of one member over 1hat of the other
andis
fastening them together by bolting or by using conncctions. This
and
of joint should not be recommended for members subjccted to
types stresses
large because of the axis of the menmbers at 1he joint not being

in one
line. The various types of lapping joints have been shown in
Fig. 161-162.
(in Fishing joints : In this arrangement of jointing wood work. the
ends of the two members butt together and the junction is bolted after
eing wooden or steel pieces called "Fish Plates" on two opposite
iaces of the joint. The strength of the joint depends upon the strength
joint.
of fish plates and bolts used in the
(ii) Scarfing joint : This sysiem of lengthening wooden member
METAL FISH PLAT HARD,WOOD KEY
WOODEN
MEMBER

BoLTS METAL FISH PLATE

ME TAL FISH PLAT E BOLT S

wOODEN
MÀ MBER

METAL FSH ATE HARD WOOp KE Y

METAL FIB4 PLATe

WOODEN
MEMeER

ME TAL FISH PLATE L- 8OLTS

METAL FISH PLATE

wOoDEN
MEMBER
IMETAS FISN PLATE BOLTS

Fig, 164
eciional elevations of vario us tvpes of scart joinis
362 Building Construcçon
is
especially suitable in places where it necessary its length.
to maintain
is throughout To thethe
depth and width of the member of the achieve same
condition, a part of the thickness timber is cut sad
whenfromjoinied,
opposite sides, so that they lap on each other eac
member from the bolts used
joint depends upon bent
The strength of the the and let intofoor
The fish-plates used
(iv) Tabling
in
joint:
joints are usually
This joint is very much similar to the jotiimnibeng,
in construction and is adopted where the member is scarito join
subjected
tension and compression. boh
BOLTS METAL FISH PLATE

WOoDEN
MEM BER

ME TAL FISH PLATE

boLTS
METAL FISH PLATE

WOODEN
MEMBER

HARO WOOD KEY

METAL FISH PLATE FB0LTS
WOopEN
MEMBER

HARD wooD KEYS ME TAL FISH PLATE

Fig. 16S
Sectional elevations of various types of scarf joints

165. BEARING JOINTS

divided into the followity
Broadly speaking, bearing joints may be
different types :
() Notching joint
(i) Cogged joint
(iti) Halving joint
(iv) Housed joint
(v) Dovetailed joint
(v)) Mortise and tenon joint
(vi) Joggle or stump joint
 CarpentryJoints
363
HARD WOOD KEY
fooTs MeTAL FISW
PLATE

ME TAL FISH
BoLTS
PLATE

HARO WOoO KEY

METAL FISH PLATE

GoLTS LMETAL FISH PLATE

Fig. 166
Sectional elevations of various types of tabling joints

(viü) Dovetailed tenon joint

(ix) Open mortice joint
(x) Chase mortise joint
(x) Tusk tenon joint
() Notching joint : This joint is commonly provided at the
nction of two members meeting at right angle. Notching consists in
Cuting a depression to the full width of one member to enable it to
be fixed to another member. In some cases both the members are cut
to form the joint. In such cases the joint is called double notched
joint. It is very much clear from the shape of the joint that the function
of notching is to prevent the lateral movement of the two members.

(i) provided between wall

Cogged : This joint is commonly
joint of wooden truss where it is essential to utilise the
plate and the tie beam
entire depth of the wall plate for bearing the tie-beam. The joint may
be single or double cogged. In single cogged joint, asmall depressIOn,
equal in placed over it, is cut in
the lower width
member. the width of the member to be
to In case of a double cogged joint, a projection is lett
in the lower member in middle of the recess formed, for receiving the
pper member.
members crossing or
(iüi) Halving joint : This joint is used in
jointing, each member on
Meeting at an angle. In this method of joint and lapped.
Opposite sides is cut to half of its thickness, at the
Thus
 Carpentyl
364

Building Construci ushed.

So
strength. I n

joint.

QOULL NOT<HLOJOINT.

MOTCNLD JONZ

of one meml
adopted in:
be practicall
() D
wedge-shape
SeUARL HOUSLO JINT the joint is
SINGLe cOG6LO JONT. other one. 1
the interloc
junction is
possibility of
adopted in fr
and is simple
memberS,
its into a SC
mortise
depth of shou
The joint ismo
by inserting
bWLLED MOUSLD DOVETALLO O03LD 0INT

Fig. 167 (vi) Je

for framing
Views showing various
if the two types of bearing joints ronstruction i
the only dif
member at mnembers
the joint are of different thicknesses, extend to the
top
faceofthe
thickness, both top and bottom face of members
will be
case at thejointwilh
flushed. In
the
both are of
the san
Carpentry
Joints
365

Mushed. Sometimnes the members are bevellea Irom consideration of

strength. In such cases, the halved joint is termed as bevelled halved
joint.

TNRCUGM SMGLA JOMT 00VTAIL HALLO J0MT ovLTAL AVLO JONMI

Fig. 168
Bearing Joints
(iv) Housed joint : In the boused joint, the entire end or thickness
of one member is let into the notch in another. This joint is commonly
adopted in works of heavy nature, where other types of joints may not
be practically suitable either from considerations of strength or economy.
(v) Dovetailed joint: In this method of fastening wood work.
wedge-shaped or flaring shaped pieces are cut out of each member and
lhe joint is formed by hooking the projection of one member into the
other one. This joint is specially used in cabinet work. In such places,
le interlocking tenons which are dovetailed are lapped and the
junction is strengthened by means of pins which guard against the
possibility of the members getting pulled apart.
(vi) Mortise and tenon joint : This type of joint is frequently
topted in framing wood work.. It efficiently holds the pieces together
and is simple in construction. This joint is formed by cuting one of the
nbers, so as to form a
its into a slot known asprojection
mortise, termed
cut intoas the
tongue
otheror member.
tenon wuc
The
hortise should be of sufficient length, breadth and depth. Generally the
depth of mortise and tenon is one-third the thickness of the members.
The joint is strengthened by inserting wooden wedges from back or
by
Inserting dowel pins from the face.
(viu) Joggle commonly used
joint 1spartition
or framing the studs
or stumpintojointthe: sill
This of
typea ofwooden wall. Its
Onstruct
txtend to
ion
is essentially
he only difference that the mortisein and
tenonto 1Sthatcutofshorter
similar tenon joint
length
with
and does not
 366
cONMON DOVETAIL LD
JOINT
Building Construction

6TOPPLJONT
DovETAILLO

MALF BLIND
DOVETAILLD JONT
BLINO MITRED JOlNT
Fig, 169
Bearing Joints
in use (vü) Dove-tailed
on account of tenon joint: This
its typical coommon
type of joint is notis soformed
cutting
of the tenon, shape. Generally this jointinto the mortisety
sufficient dove-tailed
to the
backlength,
of
in
so as to permitshape and framing it
the wide part member attached
further secured by tenon
a to be fixed of the
inside the mortise. The joint F
bard-wOOd wedge.
 SPLICL JOINT
SQVARSPLICL JONT

LONGITUDINAL DLVBLLD WALYtD ON ANGLE WALvLO JoNY

OLYELLED HALVED J0WT LAP JOT

Fig. 1610
Bearing Joints

IR (ix) Open mortise joint: This is aform of mortise and tenon joint
Ienonwhiicnh theiar metal dowel bar has to be used to secure the mortise and
() Chaserespective positions.
mortise joint : This method of framing woodwork
Mnber memberswhenas it is required to fix wooden members between such
ng beiore. in wooden structure
are permanently fixed inposition
(n) Tusk 1enon joint : This type of joint is commonly adopted in
of timber floors. In order to obtain maximum rigidity
 368

BuildingCOnstrucion
DADo JOINT
RABBET JOINT

DADO & RADBLT JOINT DADO,TOUNGL RAB6LT JOINT

DOYE TAIL OADO JON,

Fig. 1611
Bearing Joints
and strength, the tenon must be mortised in the centre of the members
to be tenoned.

166. FRAMING JOINTS

joints
These joints are similar to forms of bearing
descnbed above with the various cutting
method of obtain
the grooves and the only difference that the to
the desired form oftongues in theype of joint issuitably
joint. This altered
essentially employetin
members is siih
framing doors, windows, partition walls etc. This form of joint varies
 Carpeniry
Joins 369

HAUHcH SOINT SLIND STUS JOINT

TROUGK JOIN

KeYED JOINT PINND yONT

WAUNGW JSINT

DOUbLE TLNDN JOINT HALE LIND 9ONT

MORTISE & TENON JaNTS

Fig. 1612
Bearing Joints
the shape of door or window frame adopted and the architectural treat-
ment desired. In general, these joints are just a modified form of mortise
and tenOn joints. For door frames over 11 cm. in width, double tenon
Joints are used.
167.
ANGLEOR
When two
CORNER JOINTS
members are to.be framed so as to form a
comer or
Angulagir venedge,on angle or corner joint is used. The joints commonly
usd
the nexXt page :
4) Building Construcçon
butt and
() Rebated STYLE
beaded joint.
and staff
(i) Rebated butt \
bead joint.
joint.
(ii) Miter and feather
(iv) Mitre and butt joint.
and
(v) Miter rebate, butt
feather joint. TOP RAILJ
(vi) Miter and rebate joint.
(vi) Grooved, tongued and
mitred joint. DETAILL FOR TOP RAL
(viüi) Housed joint.
STYE
(i) Dovetailed housing
joint.
The various form of joints
nentioned are shown in Fig.
1514 :

158. OBLIQUE-SHOULDE
RED JOINTS
These joints are com
nonly adopted in timber truss LOCK RAL
construction where the members
are jointed in acute or obtuse DETAIL FOR LOCK RAl,
fashion. The various
types STYLE
joints included in this categoryof
have been described in the
chapter on Roof and Roof
coverings.
169. WIDENING OR
JOINTS SIDE
The joint
wooden members between two
side is termed as placed side by
joint. Theses jointswidening
are
or side 3071O RAIL

used in
The types flooring,
of
commonly
panelling etc.
DETAJL FOR OOTTOM RAIL

joints :
below commonl ywidening
used
or
are
given
side Fig, 1613
Framing joints
() Buit or
(ii) plain joint.
Tongued and groove joint.
CarpentryJoints 371

RSDATE, BUTT REBATE, bUTT AWo MITRE AMO

STAFF DEAD FEATHER
AMD DEAD

MITRE AMD BUTT MITRE, REBATE MITRE AND

BUTÍ AMO FEATNER REBATE

HOUSED DOVETAILED
GROOVE; TOHGUED
HOUSIMG
AND MITRE
Fig. 1614
Various types of angle or corner joints

(i) Tongued and ploughed joint.

(iv) Matchedand beaded joint.
(v) Rebated joint.
(vi) Rebated, tongued and grooved joint.
(vi) Butterfly joint.
(vin) Matched and vee joint.
(ix) Rebated and filled joint.
() Splayed, rebated, tongued and grooved joint.
(Ki) Dowelled joint.
Dut or plain joint is formed by laying the boarding side by side.
D0aTds used in the work must be well. seasoned and saWn in such
2 manner that the annual rings remain perpendicular to the flooring
joints.
cut so as to have
tongued and grooved joint each board is
ngue On one edge and groove on the other.
In tongued and ploughed joint similar grooves are cut along the
edge of the boards and hard wood piece called tongue is fitted ight
between succcssive boards. Matched and beaded joint is a modiiisd
form of tongue and groove joint. In this type of joint the tongued edge
of cach board has special moulding. Rebated joint is formed by cuting
rectangular depression in each board and the end lapped over one
Rebated, tongued and grooved joint is formed by so
another. shaping
BUTT OR PLAIN JONT.

TONGU LO AND GR00VE D JONT

TOHGuED AND PLUGHED JOINT.

MATCHED AND BLADED JOINT

"RLBATED JOINT.

RLBATLD TONG ULD & GROOYED JQINT.

BUTTERFLY JOINT.

MATCHLD AND.YLL- JOINT

REBATLD,&FILLET: JO|NT
SPLAYED, REBATRO, TONG ULD 8 GROOYL JOINT

DOWLLLD JOINT
Fig. 1615
Various types of widening o. side
joints