2022 - Geometric Product Specifications

Geometric Product Specifications
ISO-1101 (2017)
Quoc-Nguyen Banh, PhD

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
1
Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering
Outline
• Why GPS
• GPS language
• Symbols & Concepts
• Geometric controls
2
Why GD&T
3
Traditional Scheme_+/- Tolerancing
4
5
GPS Approach
6
Why GPS?
• An International Engineering Language

– used on drawings to Concisely and Accurately describe a part
• An Exact Language:
– Enable designers to “say what they mean” on a drawing
– Production and inspection use the language to interpret the
design intent.
• Provides Uniformity: help reduce
– Controversy
– Guesswork and assumptions throughout the manufacturing and
inspection process
7
MMC & LMC
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION
AND
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION

What is the difference between these two
glazed doughnuts?
Both of these doughnuts cost 90 cents. Which
one is the best buy? Why?
Which one was made with the most or
maximum amount of dough?
M MMC = Maximum LMC = Least Material

L Condition
Material Condition
M
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM
AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE
STATED LIMITS.
1.75
n Look at the limits of the
1.73
O.D. and the I.D. of the
washer. Which ones
represent the washer at
0.75 MMC?
n
0.73

M
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION (MMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE MAXIMUM
AMOUNT OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE
STATED LIMITS.
1.75 MMC OF THE O.D.

n
1.73
0.75
n
0.73 MMC OF THE I.D.

L
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT
OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)
1.75
n Look at the limits of the
1.73
O.D. and the I.D. of the
washer. Which ones
represent the washer at
0.75 LMC?
n
0.73

L
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION (LMC) =
IS WHERE A FEATURE CONTAINS THE LEAST AMOUNT
OF MATERIAL PERMITTED WITHIN THE STATED LIMITS.
(SEE EXAMPLE 1-10, 1-11)
1.75
n
1.73 LMC OF THE O.D.
0.75 LMC OF THE I.D.

n
0.73

RFS
Sometimes a geometric tolerance will be
applied to a dimension at its MMC or it LMC.
However………..
REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) = IS THE TERM USED

WHEN A GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE OR DATUM APPLIES AT ANY
INCREMENT OF SIZE WITHIN ITS UPPER OR LOWER LIMIT.

Geometric Chacteristic Symbols

Tolerance Frame
A SYMBOL MADE UP OF COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE GEOMETRIC

CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL AND THE TOLERANCE.

A DATUMS

Locate the projector
If we wanted to mount our projector

from the ceiling what three
dimensions would we need…….
and in what order?
Screen
Projector
Plan View

Screen
Projector
Plan View

Mounting Bracket
Projector
Screen
A B C
Elevation View
Floor
A DATUMS
DATUMS = ARE PLANES, SURFACES, POINTS, LINES OR AXES

FROM WHICH MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE. THEY IDENTIFY
SURFACES OR AXES THAT ARE IMPORTANT TO THE FUNCTION OF
THE DESIGN.
A Datum Planes

Datums vs Datum features
A datum feature is usually an important functional surface where
all other dimensions need to be in spec with reference to it.
A Datum is a perfect point, line,

plane or surface but only exists
theoretically. Datums are Datum Feature is a tangible
theoretical and only simulate surface, point or axis on a
by Measurement Equipment part where that theoretical
(Gauge pins, Granite slabs, angle datum is located.
plates, computer generated
planes, etc)
The reason they are not equal to each other is because

the part surface is never 100% perfect. It will always
have some kind of waviness, bumps and valleys. 24
A Datum Planes

A Datum Planes

A

A Datum Placement on Drawings
DATUM FEATURE
SYMBOLS ARE
PLACED ON THE
EDGE VIEW OR ON
EXTENSION LINES.
THE ORDER IN WHICH
THE DATUM
REFERENCE LETTERS
ARE PLACED IN THE
FEATURE CONTROL
FRAME SIGNIFY THEIR
IMPORTANCE. THIS IS
CALLED THE ORDER OF
PRECEDENCE.
A
Datum Axis Placement on Drawings
.25
DATUM
AXIS

A Datum Axis Placement on Drawings
ON THE OUTSIDE ON THE

SURFACE (THE LEADER LINE
EDGE) OF A SHOULDER
CYLINDRICAL
FEATURE.
THE SYMBOL CAN ALSO BE PLACED ON

THE EXTENSION LINE.
A
Datum Axis Placement on Drawings
THE DATUM SYMBOL CAN

ALSO BE ATTACHED TO
THE FEATURE CONTROL
FRAME.

A Datum Target Placement on Drawings
At times only a small area on a surface will
be used as a datum.
To identify these areas a Datum Target
Symbol is used.
12
X
DATUM TARGET SYMBOL = ARE USED TO DESIGNATE POINTS OR A

SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA.
THEY ARE USED WHEN IT MAY NOT BE POSSIBLE TO ESTABLISH AN ENTIRE
SURFACE AS A DATUM.

12
X

Review
1. Define Datum?
Are planes, surfaces, points, lines or axes
from which measurements are made. They
identify surfaces or axes that are important to
the function of the design.
2. Describe the Datum Feature symbol?
A
3. List three areas where datum symbols should be placed?
• Edge view
• Extension lines
• Leader line shoulder
• Feature control frame
Review (cont.)
4. When are Datum Target Symbols used?
They are used to designate points or a

specific surface area. They are used
when it may not be possible to establish
an entire surface as a datum.
5. Describe the Datum Target symbol?

GDT Problems

Problem 1 Solution

Problem 2 Solution

FORM
TOLERANCES

Objectives
Identify form tolerance symbols,
explain their purpose, and apply them
to a drawing.
• Straightness
• Flatness
• Cylindricity
• Circularity

What are Form Tolerances?
• Form Tolerances are applied to single features

and, therefore, are not related to a datum.
• They specify a zone in which the dimensioned
feature must be controlled.

Straightness
a Form Tolerance
A condition where an
element of a surface or an
axis is in a straight line.

Drawing Callout
Surface Straightness Axis Straightness with MMC
46
What does this
mean?
HOLE
DIA.
By requiring a 0.04 tolerance zone allowance is

made for the imperfection of the rod while stating
an acceptable range for it use in the assembly.
Surface straightness Example
A steel bar is welded in a T

pattern to another part. You want
to make sure that the surface of
the tube is always uniform, where
the weld occurs, you would need
to either greatly tighten the
dimensional diameter of the
tube, (which would be very costly
for such a simple part!), or callout
straightness along the mating
surface.
49
Straightness callout
50
Flatness
a Form Tolerance
A condition of a surface where all

of the elements are in one plane.
The problem is….

….can any surface be made perfectly flat?
So the designer must establish a range or

zone of allowable variation. The form tolerance
‘Flatness’ is used to control the amount of
variation on a flat surface.
Unlike
straightness
which controls
the form of an
object…
flatness is used
to control only a
surface.

Circularity
a Form Tolerance
What kind of ride would you get if the
wheels on you car were ‘out-of-round’?
Is it possible
How do
to make a
you
wheel that is
control the
perfectly
amount of
round?
allowable
variation?

Circularity
a Form Tolerance
Circularity is established by two concentric

circles created by a cross-section thru a rod
or the center of a sphere.
0.25
The problem is….

Cylindricity
a Form Tolerance
Cylindricity is established by two concentric

cylinders within which the entire surface of
the cylinder must lie.
0.25
The problem is….

Cylindricity
a Form Tolerance
OUT OF
TOLERANCE

ORIENTATION
TOLERANCES

Objectives
Identify orientation tolerance symbols,
explain their purpose, and apply them to a
drawing.
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity

What are Orientation Tolerances?
• Orientation Tolerances control the relationship of

features to one another. One or more datum features
shall be referenced.
• These Orientation Tolerances are total, meaning
that all elements of a related surface or axis fall
within the specified tolerance zone.

Parallelism
an Orientation Tolerance
Parallelism is a condition of a
surface or center plane equidistant
from a datum plane or axis.

Parallelism
NOTICE THAT A
DATUM IS
A REFERENCED

Perpendicularity is a condition of a
surface, center or axis at a right angle
(90 degrees) to a datum plane or axis.

PERPENDICULARITY
.312 A

PERPENDICULARITY
.312 A
.312 WIDE
TOLERANCE ZONE
ANGULARITY is a condition of a
surface, center plane or axis at any
specified angle from a datum plane or
axis.

Angularity

LOCATION
TOLERANCES

Objectives
Identify location tolerance symbols, explain
their purpose, and apply them to a drawing.
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry

What are Location Tolerances?
• Location tolerances are used for the

purpose of locating features from datums.
• They are also used for establishing
coaxiality or symmetry.

Positional Tolerance is used to define a
zone in which the center, axis, or center
plane of a feature is permitted to vary.

THINK OF THE ARROW AS THE CENTER OR AXIS OF THE DRILL.
CONSIDER THE
BULLSEYE ON THE
TARGET AS THE
ACCEPTABLE
TOLERANCE ZONE.
ANY HIT WITHIN THAT ZONE IS

CONSIDERED TO BE A BULLSEYE.
Positional
a Location Tolerance

TRUE POSITION
AXIS
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE FEATURE
CONTROL FRAME SHOWN BELOW?
IT MEANS = THE IDENTIFIED HOLE IS TO

BE POSITIONED WITHIN A 0.5 DIAMETER
OF ITS TRUE (EXACT) POSITION, AT ITS
MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION. THE
HOLE WILL BE PERPENDICULAR TO
DATUM-A, AND LOCATED FROM DATUM-
B AND DATUM-C.
Positional Tolerance Application

Concentricity Tolerance is used to
establish a relationship between the
axes of two or more cylindrical
features of an object.
When two or more cylindrical
features share the same axis, they
are said to be coaxial.

Concentricity

Symmetry Tolerance is a center
plane relationship of the features of
an object establishing a median
point to center plane control.

Symmetry

Interrelationship of geometrical
tolerances
For functional reasons, one or more characteristics can be

toleranced to define the geometrical deviations of a feature.
Certain types of tolerances, which limit the geometrical
deviations of a feature, can also limit other types of deviations for
the same feature.
• Location tolerances of a feature control location deviation,
orientation deviation and form deviation of the feature, and not
vice-versa.
• Orientation tolerances of a feature control orientation and form
deviations of the feature and not vice-versa.
• Form tolerances of a feature control only form deviations of
the feature.
81
PROFILE

Profile of a line
Profile of a line describes a tolerance zone around any

line in any feature, usually of a curved shape. Profile
of a line is a 2-Dimensional tolerance range that can
be applied to any linear tolerance. If it is called out on
a surface, like a radius on a part – profile of a line
would specify how much that cross-section could vary
from a true curved radius. Profile of a line takes a
cross section at any point along the surface and sets a
tolerance zone on either side of the profile. 83
Tolerance zone
2-Dimensional tolerance zone existing of two parallel

curves that follow the contour of the true surface
profile. The application on where the tolerance zone
applies can be specified on the drawing. This tolerance
zone may or may not be referenced by a datum.
84
Gauging / Measurement
Profile of a line is measured using a gauge that is referenced to

the true profile at the given specific cross-section. Because there
are an infinite amount of 2D cross-sections of any part, the
number or locations of measurement points can be specified on
the drawing. Profile is usually measured using a CMM for more
complex geometries. 85
Example
86
Profile of a Surface
Profile of a surface describes a 3-Dimensional tolerance zone around a

surface, usually which is an advanced curve or shape. If it is called out on
a curved surface, like a fillet on a welded part, the entire surface where
the radius is has to fall within the tolerance zone. Profile controls all the
points along the surface within a tolerance range that directly mimics
the designed profile. Any point on the surface would not be able to vary
inside or outside by more than the surface profile tolerance. Usually,
when surface profile is required, there are no tolerances on the
dimensions that describe the surface and use the GD&T callout to give
the acceptable range. 87
Tolerance zone
3-Dimensional tolerance zone existing of 2 parallel surface curves

that follow the contour of the surface profile across the entire
length of the surface. This tolerance zone may or may not
be referenced by a datum.
88
Gage/Measurement
Profile is usually measured using a CMM due to the complexity of

some of the surfaces that are called out. The CMM would
compare the 3D scan of the profile to the dimensions called out
on the drawing to see if it was in spec. If a simple surface is called
out, such as a radius on a corner, a height gauge can be used to
trace the part as long as the gauge can stay the same distance
away from the surface as rotates around the surface.
89
Example
90
RUNOUT

Circular Runout
Runout is how much one given reference feature or features

vary with respect to another datum when the part is rotated
360° around the datum axis. It is essentially a control of a
circular feature, and how much variation it has with the
rotational axis. Runout can be called out on any feature that
is rotated about an axis. It is essentially how much “wobble”
occurs in the one part feature when referenced to another.
92
Tolerance zone
2-Dimensional circular tolerance zone that is defined

by a datum axis where all points on the called surface
must fall into. The zone is a direct reference to
the datum feature. Runout is the total variation that
the reference surface can have when the part is
rotated around the datum’s true axis. 93
Gage/Measurement
Runout is measured using a simple height gauge on the

reference surface. The datum axis is controlled by fixing all
datum points and rotating the central datum axis. The part
is usually constrained with V-blocks, or a spindle, on each
datum that is required to be controlled. The part is then
rotated around this axis and the variation is measured
using the height gauge held perpendicular to the part
surface. As long as the gauge does not vary by more than
the runout tolerance, the part is in spec. 94
Example
95
Total runout
Total Runout is how much one

entire feature or surface varies
with respect to a datum when the
part is rotated 360° around the
datum axis. Total runout controls
both the amount of variation in
the surface as the part is rotated,
but the amount of variation in
the axial dimension. Both radial
variation and axial variation are
measured and held within the
tolerance. Total Runout is usually
called on a part that is rotated
about an axis where the entire
surface is critical to be in spec. 96
Tolerance zone
A 3-Dimensional cylindrical tolerance zone that

surrounding a referenced surface that is directly derived
from either the datum surface or the axis. All points along
the surface must fall within this zone when the part is
rotated at all times. 97
Gage/Measurement
98
A
GDT Problems
M L

GDT Pin & Ring Problem

GDT Placement Problem 1
Instructions: Ortho sketch, model
and detail the Tool Post. Add the
required GDT shown below.
• Top surface is to be a primary
datum
• Top surface to be smooth within
.002
• Rear surface is to be a
secondary datum
• Right-side surface is to be a
tertiary datum
• .625 Dia hole in top to be
positioned within .002
• .625 Dia hole in base to parallel
to .625 Dia. at top within .002

Instructions: Ortho sketch model
and detail the Frame Guide. Add the
required GDT shown below.
• Bottom surface is to be a
primary datum
• Right-side surface is to be a
secondary datum
• Front surface is to be a
tertiary datum
• The two 10 Dia holes in top to
be positioned within .01, at
maximum material condition
• The right-side surface is to be
at right angles with the base
within .02
Instructions: Model and detail the
Roller Stud and add the required GDT
shown below.
• Axis of the 57.07 – 57.15 Dia

is to be a primary datum
• The 44.37 – 44.45 Dia to be
on the same center as the 57.07 –
57.15 Dia within .01
• The 28.52 – 28.58 Dia to be
straight within .01, at maximum
material condition

Instructions: Model and detail the
Center Bushing and add the required
GDT shown below.
• Axis of the 1.372 Dia hole is to

be a primary datum
• Bottom surface is to be a
secondary datum
• Bottom surface is to be flat
within .002
• 1.372 Dia hole is to be 90
degrees to the bottom surface
within .005 at LMC.
• Upper 4.750 Dia surface to be
parallel to the bottom within .005.
• The three .375 Dia holes are to
be positioned within .001 at
MMC.

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
105

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Geometric Product Specifications

Quoc-Nguyen Banh, PhD

• An International Engineering Language

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

M MMC = Maximum LMC = Least Material

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

1.75 MMC OF THE O.D.

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

0.75 LMC OF THE I.D.

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE (RFS) = IS THE TERM USED

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

A SYMBOL MADE UP OF COMPARTMENTS CONTAINING THE GEOMETRIC

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

If we wanted to mount our projector

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

DATUMS = ARE PLANES, SURFACES, POINTS, LINES OR AXES

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

A Datum is a perfect point, line,

The reason they are not equal to each other is because

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

ON THE OUTSIDE ON THE

THE SYMBOL CAN ALSO BE PLACED ON

THE DATUM SYMBOL CAN

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

DATUM TARGET SYMBOL = ARE USED TO DESIGNATE POINTS OR A

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

They are used to designate points or a

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

• Form Tolerances are applied to single features

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Surface Straightness Axis Straightness with MMC

By requiring a 0.04 tolerance zone allowance is

A steel bar is welded in a T

A condition of a surface where all

The problem is….

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

So the designer must establish a range or

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Circularity is established by two concentric

The problem is….

Mechanical Measurement & Tolerance Q-N Banh, Dept. Manufacturing Engineering

Cylindricity is established by two concentric