Accumulative Report

THE PEOPLE’S COMMITTEE OF BINH DUONG PROVINCE

THU DAU MOT UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
🙢🕮🙠

ACCUMULATIVE REPORT

Student: Nguyen Du Son

Code: 2022202010203
Class: D20NNAN08
Subject: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING – NNAN002

--- Bình Dương, 2021---

ASSESSMENT

Student’s name Page 1

Accumulative Report

Score Examiner’s Signature 1 Examiner’s Signature 2

In figures In words

Assessment

Paragraphs Scores Examiner 1 Examiner 2

Writing Interview Writing Interview
(70%) (30%) (70%) (30%)
1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
6 1
7 1
8 1
9 1
10 1
Sub total 10
Total 10

Student’s name Page 2

Accumulative Report

Student’s name Page 3

Accumulative Report

Rubric for interviewing

Scores Description
3 The student has fully operational command of the language. Their use of English
is appropriate, accurate and fluent, and shows complete understanding about the
given reading texts.
2.25 The student has fully operational command of the language. Their use of English
is sometimes unsystematic in accuracy and inappropriate usage. However, they
have to show their understanding about the given reading texts.
1.75 The student has operational command of the language, though with occasional
inaccuracies, inappropriate usage and misunderstandings in some situations.
However, they have a little understanding about the given reading texts.
1 The student has an effective command of the language despite some inaccuracies,
inappropriate usage. They expose some misunderstandings about the given texts.

Rubric for written responses

Indicators Written marking rubric Marks

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1

There is one clear, well- There is one clear, There is one The topic and 0.25
focused topic. Main ideas well-focused topic. topic. Main main idea are not
Focus & are clear and are well Main ideas are clear ideas are clear
Details supported by detailed and but are not well somewhat
accurate information. supported by detailed clear.
information.

The introduction is The introduction states The There is no clear 0.25

inviting, states the main the main topic and introduction introduction,
topic, and provides an provides an overview states the main structure, or
overview of the paper. of the paper. A topic. A conclusion.
Organization
Information is relevant conclusion is included. conclusion is
and presented in a logical included.
order. The conclusion is
strong.

The author uses vivid The author uses vivid The author uses The writer uses a 0.25
words and phrases. The words and phrases. words that limited
The choice and communicate vocabulary.
choice and placement
Word choice placement of words is clearly, but the Jargon or clichés
of words seems writing lacks
inaccurate at times may be present
accurate, natural, and and/or seems variety. and detract from
not forced. overdone. the meaning.

Sentence All sentences are well Most sentences are Most sentences Sentences sound
Structure, constructed and have well constructed and are well awkward, are
varied structure and have varied structure constructed, but
Grammar, distractingly 0.25
length. The author makes they have a

Student’s name Page 4

Accumulative Report

no errors in grammar, and length. The author similar repetitive,

mechanics, and/or makes a few errors in structure and/or or are difficult to
spelling. length. The understand. The
grammar, mechanics,
author makes author
and/or spelling, but several errors
Mechanics, makes numerous
they do not interfere in grammar,
& errors in
with understanding. mechanics,
Spelling grammar,
and/or spelling
mechanics,
that interfere
with and/or spelling
understanding. that interfere with
understanding.

Student’s name Page 5

Accumulative Report

CONTENTS
Reading passage 1
THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN’S PLAY
Brick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-
tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she’s creating
an enchanting world. Although she isn’t aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her
first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in
her adult life.
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with
her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his ‘teacher’, she’s practising how to
regulate her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down
with a board game, she’s learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a
partner.
‘Play in all its rich variety (chơi nhiều loại trò chơi) is one of the highest
achievements of the human species,’ says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of
Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. ‘It underpins (giúp thêm, làm cho vững
chắc) how we develop as intellectual (tri thức), problem-solving adults and is crucial to
our success as a highly adaptable species.’
Recognizing the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek
philosopher Plato extolled its virtues (đã tán dương những ưu điểm cùa nó)as a means of
developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing
since the 19th century.
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in
play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. ‘The
opportunities for free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are
becoming increasingly scarce,’ he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to
do with traffic, as well as parents’ increased wish to protect their children from being the
victims of crime, and by the emphasis on ‘earlier is better’ which is leading to greater
competition in academic learning and schools.

Student’s name Page 6

Accumulative Report

International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to
develop policies concerned with children’s right to play, and to consider implications for
leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to
base policies on.
‘The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and
unpredictable – but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old “to play”, then you as the
researcher have intervened,’ explains Dr Sara Baker. ‘And we want to know what the
long-term impact of play is. It’s a real challenge.’
Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle
of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the
impact it has on the child’s later life.
Now, thanks to the university’s new Centre for Research on Play in Education,
Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of
researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.
‘A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children’s self-
control,’ explains Baker. ‘This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking
progresses – it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.’
In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found
that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an
unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. ‘This sort of evidence makes up think that
giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the
long run.’
If playful experiences do facilitate (tạo diều kiện thuận lợi) this aspect of
development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational
practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of
academic performance.
Gibson adds: ‘Playful behavior is also an important indicator (sự chỉ dẫn, dấu hiệu)
of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how
observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even
be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.’

Student’s name Page 7

Accumulative Report

Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to

supporting children’s writing. ‘Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we
showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an
instructional one.’ Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first
played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first
created their story with Lego*, with similar results. ‘Many teachers commented that they
had always previously had children saying they didn’t know what to write about. With the
Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.’
Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early
1970s, when, as he describes, ‘the teaching of young children was largely a quiet
backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.’ Now, the
landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.
‘Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as
something trivial (không đáng kể), or even as something negative that contrasts with
“work”. Let’s not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to
human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let’s make sure children have a
rich diet of play experiences.’
Question1: In no more than 150 words, write a summary of what Dr David
Whitebread’s opinions about the importance of play.
Question 2: Adults should spend time working rather than playing. In no more than
250 words, write an essay to state whether you agree or disagree with the statement and
explain your opinions
ANSWERS
Question 1:
The article discussed the importance of playing and some benefits that play brings to
children. Dr. Whitesbread, who led the study of children’s play, carried out that play can support
child’s social skills. He also realized that the time has changed and children were playing less than
in the past because their parents were worried about the risks outside. Some international bodies
tried to develop the policies which related to children’s right of playing, but they could not do it
because of lacking evidence. Dr. Baker and Dr. Gibson showed that it was too difficult to know
the impact of the play that has on a child’s life because the related data were few. However,
thanks to some research on PEDAL, the team found out some roles of playing which played on

Student’s name Page 8

Accumulative Report

the child’s development. Play can help children develop their self-control, self-regulate, well-
being and their writing skill.

Question 2: : Adults should spend time working rather than playing. In no more than
250 words, write an essay to state whether you agree or disagree with the statement
and explain your opinions.
TASK
People assume that play is beneficial to children only and adults are necessary for
spending more time to work because they need to earn money, sort financial problems out, or
have family commitments. From my opinion, if adults work too much without relaxing and funny
time, they can run into several problems on their life. In contrast, adults will get some benefits if
they spend more time on playing outside. Therefore, I disagree with the idea is that adults should
devote their time to work than to play.
On the one hand, spending a lot of time working can impacts health of adults. They can get
some physical chronic diseases if they work too much. Several reasons can cause illnesses;
staying up late is the common factor. When people take on their business, they are likely to
attempt to complete tasks, but sometimes all day is impossible to be done, so they have to go to
bed very late at midnight. According to research, if adults stay up late, the two hormones such as
Human Grown and Adrenal Cortex that help them to be healthier, cannot be effectively secreted.
In addition, their health conditions can be degraded, so they easily come down with the sicknesses
such as tired, fever, headache, or sore throat, etc. Furthermore, exhaustion can result in degraded
performance and mental illness, for example: sadness, tension or stress. When running into
problems which related to emotion, adults are not likely to concentrate the tasks well. If adults
devote a great deal of time on working, they can come down with some terrible diseases.
On the other hand, adding more play can bring adults several considerable benefits in their
life. Play helps them relieve negative emotions. When people play together, they enjoy a fun time
which includes a laugh, a smile and a good state of mind. Play is fun which releases the
endorphin, a type of hormone, can relieve emotional pain and promote a sense of well-being. Play
helps people improve their brain functions such as playing chess or doing some complex puzzles
which help adults prevent memory problems, they are capable of remembering much better.
Moreover, the play helps adults to keep the relationship with others firmly. It enables people to
make more friends, forms business relationships, and even get conversations with strangers. More

Student’s name Page 9

Accumulative Report

playing time will be useful for adults because it can help them to get rid of negative emotions,
improve brain functions, increase happiness and even make a good relationship.

In short, adults should never spend much of their time to work because that has impacts on
their life such as development of illness on the body or influences on mental health like stress,
nervous, etc. Furthermore, play helps them improve their health, brain functions and give them
more companion even when their age is high. Play is a special therapy which can provide us with
happy and pleasure so let’s take it and make our life much beauty.

Reading passage 2
BILINGUALISM IN CHILDREN
A. One misguided legacy (tài sản kế thừa sai lầm) of over a hundred years of
writing on bilingualism is that children’s intelligence will suffer if they are bilingual.
Some of the earliest research into bilingualism examined whether bilingual children were
ahead or behind monolingual children on IQ tests. From the 1920s through to the 1960s,
the tendency was to find monolingual children ahead of bilinguals on IQ tests. The
conclusion was that bilingual children were mentally confused (bị ảnh hưởng về tinh thần).
Having two languages in the brain, it was said, disrupted effective thinking ( ngăn chặn đi
những suy nghĩ hiệu quả) . It was argued that having one well-developed language was
superior to having two half-developed languages.
B. The idea that bilinguals may have a lower IQ still exists among many
people, particularly monolinguals. However, we now know that this early research was
misconceived (= misunderstand) and incorrect. First, such research often gave bilinguals
an IQ test in their weaker language – usually English. Had bilinguals been tested in Welsh
or Spanish or Hebrew, a different result may have been found. The testing of bilinguals
was thus unfair. Second, like was not compared with like. Bilinguals tended to come from,

Student’s name Page 10

Accumulative Report

for example, impoverished New York or rural Welsh backgrounds. The monolinguals
tended to come from more middle class, urban families. Working class bilinguals were
often compared with middle class monolinguals. So the results were more likely to be due
to social class differences than language differences. The comparison of monolinguals and
bilinguals was unfair.
C. The most recent research from Canada, the United States and Wales suggests
(đề nghị, đề xuất) that bilinguals are, at least, equal to monolinguals on IQ tests. When
bilinguals have two well- developed languages (in the research literature called balanced
bilinguals), bilinguals tend to show a slight superiority in IQ tests compared with
monolinguals. This is the received psychological wisdom of the moment and is good news
for raising bilingual children. Take, for example, a child who can operate in either
language in the curriculum in the school. That child is likely to be ahead on IQ tests
compared with similar (same gender, social class and age) monolinguals. Far from making
people mentally confused, bilingualism is now associated with a mild degree (trình đo)
intellectual superiority. ( sự vượt trội về trình tri thứ)
D. One note of caution needs to be sounded. IQ tests probably do not measure
intelligence. IQ tests measure a small sample of the broadest concept of intelligence. IQ
tests are simply paper and pencil tests where only ’right and wrong ’answers are allowed.
Is all intelligence summed up in such right and wrong, pencil and paper tests? Isn’t there a
wider variety of intelligences that are important in everyday functioning and everyday
life?
E. Many questions need answering. Do we only define an intelligent person as
somebody who obtains (đạt được) a high score on an IQ test? Are the only intelligent
people those who belong to high IQ organisations such as MENSA? Is there social
intelligence, musical intelligence, military intelligence, marketing intelligence, motoring
intelligence, political intelligence? Are all, or indeed any, of these forms of intelligence
measured by a simple pencil and paper IQ test which demands a single, acceptable, correct
solution to each question? Defining what constitutes intelligent behaviour requires (cần
đến) a personal value judgement (sự phê bình) as to what type of behaviour (hành xử), and
what kind of person is of more worth.

Student’s name Page 11

Accumulative Report

F. The current state of psychological wisdom (sự từng trải về tâm lí phổ biến)
about bilingual children is that, where two languages are relatively well developed,
bilinguals have thinking advantages over monolinguals. Take an example. A child is asked
a simple question: How many uses can you think of for a brick? Some children give two or
three answers only. They can think of building walls, building a house and perhaps that is
all. Another child scribbles away, pouring out ideas one after the other; blocking up a
rabbit hole, breaking a window, using as a bird bath, as a plumb line, as an abstract
sculpture in an art exhibition.
G. Research across different continents of the world shows that bilinguals tend
to be more fluent (trôi chảy), flexible (linh động,linh hoạt), original (độc đáo) and
elaborate in ( tinh tế, kĩ lưỡng) their answers to this type of open-ended question. The
person who can think of a few answers tends to be termed (giới hạn) a convergent thinker.
They converge onto (hội tụ, đưa về) a few acceptable conventional answers. People who
think of lots of different uses for unusual items (e.g. a brick, tin can, cardboard box) are
called divergers. Divergers like a variety of answers to a question and are imaginative and
fluent in their thinking.
H. There are other dimensions (n: chiều, kích thước) in thinking where
approximately ’balanced’ bilinguals may have temporary and occasionally permanent
advantages over monolinguals: increased sensitivity to communication, a slightly speedier
movement through the stages of cognitive development (Sự vận hạnh trong những nhận
thức), and being less fixed (ít cố định) on the sounds of words and more centred (tập trung
hơn) on the meaning of words. Such ability to move away from the sound of words and fix
on the meaning of words tends to be a (temporary) advantage for bilinguals around the
ages four to six. This advantage may mean an initial head start in learning to read and
learning to think about language.
Question 1: In no more than 150 words, write a summary about the above article.
Question 2: What do you think about the opinion “Having one well-developed
language
was superior to having two half-developed languages.”? In no more than 250
words, write a well – organized essay to describe your opinion.
ANSWERS

Student’s name Page 12

Accumulative Report

Question 1:
Task
The article discussed the wrong idea of people about the bilingualism and showed
the advantages that children can have if they possess two languages. People thought that
the intelligence of the bilingual children can suffer if they have two languages on their
brain. However, people did not realize that the IQ test between bilinguals and
monolinguals was unfair. Moreover, it was not an excellent method because it could not
accurately assess all the skills which are in a person. The research showed that bilinguals
had more advantages over monolinguals, when asked the question, the bilinguals tend to
have verities of answer to a question. Besides, the bilingual’s cognitive skill is improved,
they are more centred on the meaning of the words and move away from the sounds of
them. The research concluded that these benefits help bilinguals learn to read and learn to
think about language well.

Question 2:
Task
It can be said that language seems to be an important topic which people like to
discuss. People think that it is far better to have an only language than to possess two
languages. From point of view, having another language is necessary for people to be
successful in society. Therefore, I completely disagree with the notion that it is better to
have only one language.
There are some disadvantages for monolingual people. They face up to the obstacle
of diversities and one of them is communication. When people come across foreigners,
they feel reluctant and fearful because they do not have no idea to talk with those who are
from other countries. Moreover, knowing only one language barely give them chances to
work at some companies where salaries are high. These days, many large, foreign
companies are being built up and the employers are likely to look for someone who are
fluent in one another language. In addition, monolinguals do not have chances to open
their cultural knowledge. Monolinguals can barely communicate with others, so they are
being confused with other lifestyles or traditions, Furthermore, someone can even make

Student’s name Page 13

Accumulative Report

bad manners because of misunderstanding in different languages. People who are just
fluent in a language can run into some difficulties in talking. The opportunities to work at
wealthy companies is lower as well. In addition, monolinguals can barely reach new
wonderful cultures.
On the other hand, bilinguals, who have one another language, can get more
benefits. Their cognitive performance is better than people who have only one language.
Take an example of students, some recent research in pupils showed that students who are
good at other languages are more creative, they can focus well on the questions and give a
flexible, long answering for the subject questions. In addition, those students have the
capability of remembering as well. Therefore, they have more advantages of academics
over monolinguals. For example, in studying, especially, some subjects which require
student to learnt by heart, bilingual students are always found better. Bilinguals have
advantages than monolinguals, their cognition can be improved much higher.
In short, bilinguals have advantages over people who have only one language. Bilingual
people have better cognitive skills, so they can focus on the problems and solve them
much more effectively. In contrast, monolinguals seem to run into many issues such as
communication, which can lead them to throw out the chances to make new friendships.
Besides, they are hard to work at wealthy companies and have fewer chances to get new
cultural knowledge.

Student’s name Page 14

Accumulative Report

Reading passage 3
EDUCATING OUR MOBILE CHILDREN
One of the greatest concerns parents have when facing an international move is
“What schooling will be available to my child? Will my child be disadvantaged
academically as a result of this move?” Although this fear is certainly strongest in families
moving overseas for the first time, even those who may be more experienced often have
concerns about their children’s education.
Dr. Ernest Mannino, Director of the State Department’s Office of Overseas
Schools, and Dr. Keith Miller, Deputy Director of the office, spoke candidly about some
of the common concerns parents have regarding the education of their children. Dr.
Mannino and Dr. Miller caution (cẩn thận, cẩn trọng) parents against making assumptions
about their children’s education. To make an educated choice, parents need to think
through schooling issues and to search post school (bậc giáo dục cơ sở ở nước ngoài khi
học xong tieu học) as far in advance of a move as possible.
Children who are internationally mobile have many choices of schools to attend. In
most major cities, there are schools based on the U.S., French, German, and British
systems. Some parents also choose to become their children’s teachers through home
education. Which school is appropriate for your child is an individual decision based on
many factors.
One of the primary factors that should be considered (phải được xem xét) is what
type of college or university your children will attend after high school. Some parents
want an international education instead of an education within an American system school
and fortunately, they have the opportunity to go to these types of schools. But what parents
must keep in mind whether this school will best prepare your child for education beyond
high school.
Parents may be tempted to alternate their children’s school system in order to
enhance cross-cultural (giao thoa văn hóa) understanding, but many experts suggest just
the opposite. Mannino and Miller warn that differences in the sequencing of curriculum
exist in the high school grades; moving your child from one academic system to another
during this time can handicap a child academically. At the very least, the parents should
learn what the differences in curriculum are and try to keep the child in one system

Student’s name Page 15

Accumulative Report

(although this may be in more than one location) for all of the high school years. It is clear
that whatever continuity you can provide these children is very important. The nice thing
about the American school system or the French, German or whichever, is that it is the
same school system throughout their lives.
Many parents are hoping their children will enter a college or university in their
home country. Especially in the high school years, it is important to select the school
system that will best prepare your child for the college of choice and stick with that system
throughout the high school years.
Other factors that affect school choice include your child’s grade, language skills
and personality. Despite some parents’ desires to have their children learn other languages
through their schooling option, most children will want to go to school that has other
children from their passport culture.
The international school systems offer considerable benefits to the mobile child.
Unlike some students in domestic schools, students in international schools have a
stronger sense of empathy for new kids since almost everyone has been new at one time or
another. Many of the international schools also have excellent academic standards. The
Office of Overseas Schools reports that graduates of the approximately 190 schools it
assists achieve SAT scores well above the national average. These children often make it
into excellent universities in part because of their international schooling.
Question 1: Write a summary of 100-150 words about the above article.
Question 2: What do you think about educating mobile children in the article? In
no more than 250 words, write an essay to describe your opinion.

Student’s name Page 16

Accumulative Report

ANSWERS
Mannino and Miller had analyses about several of the popular parental concerns relating
to the education of their children. These researchers said that parents should carefully
search the schooling issues before making education choices in foreign nations due to
several factors. The prime element is the types of university or college that the children
will study in the future. Some parents believed that the child’s cultural knowledge can be
better if they study in different schooling systems. However, these researchers assumed
that this results in children encountering difficulties in academics because of differences in
the sequencing of existing curriculum in the high school grades. Other factors also impact
the schooling decision involving in the child's grade, language skills, and personality.
Most children want to study with others from their cultural passport. The article concluded
that there are many benefits which children can get from the international school system.

Question

2………………..
Task

Most of us know how good standard the international schooling is. However,
some parents are worried if their children will be better when learning in an
international education system. Some experts warn that parents must carefully look
for the schooling issues before registering for their child to study. From my
knowledge and experience, it is great for children to be educated in the international
school because there are numerous benefits which lead kids to success in the future.

The educated measures are always better for children. In the international
school, there are few students in a class, the number of children is about ten to
fifteen. Therefore, a teacher can easily teach and take care all of them, he will
immediately navigate children when they face with the hard lessons. Moreover,
children there are always trained by the well-qualified foreign teachers, pupils tend
to happier and more excited; therefore, they can focus on tasks more well. Thanks to
the well-qualified educated methods, children can study effectively.

Student’s name Page 17

Accumulative Report

Extracurricular activities provide children with several advantages when they

study at international school. Besides learning in class, they have opportunities to
hang out with their classmates, for example: going camping is the special occasion
so that children can open their mind and get more knowledge about real life. In
addition, those activities help children to improve their social skill such as
communication, problem-solving, team works. Besides, children can engage in
some clubs at school like music, dancing, sport which are so useful because they
can make new friendships as well. Having more relationships make a child more
active, more open and even more ambitious. An extra activity is important for
children because it helps them to improve their social skill and to make more
friends.

In short, children at international schools are educated better thanks to the

schooling there. Children are likely to study more effectively when they join in
some activities outside to expand real knowledge. Moreover; the good measures of
the school help pupils to deal with their academic issues too.

Student’s name Page 18

Accumulative Report

Reading passage 4
WHAT MAKES AN OLYMPIC CHAMPION?
How does a person become an Olympic champion? Someone capable of winning
the goal. In reality, a combination of biological, environmental, and psychological factors
as well as training and practice all go into making a super athlete (siêu sao).
Perhaps the most important factor involved in becoming an elite athlete is genetic.
Most Olympic competitors are equipped with certain physical characteristics that
differentiate them from the average person. Take an elite athlete’s muscles, for example.
In most human skeletal muscles (the ones that make your body move) there are fast-twitch
fibers (nhóm cơ giúp những hoạt động nhanh)and slow-twitch fibers. Fast-twitch fibers
help us move quickly. Olympic weightlifters, for example, have a large number of fast-
twitch fibers in their muscles, many more than the average person. These allow them to lift
hundreds of kilos from the ground and over their heads in seconds. Surprisingly, a large
muscular body is not the main requirement to do well in this sport. It is more important to
have a large number of fast-twitch fibers in the muscles.
The legs of an elite marathon runner, on the other hand, might contain up to 90%
slow-twitch muscle fibers. These generate energy efficiently and enable an athlete to
control fatigue and keep moving for a longer period of time. When we exercise long or
hard, it is common to experience tiredness, muscle pain, and difficulty breathing. These
feelings are caused when the muscles produce high amounts of a substance called lactate
and cannot remove it quickly enough. Athletes with many slow-twitch muscle fibers seem
to be able to clear the lactate from their muscles faster as they move. Thus, the average
runner might start to feel discomfort halfway into a race. A trained Olympic athlete,
however, might not feel pain until much later in the competition.
For some Olympic competitors, size is important. Most male champion swimmers
are 180 cm or taller, allowing them to reach longer and swim faster. For both male and
female gymnasts, though, a smaller size and body weight mean they can move with greater
ease (nhẹ nhàng, thoải mái hơn) and are less likely to suffer damage when landing on the
floor from a height of up to 4.5 meters.
Some athlete’s abilities are naturally enhanced by their environment. Those raised
at high altitudes (độ cao so với mặt nước biển) in countries such as Kenya, Ethiopia, and

Student’s name Page 19

Accumulative Report

Morocco have blood that is rich in hemoglobin. Large amounts of hemoglobin carry
oxygen around the body faster, enabling these athletes to run better. Cultural factors (nhân
tố văn hóa) also help some athletes do well at certain sports. Tegla Loroupe, a young
woman from northern Kenya, has won several marathons. She says some of her success is
due to her country's altitude (she trains at about 2400 meters) and some to her cultural
background. As a child, she had to run 10 kilometers to school every day. “I'd be punished
if I was late,” she says.
Although genes, environment, and even culture play a part in becoming an elite
athlete, training and practice are needed to succeed. Marathon runners may be able to
control fatigue (điều tiết bớt đi sự mệt mỏi) and keep moving for long periods of time, but
they must train to reach and maintain their goals. Weightlifters and gymnasts perfect their
skills by repeating the same motions again and again until they become automatic (thông
thạo, thành thạo). Greg Louganis, winner of four Olympic diving gold medals, says divers
must train the same way to be successful: “You have less than three seconds from takeoff
until you hit the water, so it has to be reflex. You have to repeat the dives hundreds, maybe
thousands of times.” Training this way requires an athlete to be not only physically fit, but
psychologically healthy as well. “They have to be,” says Sean McCann, a sports
psychologist at the Olympic Training Center in the United States. “Otherwise, they
couldn't handle the training loads we put on them. [Athletes] have to be good at setting
goals, generating energy (sinh ra ăng lương) when they need it, and managing anxiety.”
How do athletes adjust to such intense pressure? Louganis explains how he learned
to control his anxiety during a competition: “Most divers think too much…,” he says.
“They're too much in their heads. What worked for me was humor. I remember thinking
about what my mother would say if she saw me do a bad dive. She’d probably just
compliment me on (khen ngợi ) the beautiful splash. (khen ngợi trong việc bơi lội)”
Question 1: Write a 100-to-150-word summary about the above article.
Question 2: One of the aims of the Olympic Games is to improve relationships among
countries. Do you think they have achieved this? In no more than 250 words, write an
opinion essay to answer this question.
ANSWERS
Question 1………………..

Student’s name Page 20

Accumulative Report

Task
The article discussed several factors that lead people to be Olympic champions. The most
important factor to be elite athletes is genetic. Competitors perform better thanks to types
of skeletal muscles. The fast-twitch fibers helping people move quickly; the slow-twitch
fibers helping athletes to generate energy, control fatigue and keep moving longer.
Besides, size played a role in competitor’s achieving. The size is smaller or larger, which
helps athletes move more effectively with fewer mistakes that are made. Athletes’ abilities
improved by the environment, athletes rising at higher altitudes, can run better thanks to
the large amounts of hemoglobin they have. Cultural factors also help competitors do well
at certain sports. In addition, training and practicing are essential for athletes to get
success. They help athletes set goals, generate energy and manage anxiety. Moreover,
having a humorous memory helps competitors to get rid of pressure and lead them to
success

Question 2………………
Task
It can be said that the Olympics event has gigantic benefits which help to improve the
international relations among counties. That is such an important goal that we want to get.
In my viewpoint, the Olympics Games can unite different countries together and build
firm relationships among governments.
Olympic Games can bring people from other countries together. Many people from
different countries can watch a match at the same time. A final football game between
Brazil and Germany at the 2016 Summer Olympics noticed that over 20,000 audiences
came to the stadium to see their football teams. Although audiences are from two different
countries, but they sat together and talked nicely without any reluctance. At the final,
when Braziller soccer team won the match, many Germans were so sad. However, they
did not show any rudeness to people from others countries. According to Braziller, they
show respect and appreciation to German players. The special even as Olympic can help
people from other countries unity together.

Student’s name Page 21

Accumulative Report

The large sport event-Olympic can play a vital role as a contributing factor to prevent war
among countries. It can soothe the loathing between two countries. The 2018 Winter
Olympic event, which took place at Pyeongchang, South Korea, highlighted the special
event that is not just a typical sporting occasion. However, it was also an event that the
two countries-South Korea and North Korea reconnected. The surprise was the North
Korea’s government agreed to take part in that event. Therefore, people feel happier and
safer when the Olympic event took place and finished successfully in a peaceful
atmosphere. The Olympic games help governments come closer and stop wars.
In short, the Olympic games have several sustainable benefits in improving the
relationships between countries. Thanks to wonderful matches, people are likely to come
together, and they politely treat the others. In addition, the Olympic event can connect the
government countries that lead the world to more peace.

Reading passage 5
THE TRUTH ABOUT LYING
A. In the 1970s, as part of a large-scale research programme exploring the area
of Interspecies communication, Dr Francine Patterson from Stanford University

Student’s name Page 22

Accumulative Report

attempted to teach two lowland gorillas called Michael and Koko a simplified version
(phiên bản đơn giản) of Sign Language. According to Patterson, the great apes were
capable of holding meaningful conversations, and could even reflect upon profound topics,
such as love and death. During the project, their trainers believe they uncovered instances
(tìm ra được những thông tin cụ thể) where the two gorillas' linguistic skills seemed to
provide reliable evidence (bằng chứng) of intentional deceit. In one example, Koko broke
a toy cat, and then signed to indicate that the breakage had been caused by one of her
trainers. In another episode, Michael ripped a jacket belonging to a trainer and, when
asked who was responsible for the incident, signed ‘Koko’. When the trainer expressed
some skepticism, Michael appeared to change his mind, and indicated that Dr Patterson
was actually responsible, before finally confessing.
B. Other researchers have explored the development of deception in children.
Some of the most interesting experiments have involved asking youngsters not to take a
peek (LIẾC NHÌN) at their favourite toys. During these studies, a child is led into a
laboratory and asked to face one of the walls. The experimenter then explains that he is
going to set up an elaborate toy a few feet behind them. After setting up the toy, the
experimenter says that he has to leave the laboratory, and asks the child not to turn around
and peek at the toy. The child is secretly filmed by hidden cameras for a few minutes, and
then the experimenter returns and asks them whether they peeked. Almost all three-year-
olds do, and then half of them lie about it to the experimenter. By the time (VÀO LÚC,
KHI MÀ) the children have reached the age of five, all of them peek and all of them lie.
The results provide compelling evidence that lying starts to emerge the moment (XUẤT
HIỆN TRONG KHOẢNG THỜI GIAN) we learn to speak.
C. So what are the tell-tale signs that give away a lie? In 1994, the psychologist
Richard Wiseman devised (SÁNG CHẾ) a large-scale experiment on a TV programme
called Tomorrow's World. As part of the experiment, viewers watched two interviews in
which Wiseman asked a presenter in front of the cameras to describe his favourite film. In
one interview, the presenter picked Some Like It Hot and he told the truth; in the other
interview, he picked Gone with the Wind and lied. The viewers were then invited to make
a choice - to telephone in to say which film he was lying about. More than 30,000 calls
were received, but viewers were unable to tell the difference and the vote was a 50/50

Student’s name Page 23

Accumulative Report

split. In similar experiments, the results have been remarkably consistent - when it comes
to lie detection, people might as well simply toss a coin. It doesn’t matter if you are male
or female, young or old; very few people are able to detect deception.
D. Why is this? Professor Charles Bond from the Texas Christian University
has conducted (HƯỚNG DAN) surveys (SỰ KHẢO SÁT) into the sorts of behaviour
people associate with lying. He has interviewed thousands of people from more than 60
countries, asking them to describe how they set about telling whether someone is lying.
People’s answers are remarkably consistent. Almost everyone thinks liars tend to avert
their gaze, nervously wave their hands around and shift about in their seats. There is,
however, one small problem. Researchers have spent hour upon hour carefully comparing
films of liars and truth-tellers. The results are clear. Liars do not necessarily look away
from you; they do not appear nervous and move their hands around or shift about in their
seats. People fail to detect lies (không nhận ra được những sự dối trá) because they are
basing their opinions on behaviors that are not actually associated with deception (sự lừa
dối, sự lừa bịp).
E. So what are we missing? It is obvious that the more information you give
away, the greater the chances of some of it coming back to haunt you. As a result, liars
tend to say less and provide fewer details than truth-tellers. Looking back at the transcripts
of the interviews with the presenter, his lie about Gone with the Wind contained about 40
words, whereas the truth about Some Like It Hot was nearly twice as long. People who lie
also try psychologically to keep a distance from their falsehoods, and so tend to include
fewer references (đề cập) to themselves in their stories. In his entire interview about
Gone with the Wind, the presenter only once mentioned how the film made him feel,
compared with the several references to his feelings when he talked about
Some Like It Hot.
F. The simple fact is that the real clues ( manh mối thật sự )to deceit (không
đúng sự thật, lừa dối) are in the words that people use, not the body language. So do
people become better lie detectors when they listen to a liar, or even just read a transcript
of their comments? The interviews (cuộc phỏng vấn) with the presenter (người thuyết
trình) were also broadcast on radio and published in a newspaper, and although the lie-
detecting abilities (khả năng tìm ra sự lừa dối) of the television viewers were no better

Student’s name Page 24

Accumulative Report

than chance, the newspaper readers were correct 64% of the time, and the radio listeners
scored an impressive 73% accuracy rate.
(adapted from The National Newspaper)
Question 1: In no more than 150 words, write a summary about the above article.
Question 2: In no more than 250 words, write an essay to discuss the causes of telling a
lie.
ANSWERS
Question 1………………..
Tasks

The article discussed the facts of lying. Patterson and his team experimented on the two
gorillas, and they found some information about the international deceit. Another study on
children, researchers pointed out that deception emerges when people learn to speak.
Wiseman had experimented to uncover the telltale signs that help to receive liars, and he
realized that it was too hard to detect deception. Bond, who did another survey concluded
that the lie was too hard to detect because people’s opinions, which were based on their
behaviors, were not associated with the deception. Researchers found that people can be
haunted by the information that they gave away. Therefore, the liars tend to mention fewer
details when talking about their story than the truth-tellers. The study concluded that liars
tend to use words to lie, and do not use their body language. This can help people detect
liars better.

Question 2………………..
Task

It can be said that telling lies becomes a common thing among people. All of us
know that lie is wrong, but why do we tend to lie? Most of answering that people

Student’s name Page 25

Accumulative Report

are afraid to say the truth because they can be punished, others said that telling lie
because of wanting to be more fun. From my knowledge and experience, I would
say that people lie due to many different reasons.
People can lie because they are afraid to face the consequence. When people make a
mistake or do something that incorrectly, they are likely to lie to avoid punishments.
A child tends to lie to his mother that he went to bed very soon last night because he
is afraid that his mother can take his toys back if she knows that he played with
them for the whole night. Other example of students, they can conceal from their
teacher that they do not complete the homework because of laziness. On the other
hand, they tell their teachers that they tried to do them, but the homework are too
intense for them to complete. Moreover, lying can help people protect what they are
possessing. An employees can give many unreal reasons to their boss when they are
reprimanded for going to work late such as getting sickness, giving their child to
school, etc. If they tell the truth, they can be removed from their position or even
lose their job. Concealing the truth helps people prevent punishment and keep what
they have.
Telling lie helps people to gain things they desire. A child lies to their parents to get
gifts from them. Parents always use many methods to help their child to study, one
of these is telling her that she will take dolls or cupcakes if she studies well.
Therefore, a child is likely to lie to her parents that she always gets high scores at
school, because she believes that she can get gifts from her parents. An employee
can get promotion thanks to his deception. He always shows politeness and says
good thing about his boss and his college, so that everyone believes that he is such a
kind person. As a results, he can get a higher position in a company. However,
people do not aware that he tries to lie to them because he wants to take an
advantage of others. People tend to cover up the truth because they have ambition to
achieve their desire.
Telling lies helps us to protect ourselves again a thread of physical harm. When we
lie, we keep someone away from danger. Taking an example of a woman, she is
being followed by thieves, she can be hurt or even murdered if the thieves know
where she hides in her house. In that case, the neighbors can lie to the thieves that
the woman leaf her home yesterday and she will never be back, so those killers may

Student’s name Page 26

Accumulative Report

stop finding, and the woman gets rid of the danger. lying help people get away from
danger and help them live in safety.
In short, there are a lot of reasons which cause us to tell the untruth. The lie is not
wrong all the time, but it can be useful for us in some dangerous circumstances. We
can cover up the truth because we are worried about having to face problems, we
can be punished or lose what we are possessing. Besides, telling lie helps us to gain
what we dreamed about such as gifts, positions. Furthermore, that also protects us
again dangerous and helps us be safer.

Lưu ý: khi sửa bài, những cụm từ, ngữ pháp này có thể thay thế.
- People tell lie due to the verities of causes.
- Neither…nor. (neither lie is good nor bad.)

Sửa chữ measurement- thành measures trong bài essay 3

Student’s name Page 27