VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY

HO CHI MINH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

--------------oOo--------------

THE REPORT LABORATORY OF THE COURSE

“THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER”
Instructor: Ph.D Nguyễn Văn Hạp
Group: CC02
Member:

ST Họ và tên Mã số sinh viên

T
1 Tạ Trần Đình Tiến 2153890
2 Nguyễn Khánh Hưng 2053073
3 Nguyễn Minh Anh 2052843
4 Hồ Thanh Lân 2153516
5 Nguyễn Hoàng Đăng Khoa 2111531
6 Trần Hữu Nhân 1952892
7 Triệu Quốc Khải 2153451
8 Nguyễn Đức Minh

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 EXPERIMENT No.1: DETERMINING THE STATE OF MOIST AIR AND
CALCULATING THE HEAT BALANCE OF AIR DUCT

1.1 EXPERIMETNAL OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS

1.1.1 Experimental objectives
- Knowing how to measure the temperatures (dry and wet bulb
temperature), air flow, pressure and volume.
- Understanding the cooling and dehumidifying process of humid air;
- Understanding the working principle and main components of a basic
refrigeration cycle;
- Calculating the heat balance in air duct.
1.1.2 Requirements
Students carefully read the following sections in theory before doing the
experiment:
- Pure substance;

- Moist air;
- Refrigeration cycle;

1.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION

1.2.1 Equipment and supplies

- Air duct;
- Refrigeration cycle;
- Dry and wet bulb thermometers;
- Anemometer;
- Volume measuring device;
- Vernier caliper.

1.2.2 Description
Moist air is blown through a cooling coil of a refrigeration system. The dry
and wet bulb thermometers are put in front of and behind the cooling coil to
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
determine the state of humid air.
At the outlet of air duct, an anemometer is used to measure the speed
and temperature of moist air.
Refrigerant in refrigeration system is R22.

Figure 1: Experimental model of an air duct

1.3 REQUIREMENT OF EXPERIMENT

- Student fills in the component names of the experimental system
corresponding to the number in the following table.

Table 1
1: Air Fan 5: Wet Bulb 9: Volume 13: Compressor
Measuring Device
2: Venturi Tube 6: Anemometer 10: Valve
3: Dry Bulb 7: Vapor Pressure 11: Fan
Gauge
4: Cooling coil 8: Condensation 12: Condenser Unit
Pressure Gauge

- Using dry and wet bulb thermometers to determine the state of moist
air at the inlet (it is also the surrounding temperature) and outlet of
the cooling coil.
- Using anemometer to measure the velocity and temperature at outlet
of air duct in order to estimate airflow.
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 - Determining the evaporating and condensing temperature of refrigeration
system.
- From above data, student determines:
Demonstrating the processes of humid air on the t-d diagram (or I-d) The heat
released when humid air passes through the cooling coil. Moisture is removed at
cooling coil according to theoretical calculations and experiments. Demonstrating
the states of refrigerant on the T-s diagram (corresponding with theoretical
refrigeration cycle, neglecting the superheat and subcooling processes)

1.4 EXPERIMENT DATA

When the system operates at steady state, the condensing water appears
on the cooling coil, student starts doing the experiments with the following
requirements:
Student conducts two experiments (Note: after getting the experimental
data, student changes the airflow through the cooling coil).
Experiment 1: Experimental time is 15 minutes, the number of data collection are
3 times
Experiment 2: Experimental time is 10 minutes, the number of data collection are
4 times.

Table 2 & 3: The state parameters of moist air

Experime
nt 1
Moist air at the inlet of coil Moist air at the outlet of coil
tk tư d I tk tư d I
(oC) (oC) (g/kg) (kJ/kg) (oC) (oC) (g/kg) (kJ/kg)
The 1st time 34.5 25 0.020 93.587 17.8 16 0.018 63.441
The 2nd time 34 25.1 0.032 116.176 15.5 14.8 0.017 58.527
The 3th time 33.8 25.5 0.033 118.531 16.5 14.5 0.016 54.964

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Experime
nt 2
Moist air at the inlet of coil Moist air at the outlet of coil
tk tư d I tk tư d I
(oC) (oC) (g/kg) (kJ/kg) (oC) (oC) (g/kg) (kJ/kg)
The 1st time 34 25.1 0.032 116.176 12 11 0.013 44.812
The 2nd time 34 25.1 0.032 116.176 12 11 0.013 44.812
The 3th time 34 25.6 0.033 118.744 13 12 0.014 48.364

Table 4 & 5: Other parameters of moist air

Experiment
1
Temperature at
Velocity at Water
outlet of air
outlet of air condense
duct
duct v(m/s) d (ml)
(oC)
The 1th time 4.678 19 146
The 2th time 4.678 19 167
The 3th time 4.678 19 172

Experiment
2
Temperature at
Velocity at Water
outlet of air
outlet of air condense
duct
duct v(m/s) d (ml)
(oC)
The 1st time 3.676 18.5 194
The 2nd time 3.676 19 192
The 3th time 3.676 18 192

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Table 6 & 7: The parameters of refrigeration cycle

Experiment
1
Evaporatin Condensin
Evaporatin Condensin
g pressure g pressure
g g
(Gauge) (Gauge)
temperatur temperatur
(kgf/cm2 (kgf/cm2
e (oC) e (oC)
) )
The 1st time 5.5 3.074 16.5 43.090
The 2nd 5.7 4.204 16.7 43.593
time
The 3th time 5.8 4.757 17.9 46.533

Experiment
2
Evaporatin Condensin
Evaporatin Condensin
g g
g g
pressure pressure
temperatur temperatur
(Gauge) (Gauge)
e (oC) e (oC)
(kgf/cm2) (kgf/cm2)
The 1st time 5.7 4.204 17.8 46.294
The 2nd 5.7 4.204 17.9 46.533
time
The 3th time 5.8 4.757 18.1 47.012

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 EXPERIMENT No.2: DETERMING THE COEFFICIENT OF
PERFORMANCE (COP) OF A REFRIGERATION CYCLE USING AIR-
COOLED CONDENSER AND AIR-COOLED EVAPORATOR

2.1 EXPERIMETNAL OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS

1.1.1 Experimental objectives
- To help students combine theoretical and practical knowledge.
- To know the fundamental principle of the air conditioning system incorporating
some auxiliary devices.
- To help students measure the parameters such as temperature, pressure and
calculate the actual heat and COP.

1.1.2 Requirements
- Students must understand the refrigeration cycle.
- Knowing to apply the mathematic formulas for refrigeration cycle.

2.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION

2.2.1 Equipment and supplies

- The model of air conditioning system

- The temperature sensors

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
2.2.2 Description

To cool the air in the air-conditioning room, the diagram of the experimental
model using refrigeration system with refrigerant of R12 is illustrated in figure 1. The
compressor (A) compresses the vapor of R12 from the evaporating pressure P0 to the
condensing pressure Pk. Then, this vapor is condensed to liquid at the air-cooled
condenser (B) before entering the high-pressure receiver (C). The liquid of R12 at the
receiver (C) passes through the expansion valve (I) where the pressure is reduced from
Pk to P0 and then this vapor goes to the air-cooled evaporator (J). The heated
refrigerant vapor at (J) is sucked into the compressor (A) and the principle of operation
is repeated again.

The refrigeration cycle is represented in the logp-I and T-s graphs including the
following processes:

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 The refrigeration cycle represented in T-s graph

The refrigeration cycle represented in LogP-I graph

1-2: The process of diabatic compression in the compressor.

2-3: The process of isobaric condensation in the condenser.

3-4: The process of constant - enthalpy expansion in the throttling valve.

4-1: The process of isobaric evaporation in the evaporator.

The measurement positions of temperature and pressure in the refrigeration

cycle

The manometers P1 and P2 are used to measure the suction and discharge pressures at
the throttling valve, respectively and also the discharge pressure of the compressor.

The temperatures of the R12 refrigerant entering and leaving the air-cooled condenser
(B) are measured by the sensors of T1 and T2.

The temperatures of the air entering and leaving the air-cooled condenser (B) are
measured by the sensors of T3 and T4, respectively.
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
The temperatures of the R12 refrigerant entering and leaving the air-cooled evaporator
(B) are measured by the sensors of T5 and T9, respectively.

The temperature of the air in the air-conditioning room is measured by the sensors of
T6.

2.3 EXPERIMENTAL TASKS

In this experiment, the students are required to collect the data on the suction and
discharge pressures; the temperatures of the refrigerant entering and leaving the air-
cooled condenser, the temperatures of the refrigerant entering and leaving the air-
cooled evaporator, the temperatures of the air entering and leaving the air-cooled
condenser and the temperatures of the air entering and leaving the air-cooled
evaporator. Then, combining with the computing results to determine:

- The state properties of the actual refrigeration cycle.

- COP (ε) of the theoretical and actual refrigeration cycle.
- The heat load of the air-cooled condenser, Qk.
- The necessary air flow to receive the heat rejection from the condenser, Gkk.

2.4 EXPERIMENTAL DATA

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Table 1: The measured data of the refrigerant in the refrigeration cycle

Absolute pressure (bar)

At the discharge line of the compressor ( pk ) At the suction line of the compressor ( p0 )

10 1.6

9.6 1

9.5 0.9

Table 2: The measured temperatures of air

Air Temperature (° C)

Surrounding temperature At the outlet of condenser At the air conditioning room

(T a) (T 4 ) (T 6)

34 38 18

34 37 7

34 37.5 3

2.5 CALCULATING SECTION

a. Determining the state properties of the refrigerant

From Table 1 and the thermodynamic properties of saturated refrigerant R12 and the
thermodynamic properties of superheated refrigerant R12, we can fill in Table 3
below:

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Table 3: The properties of R12 in refrigeration cycle

State
Parameter
1 2 3 4

Pressure p ¿ 0.9 9.5 9.5 0.9

Temperature t ( ° C ) -32.5585 55.63 39.34 -32.5585

Enthalpy i(kJ /kg) 273.352 315.74 173.27 173,27

Entropy s(kJ /kg . K ) 2.3663 2.3663 1.9122 1,9122

b. Calculating the heat load of the air-conditioning room

The heat load of the air-conditioning room is the amount of heat from the surrounding
environment that passes through the walls due to the difference in the temperature.

i. Calculating the heat flux q (W /m2 ) that transfers across each wall as
follows:

T 3 −T 6
qf = n
1 δ 1
+∑ i +
α 1 i=1 λi α 2

With:

δ i : Thickness of layer i, m

λ i : Thermal conductivity of the layer i, W/mK

α 1 : The convection heat transfer coefficient outside the air-conditioning room, W/m2K

Select α 1=6 W /m2 K

α 2 : The convection heat transfer coefficient inside the air-conditioning room, W/m2K

Select α 2=12 W /m2 K

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Material Thickness (δ ), (mm) Thermal conductivity (λ) , W/mK

Mica 3.74 0.58

Insulation material 10 0.04

Wood 4.32 0.15

Steel 1.88 45

Front wall: Mica

T 3−T 6
q 1=
1 δm 1
+ +
α 1 λm α 2

34−3 2
¿ −3
=120.88 (W /m )
1 3.74 ×10 1
+ +
6 0.58 12

Back wall: Wood and insulation material

T 3−T 6
q 2=
1 δw δℑ 1
+ + +
α 1 λw λℑ α 2

34−3 2
¿ −3 −3
=58.62(W /m )
1 4.32 ×10 10× 10 1
+ + +
6 0.15 0.04 12

Top wall: Wood

T 3−T 6 34−3
q 3= = −3
=111.19(W /m2)
1 δ w 1 1 4.32 ×10 1
+ + + +
α1 λ w α 2 6 0.15 12

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
Bottom wall: Wood and insulation material

T 3−T 6
q 4=
1 δw δ ℑ 1
+ + +
α 1 λw λ ℑ α 2

30−3 2
¿ −3 −3
=58.62(W /m )
1 4.32 ×10 10× 10 1
+ + +
6 0.15 0.04 12

Left wall: Wood and insulation material

T 3−T 6
q 5=
1 δw δℑ 1
+ + +
α1 λ w λ ℑ α 2

30−3 2
¿ −3 −3
=58.62(W /m )
1 4.32 ×10 10× 10 1
+ + +
6 0.15 0.04 12

Right wall: Steel

T 3−T 6
q 6=
1 δs 1
+ +
α1 λ s α2

34−3 2
¿ −3
=123.98(W /m )
1 1.88 ×10 1
+ +
6 45 12
ii. The amount of heat transfer across each wall (W)

Q=F ×q
F is the area of flat wall, m2

Wall Dimension (m x m)

Front 0.8 x 0.4

Back 0.8 x 0.4

Top 0.8 x 0.4

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Bottom 0.8 x 0.4

Left 0.4 x 0.4

Right 0.4 x 0.4

Front wall: Q1=F 1 × q1=0.8× 0.4 × 120.88=38.68(W )

Back wall: Q2=F 2 × q2 =0.8 ×0.4 × 58.62=18.76( W )

Top wall: Q3=F 3 × q 3=0.8 ×0.4 ×111.19=35.58 (W )

Bottom wall: Q4 =F 4 × q 4=0.8 × 0.4 ×58.62=18.76(W )

Left wall: Q5=F 5 × q 5=0.4 × 0.4 ×58.62=9.38(W )

Right wall: Q6=F 6 ×q 6=0.4 ×0.4 × 123.98=19.84 (W )

iii. The heat load of the air-conditioning room (W)

❑
Q0=∑ ❑Q=38.68+18.76+35.58+ 18.76+9.38+19.84=141(W )
❑

c. Determining the flow rate of R12 (kg/s) in refrigeration cycle (Ignoring the heat
loss to the surrounding environment)

Q0
G R 12=
i 1−i 4
−3
141 ×10 −3
¿ =1.409 ×10 ( kg/ s )
273.352−173.27

d. Determining the heat load of the condenser Qk (kW)

−3
Qk =GR 12 × ( i 2−i 3 )=1.409 ×10 × ( 315.74−173.27 )=0.2( kW )

e. Determining the air flow rate passing through the condenser (kg/s)

Qk =Gair ×C p × Δt =Gair × C p × ( t out −t ¿ )=Gair ×C p ×(T 4 −T a)

air air air

Qk 0.2
→ Gair = = =0.05 (kg /s)
C p × ( T 4 −T 3 )
air
1 × ( 38−34 )
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
f. Determining the adiabatic compression work of compressor W (kW)
−3
W =GR 12 × ( i 2−i 1 )=1.409 ×10 × ( 315.74−273.352 )=0.06 (kW )

g. Determining ϵ (COP)

Q0 141 ×10−3
COP=ϵ= = =2.35
W 0.06

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER 11
EXPERIMENT No. 3: CALCULATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

3.1 EXPERIMETNAL OBJECTIVES AND REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 Experimental objectives
- Observing the heat transfer processes of helical-coil heat exchanger and shell
and tube heat exchanger.
- Calculating the heat exchanger efficiency and understanding the factors that
affect the heat transfer processes.

3.1.2 Requirements
Students carefully read the following contents before conducting the experiments:
- The types of heat transfer: conduction, convection, radiation;
- The formula for calculating the heat rate that water received and rejected;
- The formula for calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient and Reynold
number.

3.2 EXPERIMENTAL DESCRIPTION

3.2.1 Equipment and supplies
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 The equipment consists of two heat exchangers (helical-coil and shell and tube heat
exchanger) in which two fluids flow in parallel flow or in counter flow.

Figure 1: Helical-coil heat exchanger

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER 12

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Figure 2: Shell and tube heat exchanger

Figure 3: Flowmeters of hot water (FI1) and cold water (FI2)

- There are 4 temperature sensors which are used to measure the temperatures of
hot and cold water at inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger. The temperatures
are shown on the display screens.

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER 13

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 Figure 4: The working principle of heat exchangers

❖ Technical specifications:
a. The helical - coil heat exchanger:
- The helical-coil heat exchanger has the heat transfer area of 0,1m2, symbol E2.
- The coil made of stainless steel AISI 316. Other parameters include the
outside diameter of 12mm, the thickness of 1mm, the length of 3500mm.
- The outside tube made of borosilicate glass with the inside diameter
of 100mm
b. The shell and tube heat exchanger:
- The shell and tube heat exchanger has the heat transfer area of 0,1m2, symbol
E1. - There are five tubes which made of stainless steel AISI 316. Other
parameters include the outside diameter of 10mm, the thickness of 1mm, the
length of 900mm.
- The shell made of borosilicate glass with the inner diameter
of 50mm
- There are 12 baffles and baffle cut of 25% shell diameter

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
3.2.2 Description
❖ Before starting the experiment:
- Checking the inlet and outlet of water to make sure that they are connected
to water pipe.
- Checking the power source.
- Checking the hot water tank
- Closing the exhaust valves.
- Turning on the digital temperature switch
- Turning on the hot and cold water pump

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER 14

The hot and cold water flow through the heat exchanger. The temperatures are shown
on display screens

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL TASKS

❖ Conducting the following experiments and collecting data:
a. Running E1 (Shell and tube heat exchanger) in parallel flow:
Opening valves as V1, V6, V7, V8 and V10.
Closing valves as V2, V3, V4, V5, V9 and V11.
b. Running E1 (Shell and tube heat exchanger) in counter flow:
Opening valves as V1, V6, V7, V9 and V11.
Closing valves as V2, V3, V4, V5, V8 and V10.
c. Using E2 (Helical-coil heat exchanger) in parallel flow:
Opening valves as V3, V4, V5, V8 and V10.
Closing valves as V1, V2, V6, V7, V9 and V11.
d. Using E2 (Helical-coil heat exchanger) in counter flow:
Opening valves as V3, V4, V5, V9 and V11.
Closing valves as V1, V2, V6, V7, V8 and V10.

- Changing the hot and cold water flow rate by adjusting the valves as
mentioned above. After adjustment, waiting for 2-3 minutes until the
temperature sensors are stable, students start getting the experimental data.
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
3.4 EXPERIMENTAL DATA
E1 (Shell and tube heat exchanger) in parallel flow:

Tes FI1 FI2 TI1 TI2 TI3 TI4

t
1 750 550 43.5 41. 31.8 35 2.1 3.2
4
2 700 500 45 43. 32.4 36 1.8 3.6
2
3 650 600 47.4 44. 32.8 36.3 3 3.5
4
4 800 650 49.3 46. 33.4 37.4 3 4
3
5 850 750 50.5 47. 33.8 37.9 3.1 4.1
4

η k ω Re
6504 7312 88. 2. 2.4 0.3 2760
.5 .7 9 61 9 3 3.3
5203 7478 69. 2. 2 0.3 2548
.6 .9 6 6 1 0
8053 8725 92. 3. 2.4 0.3 2654
.2 .3 3 24 8 2 1.7
9911 1080 91. 3. 2.8 0.3 3078
.6 3 8 48 5 7 8.3
1088 1277 85. 3. 3.0 0.4 3397
2 6 2 58 4 1 3.3

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
E1 (Shell and tube heat exchanger) in counter flow:

Test FI1 FI2 TI1 TI2 TI3 TI4

1 850 700 52.3 48.9 34.5 39.3 3.4 4.8
2 800 650 53.5 49.5 34.9 39.8 4 3.6
3 750 600 54 50 35.2 40.3 4 3.5
4 700 550 54.7 50.5 35.5 40.9 4.2 4
5 650 500 55.4 51.1 35.7 41.5 4.3 4.1

η k ω Re
11935.2 13960.5 85.49 4.05984 2.9 0.3 32911.6
4 3 8 4 9 7
13215.4 9722.51 135.9 3.79648 3.4 0.3 30788.3
9 3 9 8 7 3
12389.5 8725.33 141.9 3.74443 3.3 0.3 28665
2 9 8 1 4
12141.7 9140.82 132.8 4.09918 2.9 0.3 26541.6
3 3 7 6 2 7
11542.9 8517.59 135.5 4.19920 2.7 0.2 24418.3
2 6 4 9 3

THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER 15

E2 (Helical-coil heat exchanger) in parallel flow:

Test FI1 FI2 TI1 TI2 TI3 TI4

1 400 550 58.1 52.1 36.3 40.9 6 4.6
2 450 600 58.8 53 36.4 41.1 5.8 3.6
3 500 650 59 53.4 36.7 41.2 5.6 3.5
4 550 700 59.2 53.9 36.7 41.4 5.3 4
5 600 750 59 54.1 37 44.4 4.9 4.1

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 η k ω Re
9891.5 10511. 94.098 5.2690 1.8772 0.0605 5042.9
52 95 19 38 98 15 17
10757. 8974.6 119.86 4.6128 2.3319 0.0668 5573.7
06 27 08 94 56 85 5
11540. 9452.4 122.08 4.4680 2.5828 0.0732 6104.5
14 43 64 51 14 55 83
12014. 11633. 103.26 4.6195 2.6007 0.0796 6635.4
11 78 93 54 09 25 17
12117. 12776. 94.840 4.4881 2.6998 0.0859 7166.2
15 38 26 23 26 95 5

E1 (Helical-coil heat exchanger) in counter flow:

Test FI1 FI2 TI1 TI2 TI3 TI4

1 600 750 59.2 54.5 37.4 41.8 4.7 4.4
2 550 700 59.1 54.1 37.8 42.8 5 3.6
3 500 650 59.1 53.8 38 42.2 5.3 3.5
4 450 600 59.2 53.7 38.2 42.3 5.5 4
5 400 550 59.2 53.4 38.3 42.5 5.8 4.1

η k ω Re
11622 13711 84.76 4.548 2.555 0.085 7166.
.57 .24 678 351 338 995 25
11334 10470 108.2 4.261 2.659 0.079 6635.
.07 .4 487 743 491 625 417
10921 9452. 115.5 4.337 2.517 0.073 6104.
.92 443 46 936 769 255 583
10200 9971. 102.2 4.710 2.165 0.066 5573.
.66 808 95 26 626 885 75
9561. 9369. 102.0 4.900 1.951 0.060 5042.
834 345 545 958 013 515 917

Note: Each of following formula is used for one test. Student do not average
data in each row.
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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER
 a. Calculating the heat transfer and overall efficiency at several flow rate:
Qhot = FI1.ρhot.(cp)hot.ΔThot
Qcold = FI2.ρcold.(cp)cold.ΔTcold
Where, ρ and cp are taken at the average temperature of inlet and outlet water.
η=( Qhot /Qcold ) × 100

b. Calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of parallel and

counter flow and making comments:
Qhot
k=
A × ΔTln

Where:
Heat transfer area: A=π × d m × L
L: Length, dm = (dout + din)/2
ΔT ∈− ΔT out
ΔTln=
ln(ΔTin
ΔTout )
c. Determining Reynolds number and making comments:
ωL
ℜ=
v
Where:
L: The characteristic dimension (m) (For the pipe flow, L is the inner diameter
of the pipe) ω: the average velocity of the fluid, m/s
ν: the kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)

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THERMODYNAMICS & HEAT TRANSFER