KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF

MATTER
Matter is made up of particles that are
constantly moving. All particles have
energy, but the energy varies depending
on the temperature the sample
of matter is in.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF
MATTER
The gas is mostly empty space. This
means that the fraction of the total
volume that is occupied by the particles
of gas themselves, and it is so close to
zero that we simply ignored it.
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF
MATTER
Pressure is exerted when the particles hit the
sides of the container. The phenomenon we
referred to as pressure is actually the gas
particles in the sample. Imparting some of their
kinetic energy of motions to the walls of the
container, every time they collide.
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF
MATTER
Particles do not interact with each other. We
ignore the possibility that gas particles could
exist in any kind of gravitational or
electromagnetic influence. Although they can
interact slightly due to dispersion interaction or
even dipole-dipole interaction.
 KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF
MATTER
Average kinetic energy is proportional to the
temperature. The average kinetic energy of
particles in gas is proportional to the
temperature of gas in Kelvin
The kinetic-molecular theory of gases assumes that ideal
gas molecules
1) are constantly moving;
2) have negligible volume;
3) have negligible intermolecular forces;
4) undergo perfectly elastic collisions; and
5) have an average kinetic energy proportional to the ideal
gas's absolute temperature.
 INTRAMOLECULAR AND
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
There are two kinds of forces, or attractions, that operate
in a molecule (intramolecular and intermolecular).
 Intramolecular forces are the forces that hold atoms
together within a molecule.
Intermolecular forces are forces that exist between molecules.
TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF
ATTRACTION
DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
HYDROGEN BONDING
ION-DIPOLE FORCES
 LONDON DISPERSION FORCES
These are the weakest of the intermolecular forces and
exist between all types of molecules, whether ionic or
covalent—polar or non-polar.
 DIPOLE-DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
These forces occur when the partially positively charged part
of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged
part of the neighboring molecule.
 HYDROGEN BONDING
This is a special kind of dipole-dipole interaction that
occurs specifically between a hydrogen atom bonded
to either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine atom.
 Intermolecular force Occurs between … Relative strength
Partially oppositely charged
Dipole-dipole attraction Strong
ions

Strongest of the dipole-dipole

Hydrogen bonding H, O, N or F atom
attractions

London dispersion attraction Temporary or induced dipoles Weakest

 ION- DIPOLE FORCES
Ion-Dipole Forces
- Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important for
solutions of ionic compounds in polar liquids.
- A positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a
neutral polar molecule.
- A negative ion (anion) attracts the partially positive end of a
neutral polar molecule
ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES