Scheduling is defined as

Timing of use
Assignment of resources
of resources
The resources are For production
personnel, equipment and activities and
facilities jobs
Personnel
Costs Scheduling is
Allocation a never-
of resources Machines
Customer ending task
requires for scarce
service
trade-offs production
among Production
resources jobs
Quality such as

Projects
Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi
 EXAMPLES OF SCHEDULING PROBLEMS
Manufacturers must decide the sequence in which jobs must be processed at each work
cell or work center.

Accounting and consulting firms must decide which employees will work on each project.

AC installation and repair company must schedule service calls so that workers are utilized
efficiently , driving is kept to a minimum and service is performed when customers want it.

Hospitals decide- how many workers ,nurses and technicians must work each day, when
they must start and end their work, ward and floor where they should work.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCHEDULING
Scheduling Characteristics
Must Change(revis Short Are of Unique with
strategic If done well
be ed one or term respect to
reduces
done more times) natur importance , inventories organizations
repeat when e has a direct because of unique
impact on and increases
edly customer constraints,
profitability work flow and
demands objectives and
of cash flow
change business
organization conditions
s Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi
 BRIGHAM WOMEN’S HOSPITAL AT BOSTON
CASE –BURN TRAUMA UNIT AT BRIGHAM WOMEN’S HOSPITAL IN BOSTON
DIANE CONBOY- Nurse in charge of the hospital
QUESTION- What would you do if you had 20 minutes to respond to a critical
emergency?
FREQUENCY OF PROBLEM- ROUTINE PROBLEM
Number of beds- 10 bed intensive care units
Number of burn units in the New England area-2
What does Diane do when critically injured patients arrive?
Diane must quickly evaluate existing resources ,determine whether additional staff is
needed ,and decide which of her existing patients should be moved out of ICU to
accommodate new arrivals.
Results of Diane’s Skills needed by Diane
Careful Advance
Scheduling for advance scheduling-
Diane has to know her
Right mix of Catastrophic people and their
Ensure that patient
nurses on incident cases with treatment is not limitations, what kind of
hand to deal large number of stuck and keeps stresses they can
with patients cause moving handle and what they
emergencies overflow directed to can’t.
other facilities
Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi
 EXAMPLES OF SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS
Questions: How many full time
and part time workers the bank
should employ?

Problem: Customer When they should start work?

demands vary from day to
Bank
day and over the course of
a day How many hours they should
work?

When should their meal breaks

be scheduled?

Note: Delta Airlines saved $ 300 million over a 3 year period by using improved fleet
assignment and scheduling model.

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 EXAMPLES OF SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS

Each product requires
1-8 operations
A manufacturer
produces a product
where 12 operations
are there At any given time there
are dozens of customer
orders at various stages
of completion
Question: How to
sequence jobs to
reduce inventories and
production times?
Which job should be
run at which machine?

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 EXAMPLES OF SCHEDULING
PROBLEMS
A company
sales Ordering new telephone
department is lines, moving computers
moving to a
larger What tasks
Who should
building, the should be The objective
do them?
existing office done? is that there is
must be When should no
vacated not each task interruption
later than 10 start? in ongoing
december sales
activities.

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 SCHEDULE DEFINITION ACCORDING TO THE BOOK OPERATIONS &
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

A schedule is a timetable for performing activities, utilizing resources or allocating facilities.

MANUFACTURING EXECUTION SYSTEMS
MES is an information system that schedules ,dispatches , tracks ,monitors and controls
production on the factory floor.

It provides real time linkages to MRP systems , product and process planning as well as
systems that extend beyond the factory, including supply chain management, ERP, sales and
service management.
SERVICE EXECUTION SYSTEMS
SES is an information system that schedules ,dispatches , tracks ,monitors and controls
the customer’s encounters with the service organization and it’s employees.

The focus on these elements is driven by the customer’s physical involvement with the
service organization, the number of stages in the service and whether the service is
standardized (eg:a scheduled airline flight) or customized (eg: a hospital visit).

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 WORK CENTER
A work center is an area in a business in which productive resources are organized and work
is completed.

Examples of
work center

An area where a
Group of
Machine particular type of
machines
work is done

Work centers can

be organized
according to

Function in a Group
By product in a
work center Assembly line technology cell
flow
configuration configuration

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

SCHEDULING CONSIDERATIONS USING AN EXAMPLE
Example: Drilling of PCB holes

SCHEDULING
involves

Determine the Assigning the

order for machine to
running the jobs make the holes

Infinite
Based on capacity
Finite
Classification of
scheduling systems
Forward
Based on time
Backwar
d

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 Infinite Scheduling Finite Scheduling
Work is assigned and capacity is not Set up and run time is considered in detail
considered while allocation for each order,hence,capacity is considered.
Actual sequence of the work as done by each What will be done by each resource at every
resource in the work center is not considered. moment during the working day is
determined hence sequence is considered.
Lead time is estimated by taking a multiple All schedules are feasible when finite
of the expected operation time(setup + run loading is used.
time) + and queuing delay caused by
material movement and waiting for the order
to be worked on.

Forward Scheduling Backward Scheduling

System takes an order and then schedules Backward scheduling starts from some date
each operation that must be completed in future(probable due date) and schedules
forward in time. the required operations in reverse sequence.
Earliest due date at which an order can be The bacward schedule tells us by when the
completed can be found out. order should start to be completed by due
date.

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 MRP IS AN EXAMPLE OF FORWARD SCHEDULING OR
BACKWARD SCHEDULING?

MRP is an example of infinite, backward scheduling system for materials.

In MRP ,each order has a due date sometime in future.

The system calculates the material needs by backward scheduling. The time for which
operations will be run to complete the orders is subtracted from Earliest due date.

The time required to make each part (or batch of parts) is estimated based on historical data.

TYPES OF PROCESSES

Machines are the

Machine Limited critical resource
and are scheduled
Types of
Processes
People are the key
Labour Limited resource and are
scheduled

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi

 PRINCIPLES OF WORK-CENTER SCHEDULING
• There is a direct equivalence between work flow and cash flow.
1
• The effectiveness of any shop should be measured by speed of flow through the
2 shop.

• Schedule jobs as a string with process steps back to back

3

• Once started ,a job should not be interrupted

4
• Speed of flow is most efficiently achieved by focusing on bottleneck work centres
5 and jobs.

• Reschedule every day

6

• Obtain feedback each day on jobs that are not completed at each work center
7

• Match work center input information to what the worker can actually do
8
• When seeking improvement in output,look for incompatibility between
9 engineering design and process execution and work to close the gap.
• Certainty of standards,routings and so forth,is not possible in a shop,but always
10 work toward achieving it

Prepared by Dr.Joohi Chaturvedi