Ug Bul 00 0100 100010 - 00 - Afu - 2016 12 12 - 01

Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
Onshore Steel Structure & Equipment packages Design Revision : 00 Status : AFU
Optimum Requirements Rev. Date : 12-Dec-2016
Class: NA Page 1 of 20
Doc. Type : SPE Discipline : STR Phase: FE
System / Subsystem : NN Equipment Type : NA
BULIISA UPSTREAM Project

&
PIPELINE PROJECT TEAM-EACOP
Project
This document has been generated by an Electronic Document Management System. When printed it is considered as a “for information only”
copy. The controlled copy is the screen version and it is the holder’s responsibility that he/she holds the latest valid version”.
Onshore Steel Structure & Equipment packages Design

Optimum Requirements
00 AFU 12-Dec-2016 Issue for Studies Contract Award F.BOUNHOURE M.RODRIGUES M.MIROUZE
Rev. Status Date Revision Description Issued by Reviewed by Approved by
This document is the property of TOTAL E&P UGANDA (TEPU) and shall not be disclosed to third parties or reproduced
without permission of the owner.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 SCOPE .................................................................................................................................... 4
2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................... 4
3 SITE AND PROJECT DATA ................................................................................................... 5

3.1 Summary of site data ........................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Geological, geotechnical and environmental data .......................................................... 5
3.3 Structure design working life ........................................................................................... 5
4 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES ................................................................................................. 6

4.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 6
4.1.1 Definition of actions .................................................................................................... 6
4.1.2 Applicable standards .................................................................................................. 6
4.1.3 Classification of actions .............................................................................................. 6
4.2 Permanent actions ............................................................................................................ 6
4.2.1 Permanent loads on structures (equipment weights excluded) ................................... 6
4.2.2 Weight of equipment and piping ................................................................................. 7
4.2.3 Other permanent actions ............................................................................................ 7
4.3 Live loads (Q)..................................................................................................................... 7
4.4 Wind actions (FW) ............................................................................................................. 8
4.5 Earthquake actions (AE) ................................................................................................... 9
4.6 Actions induced by cranes and machinery ..................................................................... 9
4.6.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 9
4.6.2 Actions induced by machinery .................................................................................... 9
4.6.3 Actions induced by hoists and cranes......................................................................... 9
4.7 Thermal actions including friction forces ...................................................................... 10
4.7.1 General .................................................................................................................... 10
4.7.2 Friction forces ........................................................................................................... 11
4.8 Actions during maintenance / Bundle pull-out .............................................................. 11
4.8.1 Pull-out forces during extraction of heat exchanger bundles ..................................... 11
4.9 Accidental actions (A) ..................................................................................................... 11
4.10 Actions during construction ........................................................................................... 12
5 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 12

5.1 Design situations............................................................................................................. 12
5.2 Concomitance of actions ................................................................................................ 12
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
5.3 Combinations of actions with partial factors ................................................................ 13
6 CHECK OF STRUCTURES ................................................................................................... 13

6.1 Calculation codes ............................................................................................................ 13
6.2 Limit states design .......................................................................................................... 13
6.3 Limitation of vertical and horizontal deflections at S.L.S. ............................................ 14
6.3.1 General .................................................................................................................... 14
6.3.2 Steel structures ........................................................................................................ 14
6.4 Limitation of settlements at S.L.S. ................................................................................. 15
6.5 Stability of steel structures exposed to fire ................................................................... 15
7 GENERAL RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES ..................................... 15

7.1 General specifications and calculation codes .............................................................. 15
7.2 Selection of execution classes ....................................................................................... 16
7.3 Selection of structural steels .......................................................................................... 16
7.4 Selection of bolts for steel structures ............................................................................ 16
7.4.1 Structural bolting assemblies for non preloaded applications .................................... 16
7.4.2 High strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading ........................................ 17
7.5 Minimal sizes ................................................................................................................... 17
7.6 Slenderness ratio limitations for structural members .................................................. 17
8 DESIGN RULES SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN WORKS ............................................................. 18

8.1 Steel structures for fabrication units ............................................................................. 18
8.2 Facilities and devices for equipment servicing and replacing ..................................... 18
8.3 Compressor shelters ....................................................................................................... 19
8.3.1 Large compressors ................................................................................................... 19
8.3.2 Other compressors ................................................................................................... 20
8.4 Flooring, walkways, stairs and ladders ......................................................................... 20
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
1 SCOPE
The present document indicates the optimum requirements for the design and sizing of steel structures and
equipment packages for onshore facilities.
2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
The reference documents listed below form an integral part of the present document.
External Documents
The applicable version of these documents, including relevant appendices and supplements, is the latest revision
published at the effective date of this document.
Reference Title
EN 1090-2 Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures - Part 2:
Technical requirements for steel structures
EN 14399-1 High-strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading - Part 1:
General requirements
EN 15048-1 Non-preloaded structural bolting assemblies - Part 1: General
requirements
EN 1990 Eurocode: Basis of structural design
EN 1991 (Parts 1-1; 1-2; 1-3; Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Parts 1-1; 1-2; 1-3; 1-4; 1-5; 1-6; 1-
1-4; 1-5; 1-6; 1-7; 3; 4) 7; 3; 4
EN 1993 (Parts 1-1; 1-2) Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Parts 1-1; 1-2
EN 1998-1 Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 1:
General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings
ISO 10684 Fasteners - Hot dip galvanized coatings
ISO 14122 (Parts 2; 3) Safety of machinery - Permanent means of access to machinery - Parts
2; 3
ISO 148-1 Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 1: Test method
ISO 4014 Hexagon head bolts - Product grades A and B
ISO 4032 Hexagon regular nuts (style 1) - Product grades A and B
ISO 898 (Parts 1; 2) Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy
steel - Parts 1; 2
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
3 SITE AND PROJECT DATA

3.1 Summary of site data
Site conditions shall include all relevant information for the design and sizing of structures:
 Elevation of the site.
 Climatic conditions identified (mean and range) and values used in the calculations:
- Ambient temperature
- Ambient humidity
- Wind (climatic region, basic velocity, wind direction, seasonal factor, terrain roughness)
- Rainfall (normal and accidental water flow rates)
 Geological and geotechnical characteristics of the soil
 Levels of groundwater
 Exposure to the earthquake (seismic zone classification, ground type and spectra)
 Ambient corrosivity:
- Air
- Soil and groundwaters.
 Potential marine atmosphere (exposure to salt spray, brackish waters)
 Altimetric and planimetric reference systems.
3.2 Geological, geotechnical and environmental data

At the beginning of the project and during the project if necessary, Contractor shall perform all necessary
geotechnical studies to collect all the data needed to determine the following:
 Conditions of excavation, earthworks and soil compaction
 Deep foundations
 Shallow foundations
 Conditions for possible improvement of soil
 Groundwater levels
 Potential risks of soil liquefaction
 Environmental quality of soil to be removed
 Conditions of soil-structure interaction for possible dynamic calculations.
3.3 Structure design working life

Unless otherwise stated by Project General and Particular Specifications, structures other than temporary
structures shall be designed for a working life corresponding to the category 4 of design working life as defined in
EN 1990.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
4 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
4.1 General
4.1.1 Definition of actions

According to EN 1990, the actions (F) on the structures consist of:
 Forces (or loads) applied to the structure (direct actions)
 Forced strains or accelerations caused for example, by temperature changes, moisture variation, uneven
settlement or earthquakes (indirect actions).
4.1.2 Applicable standards

Actions on structures shall be calculated according to the Eurocodes, in particular the following standards and their
national implementation annexes:
 EN 1991-1-1, EN 1991-1-2, EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4, EN 1991-1-5, EN 1991-1-6, EN 1991-1-7, EN 1991-
3 and EN 1991-4.
4.1.3 Classification of actions

Actions on structures shall be classified according to their application times and their changes over time:
 Permanent actions (G): Action that is likely to act throughout the working life of structure and for which the
variation in magnitude with time is negligible (e.g. self-weight of structures and equipment, indirect actions
caused by concrete shrinkage and differential settlements).
 Variable actions (Q): Action for which the variation in magnitude with time is negligible (e.g. operating and
maintenance loads, wind actions).
 Accidental actions (A): Action, usually short but of significant magnitude, which is unlikely to occur on a given
structure (e.g. fire and explosion).
 Seismic actions (AE): Action considered accidental with particular calculation rules.
Actions due to water are considered permanent or variable, depending on their variation in magnitude with
time.
The classification of selected actions shall be subject to a common agreement between ENGINEER and Company.
4.2 Permanent actions
4.2.1 Permanent loads on structures (equipment weights excluded)

Permanent loads on structures (weight of equipment excluded) shall be calculated according to EN 1991-1-1 and
related national annex. These loads are as follows:
 Self-weight of structures, including the weight of foundations
 Weight of the appliances, materials and non-structural loads, supported directly by the structures (handling
devices permanently attached, electrical and instrumentation equipment, cable trays, platforms, walkways,
stairs, ladders, fire protection, etc.).
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
4.2.2 Weight of equipment and piping

According to design situations, it shall be taken into account:
 Erection dead load:
- Fabricated weight of vessels, machinery and piping, the same as weight of tanks and piping during their
erection on-site.
 Empty dead load:
- Erection dead load
- Weight of accessories (fixed and removable) and overloads, directly supported by the equipment
(internal, tracing, insulation, protection against fire, valves, pipes, cable trays, walkways, ladders, etc.).
 Operating dead weight:
- Empty dead load
- Weight of their contents (process fluids, catalysts, stored products, utility fluids, etc.) in normal operating
condition.
 Test dead load:
- Empty dead load
- Weight of the medium used for the pressure tests.
When several independent equipments are supported on the same structure or on the same foundation, they
are supposed to be tested individually.
4.2.3 Other permanent actions

 Weight and earth pressure on the foundation.
 Hydrostatic thrust or potential uplifts due to groundwater.
 Indirect actions such as the effects induced by concrete shrinkage, differential settlements or negative friction
on piles.
4.3 Live loads (Q)

Live loads on structures in units and offsites cover all actions induced by use and occupancy thereof.
They include the weight of all mobile and temporary loads including:
 The weight of the personnel and their tools
 The weight of products, materials, equipment and miscellaneous pieces of equipment that are stored or
dismounted momentarily.
The following table gives the minimum values to be applied to current structures except buildings.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
Type of element Distributed loads Concentrated loads

Floors and platforms for light storage
(including platforms attached to equipment)
 Main structural members (beams, columns) 2.5 kN/m²
1.5 kN (2) (3)
 Decking and locally supporting beams 5.0 kN/m² (1)
Landings on flares and flue gas stacks 1.5 kN/m²
Landings on flares and flue gas stacks 1.5 kN/m²
Roofs
 Inaccessible roofs (except for normal maint.) 1.0 kN/m²
1.5 kN (2) (4)
 Accessible roofs 2.5 kN/m²
Means of access (walkways, stairs and landings)
 Main structural members 2.5 kN/m²
 Decking and joists 5.0 kN/m² (1) 1.5 kN (2) (3)
 Stairs 5.0 kN/m² (1) 1.5 kN (2) (5)
(1) To take account of local accumulation of loads on the decks.
(2) The check under concentrated loads is complementary to the check under uniformly distributed loads. The two
types of loads are not cumulative. Concentrated loads are to be applied to the location where the effect is
maximal.
(3) Concentrated loads applied to a surface of 200 x 200 mm according to ISO 14122-2.
(4) Concentrated loads applied according to EN 1991-1-1.
(5) Concentrated loads applied according to ISO 14122-3.
4.4 Wind actions (FW)

Wind actions shall be calculated according to EN 1991-1-4 and the associated national annex. The following
assumptions shall be taken into account in the calculation of the force exerted by the wind:
 Open Structures:
- The effects of wind on each element of the structure and on the equipment supported by the structure
shall be added.
 Towers, drums, tanks or equipment of similar geometry:
- The dynamic pressure shall be applied to the whole reference area wrapping equipment and ancillary
components (insulation, pipes, walkways, ladders and other accessories).
 Pipe tiers on pipe racks:
- The reference area Aref to calculate the force exerted by the wind on a span can be determined by first
approach according to the table below with:
W = width of the bent
L = bent spacing
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
Crosswinds Longitudinal wind

For each tier: Horizontal(s) tier(s): Vertical piping:
Aref = L.(D + 0,1.W) Aref = W.β.L Aref = Sp
D = larger pipe diameter β = 0.10 for 1 tier Sp = exposed surface of
(insulation included) with a β = 0.05 for 2 tiers or more piping
minimum of 200 mm
4.5 Earthquake actions (AE)

Seismic actions shall be calculated according to EN 1998-1 and the associated national annex, taking into account:
 The location of the site
 The geology of the soil
 The specificity of the works.
The location of the site determines the seismic zone and the maximum reference ground acceleration which are set
out in the national annex to EN 1998-1 or in the local regulation.
The geology of the soil determines the ground type based on the results of the geotechnical investigation.
Structures and buildings are classified into importance classes by the site or project HSE entity. The corresponding
importance classes are those defined in EN 1998-1, except different requirement of the HSE entity. In particular,
local regulations may lead to consider more stringent seismic loads for some works (e.g. so-called "special risk"
equipment in France).
If the seismic risk has to be taken into account, the risk of soil liquefaction shall be evaluated in the geotechnical
study.
4.6 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
4.6.1 General
Dynamic actions induced by cranes and machinery shall be taken into account:
 Either implicitly applying their characteristic values
 Either explicitly by applying dynamic amplification factors to static loads (hoists, lifting equipment, small
machinery).
4.6.2 Actions induced by machinery

Actions induced by machinery shall be calculated according to EN 1991-3 and national implementation annexes.
The values of dynamic and accidental actions (e.g. motor short-circuit) produced by the machinery shall be
provided by the equipment suppliers.
In the case of reciprocating compressors and machinery installed on steel structures, dynamic actions shall be
evaluated from a dynamic analysis of the system "soil - foundation - pedestal" or "steel support structure -
machine".
4.6.3 Actions induced by hoists and cranes

Actions induced by hoists and lifting devices shall be calculated according to EN 1991-3 and national
implementation annexes.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
These actions include:

 Loads due to gravity including the masses to be lifted
 Inertial forces due to accelerations, decelerations, crab motion and other dynamic effects.
The loads to consider are provided by the suppliers of these devices, but this information is generally not available
at the time of the calculations.
The loads to consider shall not be less than the following values determined as a percentage of the mass to be
lifted (total net weight hauled plus self-weight of the lifting accessory and a part of hoist cables or chains):
 Vertical actions:
- Elevator: 200%
- Mobile crane: 125%
- Electrically or pneumatically operated gantry crane,
overhead crane, monorail: 125%
- Manually operated gantry crane, overhead crane, monorail: 120%
- Jib crane (minimal load to be considered: 500 kg): 120%
- Chain hoist: 150%
 Horizontal actions:
- Transversal actions / direction of movement of the load: 15%
- Longitudinal Actions / direction of movement of the load: 10%
4.7 Thermal actions including friction forces
4.7.1 General
Thermal actions shall be calculated according to EN 1991-1-5 and national annexes.
Thermal actions come from:
 Either the effect of ambient temperature changes on the structures, pipes and equipment. These actions are
to be considered as variable actions.
 Either the effect of the process temperature in pipes, heat exchangers and other vessels, chimneys and
flues. These actions are to be considered as permanent actions.
 Either the effect of the process temperature fluctuations. These actions shall be identified by the ENGINEER
and are to be considered as variable actions.
Thermal effects are reversible.
When designing structures, construction arrangements (expansion joints, length limitations of the structural
elements, etc.) shall be taken to minimize as much as possible the effect of thermal actions on structures.
In engineering studies, the ENGINEER shall consider thermal actions and estimate the strains they generate. The
following actions shall be distinguished:
 Forces exerted on the equipments by the thermal expansion of pipes attached to
 Forces exerted at piping anchors and guides
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
 Friction forces induced by the sliding of pipes in pipe-racks or horizontal equipments and heat exchangers on
their supports, in response to thermal expansion
 Self-straining forces induced by the restrained thermal expansion of pipe-rack structural steel, horizontal
vessels or heat exchangers.
Thermal actions induced by pipes submitted to fluid temperature shall be defined from a piping stress analysis.
4.7.2 Friction forces

Friction forces are induced by thermal actions at the sliding supports of equipment and piping. In the absence of
other indications, the friction coefficients to take into account are:
 Steel/steel: 0.35
 Steel/concrete: 0.45
 Teflon/stainless or carbon steel: 0.10 maxi or specified by the product manufacturer.
4.8 Actions during maintenance / Bundle pull-out
4.8.1 Pull-out forces during extraction of heat exchanger bundles

Structures and foundations supporting horizontal exchangers shall be designed for a horizontal pull- out force equal
to:
 100% of the bundle weight if this is lower than 25 kN, with a minimum of 10 kN
 25 kN if the bundle weight is between 25 and 50 kN
 50% of the bundle weight if this one is greater than 50 kN.
The pull-out force is to be applied in the bundle axis and is fully withstood by the fixed support. Structures and
foundations supporting multiple stacked exchangers shall be sized for the worst effort as the pull-out forces are not
cumulative. The sizing case for two identical stacked exchangers is the extraction of the upper bundle when the
lower bundle is already extracted.
4.9 Accidental actions (A)

Accidental actions shall be calculated according to EN 1991-1-7 and national implementation annexes.
Accidental actions are exclusive of each other. Their effects are never simultaneous.
Accidental actions likely to affect structures are:
 Malfunctions
 Effect of a shock or a fall
 Fires (pool or jet fires)
 Explosions
 Other unusual actions.
The loads due to malfunctions have very varied origins: movements of liquids, gases, catalyst, filling fluctuations,
overheating, pressure increases, chemical reactions, overflows during leak testing, etc.
These loads shall be identified and taken into account with their dynamic effects on pipes and equipment for the
design of structures. These dynamic effects are assessed particularly through studies of flexibility.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
4.10 Actions during construction

Actions during construction shall be calculated according to EN 1991-1-6 and national implementation annexes.
Specific actions during transport and during lifting shall be calculated in the cases of modular construction or on-
site prefabrication.
5 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS
5.1 Design situations
Design situations to be considered shall be classified as follows:
 Persistent design situations (normal operating conditions)
 Transient design situations (temporary conditions applicable to structures during construction, shutdowns for
maintenance or repair, leak tests and hydraulic tests, and possibly transport or start-ups)
 Accidental design situations (fire, explosion, shock, brake, malfunction, etc.)
 Seismic design situations (conditions applicable to structures when subjected to earthquakes).
5.2 Concomitance of actions

The following table gives general information on the concomitance of actions according to the different design
situations:
Design situations
Actions Persistent Transient Accidental
Operation Construct. Mainten. Test or Seismic
Permanent actions
Self-weight of structures X X X X X
Weight of the appliances, materials and X X X X X
non- structural loads, supported by the
structures
Equipment erection dead load - X - - -
Equipment empty dead load - - X - -
Equipment operating dead load X - - - X
Equipment test dead load - - - X -
Continued thermal actions due to process X - - - X
Other permanent actions X X X X X
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
Design situations
Actions Persistent Transient Accidental
Operation Construct. Mainten. Test or Seismic
Variables actions
(1) (1)
Live loads X - X 70% 70%
Actions induced by machinery X - - - X
Actions induced by hoists and cranes X - X X -
(1) (1)
Wind actions X X 60% 60% -
Thermal actions due to ambient X X X X X
temperature or process temperature
fluctuations
Actions during construction - X - - -
(2)
Actions during transport and lifting - X - - -
Actions during maintenance (bundle pull- - - X - -
out, etc.)
Accidental/seismic actions - - - - X
(1) Reduced as indicated or as per Project General and Particular Specifications.
(2) Specific cases of modular constructions or on-site prefabrication.
5.3 Combinations of actions with partial factors

The ENGINEER shall define the combinations of actions at the limit states to be considered in accordance with
EN 1990.
The combinations of actions shall be clearly described in the design calculation notes.
The Erreur ! Source du renvoi introuvable. of this document gives the most common combinations of actions.
These lists are not exhaustive. Any other combination having an impact on the design of the structures shall be
considered.
6 CHECK OF STRUCTURES
6.1 Calculation codes
The structures shall be calculated according to EN 1990 and national implementation annexes.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
6.2 Limit states design

The structures shall be checked to:
 Ultimate limit states (U.L.S.): The design of structures shall meet the structural requirements for which they
are built. The following limit states shall be verified wherever necessary for each of the possible design
situations during the life of the structures (persistent, transient, accidental and seismic situations):
- EQU: loss of static equilibrium of the structure or any part of it considered as a rigid body (overturning,
sliding)
- STR: internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural members, including footings,
piles, etc.
- GEO: failure or excessive deformation of the ground
- FAT: failure of the structure or any structural element due to fatigue.
 Serviceability limit states (S.L.S.): The design of structures shall meet the functional requirements for
which they are built. The following limit states shall be verified:
- Limitation of vertical and horizontal deflections of structural elements
- Limitation of the settlements of the ground under foundations
- Limitation of cracks in reinforced concrete
- Limitation of vibrations of structures
- Other damage that could affect the durability or functionality of structures.
6.3 Limitation of vertical and horizontal deflections at S.L.S.
6.3.1 General
The deformation of structural elements under the applied loads shall be limited to ensure the rigidity of structures
and avoid any disorder to the supported equipment (vessels, machinery, piping, handling devices, etc.). The
maximum values of the forces and deformations allowed by the equipment shall be provided by the equipment
suppliers. The compliance with these values can result in more stringent limitations of deflections than those
specified below, and shall therefore be detailed in Project General and Particular Specifications. The combined
deflections of the different supporting elements shall be taken into account in the calculations.
The vertical deflections shall be calculated under the unfactored effects of the structure self- weight, the weight of
equipment, piping and accessories as well as overloads (fluids, wind and possibly snow).
The horizontal deflections shall be calculated as the unfactored and combined effects of wind and temperature.
6.3.2 Steel structures

In addition to the equipment requirements, the deflections of the structural elements made of steel shall not exceed
the limits set by EN 1993-1-1 as well as the following limits.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
Allowable deflections
Structural elements
Vertical Horizontal
 Columns and frames supporting neither equipment nor piping H/200
 Beams supporting equipment or piping
- With wind action H/200
- Without wind action H/300
 Beams supporting neither equipment nor piping L/300
 Beams supporting equipment or piping L/400
(2)
 Beams supporting lifting devices (gantry crane, overhead L/500
crane, monorails)
 Cantilever beams L/400
 Roof purlins L/200
(1) H = height of column or frame, L = span of beam.
(2) The vertical deflections of the beams that support lifting devices shall be checked against the requirements of
the manufacturers.
6.4 Limitation of settlements at S.L.S.

In order to choose the appropriate foundation for each structure, the different possible solutions and the associated
risks of settlements (absolute and differential) that result shall be considered.
The allowable settlements of the works shall be determined. The expected settlements shall be provided by the
geotechnical survey.
Pile foundations shall be provided for major equipment when shallow foundations lead to unacceptable
settlements.
For gantry type structures, differential settlements are limited to 1/1000th of the span between supports.
6.5 Stability of steel structures exposed to fire

The behaviour of steel structures exposed to fire shall be calculated according to standard EN 1993-1-2 and
national implementation annexes.
7 GENERAL RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

7.1 General specifications and calculation codes
The steel structures shall be designed according to this document and executed according to EN 1090-2.
The steel structures shall be sized according to EN 1993-1-1.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
7.2 Selection of execution classes

An execution class according to EN 1090-2 shall be assigned to each structure or structural element in accordance
with the following table (arrangement shall aim at avoiding EXC4):
Structure or structural element Execution class

Bearing structures or structural elements (columns, beams, etc.) including
braces:
 Structures supporting equipment with a significant environmental risk or EXC3
structures subjected to fatigue
 Ordinary structures EXC2
Structures or structural elements specific to means of access (platforms, EXC1
walkways, stairs, ladders):
The execution classes determine the level of requirements to be taken for the design and execution (procurement,
manufacturing, assembly) of structures or structural elements in accordance with EN 1090-2.
7.3 Selection of structural steels

Structural steels shall be selected according to EN 1090-2 and Material and Corrosion Optimum Requirements
7.4 Selection of bolts for steel structures
7.4.1 Structural bolting assemblies for non preloaded applications

The bolts commonly used are structural bolts for non preloaded applications. They shall comply with EN 15048-1 or
EN 14399-1.
Bolted assemblies shall meet the following requirements:
 Bolts in carbon steel
 Bolts of quality class 8.8 or equivalent according to ISO 898-1
 Nuts of quality class 8 or equivalent according to ISO 898-2
 Hexagon head bolts according to ISO 4014
 Hexagon regular nuts according to ISO 4032
 Bolts guaranteed for a behaviour to impact test compliant with the expected temperature conditions, with
tests carried out on pieces machined to the final finish state according to ISO 148-1 (Requirement in Europe:
KVmin = 27 joules at -20°C)
 Surface conditions
- Either hot dip galvanized according to ISO 10684
- Or electro galvanized. In this case, an anti-corrosion paint shall be applied after assembly.
Note: Electro galvanization provides an anticorrosive protection on a few microns. This protection is considered
"short-term" likely to prevent oxidation of the products during the periods of storage and assembly on site. After
assembly the electro galvanized bolts shall be protected by an anticorrosion paint. Hot dip galvanizing provides
protection on 60 to 100 microns which, without additional coat of paint, is considered sufficient for the long term.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
7.4.2 High strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading

When using high strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading, bolts shall comply with the standards listed
in EN 1090-2.
Bolted assemblies shall meet the following requirements:
 Bolts in carbon steel
 Bolts of quality class 8.8 or equivalent according to ISO 898-1
 Nuts of quality class 8 or equivalent according to ISO 898-2
 Bolts from system HR or HV according to EN 14399 (mixture of bolts is prohibited)
 All components marked according to EN 14399-1
 Bolts guaranteed for an impact strength consistent with the expected temperature conditions, with tests
carried out on specimens at final surface finish, according to ISO 148-1 (requirement in Europe: KVmin = 27
joules at -20°C)
 Surface finish “as processed” (an anticorrosion paint shall be applied after assembly).
7.5 Minimal sizes

The following minimum values shall be respected:
 Any structural element excluding platforms, means of access and guard rails:
- Profiles: minimum thickness of 5 mm
- Base plates for anchoring: minimum thickness of 15 mm.
 Elements of platforms, means of access and guard rails:
- No limitation.
 Bolts for steel structures:
- Bolts for frameworks: minimum diameter of 16 mm
- Bolts for platforms, accesses and guard rails: minimum diameter of 12 mm.
7.6 Slenderness ratio limitations for structural members

The slenderness ratio of members under compression shall not exceed 200. The slenderness ratio of members in
tension shall not exceed:
 240 for the main elements
 300 for the secondary elements.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
8 DESIGN RULES SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN WORKS

8.1 Steel structures for fabrication units
The layout and the design of the steel structures shall take into account the constraints specific to the units:
technical clauses specific to the process license, operating and maintenance constraints, etc, and shall allow in
particular:
 Handling and supervision of the miscellaneous equipments by personnel during the unit normal operation,
start-ups, foreseen or emergency shutdowns
 Inspection visits, cleaning and servicing operations, repairs and replacements, during normal service and
shutdown periods
 Operations specific to the seal tightness tests on vessels during shutdowns
 Easy access for personnel to the concerned locations
 Access and use of mobile cranes within the unit during shutdowns for dismantling large equipments (heat
exchangers and their tube bundles, air-cooled heat exchangers and their tube bundles, vessels, pumps,
motors, tower head or reflux steam piping, etc.). These cranes, with removable or telescopic jib, shall be
assumed to enter into the unit with the jib removed or not spread out.
Unless otherwise stated by Project General and Particular Specifications, the minimum height to be left clear below
the steel frameworks and the piping located beneath these frameworks shall be:
 3500 mm for access to removable parts of equipments or to removable equipments
 2200 mm for passageways dedicated to personnel.
8.2 Facilities and devices for equipment servicing and replacing

The layout and the design shall provide the facilities and devices required for the cleaning, servicing and replacing
of the equipments. The use of mobile cranes shall be preferred.
Fixed handling devices (lifting jibs, monorails, overhead cranes) for servicing or disassembling operations can be
proposed only if the use of a mobile crane is not possible or if it is justified by the frequency, duration or difficulties
of the operations.
Note: These fixed devices are seldom used, are subjected to regulatory controls and require frequently important
maintenance works before use.
Contractor shall prepare and submit to company for approval:
 The list of the operations which may require handlings (equipment to be dismantle or moved, miscellaneous
supplies, etc.)
 For each of these operations, the means of handling which are considered
 The list of mobile cranes whose use is foreseen
 A layout drawing showing:
- All the operations listed above
- The location of the means of handling
- The areas dedicated to the access and the operation of the cranes.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
The handling of the following equipments and materials shall be detailed:

 Removable decking of columns
 Safety valves
 Covers of vessel manholes
 Tube bundles, shell covers and distribution boxes of tubular heat exchangers
 Vessels in which the internals are such that the dismantling work for servicing or cleaning is intensive
 Pumps and driving machines
 Mechanical parts of air-cooled exchangers
 Large machinery to be maintained in situ
 Equipments with a difficult access
 Equipments to be handled with the unit in operation
 Catalysts, chemical drums, lubricating oils, etc.
The lifting means shall be selected to minimize the operation durations.
The jibs and catwalks fixed to the towers shall be arranged in such a way that the lifted elements can be handled
directly from the ground up to their location, or vice versa, without any intermediate load transfer.
A full report of the facilities and handling devices, with their characteristics and certificates of acceptance by an
approved body, shall be provided.
All lifting means shall include a welded plate stipulating the maximum load. The maximum load shall be marked in
large painted digits on equipment allowing it (for example: monorail).
8.3 Compressor shelters

The construction of shelters for the compressors and their driving machines may be required in some particular
cases, justified by:
 Climatic constraints
 Frequency of the maintenance operations
 Difficulty to implement the handling operations.
In these particular cases, shelters shall be designed according one of the two following arrangements:
8.3.1 Large compressors

Cases: recycling compressors, reciprocating compressors for conversion units for example.
The shelter shall include a steel structure or a combined steel and concrete structure, supporting a ribbed steel roof
and walls with cladding. The slope of the roof shall be 1/2.
The floor at the level of the machines shall be made by a raised work in steel or reinforced concrete.
Below the floor, the space shall be opened all around its periphery.
Above the floor, two walls at least (opposite sides of prevailing winds) shall be only partially cladded from the roof
down to a height of 4 meters minimum above the floor.
The shelter and its foundations, including the floor at machine level, shall be independent of the machines, their
piping, the piping supports and the corresponding foundations.
Document Number:
UG-BUL-00-0100-100010
An overhead crane shall be provided to facilitate machine assembly and servicing operations. The rails of the
overhead crane shall extend outside the shelter at one end so that equipment can be transported into and out of
the shelter.
Floor access (at each machine, if there are several) shall be via at least a stairway and a ladder.
8.3.2 Other compressors

Cases: air compressors, reciprocating compressors for example.
A shelter with a roof and handling devices (monorail, jib cranes, etc.) shall be provided according to the
requirements of section 8.2.
8.4 Flooring, walkways, stairs and ladders

Contractor shall de develop a dedicated project particular specification for walkways, stairs and ladders. This
document, which is subject to Company approval, shall be based on recognized international standards.

Ug Bul 00 0100 100010 - 00 - Afu - 2016 12 12 - 01

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ug Bul 00 0100 100010 - 00 - Afu - 2016 12 12 - 01

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Document Number:

BULIISA UPSTREAM Project

Onshore Steel Structure & Equipment packages Design

Rev. Status Date Revision Description Issued by Reviewed by Approved by

2 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ................................................................................................... 4

3 SITE AND PROJECT DATA ................................................................................................... 5

4 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES ................................................................................................. 6

5 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS ............................................................................................ 12

5.3 Combinations of actions with partial factors ................................................................ 13

6 CHECK OF STRUCTURES ................................................................................................... 13

7 GENERAL RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES ..................................... 15

8 DESIGN RULES SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN WORKS ............................................................. 18

3 SITE AND PROJECT DATA

3.2 Geological, geotechnical and environmental data

3.3 Structure design working life

4.1.1 Definition of actions

4.1.2 Applicable standards

4.1.3 Classification of actions

4.2 Permanent actions

4.2.1 Permanent loads on structures (equipment weights excluded)

4.2.2 Weight of equipment and piping

4.2.3 Other permanent actions

4.3 Live loads (Q)

Type of element Distributed loads Concentrated loads

4.4 Wind actions (FW)

Crosswinds Longitudinal wind

4.5 Earthquake actions (AE)

4.6 Actions induced by cranes and machinery

4.6.2 Actions induced by machinery

4.6.3 Actions induced by hoists and cranes

These actions include:

4.7 Thermal actions including friction forces

4.7.2 Friction forces

4.8 Actions during maintenance / Bundle pull-out

4.8.1 Pull-out forces during extraction of heat exchanger bundles

4.9 Accidental actions (A)

4.10 Actions during construction

5.2 Concomitance of actions

5.3 Combinations of actions with partial factors

6.2 Limit states design

6.3 Limitation of vertical and horizontal deflections at S.L.S.

6.3.2 Steel structures

6.4 Limitation of settlements at S.L.S.

6.5 Stability of steel structures exposed to fire

7 GENERAL RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

7.2 Selection of execution classes

Structure or structural element Execution class

7.3 Selection of structural steels

7.4 Selection of bolts for steel structures

7.4.1 Structural bolting assemblies for non preloaded applications

7.4.2 High strength structural bolting assemblies for preloading

7.5 Minimal sizes

7.6 Slenderness ratio limitations for structural members

8 DESIGN RULES SPECIFIC TO CERTAIN WORKS

8.2 Facilities and devices for equipment servicing and replacing

The handling of the following equipments and materials shall be detailed:

8.3 Compressor shelters

8.3.1 Large compressors

8.3.2 Other compressors

8.4 Flooring, walkways, stairs and ladders

You might also like