Haramaya University Institute Of Technology

Department Of Chemical Engineering

Extraction of skin
cream from banana
peel
Thesis proposal

12/18/2020
 DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the work in this proposal is our own except for the referred
materials which have been properly acknowledged.

Halima Nurhassen ____________ Yasmin Abdulwhab ___________

Yusuf Abduljelil ______________ Zelalem Worana ______________

Zemedu Abera_______________

This proposal has been submitted for examination with my approval as Supervisor,

Name- ___________________ Signature- ________________

Date- Dec. /16/ 2020 G.C

I
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of this proposal could not have been possible without the participation of
our fellow group and peoples whose names may not be mentioned. However, we would
like to express our deep appreciation to our advisor and family members who helped us to
achieve this proposal writing successfully in any possible way they can. Finally, above all
our gratitude goes to the great Almighty; the creator and owner of knowledge and
wisdom, for his countless blessings.

II
 ABSTARCT
Banana, which is scientifically known as Musa sapientum an herbaceous plant, is one of
the major foods that constitute the principal food resources in the world and occupied the
fourth world rank of the most significant foodstuffs after rice, corn and milk.Banana peel
is the outer part of banana fruit which can cause an environmental problem such as a bad
smell and health complication. One way of reducing problem is to convert banana peels
into more valuable product. The resulting extract can be used alone or combined with
cosmetics. This project’s general objective is to make skin cream using extracts of banana
peel which is a waste product of the most popular fruit banana. Banana is one of the most
consumed tropical fruit in the world and the world banana production in 2014 reached the
mark of 114.3 million tons. It has long been used as a medicinal agent due to its
nutritional rich properties. Banana is thought to have antibacterial activity, antioxidant
activity and other biological activities such as antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor,
antimutagenic, anthelminthic and antiulcer genic. Various parts of banana have been
shown to have an inhibitory effect on pathogens making them as excellent candidates for
the antibacterial as well as antioxidant sources. For the extraction process we plan to use
soxhlet extraction which is is a method that will suggested for extraction of lipid for our
raw material. In this method, finely ground sample will be placed in a porous bag or
“thimble” made from a strong filter paper or cellulose, which will place, is in thimble
chamber of the Soxhlet apparatus. Extraction solvents will heat in the bottom flask,
vaporizes into the sample thimble, and condenses in the condenser and drip back. Finally,
we will characterize our product that extracted from the banana peel.

List of Table

III
Table 1. 1 local banana cultivars grown in different parts of
ethiopia ..........................................7

Table 3. 1 ............................................................................................................................. 20

Table 4. 1work plan .............................................................................................................. 22

Table 5. 1 budget .................................................................................................................. 23

List of Figure

IV
Figure 2.2 Pie chart of Banana peel extracts
composition ..........................................................9 Figure 3.1 block
diagram ....................................................................................................... 15

CONTENTS
DECLARATION .........................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................II

V
ABSTARCT.................................................................................................................................III
1. INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background.....................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the Problem..............................................................................................3
1.3 Objectives.......................................................................................................................4
1.3.1 General objective.....................................................................................................4
1.4 Significance of the study.................................................................................................4
1.5. Scope.............................................................................................................................4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................5
2.1 OVERVIEW OF BANANA PEEL..........................................................................................5
2.2 Overview of Banana Production in the World.............................................................6
2.3 Overview of Banana Production in Ethiopia...............................................................6
2.4 Description of Banana Peel.............................................................................................8
2.5 Use of Banana Peel......................................................................................................10
2.5.1 Health Benefits of Banana Peel..............................................................................10
2.5.2 Other Benefits of Banana Peel...............................................................................10
2.6 Skin Cream over view....................................................................................................10
CHAPTER THREE......................................................................................................................12
3. Materials and Methodology...............................................................................................12
3.1 Raw Material Collection................................................................................................12
3.2 Chemicals and Reagents...............................................................................................12
3.3 Materials and Equipment.............................................................................................13
3.4 Extraction Technology...................................................................................................13
3.4.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Solvent Extraction....................................................13
3.4.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction.................................................................................15
3.4.2.1 Raw material preparation...................................................................................16
3.4.2.2 Drying Process.....................................................................................................16
3.4.2 Methods of Extraction of Plants.................................................................................17
3.4.2.1 Maceration..........................................................................................................17
3.4.2.2 Infusion...............................................................................................................17
3.4.2.3 Digestion.............................................................................................................17
3.4.2.4 Decoction............................................................................................................18

VI
 3.4.2.5 Percolation..........................................................................................................18
3.4.2.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction...............................................................................18
3.4.2.7 Counter-Current Extraction.................................................................................18
3.4.2.8 Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication).....................................................................19
3.4.2.9 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)................................................................19
3.4.2.10 Accelerated Solvent Extraction.........................................................................19
3.4.2.11 Soxhlet Extraction or Hot Continuous Extraction..............................................19
3.4.3 Basic procedures for the preparation of skin cream from banana peel using Soxhlet
extraction method..............................................................................................................21
3.4.4 controlling temperature.........................................................................................21
3.5 Expected Outputs and Beneficiaries.............................................................................21
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................21
4. Work plan...........................................................................................................................22
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................23
5. Budget.................................................................................................................................23
Reference................................................................................................................................24

VII
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
There are many kinds of herbs, oil extracts, plant extracts derived from their parts (roots,
stems, leaves, fruits) are now increasingly used in research due to their widespread,
immediate availability and cheaper cost, besides having potential medicinal properties
and ability to manage certain health conditions, which have been growing in recognition
that can be used for making skin cream. (Fairuz ,2014)

Banana, which is scientifically known as Musa sapientum an herbaceous plant, is one of

the major foods that constitute the principal food resources in the world and occupied the
fourth world rank of the most significant foodstuffs after rice, corn and milk (INIBAP,
2002). It represents 40% of world trade in fruits. The fruit is protected by its peel, which
is discarded as a waste after the inner fleshy portion is eaten or used as feedstock for
Banana is one of the most consumed tropical fruit in the world and the world banana
production in 2014 reached the mark of 114.3 million tons. It has long been used as a
medicinal agent due to its nutritional rich properties. Banana is thought to have
antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity and other biological activities such as
antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor, antimutagenic, anthelminthic and antiulcerogenic.
Various parts of banana have been shown to have an inhibitory effect on pathogens
making them as excellent candidates for the antibacterial as well as antioxidant sources.
The phytochemical components of banana, tannins, eugenol and Tyra-mine have been
proven to have antibacterial effects. Other active compounds present in banana such as
alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, serotonin and dope-mine also
contribute to pharmacological effects. effects (Fairuz F., 2014).

Globally, banana is the fourth most important crop of the food market next to rice, wheat
and maize. This makes banana to be the prime leading fruit crop in terms of volume and
value in the world market. As indicated bananas are known for their high nutritional
values, Potassium, fiber, magnesium, vitamin C and B6 are among the nutritious contents
in it. It is also believed that bananas help fight depression, kidney cancer and diabetes.
(Mekonnen, 2017)

1
In Ethiopia, modern banana production started with establishment of state farms and
different plantations. The production system of the crop is mainly composed of: (1)Small
plantations in home gardens owned by small farmers in the South-Western.
(2)Mediumsized plantations not more than 10 farmers supplying local consumers.
(3)Relatively large plantations above 20 farmers developed to supply export markets.
(Mekonnen, 2017)

Nowadays, the demand of herbal cosmetics is increasing. Herbal formulations are

receiving more attention in public because of their high-quality properties and less side
effects. Additionally, it also provides the skin with necessary nutrients. The poly herbal
cosmetic formulations are receiving recognition all over the world, as they give the
enhanced feeling of purity, protection and effectiveness. (Anhwang et al., 2009).

All skin creams have non-Newtonian behavior and shear thinning feature that contribute
to good flow characteristics and favorable spreading ability. A large quantity of skin
creams exists in the market under the form of natural, protected, organic, and herbal.
Most of the skin creams currently in the market use the synthetic polymers, emulsifiers,
perfuming agents, pigments, surfactants and thickeners to form the base. There is wide
need to substitute toxic synthetic agent from base using natural agents. (Anhwang et al.,
2009).

2
1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to a research done in Malaysia in 2009 banana peel represents approximately

30% of the fruit which can cause an environmental problem such as a bad smell and
health complication. One way of reducing problem is to convert banana peels into more
valuable product. The resulting extract is used alone or combined with cosmetics. The
extraction of bioactive compounds from banana waste is an alternative method to ensure
the efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly use of this waste. These bioactive
components can be used in foods, cosmetics, and in the pharmaceutical industries. The
functionality and yield may be influenced by the extraction process and recovery of these
compounds.

People nowadays are very conscious about their skin (face). To have a standout beauty
among others they use different kinds of skin (facial) products, but most of the products
are dangerous to their skin because they are imported with a low budget and they contain
different kinds of chemicals which can harm the skin. They cause irritation, rashes, acne,
systemic adsorption, cancer and allergies because of the chemical contents in them. So, to
decrease this problem it is good to produce a skin cosmetic product which is both
economical and healthy for the skin.

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1.3 Objectives
1.3.1 General objective
This study will produced a skin cream which extracts from banana peel using Soxhlet
extraction method.

1.3.2 Specific Objective

 To characterize the raw material.
 To investigate the operating conditions for Soxhlet extraction method.
 To determine and characterize the skin cream ingredients and its composition.

1.4 Significance of the study

The production of skin cream from banana peel has economic, environmental and social
advantage for our country, thus peel of banana will be no more considered as agro waste.
This product will decrease amount of importing cosmetics by replacing imported with
locally manufactured cosmetics. Also it is another additional income for the people who
engage themselves in fruit selling. Our project also creates job opportunity and also
Ecofriendly.

1.5. Scope
This project is cited targeting the wide range of human users as the product but it will not
use for child and babies.

CHAPTER TWO

4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW OF BANANA PEEL
Fruits and vegetables are considered as an important part of a good diet. They are known
to reduce risk of several chronic diseases. Fruits and vegetables contain significant
amounts of bioactive constituents which are negatively associated with the morbidity and
mortality from cardiovascular and certain types of cancer. Fruits and vegetables wastes
and their by-product are formed in great amounts during industrial processing and hence
represent a serious problem, as they exert harmful impact on environment. (Sonia p.,

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant activities of fruits and Vegetable peels, 2014).

Banana, which is scientifically known as Musa sapientum is herbaceous plant of the

family Musaca the banana (Musa sp.) Banana is known to have originated from the
tropical regions of Southern Asia. The Musa sapientum grows up to height of about 2-8
meter with leaves of about 3.5 meter in length. The stem also known as pseudo stem
produces a single bunch of banana before dying and replace by new pseudo stem. The
fruits grow in hanging cluster, which 20 fruits to a tier and 3-20 tiers to a bunch. The fruit
is protected by its peel, which is discarded as a waste after the inner fleshy portion is
eaten. (H.A. Hamid, 2016)

Banana is one of the most consumed tropical fruit in the world and the world banana
production in 2014 reached the mark of 114.3 million tons. It has long been used as a
medicinal agent due to its nutritional rich properties. Banana is thought to have
antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity and other biological activities such as
antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, antitumor, antimutagenic, anthelminthic and antiulcerogenic.
Various parts of banana have been shown to have an inhibitory effect on pathogens
making them as excellent candidates for the antibacterial as well as antioxidant sources.
The phytochemical components of banana, tannins, eugenol and Tyra-mine have been
proven to have antibacterial effects. Other active compounds present in banana such as
alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, serotonin and dope-mine also
contribute to pharmacological effects. effects (Fairuz F., 2014).

Banana nutrient fact plant extracts derived from their parts (roots, stems, leaves, fruits)
are now increasingly used in research due to their widespread, immediate availability and

5
cheaper cost, besides having potential medicinal properties and ability to manage certain

health conditions which have been growing in recognition. (Sonia p.s, 2014)

2.2 Overview of Banana Production in the World

Globally, banana is the fourth most important crop of the food market next to rice, wheat
and maize. This makes banana to be the prime leading fruit crop in terms of volume and
value in the world market. As indicated bananas are known for their high nutritional
values, Potassium, fiber, magnesium, vitamin C and B6 are among the nutritious contents
in it. It is also believed that bananas help fight depression, kidney cancer and diabetes.
(Mekonnen, 2017)

Banana is one of the world's most important crops grown by small- and large-scale
production. The global production of banana is estimated to be around 72.5 million
metrics, as per the FAO Statistics, India is the largest producer of banana in the world and
accounts for nearly 30% of the total world production of banana. (Mekonnen, 2017)

Banana is a very important crop in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Eastern Africa, where
besides consumption as food, bananas have cultural and medicinal values. There are
many types of bananas grown in Africa, but depending on how bananas are consumed, it
can be broadly grouped as desert banana, cooking banana, beer banana and multipurpose
banana. Day by day banana cultivation is increasing due to its huge demand for food
among the majority of people. (Mekonnen, 2017)

2.3 Overview of Banana Production in Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, modern banana production started with establishment of state farms and
different plantations. The production system of the crop is mainly composed of: (1)Small
plantations in home gardens owned by small farmers in the South-Western.
(2)Mediumsized plantations not more than 10 farmers supplying local consumers.
(3)Relatively large plantations above 20 farmers developed to supply export markets.
(Mekonnen, 2017)

Bananas have been cultivated for several years as a garden plant in Ethiopia. Specially
SNNPR regions, Amhara, Oromia, Benishangul-gumuz and Harari. According to
Ethiopian minister of agriculture in 2016/17 (2009 E.C) the total production in Ethiopia

6
was approximately 538,302.34 tons. In the country 63,212.97 hectares’ land is cultivated
by banana plant. In average there are 2000 trees per hectare and the average wet banana
trunk weight is 6.5 kg. Banana in Ethiopia cover about 53,956.16 hectares. Addis Ababa
produces 23 tons’/day fruit waste and from this experiment, from four markets 4kg/day
banana peel was collected. (Mekonnen, 2017)

Table 2. 1 local banana cultivars grown in different parts of ethiopia

Region Production in Quintals/Yr

Amhara 30,537.06

Oromia 980,171.07

Benishangul-Gumuz 53,128.25

S.N.N.P.R 4,273,713.46

Harari 929.79

Figure2. 1 banana fruit

2.4 Description of Banana Peel

Fruit and vegetable peels are the major by-products obtained during the processing of
various fruits and vegetables production and some studies show that these are good
sources of polyphenols, carotenoids and other bioactive compounds which have various

7
beneficial effects on human health and different components having activities like
antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancers.

Banana peel is the outer covering part of the banana fruit. Once the peel is removed, the
fruit can be eaten raw or cooked and the peel is generally discarded. Because of the
removal of the banana peel, there is a significant amount of organic waste being
generated. Banana peels are used as animal feedstock as they have some nutritional value
like feedstock for cattle, goats, pigs, poultry, rabbits, fish and several other species. The
specific nutrient contained in peels depends on the stage of maturity and the cultivar; for
example, plantain peels contain less fiber than dessert banana peels, and lignin content
increases with ripening (from 7 to 15% dry matter). On average, banana peels contain
69% dry matter of protein and 20-30% fiber (measured as NDF). Green 19 plantain peels
contain 40% starch that is transformed into sugars after ripening. Green banana peels
contain much less starch (about 15%) and ripe banana peels contain up to 30% free
sugars. Banana peels are also used for ethanol production, cellulose, and as fertilizer and
in composting.

The extraction of bioactive compounds from banana waste is an alternative method to

ensure the efficient, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly use of this waste. These
bioactive components can be used in foods, cosmetics, and in the pharmaceutical
industries. Previous studies have shown that different banana crop residues have
significant antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

Musa sapientum peels were analyzed for minerals, nutritional and anti – nutritional
contents. The result of mineral content indicates the concentrations (mg/g) of potassium,
calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, bromine, rubidium, strontium, zirconium and niobium
to be 78.10, 19.20, 24.30, 0.61, 76.20, 0.04, 0.21, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.02 respectively. The
percentage concentrations of protein, crude lipid, carbohydrate and crude fiber are 0.90,
1.70, 59.00 and 31.70 respectively.

8
Figure 1.2 Pie chart of Banana peel extracts composition
(United States Patent, 2009)
9
2.5 Use of Banana Peel
2.5.1 Health Benefits of Banana Peel
Some health benefits of banana peel are reducing wrinkles, warts, and pimples. they’re
also great for depression, headaches, pain relieving It helps in Psoriasis (dry skin), detox
the body and enhance immune system and heals wounds, mosquito Bites (Kapoor Shweta
and Saraf Swarnlata, 2010)
2.5.2 Other Benefits of Banana Peel
Banana peels play a great role as a fertilizer, especially tomato plant fertilizer. They also
act as compost, as a shoe polish, meat tenderizer, and also provides lot of electrolytes. In
conclusion Banana peels are simply great in providing amazing health and nutritional
benefits. (Akash, Karekar and Vale, 2015)

2.6 Skin Cream over view

The appearance and function of the skin are maintained by an important balance between
the water content of the stratum and skin surface lipids. The skin represents the most
superficial layer of the body and so it is constantly exposed to different environmental
stimuli. Exposure to external factors as well as endogenous factors may disrupt this
balance. In addition, frequent use of soaps, detergents and topical irritants such as alcohol
and hot water can remove the skin surface lipids. Disruption of skin barrier led to various
types of skin problems most common condition is loss of water content which lead to
dryness of skin such as roughness, scaling, cracks, redness and an uncomfortable feeling
of tightness, sometimes with itching and stinging cracks, cuts, maceration and infections.
Treatment with moisturizers aims at maintaining skin integrity and the well-being by
providing a healthy appearance of the individual. (v.v.paithankar, 2010)
The poly herbal cosmetic formulations are popular all over the world, as they convey the
better impression of purity, safety and efficacy. Numbers of moisturizers are available
under the label of natural, safe, organic, herbal, while the basic properties of humectant,
occlusive are consistent across all moisturizers. Most of the available moisturizers use
synthetic adhesives, emulsifiers, perfuming agents, pigments, surfactants and thickeners
to form the base. There is extensive need to replace toxic synthetic agent from base using
natural agents. The herbs should have varieties of properties like antioxidant,
antiinflammatory, antiseptic, emollient activity and antibacterial etc. Cosmetics are
10
developed to reduce wrinkles, fight acne and to control oil secretion. For various types of
skin ailments formulations like skin protective, sunscreen, anti-acne, anti-wrinkle and
anti-aging are designed using varieties of materials, either natural or synthetic. Cosmetics
are the substances intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying,
promoting attractiveness, and altering the appearance without affecting the body's
structure or functions. But the usage of synthetic products becomes very harmful from
long time for the youth as well as our environment. Various synthetic compounds,
chemicals, dye and their derivative proved to cause various skin diseases having
numerous side effects. Thus we are using herbal cosmetics as much as possible. (Akash,
Karekar and Vale, 2015)
Skin cream is one form of semi-solid dosage with a composition of more than one
material which is dispersed into a suitable base material and has small moisture content of
less than 60% and has moisturizing and harmless properties on the skin. Today’s skincare
consumer is presented with a wide array of available products to treat dry skin, the
choices for the individual consumer seem endless.Natural Perfumes can be added in skin
cream such as Vegetable Origin Perfumes, animal origin Perfumes, castor, essences from
natural herbal sources, sandalwood oil, rosemary oil, lavender oil, rose, orange, lavender.
(v.v.paithankar, 2010)
Known products from banana peel like lip balm, hand and body lotion, make up
remover, face tightening mask and eye cream.

11
 CHAPTER THREE

3. Materials and Methodology

3.1 Raw Material Collection
The main raw material for this study will been banana peel and also water, mineral oil,
coffee powder, lemon juice, fragrance, beeswax, glycerin and paraffin.

3.2 Chemicals and Reagents

All the chemicals and equipment’s required for the experiment are expected to be
available at Haramaya University chemistry laboratory .The chemicals that we will use
are: Ethanol, benzoic acid and distilled water.

• Ethanol: - is an organic chemical compound, a simple alcohol with a chemical

formula C2H6O. it is a volatile ,flammable, colorless liquid with a slight
characteristic odor. it’s mainly produced in brazil and united states of America .

▪ boiling point- 78.37⁰c

▪ density – 789kg/m3

▪ molar mass -46.07g/mol

▪ melting point – 114.10c

• benzoic acid –it a white solid with a formula C 6H5CO2H, it’s the simplest aromatic
carboxylic acid, which occurs naturally in many plants and serves as an
intermediate in the biosynthesis of many secondarymetabolites

 melting point-122.30c

 boiling point – 249.20c

 density- 1.27 g/cm3

12
 • Beeswax- is a natural wax produced by honey bees of thr genus apis.it is formed
into scales by eight wax producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker
bees which discard it in or at the hive.

• Glycerin- is a natural compound derived from vegetable oils or animal fats . its
colorless, odorless syrupy liquid with a sweet taste.

• paraffin- is a soft colorless solid derived from petroleum,coal or shale oil that
consistsof a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules ontaining between twenty and
forty carbon atoms.

3.3 Materials and Equipment

The materials and equipment will needed for the production process are water, beaker,
filter paper, flasks, measuring cylinder, electrical blender, Stirrer, water bath, soxhlet
extractor, and a microwave. All the materials will be available for the process.

3.4 Extraction Technology

Extraction, as the term is used pharmaceutically, involves the separation of medicinally
active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive components by using selective
solvents in standard extraction procedures. The products so obtained from plants are
relatively impure liquids, semisolids or powders intended only for oral or external use.

It is the method of removing active constituents from a solid or liquid by means of liquid
solvent, in this method the required components are dissolved by the use of selective
solvents known as menstruum and marc, after the extraction the unwanted matter is
removed. Extracts are prepared by using ethanol or other suitable solvent. Extracts can be
defined as preparations of crude drugs which contain all the constituents which are
soluble in the solvent.

3.4.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Solvent Extraction

The efficiency of solvent extraction of bioactive component from banana peel can be
influenced by different factors such as particle size, solvent type used, temperature,
extraction time, moisture content of the peel, solid to solvent ratio.

3.4.1.1 Particle Size

13
Particle size influences the extraction rate in a number of ways. The smaller the size, the
greater the interfacial area between the solid and liquid, and therefore the higher the rate
of transfer of material and the smaller the distance the solute must diffuse within the
solid. It is to rupture its organ, tissue and cell structures so that its medicinal ingredients
are exposed to the extraction solvent. On the other hand, the surface may not be
effectively used with a very fine material if circulation of the liquid is impeded, and
separation of the particles from the liquid and drainage of the solid residue are made more
difficult. Therefore, the use of a compromise particle size is almost invariably desirable.
Particle diameters or thicknesses in the 0.2 – 0.5 mm range usually represent a good
choice for industrial scale extractions. (Henry, 1983).

3.4.1.2 Solvent Type

The liquid chosen should be a good selective solvent and its viscosity should be
sufficiently low for it to circulate freely. Generally, a relatively pure solvent will be used
initially, although as the extraction proceeds the concentration of solute will increase and
the rate of extraction will progressively decrease, first because the concentration gradient
will be reduced, and secondly because the solution will generally become more viscous.

The most commonly used solvents for food processing are water, aqueous solutions of
acids, nontoxic salts, commercial hexane, and in some cases other alkanes, ethanol and to
a lesser extent the other lower alcohols, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, and
acetone.

The use of alcohols and alcohol-water mixtures for extracting vegetable oil and banana
peel has attracted attention recently. These solvents can provide greater selectivity than
hexane, which is currently used for most vegetable oil extractions. Alcohols and
alcoholwater mixtures can also be separated from extracted oil more readily and with less
expenditure of energy.

3.4.1.3 Temperature
Temperature generally affects both the equilibrium and mass transfer rate of the extraction
process. In the former, a higher temperature results in greater solubility of compounds in
the solvent, resulting in a larger K value (equilibrium constant). In the latter, the higher
the temperature, the higher will be the D (diffusion coefficient), which increase the rate of

14
extraction. In conventional solid-liquid (solvent) extraction processes, temperature is
limited by the boiling point of the solvent. It is also important to bear in mind that
increasing the extraction temperature may also potentially degrade thermos labile
bioactive compounds. Thus, an optimized balance has to be determined when selecting
the extraction temperature.

The temperature of the extraction should be chosen for the best balance of solubility,
solvent-vapor pressure, solute diffusivity, solvent selectivity, and sensitivity of product.

3.4.1.4 Time of Extraction

In general, prolonged extraction time results in an increased yield of the extract until
equilibrium is reached. Thereafter, the concentration of compound will not increase
further but there will have greater liability for degradation. Prolonged time is also not
desirable from an economic standpoint of labor and energy requirements. Therefore, it is
essential to find an optimum extraction time.

3.4.1.5 Solvent Volume

The important factor is the ratio of extracting solvent volume to the sample to be
extracted. The solvent volume must be sufficient to ensure that the entire sample is
immersed, especially when having a matrix that will swell during the extraction process.
Generally, in conventional extraction techniques a higher volume of solvent will increase
the recovery, because the extraction depends on the partition between the phases. A larger
extracting phase leads to a lower consequently better partition from the sample. It is also
better to extract repeatedly with a smaller volume than once with a larger volume.
3.4.2 Steps Involved in the Extraction

Figure 2.1 block diagram

15
3.4.2.1 Raw material preparation
The whole process of raw material preparation includes the collection of the banana peel,
storage until its ready for work, washing off its dirt (specifically using 5% citrus acid for
best result).
3.4.2.2 Drying Process
Drying or Dehydration is a mass transfer process consisting of the removal of water or
another solvent to about 15-20% moisture (dry basis) solvent [by evaporation from a
solid, semi-solid or liquid. A source of heat and an agent to remove the vapor produced by
the process are often involved. In bio products like food, grains, and pharmaceuticals like
vaccines, the solvent to be removed is almost invariably water.

3.4.2.2.1 Types of dryer

Air Drying: Hang to expose the plant to air at ambient temperature. The advantage of air
drying is the Bioactive compounds to results in high recovery yield and the disadvantage
is that it May take longer time and be subjected to contamination at unstable temperature
condition.

Microwave drying: Uses electromagnetic radiation that possesses both electric and
magnetic fields. The advantage of microwave is that it takes shorter time, it has low
energy consumption, and higher bioactive compounds than other drying methods. The
limitations are Charring, Degradation of bioactive compounds, and Degradation of
phytochemicals.

Freeze drying: This is a Method base on the principle of sublimation. The advantage of
freeze drying is it prevents the components from denaturation, protect from oxidation,
and inhibit growth of microorganisms and activity of enzyme. The disadvantage is if the
temperature is too low, refrigeration load will cause excessive energy consumption and
the sublimation rate will decrease.

Oven-drying: Uses thermal energy to remove moisture from the samples. The advantage
is that it uses shorter extraction time, has higher antioxidant activity by increasing the

16
concentration of banana peel extract tested. The disadvantage is that a high temperature
affects physical, chemical and antioxidant properties.

Sun drying: Normally herbs are evenly spread on a tray and put where the sunlight can
get them. The advantage of Sun drying is that it’s very cheap. The disadvantage is that it
has a Lower antibacterial activity and facilitates oxidation process.
3.4.2 Methods of Extraction of Plants
There are many types of extraction methods. Some of these are Maceration, Infusion,
Decoction, Digestion, Percolation, Soxhlet extraction or hot continuous extraction,
Counter current extraction, Supercritical fluid extraction, Ultra sonication- Assisted
Extraction, Microwave assisted extraction, Accelerated solvent extraction.

3.4.2.1 Maceration
The whole or coarsely powdered crude drug is placed in stoppered container with the
solvent and allowed to stand at a room temperature for a period of at least 3 days with
frequent agitation until the soluble matter has dissolved. The mixture then is strained, the
marc (the damp solid material) is pressed, and the combined liquids are clarified by
filtration or decantation after standing.

3.4.2.2 Infusion
Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the crude (extraction consist in soaking the
solids plants powder drug) for a short period of time with cold or boiling water. These are
dilute solutions of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs.

3.4.2.3 Digestion
This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction.
It is used when moderately elevated temperature is not objectionable. The solvent
efficiency of the menstruum is thereby increased.

3.4.2.4 Decoction
The crude drug is boiled in a specified volume of water for a defined time; it is then
cooled and strained or filtered. This procedure is suitable for extracting water-soluble,
heats table constituents. This process is typically used in preparation of Ayurvedic
extracts called “quath” or “kawath”. The starting ratio of crude drug to water is fixed, e.g.
17
1:4 or 1:16; the volume is then brought down to one-fourth its original volume by boiling
during the extraction procedure. Then, he concentrated extract is filtered and used as such
or processed further.

3.4.2.5 Percolation
A percolator (a narrow, cone-shaped vessel open at both ends) is generally used. The solid
ingredients are moistened with an appropriate amount of the specified menstruum and
allowed to stand for approximately 4 h in a well closed container, after which the mass is
packed and the top of the percolator is closed. Additional menstruum is added to form a
shallow layer above the mass, and the mixture is allowed to macerate in the closed
percolator for 24 h.

3.4.2.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction

SFE also called as dense-gas is a substance that shares the physical properties of both gas
and liquid at its critical point.

Interest in Supercritical-CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction due to excellent solvent for non-polar

analytic and CO2 is readily available at low cost and has low toxicity.

3.4.2.7 Counter-Current Extraction

Wet raw material is pulverized using toothed disc disintegrators to produce a fine slurry.
In this process, the material to be extracted is moved in one direction (generally in the
form of fine slurry) within a cylindrical extractor where it comes in contact with
extraction solvent. The further the starting material moves, the more concentrated the
extract becomes. Complete extraction is thus possible when the quantities of solvent and
material and their flow rates are optimized

3.4.2.8 Ultrasound Extraction (Sonication)

The procedure involves the use of ultrasound with frequencies ranging from 20 kHz to
2000 kHz; this increases the permeability of cell walls and produces cavitation. Although
the process is useful in some cases, like extraction of rauwolfia root, its large-scale
application is limited due to the higher costs.

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3.4.2.9 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
The microwave-assisted extraction is a method used for extraction of soluble products
into a fluid from a wide range of materials using microwave (non-ionizing
electromagnetic fields in the frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz) energy. The
principle of heating using microwave is based upon its direct impacts on polar materials.
Electromagnetic energy is converted to heat following ionic conduction and dipole
rotation mechanisms

Microwaves penetrate into biomaterials and generate heat by interacting with polar
molecules such as water inside the materials. Then the penetration of microwaves depth
into plant matrix depends on dielectric constant, moisture content, temperature, and the
frequency of the electrical field. The water contained in a plant material is responsible for
the absorption of microwave energy which led to internal superheating and cell structure
disruption. This action, created the diffusion of bioactive compound from the plant matrix
the surrounding extraction solvent can remain cold.

3.4.2.10 Accelerated Solvent Extraction

Solvents are used at elevated temperatures and pressures to keep the solvent in liquid
form during the extraction process. Due to elevated temperature the capacity of the
solvent to solubilize the analyst’s increases and thus the diffusion rate increases. A further,
higher temperature reduces the viscosity and the solvent can easily penetrate the pores of
the matrix.

3.4.2.11 Soxhlet Extraction or Hot Continuous Extraction

Soxhlet extraction is a method that was suggested for extraction of lipid first by Franz
Ritter von Soxhlet, a German chemist.

In this method, finely ground sample is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” made from a
strong filter paper or cellulose, which is place, is in thimble chamber of the Soxhlet
apparatus. Extraction solvents is heated in the bottom flask, vaporizes into the sample
thimble, condenses in the condenser and drip back.

Table 3. 1 Advantage and Disadvantage of extortion method

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Methods Advantage Disadvantage
Maceration - A simple method using non - Duration of extraction time is long and
complicated utensil and equipment. sometimes takes up to weeks

Decoction - The Equipment is not expensive - -It is not advised for the extraction of heat
It is easy to perform. sensitive constituents

Supercritical - Dissolving power is controlled -The selectivity of supercritical fluid is higher

fluid by pressure and/or temperature. than liquid solvent as its solvation power can
extraction - SCF is easily recoverable from be tuned either by changing T and/or pressure
the extract due to its volatility. -Compression of solvent requires elaborate
recycling measures to reduce energy costs.

Ultra - Reduction in extraction time, - The active constituents of medicinal plants

sonication- energy, use of solvent and equipment through formation of free radicals and
consequently undesirable changes in the drug
Assisted size. molecules.
Extraction - Faster response to process
extraction control, energy transfer and
kinetics.
Microwave -Increased marker recovery -This technique presents a low yield when
assisted -Increased purity of the extract solutes or solvents are nonpolar.
extraction -Reduced heat degradation -It also need stage of filtration or
-Reduced processing costs. centrifugation to remove the solid residue of
the extract.

Accelerated -An efficient form of liquid solvent ASE performed by high temperature, it
solvent extraction compared to solvent and leads to degradation of thermo labile
extraction Soxhlet extraction compounds.
- Control temperature and pressure
-Compared with Soxhlet extraction,
ASE presents a dramatic reduction.

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3.4.3 Basic procedures for the preparation of skin cream from banana peel using Soxhlet extraction
method
In this method, finely ground sample is placed in a porous bag or “thimble” made from a
strong filter paper or cellulose, which is place, in thimble chamber of the Soxhlet
apparatus. Extraction solvents is heated in the bottom flask, vaporizes into the sample
thimble, condenses in the condenser and drip back.

3.4.4 controlling temperature

Temperature control is very important for minimizing extraction times, maximizing
extraction amount.

Generally there is an optimum temperature and extraction time, which must be

determined experimentally, and typically extraction reaches a maximum and then falls
with increasing temperature and extraction time. However chemicals with a low boiling
point are best extracted at 30 0c or less while chemicals with a higher boiling point a
larger volume require higher temperature and extraction times. With standard crimp top
extraction vials, the maximum operating temperature is about 80 0c. to control this
temperature it is necessary to introduce a cooler between the reflux condenser and
extractor. ( Jerold H. smith, Stanford university,2009)
3.5 Expected Outputs and Beneficiaries
The produced skin cream compounds are expected to decrease amount of importing
cosmetics by replacing imported with locally manufactured cosmetics. The product from
banana peel will expected to give the additional income for the people who engage
themselves in fruit selling and also creates job opportunities and basically it reduces a big
deal of wastes that contribute to polluting of the environment.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Work plan
Table 4. 1work plan

Activities Week- 1,2,3&4 Week -5 Week-6 Week-7 Week-8

Contact advisor

21
 Raw material and Data collection

Review of literature

Laboratory work and preparation of

documentation

Finalized documentation

Submission

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Budget

Table 5. 1 budget

Materials Quantity Price (ETB)

Electrical blender 1 Available in HU

Microwave 1 Available in HU

Soxhlet extractor 1 Available inHU

22
Chemicals

Mineral oil 1L 560

Beeswax 1kg 680

Grinded coffee 1kg 200

Lemon 1kg 80

Paraffin 1L 100

Glycerin 1L 100

Fragrance 1L 950

Reference
Abhay Parkas Mishra, Luigi Milella, Priyanka Tiwari, (2014). Formulation and evaluation
of herbal antioxidant face cream of Nardostachys jatamansi collected from Indian
Himalayan region. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, Sarla Saklani.

Ahmed M. Aboul-Enein1, Zeinab A. Salama2, Alaa A. Gaafar2, Hanan F. Aly3, Faten A

bou-Elella1and Habiba A. Ahmed 2, (2016). Identification of phenolic compounds from
banana peel (Musa paradaisica L.) as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Journal of
Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4):46-55

Ajay K., Sanat R., Yashab K., Harison M., Jyotsna K., Jane C., Pradeep K., Dipuraj,
Pankaj S. (2014). Bio-Ethanol Production from Banana peel by Simultaneous
Saccharification and Fermentation Process using cocultures Aspergillus Niger and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. International journal of current microbiology and applied
science, Vol 3, No 5, 84-96

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Akash S. Mali, Karekar P, Dr. Yadav A. V, (2015). Formulation and Evaluation of
Multipurpose Herbal Cream. International Journal of Science and Research Vol. 4

Ammar A., Naoufal L., Azam B., Dennis G., David A. (2017). Phytochemicals:
Extraction, Isolation and Identification of Bioactive Compounds
from Plant Extracts.Mdpi,

Anhwange, B.A. T. J. Ugye, T.D. Nyiaatagher. (2009). CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF

MUSA SAPIENTUM (BANANA) PEELS. Electronic journal of environmental,
agriculture and food chemistry.

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