SUSTAINABLE POWER FOR ALL:

EXAMINING THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF

RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES

TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING - BENG102P

L29 + L30 SLOT

TEAM 4

Prithivisree S : 23BLC1088
Shraddha Agnihotri : 23BEE1159
Submitted To Shrinidhi R M : 21BEE1298
Dr. Patchainayagi S Aditya M : 23BLC1191
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................5
1. Social Equity:..........................................................................................................................................5
2. Community Engagement: .......................................................................................................................6
3. Economic Development:.........................................................................................................................7
4. Health Outcomes: ...................................................................................................................................7
METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................9
RESEARCH GAP .........................................................................................................................................9
RESEARCH AND FINDINGS ..................................................................................................................10
1. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TRANSITIONS AROUND THE WORLD ........................................10
2. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCE ...............................................................................................................12
3. REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO RENEWABLE ENERGY ..........................................................12
4. DRAWBACKS OF TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINALE ENERGY .........................................13
5. POLICIES FOR ADOPTION ...........................................................................................................14
6. INFERENCES FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE ...........................................................................17
CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................................................................23
LIMITATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................23
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................24
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We extend our heartfelt appreciation to all those who have contributed to the
completion of this technical report on renewable energy. Their dedication, expertise, and
support have been invaluable throughout this endeavor.

We are deeply grateful to Dr. Patchainayagi S for their guidance, insights, and
unwavering support throughout the research and writing process. Their expertise in the field
of renewable energy has been instrumental in shaping the content of this report. We also
express our gratitude to the IRENA, IEA and IREDA for providing resources, facilities, and
encouragement that facilitated the completion of this report. Furthermore, we would like to
acknowledge the contributions of our colleagues and peers who provided valuable feedback
and constructive criticism during the review process. Their input has greatly enhanced the
quality and accuracy of this document. Finally, we extend our sincere thanks to our families
and loved ones for their understanding, patience, and encouragement during the course of this
project. This report would not have been possible without the collective effort and support of
all those mentioned above. We are truly grateful for their contributions.
ABSTRACT
This technical report investigates the social impact of renewable technologies with a
focus on sustainable power accessibility for all. Challenges posed by climate change and the
dire need to shift to renewable energy resources are two issues that are causing the global
community to grapple. Hence, it is very important to understand and analyze the diverse
social implications that are inherent in renewable technologies. The report provides a
comprehensive overview of the current state of renewable energy adoption around the world,
highlighting the wide range of technologies in use, for instance solar, hydro, geothermal and
wind. The report includes details on the socioeconomic benefits derived from deploying
renewable energies. They include job creation, improved quality of living due to better health
overall, lesser respiratory diseases and cleaner and better energy access to the ever growing
populations. The report also backs this up with evidence from real-world examples which
demonstrate positive impacts of successful implementations. On the other hand, it also talks
about the potential challenges and drawbacks associated with the adoption of renewable
energy resources. These encompass factors such as land use conflicts (in case of bio-fuel
production), intermittency and equity concerns. These discussions provide a nuanced
understanding of the complexities involved. Moreover, policy frameworks and regulatory
measures are also reviewed on the basis of the social inclusiveness of the deployment of
renewable resources. The importance of focusing on equity and community engagement in
these policies is highlighted since they are necessary to ensure that the benefits of these
resources are equitably shared among the population. In conclusion, the technical report
consolidates a substantial amount of information to provide an in-depth analysis of the social
consequences associated with renewable technologies. It aims to inform the stakeholders,
researchers and policy makers about the opportunities and challenges associated with
renewable energy adoption. It also advocates for a socially conscious approach to design the
global energy systems in the future.

KEYWORDS :
Conflicts, Intermittency, Policy Frameworks, Stakeholders, Socioeconomic Benefits,
Regulatory Measures

INTRODUCTION

In addressing climate change, the global transition to renewable energy and its
associated drive for social justice represents a critical moment. As countries confront the
challenge of lowering carbon dioxide emissions and reducing their dependence on oil, the
search for energy justice becomes a cardinal principle. Nevertheless, this transformation has
some obstacles, particularly in areas like Ghana where historical grievances, economic
considerations and geopolitical dynamics intersect with clean energy as an imperative.
Despite guidelines such as those set out under Ghana’s national energy transition (NET),
traditional fuels are still being used thus necessitating international cooperation and proactive
measures by key actors to fast-track progress toward sustainable energy systems. Energy
justice is rooted in social equity which means fair distribution of decision-making power,
benefits and costs of energy services across different communities. However, failures in
numerous decisions related to renewable power have shown that there is need for systematic
consideration of disparities and equality when thinking about this issue. From insubstantial
subsidies to bad choices that were made during the process of implementing these policies
leads us to conclude that we should make sure that policies are based on principles of energy
justice while encouraging resilience and enhanced well-being.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Social Equity:

Energy justice is a fair distribution of decision making, representation, the costs, and
benefits of energy services across time and space. Economic factors, global politics and
historical grievances have been obstacles to the discussion, planning, course of action and
implementation of energy transition initiatives, especially in Ghana. Ghana's National Energy
Transition (NET) framework acts as a foundation for the energy transition. However, the
country’s lack of urgency and reliance on fossil-based energy sources until 2050 must be
analyzed. Although there have been previous efforts to transition to clean energy sources, the
continuing usage of firewood and charcoal has proven the inaccuracy and lax approach of the
government. The paper proposes international cooperation and willingness from major
energy using industries to speed up the efforts taken. It also states the effect of the
increasing involvement of China in Ghana, which, however, is out of the main scope.[7]

This article talks about how energy policy failures can use energy justice as a solution.
It emphasizes the need for a secure, fair and diverse energy framework inculcating the
principles of energy justice such as distributive, procedural, restorative, recognition, and
cosmopolitan justice. Energy policy failures have materialised in various ways including
excessive subsidies, collapsed incentives and poor decision-making. The authors have
examined cases from a range of countries to study the application of energy justice in policy-
making, which highlight the necessity of a systematic approach to resolve energy policy
failures. They have also discussed the emerging energy justice in policymaking in recent
times and have proposed future research directions, including the establishment of new public
institutions or social contracts aimed at addressing energy policy failures and promoting
energy justice.[15]

Research has examined the social equity consequences of Contracts-for-Difference

(CfDs) in financing renewable energy ventures, with the repercussions for low-income
individuals as the focus. How CfD cost recovery affects low-income and non-solar
consumers has been studied, using case study data from New South Wales (NSW). It shows
that vulnerable communities are particularly affected since profits are privatised for large
entities while potential losses are distributed among consumers. The study emphasizes the
need to consider environmental and social policy objectives when it comes to energy
transition initiatives.[17]

This study examines if renewable energy projects, particularly Lake Turkana Wind
Farm (LTWF) in Kenya, are related to violent conflict by use of conflict sensitivity
framework. Consequently, it discovers that LTWF scheme has triggered different forms of
conflicts which included community grievances, engagement with justice services, road
obstructions and violence acts. The analysis reveals a nuanced understanding of conflict
mechanisms, with independent studies identifying negative impacts like unfair distribution of
employment opportunities and resource competition while LTWP studies often emphasize
positive outcomes such as improved conflict communication and security measures. However,
there are discrepancies between the two indicating difficulty in understanding and managing
conflicts arising from renewable energy projects. The study underscores the importance of
mainstreaming conflict sensitivity and engaging stakeholders to address the complexities of
conflicts arising from energy system changes.[10]
 2. Community Engagement:

This article examines the practice of renewable energy adoption in support of UN

Sustainable Development Goal 7, which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for all. To understand the intricate network of activities,
seven Australian longitudinal case studies are analyzed using a Strategic Niche Management
(SNM) model. The model is designed to capture the dynamic and high degree of
collaboration that characterizes entrepreneurial practices. In certain contexts, this is followed
by the use of an interactive SNM model coupled with PESTLE analysis to offer
understanding based on a theoretical feedback loop. Finally, community engagement
facilitated renewable energy targets towards achieving UN SDG7 through joint measures
initiated at a firm project level were found. Based on the discussed way of moving towards
renewable energy deployment, the text provides guidance for professionals in that field. Such
an effort requires both government and entrepreneurial intervention in various states, while
community involvement is also seen as one of the significant features of renewable energy
deployment. [3]

Proposed research suggests a way of installing smart micro-grid systems in rural

communities that concentrates on the community as a socio-ecological system being
influenced by technological intrusion. This method includes three steps, which improve
elements of the social-ecological system and build partnerships between stakeholders. This
methodology is tested within a case study focused on the development of smart micro-grids
in northern Chile. The acceptance and adjustment to new technologies vary from one village
to another, but they can be strengthened by involvement of society in an evolutionary process
of technological intervention because it allows differing expectations based on system
complexity to be taken into account.[14]

Differences between community preferences and the existing levels of public and
private sector involvement were substantial. Principal institutional obstacles were found to be
gaps within the public sector and sub-optimal dissemination of essential information. For
energy corporations, their primary hindrance is how little importance they ascribe to gaining
a deep understanding of the needs of local communities. The researchers have developed an
integrated model for community engagement, which employs both top-down and bottom-up
approaches to capture energy needs. In order to enable a high level of trust between energy
companies and their host communities, the model would bring together public institutions as
partners in creating an enabling environment, while on the other hand ensuring that
communities have a platform where they could voice their immediate and future needs. The
paper recommended that community participation should be woven into the project cycle
systematically to lower project risks, prevent disputes, and avoid cost and time overruns.[2]

The overall aim of this report was to explore connections between engagement in the
society and energy fairness in the location of bio-energy frameworks through building a
literature review that specific focus on these crossings. More and more voices argue that
people who are promoting technologies, infrastructure and programs for transition of energy
should communicate with affected communities as well as wider public. However, if not
done appropriately, this engagement can create opposition, reinforce existing inequalities and
even build new ones. Furthermore, there is little consensus on how stakeholder engagement
should be carried out leave alone adequate resources for enabling full stakeholder
involvement at all stages of planning and approval. In addition, there is no agreement on
ways through which stakeholders can influence decisions related to technology choices or
siting renewable power projects.[1]
 3. Economic Development:

In many areas and nations, the switch to renewable energy has resulted in increased
economic prosperity and the creation of jobs. The cost and efficiency of renewable energy
technologies, such as wind turbines and solar photovoltaic systems, have decreased,
promoting innovation and industrial expansion. Globally, governments are establishing
challenging goals for renewable energy in an effort to lower carbon emissions and move
away from fossil fuels.[12]

Clean, sustainable energy is a major benefit of renewable technologies like solar and
wind power, which may also greatly boost economic growth. They promote economic growth,
enhance energy security, lessen dependency on non-renewable resources, and generate job
opportunities. Living conditions and health results are also improved by having access to
renewable energy, particularly in rural locations.[9]

By lowering dependency on pricey fossil fuels, generating employment opportunities,

and boosting local economies, sustainable electricity may make a major contribution to
economic growth. This can ultimately contribute to general economic growth by raising
income and raising living standards.[11]

This research investigates the influence of Scotland’s investment in green power on

environmental, wildlife and outdoor air quality impacts of different renewable technologies.
The study will use a choice experiment to estimate changes in welfare arising from such
investments. Additionally, it examines the specific roles and possible outcomes of biomass,
wind and hydro-power technologies. Finally, it compares the tastes of distinct social
groupings – rich versus poor families as well as urban dwellers versus countryside residents –
and thus reveals contrasting attitudes and interests in contemporary Scottish society.[4]

4. Health Outcomes:

Renewable energy sources (RESs), including wind and solar power, have been shown
to promote health. Efforts to limit noxious emissions and address the adverse impacts of
fossil fuels are among the benefits generated from RESs use. In general, research in this field
is currently scattered, but more extensive studies are yet to be carried out. Methodologies
applied in these investigations range from historical analysis, through simulations, to life
cycle assessment with data capture and modeling to determine potential direct health benefits
(e.g. decreases in mortality rates or number of hospitalizations) as well as indirect impacts on
climate change.The findings indicate that RES usage has positive impacts on health; however,
the effects of RES are contingent on site-specific characteristics as well as the types and
specific RESs employed. In sum, being able to appreciate these benefits and measuring them
can be important for policymakers and stakeholders when deciding on the transition to more
sustainable energy sources.[16]
 One of the research works considering the issue of how renewable energy
consumption, social factors, and health are related in a cluster of 12 European countries,
makes use of the Panel Vector Auto Regression (PVAR) model to examine if there is any
nexus between various proxy variables for renewable energy consumption like government
policy, public awareness, market dynamics, and health. It mainly points out the role played
by stringent policies in the development of renewable energy on other social factors. Besides
that, it acknowledges that there is a two-way connection between renewable energy
consumption and economic growth. The result suggests that sustainable development must be
emphasized along with public awareness to ensure an effective transition into renewable-
energy-based economies.[5]

The study done by Majeed, Luni and Zaka in 2021 investigates the link between
health results and renewable energy use in 155 economies. Energy consumption affects
health outcomes greatly depending on the source of energy; thus, it is important for economic
growth as well as human welfare. The study employs panel techniques like pooled ordinary
least squares, random effects, fixed effects, two-stage least squares, and generalized method
of moments to examine how the use of renewable energy sources impacts on sickness rates.
The findings show that clean energy helps control chronic diseases such as diabetes which
leads to high life expectancy, low mortality rates and fewer cases of tuberculosis. Health
outcome improve through trade urbanization and economic expansion. The research
underscores the importance thereof.[13]

One more study was undertaken to assess the impact of renewable energy
technologies on the quality of life in Ontario, Canada. The fact that wind turbines have only
recently been introduced has raised concerns over their possible impact on people’s health. A
connection between wind turbines and health has been suggested in some case studies from
the area, but no scientific proof is available for this. The study piloted the content and
distribution strategy of the survey, appraised relevant environmental health literature surveys
with regard to their use, and developed a data collection tool for populations exposed to wind
turbines. The mean age of respondents was 57.6 years while 57% were female. The pilot
response rate is 25.5%. This survey can be used by future researchers together with methods
described here to evaluate health effects.[6]

In conclusion, the energy transition discourse underscores the interconnected nature

of social equity, community engagement, economic development, and health outcomes with
respect to the social impact of renewable energy. As countries are transitioning from non-
renewable resources, it is important to prioritize energy justice so that the benefits and costs
are equally distributed among the diverse population. Irrespective of historical grievances and
policy failures, proper planning can accelerate the energy transition as seen in the case of
Ghana's National Energy Transition framework. Moreover, it can be understood that
community engagement is the foundation of renewable energy adoption, in order to promote
collaboration between stakeholders and empower local communities. By infusing inclusive
principles and considering diverse perspectives, societies will be able to navigate the
complexities of energy transition more efficiently, leading to a sustainable development. In
addition, the economic benefits of renewable energy, which include job creation and
enhanced energy security, highlight the potential for equitable growth and prosperity. Also,
the positive health outcomes that renewable energy deployment brings with it underscores the
broader societal benefits of transitioning to cleaner energy sources, away from fossil fuels.
 In essence, as societies undertake the journey towards a sustainable future, it is vital to
prioritize principles of equity, community engagement, and overall well-being. By adopting
inclusive policies, addressing inequalities, and encompassing collaborative approaches,
nations can maximize the effectiveness of renewable energy to promote social equity,
economic prosperity, and public health for present and future generations.

METHODOLOGY
The methodology deployed in this report included a comprehensive review of the
societal impact of renewable energy from various sources such as academic literature, policy
documents, reports from international organizations, and case studies. Synthesizing through
qualitative analysis, focusing on the health, economic, employment, and social equity
dimensions of renewable energy adoption were the important themes and findings. In
addition, to support the analysis and provide understanding of renewable energy deployment
on a range of societal aspects, practical evidence were included. Using a structured approach,
the aim of this methodology is to provide an assessment of the diverse ramifications of
transitioning towards sustainable energy sources.

RESEARCH GAP
There is still a gap in the understanding of different viewpoints and preferences of
stakeholders including local communities, government agencies and energy companies even
though it has been recognized that community engagement is crucial for successful renewable
energy deployment. Further research should be conducted to look into ways through which
stakeholder feedback can be effectively incorporated in decision making and conflicts of
interest managed appropriately thus encouraging more inclusive and participatory processes.
RESEARCH AND FINDINGS

1. SUSTAINABLE ENERGY TRANSITIONS AROUND THE WORLD

The transition to green energy is super important for fighting climate change and
meeting those sustainable development goals. In the past few years, renewable energy has
ascended greatly, with solar, wind, hydro, and other clean sources getting more and more
popular. This report is all about looking at how well different countries are doing with using
renewable energy. By the end of 2023, the world had more than 2,800 gigawatts (GW) of
renewable energy capacity installed, which is pretty impressive! Solar and wind power
constitute the biggest part, with hydropower, bioenergy, and geothermal energy following
behind. Europe, China, the United States, and India are leading the world on the way of
renewable energy, while other countries are trying to catch up and invest in cleaner ways to
produce electricity. Developing countries are especially interested in renewable energy
because it can help boost their economies without causing much pollution(Fig. 1). China
accounted for 46% of the new generating capacity added in 2021, with subsidies encouraging
record-breaking rises in the amount of offshore wind which increased sixfold. In Europe,
solar accounted for most of the growth, with projects in Spain, France, Poland and Germany.

The International Energy Agency, IEA, expects Russia’s invasion of Ukraine to lead
to increases in renewable energy capacity, particularly in Europe. Russia, which supplies
around 45% of the European Union’s gas, has already cut supplies to Bulgaria, Finland and
Poland. Thus, the countries of Europe plan to improve their energy security, by increasing the
renewable energy contribution in their energy profiles.

Fig.1 : Renewable net capacity additions by country and region 2019-2021[8]

 Fig. 2 : Contribution of types of Renewable energy sources to the Energy Profile [8]

The graph (Fig. 2) shows the increase in energy generation from renewable sources
over time. It compares hydropower, solar, wind, and other renewables. Hydropower is the
oldest and historically the most dominant renewable energy source. However, since the 1990s,
wind and solar have seen much faster growth. Other renewables, which include geothermal,
biomass and marine sources, also show an increase in generation over time but contribute a
smaller amount of total renewable energy generation. From 2010, there has been a steep
increase in the production of renewable energy, suggesting a significant shift towards
renewable energy sources to meet the ever-rising energy demands.

The primary objective for deploying renewable energy in India is to advance

economic development, improve energy security, improve access to energy, and mitigate
climate change. Sustainable development is possible by use of sustainable energy and by
ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for citizens. Strong
government support and the increasingly opportune economic situation have pushed India to
be one of the top leaders in the world’s most attractive renewable energy markets. The
government has designed policies, programs, and a liberal environment to attract foreign
investments to ramp up the country in the renewable energy market at a rapid rate. It is
anticipated that the renewable energy sector can create a large number of domestic jobs over
the following years.
Fig. 3 Share of renewable energy in total electricity consumption for 2016-2022 in India [8]
 This table (Fig. 3) presents the estimated contribution of renewable energy sources to
the total energy demand. MoP along with CEA in its draft national electricity plan for 2016
anticipated that with 175 GW of installed capacity of renewable power by 2022, the expected
electricity generation would be 327 billion units (BUs), which would contribute to 1611 BU
energy requirements. This indicates that 20.3% of the energy requirements would be fulfilled
by renewable energy by 2022 and 24.2% by 2027. As per the order of revised RPO
(Renewable Purchase Obligations, legal act of June 2018), the country has a target of a 21%
share of renewable energy in its total electricity consumption by March 2022. In 2014, the
same goal was at 15% and increased to 21% by 2018. It is India’s goal to reach 40%
renewable sources by 2030.

2. SOCIAL CONSEQUENCE

Traditional energy resources such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum have been
pivotal to economic growth, yet their detrimental effects on the environment have prompted a
shift towards alternative energy sources. These alternatives are more eco-friendly, producing
significantly less pollution and greenhouse gases. Among these, wind energy stands out as
one of the most efficient forms of renewable energy, notable for its minimal water usage and
reduced carbon footprint, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse effects and the combat
against global warming.

The adoption of renewable energy technologies can catalyze numerous societal

benefits, including the creation of local jobs, enhancement of public health, expansion of
employment opportunities, diversification of consumer options, elevation of living standards,
strengthening of community ties, stimulation of economic growth, influence on population
dynamics, and fostering of communal progress. Nonetheless, challenges such as the
variability in energy production from wind and hydroelectric sources due to seasonal changes
necessitate innovative designs and strategic planning. The evolution of computing technology
has facilitated the creation of sophisticated hardware and software solutions to overcome
these obstacles.

In essence, the transition to renewable energy is not only a step towards

environmental conservation but also a pathway to a myriad of advantages like job creation,
health improvement, career prospects, and community enrichment.

3. REASONS FOR SHIFTING TO RENEWABLE ENERGY

The adoption of renewable energy has seen a significant increase due to the
significant decrease in costs, such as an 85% reduction in solar photovoltaic electricity prices
since 2010, and a halving of costs for both onshore and offshore wind electricity. This has led
to renewable energy sources now standing on equal footing with fossil fuel-based electricity
in terms of competitiveness. The shift towards renewable energy is not only driven by the
urgent need to mitigate climate change but also by technological advancements and
economies of scale.
 The shift towards renewable energy is pivotal for sustainable economic development
and job creation, contributing to improved public health outcomes and social equity,
particularly benefiting vulnerable communities. Renewable energy sources also bring
environmental benefits, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, curbing air pollution, and
decreasing reliance on finite fossil fuel reservoirs. Additionally, renewables preserve
ecosystems and biodiversity.

Energy security is enhanced by integrating renewable energy sources into the energy
mix, as they offer abundant and locally available alternatives that bolster the resilience of
energy systems. Technological advancements in solar panels, wind turbines, and energy
storage technologies have further solidified the efficiency and reliability of renewable energy
sources.

Global cooperation through international agreements and collaborative initiatives,

such as the Paris Agreement, has played a pivotal role in driving the transition towards
cleaner energy sources. Hence, the convergence of falling costs, environmental advantages,
job creation, and collaborative global initiatives aimed at climate change mitigation
underscore the importance of transitioning towards renewable energy sources as a crucial step
towards securing a sustainable future.

4. DRAWBACKS OF TRANSITIONING TO SUSTAINALE ENERGY

Renewable energy systems often require significant upfront investments, such as solar
panels and wind turbines. However, these costs have been decreasing over time, making
renewable energy solutions more financially accessible for a wider range of stakeholders.
Renewable energy sources like solar and wind are subject to intermittency, which requires the
integration of energy storage solutions like batteries to ensure consistent power supply.

Storage challenges remain a persistent challenge in renewable energy, with

advancements in battery technology showing promise but ongoing research and development
efforts are necessary to further enhance storage capabilities. Geographic limitations also pose
a challenge, with solar power thriving in areas abundant with sunlight, wind power requiring
consistent wind patterns, and hydropower relying on suitable water resources.

Large-scale renewable energy projects often require substantial land areas, impacting
ecosystems, wildlife habitats, and local communities. Striking a balance between fulfilling
energy requirements and upholding environmental preservation is crucial for sustainable
energy development. Visual and aesthetic concerns arise from the installation of wind
turbines and solar farms, prompting community engagement and meticulous planning
practices.

Transmission infrastructure upgrades are required to integrate remote energy sources

into the grid, incurring substantial costs and logistical complexities. Despite these challenges,
the transition towards renewable energy remains a pivotal endeavor for a sustainable future.
As technology evolves and awareness grows, barriers associated with renewable energy
adoption can be gradually overcome, leading to long-term benefits of abundant and
environmentally friendly energy solutions.
 5. POLICIES FOR ADOPTION
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has identified 20 guiding principles for
policy-making based on best practices observed across IEA member states and partner
countries. These recommendations can be adapted to suit specific national and local
circumstances. These principles aim to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy, achieve
climate targets, ensure energy access for all, reduce air pollution, and enhance energy security.

The IEA proposes several ambitious goals for the energy transition by 2030:

1. Tripling global renewable capacity: Expanding renewable energy installations worldwide.

2. Doubling energy efficiency improvements: Enhancing energy efficiency across sectors.

3. Slashing methane emissions from fossil fuel operations by 75%: Reducing greenhouse gas
emissions.

4. Innovative financing mechanisms: Tripling clean energy investments in emerging and

developing economies.

5. Orderly decline in fossil fuel use: Including an end to new approvals of unabated coal-fired
power plants.

Renewable Energy Policies in a Time of Transition:

1. The IEA’s report highlights key barriers and policy options to boost renewable energy
deployment.

2. It examines sector-specific policies for heating and cooling, transport, and power
generation, as well as measures for integrating variable renewables.

Policies and Measures Database:

The IEA maintains a comprehensive database that provides information on past,
existing, or planned government policies and measures related to:

1. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Improving energy efficiency.

3. Supporting the development and deployment of renewables and other clean energy
technologies
Measures taken by India:
India has been actively implementing policies to promote the adoption of renewable energy
sources. Here are some key initiatives and measures:

1. Ultra Mega Renewable Energy Parks (UMREPs):

India is establishing UMREPs to facilitate large-scale renewable energy projects.

These parks provide infrastructure, land, and grid connectivity for solar and wind power
installations. They aim to attract private investments and accelerate clean energy
deployment1.

2. Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs):

The government mandates that power distribution companies (DISCOMs) and large
consumers meet a certain percentage of their electricity demand through renewable sources.
This encourages the procurement of renewable energy and drives investment in the sector.

3. Waiver of Transmission System Charges:

To incentivize inter-state sales of solar and wind power, India has waived Inter State
Transmission System (ISTS) charges for projects commissioned by June 30, 20252.

4. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI):

India permits 100% FDI under the automatic route for renewable energy projects.
This encourages foreign investment and technology transfer in the sector.

5. National Solar Mission (NSM):

Launched in 2010, the NSM aims to achieve 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022. It
includes various programs such as rooftop solar, utility-scale solar parks, and solar
manufacturing incentives.

6. Wind Energy Policy:

India has a comprehensive wind energy policy that promotes wind power generation.
It includes feed-in tariffs, competitive bidding, and incentives for wind turbine manufacturers.

7. Bioenergy Policy:

The government encourages the use of biomass, biogas, and other bioenergy sources.
Policies focus on promoting efficient biomass cookstoves, biogas plants, and waste-to-energy
projects.

8. Hydropower Development:

India has policies to promote small and large hydropower projects. These include
financial incentives, environmental clearances, and support for grid integration.
 9. Electric Vehicle (EV) Policy:

While not directly related to renewable energy, India’s EV policy aims to reduce
fossil fuel consumption and promote electric mobility. EVs can be charged using renewable
energy sources.

10. Green Bonds and Financing Mechanisms:

India encourages green financing through mechanisms like green bonds. These funds
are used for renewable energy projects and sustainable infrastructure.

11. Energy Efficiency Measures:

Alongside renewables, India focuses on energy efficiency programs. The Perform,

Achieve, and Trade (PAT) scheme targets energy-intensive industries to improve efficiency.

12. National Offshore Wind Energy Policy:

India is exploring offshore wind potential. The policy framework aims to harness
wind energy from the sea.

These policies collectively contribute to India’s ambitious goals, including achieving

500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030 and fulfilling 50% of energy requirements
from renewable sources3. The country’s commitment to clean energy and climate action
remains steadfast.
 6. INFERENCES FROM THE QUESTIONNAIRE
A questionnaire was administered to the public in order to understand their attitudes
towards renewable energies. An overview of the results is as follows.

Awareness and Adoption:

A majority of respondents are moderately familiar with renewable resources,

indicating a need for increased educational outreach. Personal witness to renewable projects
is moderate, suggesting that visibility and community-based projects could be beneficial.

Perception and Importance:

There is a strong consensus that renewable energy can significantly reduce air
pollution and improve air quality. Access to renewable energy is deemed crucial by most,
highlighting its importance in energy equity discussions.

Community Involvement:

Involvement and consultation of families in renewable projects are minimal, pointing

towards a gap in community engagement practices.
Information on the impacts of renewable energy is not widely disseminated, suggesting a
need for better communication strategies.

Economic Impact:

Changes in utility bills post-renewable energy adoption are mixed, with some noting
reductions while others see no change. Affordability is a key factor in willingness to invest in
renewable energy, indicating price sensitivity among potential adopters. Lack of government
support has also been acknowledged as a major cause, indicating the need for prompt
measures to be taken by the government.

Challenges and Opportunities:

The biggest challenges identified are financial barriers, lack of government support,
public awareness and insufficient infrastructure. Respondents are optimistic about the
benefits for low-income communities but stress the need for targeted support and policies.

Future Prospects and Roles:

Solar energy is frequently mentioned as the most promising renewable source for the
future. Government incentives for renewable energy are widely supported, with many feeling
that such measures are essential for widespread adoption. Individuals see their role as
advocates and conscious consumers, while governments are expected to be enablers and
regulators to promote sustainable power.

The results of the questionnaire are as follows. A total of 51 responses were collected.
1. What is your familiarity with renewable resources?

2. Have you personally witnessed any renewable energy projects in your community?

3. Do you think renewable energy can help reduce air pollution and improve air quality?
4. How important do you believe it is for everyone to have access to renewable
energy?

5. Were you/your family members involved in or consulted before the implementation of

the renewable energy sources?

6. Were you informed about the possible positive and/or negative impacts of the renewable
energy implemented?
7. Have you noticed any changes in your utility bills since the introduction
of renewable energy in your area?

8. What do you think are the biggest challenges hindering the widespread
adoption of renewable energy?

9. Would you be willing to invest in renewable energy for your home if it

were more affordable/Have you invested in renewable energy?
10. Do you think renewable energy can benefit low-income communities?

11. Do you think renewable energy projects should prioritize the needs of local
communities?

12. Which renewable energy source do you think holds the most promise for the future?
13. How do you feel about governments offering incentives for renewable
energy adoption?

14. In your opinion, what role should individuals play in promoting

sustainable power for all?

15. In your opinion, what role should governments play in promoting sustainable power
for all?
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the report underscores the potential of renewable technologies to

address pressing social issues such as energy poverty, access to clean and affordable
energy, and job creation in marginalized communities. By promoting renewable energy
adoption, societies can reduce their carbon footprint, improve air quality, and enhance
energy security while also fostering social cohesion and economic development.

It is crucial for policymakers to consider the social implications of renewable

energy projects and ensure that they are implemented in a way that benefits all members of
society. This requires engaging with local communities, addressing concerns about land
use and environmental impacts, and creating opportunities for community ownership and
participation in renewable energy projects.

The transition to renewable energy is not just a technical challenge but also a social
one. By prioritizing social inclusiveness and equity in the design and implementation of
renewable energy policies, we can create a more sustainable and just energy system that
benefits everyone. It is imperative that stakeholders, researchers, and policymakers work
together to ensure that renewable energy technologies are deployed in a way that
maximizes their social impact and contributes to a more equitable and sustainable future
for all.

LIMITATIONS

The sample size of the questionnaire is small and the scope is limited to college
students and faculties. Furthermore, there are a variety of renewable energy resources
available, however, we have concentrated on only three of them – solar, hydro and wind.
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