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Momentum
Momentum
Momentum
Area = W
x
2. Fs = kx slope = Fs/x = k
3. W = Fsx area = ½bh = ½x(kx) = ½kx2 = W
3. power, P = W/t (W)
a. rate that work is done: Watt, W = J/s
b. P = Fvav, where v is average (W/t = F(d/t) = Fvav)
c. graphing
1. P = slope of W vs. t graph
2. P = area under F vs. v graph
d. kilowatt-hour is a unit of energy
(1KWh = 3.6 x 106 J)
4. mechanical energy
a. work-energy theorem: work done to an object
increases mechanical energy; work done by an
object decreases mechanical energy
b. scalar quantity, like work
c. kinetic energy—energy of motion
1. positive only
2. K = ½mv2 = p2/2m
Steps Algebra
start with v2 = v02 + 2ad
assume Ko = 0 vo = v2 = 2ad
0 ad = ½v2
solve for ad
start with K = W = Fd
substitute ma for F K = (ma)d = m(ad)
substitute ½v2 for ad K = m(½v2)
rearrange K = ½mv2
start with mv = p
square both sides m2v2 = p2
divide both sides by m2v2/2m = p2/2m
2m K = p2/2m
substitute K for ½mv2
d. potential energy—energy of relative position
1. gravitational potential energy
a. based on arbitrary zero
(usually closest or farthest apart)
b. Ug = mgh (near the Earth's surface)
Steps Algebra
start with Ug = W = Fd
substitute mg for F Ug = (mg)d
substitute h for d Ug = mgh
c. Ug = -GMm/r (orbiting system)
1. G = 6.67 x 10-11 N•m2/kg2
2. r = distance from center to center
3. Ug = 0 when r is Ug < 0 for all
values of r because positive work is
needed reach Ug = 0
2. spring (elastic) potential energy, Us = ½kx2
a. Us = W to stretch the spring
b. see work by a variable force
above
C. Conservation of Energy 7. solve ballistics problems
1. work done on object A by a "nonconservative" force
(push or pull, friction) results in the gain in mechanical M
(vM = 0)
energy for object A equal to the loss of energy by the m vm
source of the nonconservative force bullet collides inelastically with block: mvm = (M +
2. work done on object A by a "conservative" force m)v'
(gravity, spring) results in the change in form of block swings or slides (conservation of energy)
mechanical energy (U K) for object A, but no loss in
o block swings like a pendulum to height h
energy
a. conservative forces (Fg and Fs) o K = Ug ½(M + m)v'2 = (M + m)gh h = v'2/2g
1. Fg d : Ug K, Fg d : K Ug o block slides a distance d along a rough surface
2. Fs d : Us K, Fs d : K Us o K = Wf ½(M + m)v'2 = (M + m)gd d =
b. process isn't 100 % efficient v'2/2g
1. friction (W = Ffd) reduces mechanical energy
2. mechanical energy is converted into random
kinetic energy of the object's atoms and the
temperature increases = heat energy—Q
3. total energy is still conserved
3. work done by object A on object B
a. W = mAad (uses up kinetic energy to decelerate)
b. energy loss by object A = energy gain by object B
c. some energy is lost due to friction
4. examples
Process Energy
Work done to pull a pendulum bob off W Ug
center
1 Transformatio release pendulum Ug K
n
Work done by hit a stationary object KW
Work done to throw a ball into the air WK
Transformatio ball rises and falls K Ug
2
n
Work done by falling ball dents ground KW
Work done to load a projectile in spring- W Us
gun
3 Transformatio release projectile Us K
n
Work done by projectile penetrates target K W
5. elastic collision formula proof (p and K are
conserved)
½mA(vA2 - vA'2) = ½mB(vB'2 - vB2) (vA2 - vA'2) = (vB'2 - vB2)
mA(vA – vA') = mB(vB' – vB) (vA – vA') = (vB' – vB)
(vA – vA')(vA + vA') = (vB – vB')(vB + vB') vA - vB = -(vA' -
vB')
(vA – vA') = (vB' – vB)
6. solving conservation of energy problems
determine initial energy of the object, Eo
o if elevated h distance: Ug = mgh
o if accelerated to v velocity: K = ½mv2
o if spring compressed x distance: Us = ½kx2
determine energy added/subtracted due to an
external push or pull: Wp = ±F||d
determine energy removed from the object by
friction: Wf = Ffd = (mgcosd
o d is the distance traveled
o is the angle of incline (0o for horizontal)
determine resulting energy, E' = Eo ± Wp – Wf
determine d, h, x or v
o if slides a distance d: 0 = Eo ± Wp – mgcosd'
o if elevates a height h: E' = mgh'
o If compresses a spring x: Us: E' = ½kx'2
o if accelerated to velocity v: E' = ½mv'2
general equation (not all terms apply for each
problem)
K + Ug + Us ± Wp – Wf = K' + Ug' + Us''
½mv2 + mgh + ½kx2 ± Fpd – Ffd = ½mv'2 + mgh' + ½kx'2
A. Linear Momentum
Questions 1-15 Briefly explain your answer.
1. An open cart rolls along a frictionless track while it is
raining. As it rolls, what happens to the speed of the cart
as the rain collects in it?
(A) increase (B) the same (C)
decrease
Questions 3-4 Two boxes, one heavier than the other, are
initially at rest on a horizontal frictionless surface. The
same constant force F acts on each for 1 s.
3. Which box has more momentum after the force acts?
(A) light (B) heavy (C) tie
4. Which box has the greater velocity after the force acts?
(A) light (B) heavy (C) tie
13. Alice (100 lbs) and Bill (150 lbs) are standing on slippery
ice and push off of each other. If Alice slides at 6 m/s, what
speed does Bill have?
(A) 2 m/s (B) 3 m/s (C) 4 m/s (D) 6 m/s
Collision Lab
22. Observe an elastic collision between a swinging 200-g
weight and a golf ball, and compare the actual post-collision
velocities with the theoretical velocities.
a. Collect the following data.
200-g Weight (A) Golf Ball (B)
string length LA mass mB
initial angle A 20o table height dyB
final angle A' distance dxB'
vA
dyA'
vA'
tB'
vB'
c. Calculate the following theoretical values.
Formula Calculation
vA'
d. Calculate the percent differences. 26. Work done to pull a 10-kg box across a rough
Formula Calculation
floor at constant speed.
vA'
vB'
23. A 0.50-kg softball is traveling at 40 m/s. A bat makes
contact with the ball for 0.025 s, after which, the ball's
velocity is 35 m/s in the opposite direction (v = -75 m/s).
a. Determine the change in the ball's momentum.
B. Forms of Energy
Questions 25-50 Briefly explain your answer.
Questions 25-30 Use the following options
(A) W > 0 (B) W = 0 (C) W < 0
25. Work done to hold a 10-kg bowling ball in your arms.
27. Work done by a pitcher to throw a 90-mph fast
ball.
32. Which contributes more to the cost of your electric bill each
month, a 1500-Watt hair dryer or a 600-Watt microwave
oven?
(A) hair drier
(B) microwave oven
(C) both contribute equally
(D) depends upon how long each one is on
35. Car A has twice the mass of car B, but they both have the
same kinetic energy. How do their speeds compare?
(A) 2vA = vB (B) 2vA = vB (C) 4vA = vB
Question 39-40 Stone A has twice the mass as stone B. They are
dropped from a cliff and reach a point just above ground.
39. What is the speed of stone A compared to stone B? 49. How does the work required to stretch a spring 2 cm
(A) vA = vB (B) vA = ½vB compare with the work required to stretch it 1 cm?
(C) vA = 2vB (D) vA = 4vB (A) W2 = W1 (B) W2 = 2W1
(C) W2 = 4W1 (D) W2 = 8W1
43. The work Wo accelerates a car for 0 to v. How much work 53. How much work is done to carry a 100-kg crate 10 m up a
is needed to accelerate the car from v to 3v? 30o ramp?
(A) 2Wo (B) 3Wo (C) 8Wo (D) 9Wo
54. Why is work not needed to keep the earth orbiting the
44. Blocks A and B of mass mA and mB (mA > mB) slide on a
frictionless floor and have the same kinetic energy when sun?
they hit a long rough stretch ( > 0), which slows them
down to a stop. Which one goes farther
(A) A (B) B (C) both the same
55. How much power is needed to change the speed of a
1500-kg car from 10 m/s to 20 m/s in 5 s?
45. A golfer making a putt gives the ball an initial velocity of vo,
but he has misjudged the putt, and the ball only travels
one-quarter of the distance to the hole. What speed should 56. How much power does a 75-kg person generate when
he have given the ball? climbing 50 steps (rise of 25 cm per step) in 12 s?
(A) 2vo (B) 3vo (C) 4vo (D) 8vo a. in Watts
47. You and your friend both solve a problem involving a skier
going down a slope, starting from rest. The two of you
57. How much power is needed to maintain a speed of 25 m/s
against a total friction force of 200 N?
dy
d
c. The car goes up a 10 incline at 30 m/s.
o
How much
power does the car engine deliver now? v
Fg
60. What is the kinetic energy of a 2-kg block moving at 9 m/s?
Ug
62. What is the gravitational potential energy of the earth-moon
system? (MEarth = 5.97 x 1024 kg, Mmoon = 7.35 x 1022 kg,
distance between Earth and moon, r = 3.84 x 108 m)
P
A B C
0N
0.2 m 0.4 m 66. A stationary block slides down a frictionless ramp and
attains a speed of 2 m/s. To achieve a speed of 4 m/s, how
c. Calculate the area under the graph. many times higher must the ball start from?
(A) 2 times (B) 4 times (C) 8 times
Questions 68-69 Alice and Bill start from rest at the same time
on frictionless water slides with different shapes.
Bill
Alice
70. A cart starting from rest rolls down a hill and at the bottom
has a speed of 4 m/s. If the cart were given a push, so its
initial speed at the top of the hill was 3 m/s, what would be
its speed at the bottom?
(A) 4 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 7 m/s
71. You see a leaf falling to the ground with constant speed.
When you first notice it, the leaf has initial total mechanical
energy Ei. You watch the leaf until just before it hits the
ground, at which point it has final total mechanical energy
Ef. How do these total energies compare?
(A) Ei < Ef (B) Ei = Ef (C) Ei > Ef
73. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the bullet and the gun
have equal and opposite momenta. If this is true, then why
is the bullet deadly, but you can hold the gun while it is
fired?
(A) the bullet is much sharper than the gun
(B) the bullet is smaller and can penetrate the body
(C) the bullet has more kinetic energy than the gun
(D) the bullet goes a longer distance and gains speed
77. A 10-kg box is initially at the top of a 5-m long ramp set at
53o. The box slides down to the bottom of the ramp. The
force of friction is 31 N. Determine the
a. potential energy at the top of the ramp.
c. Engineers estimate the force of air resistance with the 86. A 10-kg box is initially at the top of a 5-m long ramp set at
formula, Fair Av2, where A is sail area and v is 30o. The box slides down to the bottom of the ramp. The
velocity. Discuss whether the data supports this force of friction is 26 N. Determine the
formula or not.
a. potential energy at the top of the ramp.
Ug
What is the velocity of the bullet-block system after the
bullet embeds itself in the block?
K (A) (M + v)m/M (B) (m + v)m/M
(C) (m + M)v/M (D) mv/(m + M)
v'
vA
6. An object of mass m is moving with speed vo to the right on
c. Calculate the percent differences with the velocimeter. a horizontal frictionless surface when it explodes into two
Formula Calculation pieces. Subsequently, one piece of mass 2/5m moves with
a speed ½vo to the left. The speed of the other piece of
P the object is
(A) vo/2 (B) vo/3 (C) 7vo/5 (D) 2 vo
K
Practice Multiple Choice (No calculator)
Briefly explain why the answer is correct in the space 7. Two objects of mass 0.2 kg and 0.1 kg, respectively, move
provided. parallel to the x-axis. The 0.2 kg object overtakes and
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 collides with the 0.1 kg object. Immediately after the
D A A D C D A B A D C A collision, the y-component of the velocity of the 0.2 kg
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 object is 1 m/s upward.
B C D C C D C C B D C B
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
B B A C A D A B A D C What is the y-component of the velocity of the 0.1 kg object
1. Two pucks, where mI = 3mII, are attached by a stretched immediately after the collision?
spring and are initially held at rest on a frictionless surface. (A) 2 m/s downward (B) 0.5 m/s downward
(C) 0 m/s (D) 0.5 m/s upward
13. What is the kinetic energy of a 5-kg block that slides down
an incline at 6 m/s?
(A) 20 J (B) 90 J (C) 120 J (D) 240 J
Questions 14-15 A weight lifter lifts a mass m at constant speed What is the kinetic energy of the block at the bottom of the
to a height h in time t. incline if 50 J of energy is lost due to friction?
14. How much work is done by the weight lifter? (A) 50 J (B) 270 J (C) 320 J (D) 3100 J
(A) mg (B) mh (C) mgh (D) mght
has no change in kinetic energy? Questions 24-27 The vertical height versus gravitational potential
(A) II only (B) III only (C) I and II (D) I and III energy for an object near earth's surface is graphed below.
Ug (J)
8
0
17. Which is a scalar quantity that is always positive or zero? 6
(A) Power (B) Work 0
(C) Kinetic energy (D) Potential Energy 4
0
2 26. What does the slope of the graph represent?
0 (A) mass of the object
h (B) gravitational force on the object
0 (C) kinetic energy of the object
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 (m)
24. What is Ug when the object is 2.25 m above the surface? (D) potential energy of the object
(A) 50 J (B) 45 J (C) 60 J (D) 55 J
b. from x = 0 to x = 15 m
What is the coefficient of friction? With the spring compressed a distance x = 0.020 m in each
trial, the students obtained the data for different values of m.
400
Fx (N)
200
0 x (m)
e. The height h that the spring reaches is difficult to
measure. How would you determine this
value?