AP Physics 7: Waves Name __________________________

A. Wave Motion distance 10 m 20 m 40 m 80 m

1. general loudness 100 dB 94 dB 88 dB 82 dB
a. oscillation (energy) spreads out without carrying f. high frequencies sound louder (ear is
matter
b. mechanical wave: individual particles move a most sensitive between 2000 Hz and
short distance, transmit their energy to the next 4000 Hz)
particle, and then return to their original position
c. pulses are generated by a single “bump”, which is
not repeated
d. periodic wave is generated by an oscillating
source
e. characteristics of a periodic wave

1. amplitude A (m): maximum oscillation

distance from midpoint
2. wavelength (m): distance between any two
successive identical points of the wave
3. frequency f (Hz or s-1): the number of waves
that pass a point per unit time
4. period T = 1/f (s): time for one wave to pass
5. velocity, vw = /T = f (m/s)
2. types of waves

a. transverse wave (a)

1. forms in solids only (guitar string)
2. disturbance  wave 
3. light waves (next section)
b. longitudinal wave (b)
1. forms in all states (sound)
2. disturbance  wave 
3. sound
a. requires a medium
b. speed of sound (in air) depends on air density
1. density = velocity
2. humidity, elevation temperature = density
c. pitch is related to frequency of sound
1. human ear: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
2. piano range: 27.5 Hz to 4186 Hz
d. loudness, , is measured in decibels (dB)
dB 0 dB 60 dB 120 dB 160 dB
threshold of normal rock concert ruptures
example
hearing conversation (damage) eardrum
loudness 20 26 212 216
0 6 12
power 10 10 10 1016
e. decrease of 6 dB for each doubling of
distance
4. Interference
a. amplitudes combine when two waves meet
(superposition principle)
constructive interference destructive interference

b. similar frequency produce beats: fbeat = |fB – fA|

c. same frequency = standing wave

1. maximum displacement (constructive
interference) is “antinode”
2. minimum displacement (destructive
interference) is “node”
3. vibrating string (transverse wave)
a. velocity: vw = [Ft/(m/L)]½
b. harmonics (first, second, etc.)
1. all possible standing waves where
nodes form at both ends
2. number of harmonic (n) = # of loops
3. n = 2L/n and fn = nf1

1= 2L/1

2 = 2L/2

3 = 3L/2

d. resonance: vibrating a structure at its natural

frequency will cause amplitude magnification
5. Doppler effect
a. when source(vs) and/or observer(vo) are moving
with respect to each other, the perceived
frequency changes
b. frequency heard, f', compared to frequency
generated, f
1. f’ = f(vw ± vo)/(vw ± vs)
2. f' > f when approaching (+ vo and/or – vs)
3. f' < f when receding (– vo and/or + vs)
c. approximation formula f/f  v/vw
1. f’ = f + f when approaching
2. f’ = f – f when receding
B. Light
1. general properties
a. speed in a vacuum: c = 3 x 108 m/s
b. no medium is needed
c. transverse wave
d. polarization

e. Doppler shift alters frequency (red shift for receding

source, blue shift for approaching source)
2. reflection
a. law of reflection i = r
1. angles measured from perpendicular (normal)
2. "r" for reflection, "R" for refraction
b. phase shift occurs when reflecting surface has
greater n (index of refraction)

phase shift no
phase
shift
3. refraction
a. light slows when entering a transparent medium
1. atom-atom interactions
2. vn = c/n = 3 x 108/n
3. v = f and fn = f1  n = 1/n
b. rays that enter at an angle from normal
1. bend toward normal if ni < nR
2. bend away from normal if ni > nR

c. Snell's law: n1sin1 = n2sin2

d. dispersion
1. n increases with frequency (violet > red)
2. color separation by a prism

3. when light travels from air to glass; violet light

bends toward normal more than red
4. when light travels from glass to air; violet light
bends away from normal more than red
e. total reflection
1. light in glass can be trapped because the
refraction angle  90o (total reflection)
2. only when ni > nR
3. critical angle c (when R = 90o):
sinc = (nlow/nhigh)
C. Lenses and Mirrors g. small or partially covered lens reduces
1. parallel light rays refract toward (converge) or away
from (diverge) a focus, F, by a parabolic lens amount of light (brightness of image) but
a. distance from lens to F = focal length f not size or nature
b. depends on nlens/nmedium  lenses work differently
under water (less refraction)
2. parallel light rays reflect off of a parabolic mirror
radius of curvature r, where f = ½r
CB bisector  angles equal
isosceles  CBF CF = FB

BF  AF  CF  AF

 AF  ½AC or f = ½r

3. shape
a. convex—center is thicker than the edges
1. lens is converging in function
2. mirror is diverging in function
b. concave—center is thinner than the edges
1. lens is diverging in function
2. mirror is converging in function
4. ray tracings
a. parallel rays go toward/away from focus
mirror diverging lens

f f
mirror converging lens
b. rays through center are straight
lens mirror

f f
mirror lens
c. image forms where the two rays intersect
5. Lens/mirror equation: 1/do + 1/±di = 1/±f
a. + f for converging lens or mirror
– f for diverging lens or mirror
b. do = object distance, use + for single optic system
c. di = image distance
1. +, image is real—visible on screen
2. –, image is virtual—visible through lens/mirror
d. ho = object height, use + for upright object
e. hi = image height
1. +, image is upright
2. –, image is upside down (inverted)
f. magnification, M = hi/ho = -di/do
1. > |1|, image is larger than object
2. < |1|, image is smaller than object
3. generalizations
a. real image: inverted, form on opposite side
as object for lens; same side for mirror
b. virtual image: upright, form on same side
as object for lens, opposite side for mirror
c. converging lens or mirror image
1. do > 2f: real and small -1 < M < 0
2. do = 2f: real and same size M = -1
3. 2f > do > f: real and larger M < -1
4. do = f: no image
5. f > do > 0: virtual and larger M > 1
6. |M| increases as do approaches f
d. diverging lens or mirror image
1. all images are virtual and smaller
2. M increases as object approaches
lens/mirror
D. Interference
1. two or more openings (slits)
a. waves of synchronized, monochromatic light
traveling from different openings to a common
point interfere with each other

b. light and dark bands (fringes) on a screen

1. center antinode = 0 order bright
2. adjacent nodes = 0 order dark
3. next antinode/node = 1st order, etc
4. m = order #
c. light intensity decreases as m increases
d. angular deflection () from center to band
1. tan = x/L
2. x = distance from center to band
3. L = distance between slits and screen
e. path length difference
1. path difference  = m, then constructive
interference—bright band
2. path difference  = (m + ½), then
destructive interference—dark band
f. angular deflection vs. order
1. Constructive: sinC = m/d
2. Destructive: sinD = (m + ½)/d
3. d = distance between slits
g. multiple slits (grating)
1. more pronounced effect
2. d = grating space = length(m)/lines
(i.e. 500 lines/mm: d = 1E-3 m/500 = 2E-6 m)
3. atomic spectra produced by a grating
a. transitions between energy levels
generate multiple wavelengths
b. constructive interference at different
locations x on screen
2. one opening—W  2L/d

d W
spot light

L
3. partial reflection
a. interference occurs when light partially reflects off
of a thin film or air space at both boundaries
incident light n1 nf n2
film

interference
T
b. path difference = 2(T) + phase shift
1. when nfilm (nf) is middle value: phase shift = 0
2. when nf is largest or smallest: phase shift = ½
3. constructive interference when total path
difference = even-half wavelengths (2/2, 4/2, ...)
4. destructive interference when total path
difference = odd-half wavelengths (1/2, 3/2, ...)
c. minimum thickness of a film, T (f = 1/nf)
Interference nf is middle value nf is extreme value
Bright T = ½f T = ¼f
Dark T = ¼f T = ½f A. Wave Motion
Questions 1-8 Briefly explain your answer.
Questions 1-3 Consider the following graph of a periodic wave.

wave direction

1. If this is a transverse wave in a steel beam, which way are

the iron atoms moving?
(A)  (B) 

2. If this is a longitudinal wave in a steel beam, which way are

the iron atoms moving?
(A)  (B) 

3. If this is a water wave, which way is the black dot moving?

(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 

4. If you wanted to make a sound by hitting a steel beam with a

hammer, which way would you strike the left side of the
beam?

(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) , , or 

5. The figure shows two wave pulses that are approaching

each other.

Which of the following best shows the shape of the

resultant pulse when points P and Q, coincide?
(A) (B)

(C) (D)

Questions 6-8 A child swings from A to C back to A

A B C

6. Where would the child hear the highest frequency?

7. Where would the child hear the lowest frequency?

8. Where would the child hear the same frequency as the man?
9. Complete the following chart. increase
temperature increases, speed decreases
Velocity Frequency Wavelength s
increase
340 m/s 510 s-1 power increases, loudness decreases
s
increase
337 m/s 3.5 m distance increases, loudness decreases
s
increase
0.067 s-1 75 m frequency increases, sensitivity decreases
s
increase
10. 100-Hz and 85-Hz whistles are blown simultaneously. How many frequency increases, pitch decreases
beats per second are heard? s
14. Two whistles are blown simultaneously. The wavelengths
of the sound emitted are 9.0 m and 9.5 m, respectively.
11. A guitar string 0.5-m long has a mass of 0.0125 kg and is How many beats per second are heard? The speed of
under tension of 4 x 103 N. Determine the sound in air is 340 m/s.
a. wave velocity
15. When the E-string of an old piano is sounded
simultaneously with a tuning fork of frequency 660 Hz, a 2
b. wavelength of the first harmonic Hz beat is heard. What are the two possible frequencies of
the E-string?

c. frequency of the first harmonic

16. A guitar string 0.5-m long has a mass of 0.010 kg and is
under tension of 4500 N.
12. Determine the observed frequency of sound (f’) for 600 Hz a. What is the wave velocity?
sound (f) for each of the following situations. (vw = 340 m/s)
a. The source approaches the observer at 34
m/s. b. What is the frequency of the first harmonic?

b. The observer approaches the source at 34 c. What tension would produce a first harmonic
m/s. frequency of 600 Hz?

c. The source recedes from the observer at 34 17. The frequency of the second harmonic is 400
m/s. Hz. What is the frequency of the fourth
harmonic?
d. The observer recedes from the source at 34
m/s. 18. An ambulance, generating a 600 Hz sound, approaches a
listener at 17 m/s. What frequency does the listener hear?
(vw = 340 m/s)
13. Choice the correct word concerning sound
waves in air.
B. Light
19. Reflection and Refraction Lab
a. Reflection: Place a plane mirror with its back along the line XY below. Stick a pin through point P from the back side of the
paper. Point the ray-box so that the ray passes over R1, reflects off of the mirror and shines on the pin. Make a mark on
the paper where the ray strikes the mirror. Repeat with R2 and R3. Extend the marks that you made to the line XY. Draw a
line from R1 to the mark on the line XY and extend it to the top of the template. Draw a second line from P to the same
mark on line XY so that you make a "V" at the XY line. Repeat with R2 and R3. Draw a perpendicular line from where the
two lines intersect (this is the normal). Make a mark, P', in the middle of the intersections of the lines from R1, R2 and R3
on the opposite side of the mirror.
X Y
mirror
i r i ri r
 P• R 1• R 2• R 3•
R1 R2 R3
Angle between R and Normal i
Angle between P and Normal r
%  = 100|i – r|/½(i + r)
b. Index of Refraction: Place the semi-circle lens on the template below. Make sure the lens is aligned correctly by shining
the laser light along the 0o incident angle, which must refract at 0o. Move the laser light to 1 and mark where the light exits
the lens. Repeat with 2 and 3. Remove the lens. Draw lines from each mark to the origin.

refracted angle 0o

place the half-circle lens here with flat side along this line

Collect the following data and calculate n for

the three values of i and the average n.
1 2 3
Incident angle (i)
refracted angle (R)

n = sini/sinR

Average n

Incident angle 0o 1 2 3

Questions 20-30 Briefly explain your answer.

20. What is the mirror image of the letter "d"?
(A) d (B) b (C) p (D) q 23. Which side of the vertical line is the glass?
(A) left (B) right

21. You look at your self in a full length mirror, where the bottom
half of the mirror is covered. What would you see? 24. Would the diagram be different if the light went from glass to
(A) The top half of your body air?
(B) The bottom half of your body (A) yes (B) no
(C) Your whole body full size
(D) Your whole body half size
25. Would the diagram be different if the glass was under water?
(A) yes (B) no
22. Where would the image form?
observer A
Questions 26-28 A light ray R in medium I strikes a sphere of
B C medium II with angle of incidence . The index of
refraction for medium I is n1 and medium II is n2.
(object) X mirror D A

B
Questions 23-25 Light travels from air to glass and bends as
shown in the diagram below. C
D
E
 c. With what angle does light exit the glass on
26. Which path is possible if nI < nII?
the opposite side?

27. Which path is possible if nI > nII? 37. Determine the critical angle for light passing from glass
(n = 1.50) into water (1.33).

28. Which path is possible if nI = nII?

C. Lenses and Mirrors
38. What is the focal length of a mirror
Questions 29-30 You are on shore looking at a fish in a pond. that has a 10-cm radius of curvature?
29. You want to spear the fish, where would you aim?
(A) directly at the fish 39. State whether the lens or mirror is converge or diverge.
(B) slightly behind the fish
Lens Mirror
(C) slightly ahead of the fish Concave
Convex
30. Where would you aim a laser light on a fish under water? 40. What is the + and – case for each of
(A) directly at the fish the following?
(B) slightly below the fish positive negative
(C) slightly above the fish f
di
h
31. 600-nm light (in air) enters glass (n = 1.50). Determine the
41. What does it mean to have a magnification that
a. frequency in glass.
is
greater than
1
b. wavelength in glass.
negative
42. Which type of mirror is the following
c. speed of light in glass. make-up mirror
passenger side mirror
43. A 1.5-cm-high diamond ring is placed 20 cm from a
32. The rays of the sun strike the surface of a lake at an angle concave mirror (r = 30 cm). Determine
of 65o with the vertical. At what angle, measured from the
a. the position of the image di.
vertical, is the refracted ray in the water (n = 1.33)?

b. the height of the image hi.

33. Determine the critical angle for light passing from diamond
(n = 2.42) into air (n = 1.00).

44. Complete the following ray tracings for a lens.

34. What is the index of refraction of glass for which the critical Focus Straight Combined
angle at the glass-air interface is 37o?
Converging

F F
| | | | | |
35. Light of wavelength 450 nm passes from a
vacuum into water (n = 1.33). Determine the
following in water
Diverging

velocity wavelength | | | | | |

36. Light strikes a flat piece of glass (n = 1.50) at an incident

45. Convex-converging lens: Draw the two
angle of 70o. Some of the light is reflected and some light
passes out of the glass on the opposite side.
ray tracings.
a. What is the angle of reflection?

b. What is the angle of refraction inside the

F F
glass?
 46. Concave-diverging lens: Draw the ray
tracings.

Calculated di Calculated hi

F F

F F
Calculated di Calculated hi

47. Complete the following ray tracings for a mirror.

Focus Straight Combined

Converging
F F
| | | | | |
F F

Diverging
| | | | | |

Calculated di Calculated hi
48. Concave-converging mirror: Draw the two
ray tracings.

F F

Calculated di Calculated hi

F F

F F

Calculated di Calculated hi
49. Convex-diverging mirror: Draw the ray
tracings.

F F

Calculated di Calculated hi

50. The image formed by a converging lens is produced along

a line from the top of the image through the center of the
lens. Indicate the range of values for do in terms of f.

region I region II region III

51. An object 2.0 cm high is placed 20 cm from a convex lens

of focal length 10 cm.
a. Draw a ray diagram and locate the position
of the image formed. Draw in the image.

F F

b. Mathematically determine the following.

image distance, di magnification, M image height, hi

c. Circle the correct descriptions of the image.

inverte
real virtual upright larger same size smaller
d
52. An object 2.0 cm high is placed 10 cm from a concave lens
of focal length 10 cm.
a. Draw a ray diagram and locate the position
of the image formed. Draw in the image.

F F

b. Mathematically determine the following.

image distance, di magnification, M image height, hi
c. Circle the correct descriptions of the image. 53. An object 1.0 cm high is placed 30 cm from a concave
inverte mirror of focal length 20 cm.
real virtual upright larger same size smaller a. Draw a ray diagram and locate the position
d
of the image formed. Draw in the image.

F F

b. Mathematically determine the following.

image distance, di magnification, M image height, hi

c. Circle the correct descriptions of the image.

inverte
real virtual upright larger same size smaller
d
54. A mirror is convex on one side (left) and concave on the
other side (right). The center of curvature, C, is at 5.

C
1 2 3 4 5 6

a. Answer the following questions.

Which side is converging in function?
Which side could be used as a make-up mirror?
Which side could be used as a side mirror in a
car?
Which point is closest to focus?
b. Where would an object be placed to produce
an upright magnified image?
an inverted unmagnified image?
an inverted image that is smaller than the object?
no image at all
an upright image that is smaller than the object?
an inverted image that is larger than the object?
55. A converging lens (f = 10 cm) is used to examine object A
that is held 6 cm from the lens.
a. Draw rays that show the position and size of the image.

b. Is the image real or virtual. Explain your reasoning.

c. Calculate the distance of the image from the lens.

d. Calculate the ratio of the image size to the

object size.

e. The object A is moved to 20 cm. Describe the image

position, size, and orientation.
56. Lenses and Mirrors Lab
a. Testing f = ½r for a converging Mirror: Shine the rays
from the ray-box at the converging mirror. Make sure
the ray-box is aligned correctly by shining the center
ray along the major axis and having it reflect straight
back. Mark the intersection of the outside rays from the
ray-box with the mirror. Also mark where the two
reflected rays intersect the major axis; this is the focal
point F. Measure the distance from the mirror to the
intersection, which is the focal length f.
Exchange the 3-slit plate with the 1-slit plate. Shine
the single ray at the mirror at one of the outside marks
so that it reflects on itself. Mark where the ray crosses
the major axis. Repeat with the other outside mark.
Measure the distance from the mirror to the intersection
of the two rays; this is the radius of curvature r.
f (cm) 2f (cm) r (cm) %  between 2f and r

b. Nature of converging and diverging lenses: Light the

candle. Hold C-1 at arms length from your eyes.
Have your lab partner slowly move the candle from a
few centimeters from the lens to 50 cm from the lens.
Describe how the image of the candle flame changes
as the candle is moved away. Repeat with C-2.
Compare the change in image for C-1 and C-2.
Lens Description of image as candle is moved away.
C-1
C-2
Comparison between C-1 and C-2

Repeat the procedure from (b) with lenses D-1 and D-2.
Lens Description of image as candle is moved away.
D-1
D-2
Comparison between D-1 and D-2

c. Determining f for converging lenses (method 1): Insert

the C-1 lens in the lens holder and place it on the 50
cm line of the meter stick. Place the screen on the 80
cm line. Point the 0 cm side of the meter stick at a
distant object. Move the screen toward the lens until a
sharp, inverted, image forms on the screen. Measure
the distance between the lens and screen, which is
the focal length f. Repeat with the C-2 lens.
Position
Lens
Screen (S) Lens (L) f=S-L
C-1: f (cm) 50 cm
C-2: f (cm) 50 cm
d. Determining f for converging lenses (method 2): Place
the candle, lens and screen at the positions listed in
the table below. Slowly move the screen toward the
lens until a sharp, inverted image of the candle forms
on the screen.
(1) Record the final location of the screen.
Position
Len
Candle Lens Screen
s
(C) (L) initial final (S)
10 cm 60 cm 95 cm
C-1
10 cm 50 cm 95 cm
10 cm 60 cm 95 cm
C-2
10 cm 50 cm 95 cm
 (2) Calculate the following from the Aqua 4.9 x 10-7 m
experiment data.
variable di do f fav Red 6.6 x 10-7 m
di = S –
formula do = L – C 1
/f = 1/do + 1/di fav =f/2
L

C-1
Lens

C-2

(3) Calculate the percent difference between the f

from the two techniques (c and d).
C-1 C-2

D. Interference
57. Hydrogen Spectrum Lab: observe the hydrogen
spectrum through a diffraction grating and measure the
distance x from the light source to the color band, and then
calculate the wavelength of the two color bands.
a. Determine the distance d between lines on the
gratings.
300 lines/mm

600 lines/mm

b. Collect the following data.

Diffraction
300 lines/mm 600 lines/mm
Grating
Aqua Red Aqua Red
x

c. Calculate the following from the data.

Formula Calculation
300 lines/mm Aqua
 tan = x/L

  = dsin
300 lines/mm Red
 tan = x/L

  = dsin
600 lines/mm Aqua
 tan = x/L

  = dsin
600 lines/mm Red
 tan = x/L

  = dsin
d. Calculate the average value for  for the 300
lines/mm and 600 lines/mm diffraction gratings.
Aqua

Red

e. Calculate the percent difference between the

expected wavelengths (in parentheses) and
the average wavelengths.
True Value %
58. Consider the diagram of a light wave.
____ ____

____ ____
D
61. The diagram shows the relative intensity for each band.

A B  E

a. Which position(s) are in phase with the dot?

b. Which position(s) are ½ out of phase with the dot?

c. Which position(s) are ¼ out of phase with the dot?

What generalization can you say about the intensity

59. Triangles S1RS2 and QPoP1 are nearly similar. Therefore,
the angles, , are equal. as n increases?

62. A 600 nm (600 x 10-9 m) laser beam is incident on a pair of

slits 0.500 mm (0.50 x 10-3 m) apart. Determine the
angular deflection, , for the following.
a. Second-order bright band?

b. Zero-order dark band?

c. Determine the distance from the center bright band to

the zero order dark band (x) on a screen 2.0 m away.
(1) Use the angular deflection from part b.

a. Complete the trig function: _______ = x/L.

(2) Use the formula derived in 58e(2).
b. Complete the trig function: _______ = /d.
d. What is the width of the center bright band?
c. Determine the sin and tan of the following
(Distance between the zero order dark
angles.
bands.)
o 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
sin
tan e. One slit is covered, so that the light only passes through
d. What is the largest angle where the 3 place values one slit which is 0.500 mm wide and 1.00 mm tall.
for sin and tanare equal? __________ (1) What is the width of the light spot?
e. Assuming that  is less than 7o and tan = sin,
combine the formulas into one and solve for x.
tan = x/L and sin = m/d x= (2) What is the length of the light spot?
tan = x/L and sin = (m +
x=
½)/d
60. Consider the Young's double slit experiment below, which (3) The slit is longer than it is wide. How would you
demonstrated the wave nature of light. describe the shape of the spot light?
a. Fill in the order for each bright and dark band.
b. Fill in the path difference between the rays. 63. A 500 lines/mm diffraction grating is used to observe
mercury light. The first-order green band is 28.4 cm away
Order  from the light when the grating is 1.00-meter from the light.
____ ____ a. What is the angle of deflection for the green
band?
____ ____

____ ____
b. What is the spacing between each groove on
____ ____
the diffraction grating (d)?
____ ____
 c. Determine the wavelength of the green band.

69. What is the thickness of a coating (n = 1.22) on glass

d. Use the formula derived in 58e(1) to determine . (n = 1.50) that will eliminate 550 nm light?

Practice Multiple Choice (No calculator)

e. Which answer, part c or d, is correct? Briefly explain why the answer is correct in the space provided.
Explain. Questions 1-3 The diagram represents a transverse wave
traveling in a string.
64. 500 nm light does not reflect off of a film (n = 1.25) that is
on a piece of glass (n = 1.5) viewed in air (n = 1).
a. What is the wavelength of light in the film?

6m
b. What is the minimum thickness of the film? 1. Which pair points is half a wavelength apart?
(A) A and D (B) D and F (C) B and F (D) D and H

c. Would this coating work under water?

2. What is the wavelength?
Explain.
(A) 1 m (B) 6 m (C) 2 m (D) 3m

65. A soap bubble appears blue ( = 450 nm) in sunlight.

3. What is the speed of the wave if its frequency is 9 Hz?
a. What is the wavelength in the soap film (n =
(A) 0.3 m/s (B) 1 m/s (C) 3 m/s (D) 27 m/s
1.35)?

4. If the amplitude of a transverse wave traveling in a rope is

b. What is the minimum thickness for a soap bubble? doubled, the speed of the wave in the rope will
(A) decrease (B) increase (C) remain the
66. A laser beam is incident on two slits separated by 0.5 mm. same
The interference pattern is formed on a screen 1 m from
the slits and the first bright fringe is found to be 0.12 cm to
the right of the central maximum. Determine the Question 5-6 Use the graph wavelength versus frequency of
a. angular deflection of the first bright fringe. waves to answer the questions.

b. wavelength of light in nanometers.

c. distance from the center to the zero order dark fringe.

d. width of the zero order bright fringe.

e. Would the width of the zero order bright fringe increase or decrease
if 700 nm light is used?

67. The hydrogen spectrum is analyzed using a 600 lines/mm

diffraction grating, which is 1.00 m away from the light
source. An aqua line appears at 30.5 cm and a red line 5. What is the wavelength when the frequency is 2.0 Hz?
appears at 42.8 cm from the light source. Determine the
(A) 5.0 m (B) 2.5 m (C) 2.0 m (D) 1.0 m
a. wavelength of aqua light.

6. What is the speed of the waves generated in the spring?

(A) 2 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 7 m/s (D) 10 m/s
b. wavelength of red light.
7. Sound in air can best be described as which of the
following types of waves?
68. What is the minimum thickness for a soap bubble that (A) Longitudinal (B) Transverse
appears red ( = 750 nm, n = 1.35)? (C) Gravitational (D) Electromagnetic
8. Maximum destructive interference will occur when two 18. The product of a wave's frequency and its period is
waves having the same amplitude and frequency (A) one (B) its velocity
(A) meet crest to crest (B) meet crest to trough (C) its wavelength (D) Plank's constant

9. The motion of the individual particles in the medium 19. The figure shows two waves that are approaching each other.
compared to the direction of the transverse wave, is
(A) perpendicular (B) parallel
Which of the following best shows the shape of the
resultant pulse when points P and Q, coincide?
Questions 10-12 A standing wave of frequency 5 Hz is set up on (A) (B)
a string 2 m long with nodes at both ends and in the center.

(C) (D)
10. What is the harmonic of this standing wave?
(A) first (B) second (C) third (D) fourth

11. The speed at which waves propagate on the string is

(A) 0.4 m/s (B) 2.5 m/s (C) 5 m/s (D) 10 m/s

12. The first harmonic of vibration of the string is

(A) 1 Hz (B) 2.5 Hz (C) 5 Hz (D) 7.5 Hz

13. A ringing bell is located in an airless chamber. The bell be

seen vibrating but not be heard because
(A) Light can travel through a vacuum, but sound cannot.
(B) Sound waves have greater amplitude than light waves.
(C) Light waves travel slower than sound waves.
(D) Sound waves have higher frequencies than
light waves.

14. Resonance occurs when a vibrating object transfers energy

to another object causing it to vibrate. The energy transfer
is most efficient when the two objects have the same
(A) frequency (B) amplitude
(C) loudness (D) speed

15. The frequencies of the third harmonics of a vibrating string

is f. What is the fundamental frequency of this string?
(A) f/3 (B) f/2 (C) f (D) 2f

16. In the Doppler effect for sound waves, factors that affect the
frequency that the observer hears include which of the
following?
I. The speed of the source
II. The speed of the observer
III. The loudness of the sound
(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and II

17. A train whistle has a frequency of 100 Hz as heard by the

engineer on the train. Assume that the velocity of sound in
air is 330 m/s. If the train is approaching the station at a
velocity of 30 m/s, the whistle frequency that a stationary
listener at the station hears is most nearly
(A) 90 Hz (B) 110 Hz (C) 120 Hz (D) 240 Hz
20. A sound wave has a wavelength of 5.5 m as it travels 29. Which location would you place an object to
through air, where the velocity of sound is 330 m/s. What
is the wavelength of this sound in a medium where its form a real image?
speed is 1320 m/s?
(A) 1.4 m (B) 2.2 m (C) 14 m (D) 22 m
30. Which location would you place an object to
form a virtual image that is larger than the
21. A cord of fixed length and uniform density, when held object?
between two fixed points under tension T, vibrates with a
fundamental frequency f. If the tension is doubled, the
fundamental frequency is
31. Which location is the radius of curvature for this
(A) 2f (B) √2f (C) f (D) f/√2
mirror?

Questions 22-23 An object, slanted at an angle of 45°, is

placed in front of a vertical plane mirror. 32. Light leaves a source at X and travels to Y along the path.
mirror
•A

•B
•C
 •D
Which of the following statements is correct?
22. Which of the labeled points is the position of the (A) n1 = n2 (B) n1 > n2 (C) v1 > v2 (D) f1 > f2
image?
33. The critical angle for a transparent material in air is 30°.
23. Which of shows the orientation of the object's image? The index of refraction is most nearly
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D)  (A) 0.33 (B) 0.50 (C) 1.0 (D) 2.0

Questions 24-26 A ray of light ( = 6 x 10-7 m) in air (n = 1) is 34. A light ray passes through substances 1, 2, and 3. The
incident on quartz glass (n = 2). indices of refraction for these three substances are n1, n2,
and n3, respectively. Rays 1 and 3 are parallel.
1 2 3

Air
n1 n2 n3
Quartz glass Which medium has the largest n?
24. What is the angle of reflection measured from normal? (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 1 and 3
(A) 35o (B) 55o (C) 22o (D) 33o

35. Which statement is correct about lenses and mirrors?

25. The angle of refraction measured from normal is closest to (A) Converging lenses are thinnest in the middle.
(A) 25o (B) 35o (C) 55o (D) 75o (B) Convex mirrors are curved inward.
(C) A real image formed by a convex lens is dimmed
when half of the lens is covered.
26. Which is correct about the light in quartz glass is correct? (D) A diverging lens or mirror can make a real or
(A) v = 3 x 108 m/s (B)  = 6 x 10-7 m
virtual image depending on where the object
8
(C) v = 1.5 x 10 m/s (D)  = 1.2 x 10-6 m
is placed.

Question 27-31 A curved surface, with a 10-cm focal length is

mirrored on both sides. 36. 600-nm light passes through two slits. The first-order
interference maximum appears at 6°. What is the
A B C D separation of the slits? (sin6o = 0.10)
| | | (A) 1500 nm (B) 4500 nm
10 cm 10 cm 20 cm
(C) 3000 nm (D) 6000 nm
27. Which location would you place an object to form a virtual
image that is smaller than the object?
37. A thin film with index of refraction nf separates two
materials, each of which has an index of refraction less
28. Which location would you place light source in than nf. A monochromatic beam of light is incident
order to produce parallel rays of reflected light? normally on the film.
 45. Which is true of a single-slit diffraction pattern?
(A) It has equally spaced fringes of equal intensity.
(B) It has a relatively strong central maximum.
(C) It can be produced only if the slit width is less than one
If the light has wavelength  in air, maximum constructive wavelength.
interference between the incident beam and the reflected (D) It can be produced only if the slit width is
beam occurs for which of the following film thicknesses?
(A) 2/nf (B) /nf (C) /2nf (D) /4nf
exactly one wavelength.

38. How are electromagnetic waves that are produced by

oscillating charges and sound waves in air that are
produced by oscillating tuning fork similar?
(A) Both have the same frequency as their respective
sources.
(B) Both require a matter medium for propagation.
(C) Both are longitudinal waves.
(D) Both are transverse waves.

39. When observed from Earth, the wavelengths of light emitted

by a star are shifted toward the red end of the spectrum.
This red shift occurs because the star is
(A) at rest relative to earth
(B) moving away from earth
(C) moving toward earth at decreasing speed
(D) moving toward earth at increasing speed

40. Parallel wave fronts incident on an opening in a barrier are

diffracted. For which combination of wavelength and size
of opening will diffraction effects be greatest?
(A) short wavelength and narrow opening
(B) short wavelength and wide opening
(C) long wavelength and narrow opening
(D) long wavelength and wide opening

Question 41-44 Consider a converging lens with focal length, f.

41. Where is the image formed for an object that is placed on

the left at 3/2f?
(A) On the right at 3f. (B) On the left at 3f.
(C) On the right at ⅓f. (D) On the left at f.

42. Where is the image formed for an object that is placed on

the left at ½f?
(A) On the right at 3f. (B) On the left at 3f.
(C) On the right at ⅓f. (D) On the left at f.

43. Where would the object be placed in order to produce an

upright image that is larger than the object?
(A) at 2f (B) between 2f and f
(C) at f (D) between f and the lens

44. Where would the object be placed in order to produce an

inverted image that has a magnification of 2?
(A) 2f (B) 3/2f (C) 4/3f (D) 5/4f
46. Two plane mirrors are positioned perpendicular to each
other as shown. A ray of light is incident on mirror 1 at an
angle of 55°. This ray is reflected from mirror 1 and then
strikes mirror 2. 1.
Practice Free Response
The second harmonic standing wave is generated on a 0.1
kg string and has a frequency of 20 s-1.

a. What is the wave velocity?

b. What is the tension in the 0.1 kg string?

c. Determine the following for the fourth harmonic.

Which is correct? (1) Wavelength
I. The incident ray for mirror 2 is 55o measured from
normal.
II. The reflected ray for mirror 2 is 35o measured from
normal.
(2) Frequency
III. The reflected ray for mirror 2 is parallel to incident ray
for mirror 1.
2. The figure shows a converging mirror, focal point F, center
(A) I only (B) II only (C) I and III (D) II and III
of curvature C, and an object represented by the arrow.
a. Draw a ray diagram showing two rays and the image.

Questions 47-49 A light ray R in medium I strikes a sphere of

medium II with angle of incidence . The index of
refraction for medium I is n1 and medium 2 is n2.

b. Is the image real or virtual? Justify your

answer.
47. Which path is possible if n1 < n2?

48. Which path is possible if n1 > n2?
49. Which path is possible if n1 = n2?
(A) A or B (B) C or D (C) All (D) None
50. A beam of white light is incident on a triangular glass prism
(n = 1.5) for visible light, producing a spectrum. Initially,
the prism is in an aquarium filled with air.
c. The focal length of this mirror is 6.0 cm, and the object
is located 8.0 cm away from the mirror. Calculate the
position of the image formed by the mirror.
Suppose that the converging mirror is replaced by a
diverging mirror with the same radius of curvature that is
the same distance from the object, as shown below.
d. Draw a ray diagram showing two rays and the image.


Which is true if the aquarium is filled with water (n = 1.3)?
(A) No spectrum is produced.
(B) The positions of red and violet are reversed.
(C) The spectrum produced has greater separation
between red and violet than that produced in air.
(D) The spectrum produced has less separation between
e. For this mirror, determine
red and violet than that produced in air.
 (1) the image distance from the mirror.

d. The glass is coated with a thin film that has an index

of refraction nf = 1.38 to reduce the partial reflection.
(2) the magnification. (1) Determine the wavelength of the red light in the film.

3. A diffraction grating with 600 lines/mm is used to study the (2) Determine the minimum thickness of the film.
line spectrum of the light produced by a hydrogen
discharge tube. The grating is 1.0 m from the source (a
hole at the center of the meter stick). An observer sees
Answers (Don't look until after you have tried the problem)
the first-order red line at a distance yr = 428 mm (0.428 m) 1 B—Transverse wave particle move perpendicular to wave
from the hole. 2 A—Longitudinal wave particles move parallel to wave
3 D—Wave is moving right,  trough is heading toward dot
D—Any hit will generate a wave, but how you hit the beam
4
determines if it is transverse or longitudinal
A—The left sides will interfere constructively and the right
5
sides will interfere destructively
6 B—when traveling toward the whistle
7 B—when traveling away from the whistle
8 A and C—when the child is momentarily stationary
340 m/s/510 s-1 = 0.67 m
9 337 m/s/3.5 m = 96 s-1
(75 m)(0.067 s-1) = 5.0 m/s
10 fbeats = fB – fA = 100 Hz – 85 Hz = 15 Hz
Determine
v = [FT/(m/L)]½ = [(4 x 103 N)/(0.0125 kg/0.5 m)]½ = 400 m/s
a. the angular deflection. 11 1 = 2L/n = 2(0.5 m)/1 = 1 m
v = f f = v/ = 400 m/s/1.0 m = 400 s-1
f’ = f(vw + vo)/(vw – vs) = 600 s-1(340 + 0)/(340 – 34) = 667 s-1
f’ = f(vw + vo)/(vw – vs) = 600 s-1(340 + 34)/(340 – 0) = 660 s-1
b. the wavelength of the red light. 12
f’ = f(vw + vo)/(vw – vs) = 600 s-1(340 – 0)/(340 + 34) = 545 s-1
f’ = f(vw + vo)/(vw – vs) = 600 s-1(340 – 34)/(340 + 0) = 540 s-1
13 increases increases decreases increases increases
The 600 line/mm grating is replaced by a 800 lines/mm 14 fbeats = fB – fA = vw/A – vw/B = 340 m/s/9.00 m – 340 m/s/9.5 m = 2 s-1
grating. Determine F = f – FA  2 = 660 – Fstring or 2 = Fstring – 660
15 beats B
c. the angular deflection.  Fstring = 658 s-1 or 662 s-1
v = [Ft/(m/L)]½ = [(4500 N)/(0.010 kg/0.5 m)]½ = 474 m/s
1 = 2L = 2(0.5 m) = 1 m
16 v = f  f = v/ = 474 m/s/1.0 m = 474 s-1
d. the distance, yr,
where the observer sees the v = f = (600 s-1)(1.0 m) = 600 m/s
first-order red line. v = [Ft/(m/L)]½ 600 m/s = [Ft/(0.010/0.5)]½Ft = 7200 N
F = nF1  F1 = 400 s-1/2 = 200 s-1
17 2
F4 = nF1 = 4(200 s-1) = 800 s-1
18 f’ = f(vw + vo)/(vw – vs) = 600 s-1(340 + 0)/(340 – 17) = 632 s-1
4. A beam of red light of wavelength 6.65 x 10-7 m in air is
20 B—Mirrors transpose left and right
incident on a glass prism at an angle 1. The glass has C—As long as the mirror above the half way point between
index of refraction n = 1.65 for the red light. When 1 = 40o, 21
your eyes and feet is uncovered
the beam emerges on the other side at 4 = 84o. D—The image is formed where the line from the reflected
22
light is extended to the other side of the mirror
23 A—The light in glass will bend toward normal (n g > na)
B—The light would follow the same path if reversed (n1sin1 =
24
n2sin2) since "1" and "2" are interchangeable
A—The index for water is different than air  the light would
25
not bend in the same way (less diffraction)
E—Bend toward normal at left interface and away from
26
normal at right interface
A— Bend away from normal at left interface and toward
27
normal at right interface
28 C—There is no refraction at either interface
B—The light from the fish bends away from normal into your
29
eye  you see it farther away than it is
A—Directly at the fish because the laser light will follow the
a. Calculate the angle of refraction 2. 30
same path as visible light
fn = f = c/ = 3 x 108 m/s/600 x 10-9 m = 5 x 1014 s-1
31 n = /n = 600 nm/1.50 = 400 nm
b. What minimum angle 3 would result in total internal vn = c/n = 3 x 108 m/s/1.50 = 2 x 108 m/s
reflection. 32 n1sin1 = n2sin2  (1.00)(sin65) = (1.33)(sin2)  2 = 43o
33 sinc = nlow/nhigh = 1.00/2.42  C = 24.4o
34 sinc = nlow/nhigh sin37 = 1.00/nhigh  nhigh = 1.66
c. Would the incident angle 1 be greater than or less v = c/n = 3E8m/s/1.33 = n = /n = 450 nm/1.33 = 338
35
than 40o? 2.26E8m/s nm
36 i = r = 70o
nRsinR = nisini  1.50sinR = 1.00sin70o  R = 38.8o
 nRsinR = nisini1.50sin38.8 = 1.00sini  i = 70o 69 film is middle and dark  T = ¼film = 550 nm/(4)(1.22) = 113 nm
37 sinC = n2/n1 = 1.33/1.50 C = 62o Practice Multiple Choice
38 f = ½r = ½(10 cm) = 5 cm B—Half wavelength is half as way to next corresponding
1
diverge converge point
39
converge diverge D—Diagram is two complete waves (6 m)  1 wavelength = 3
2
converging diverging m
40 real virtual 3 D—v = f = (3 m)(9 s-1) = 27 m/s
upright inverted 4 C—vw = [FT/(m/L)]½, no amplitude
The image is larger than the object. 5 B—start at 2 Hz on x-axis, do up to line and left to y-axis = 
41
The image is upside down. 6 B—v = f = (2.5 m)(2.0 s-1) = 5 m/s
42 Concave (converging) Convex (diverging) A—Only longitudinal waves in air (no bonding between
1/do + 1/di = 1/f  1/20 + 1/di = 1/15  di = 60 cm 7
particles)
43
hi/ho = -di/do  hi = -hodi/do = (-1.5 cm)(60/20) = -4.5 cm B—Amplitudes combine, which is minimized with crest +
8
1/3 + 1/di = 1/2  di = 6 hi/1 = -6/3  hi = -2 trough
45
1/1 + 1/di = 1/2  di = -2 hi/1 = -(-2)/1  hi = 2 A—Transverse: particle move at right angles to the wave
9
46 1/2 + 1/di = 1/-2  di = -1 hi/2 = -(-1)/2  hi = 1 motion
1/3 + 1/di = 1/2  di = 6 hi/1 = -6/3  hi = -2 10 B—This is the second harmonic (number of loops)
48 11 D—v = f = (2 m)(5 s-1) = 10 m/s
1/1 + 1/di = 1/2  di = -2 hi/1 = -(-2)/1  hi = 2
49 1/2 + 1/di = 1/-2  di = -1 hi/2 = -(-1)/2  hi = 1 12 B—fn = nf1  5 s-1 = (2)f1  f1 = 2.5 s-1
50 0 < do < f no value do > 2f 2f > do > f 13 A—Sound (mechanical wave) requires a medium; not light
1/20 + 1/di = 1/10 M = -di/do -1 = hi/2.0 14 A—Same frequency produces reinforcing impulses
51 di = 20 cm M = -20/20 = -1 hi = -2.0 cm 15 A—fn = nf1  f = 3f1  f1 = f/3
real virtual inverted upright larger same smaller 16 D—f’ = f(vw ± vo)/(vw ± vs)f' depends on f, vo, vs and vw
1/10 + 1/di = 1/-10 M = -di/do ½ = hi/2.0 B—f/f  v/vw  f/100  30/330  f  10 Hz, approaching 
17
52 di = -5 cm M = -(-5)/10 = ½ hi = 1.0 cm 110
real virtual inverted upright larger same smaller 18 A—T = 1/f  fT = 1
1/30 + 1/di = 1/20 M = -di/do -2 = hi/1.0 19 A—Left sides add together while the right sides cancel
53 di = 60 cm M = -60/30 = -2 hi = -2.0 cm 20 D—f1 = f2: v1/1 = v2/2  2 = (v2/v1)1 = (1320/330)5.5 m = 22 m
real virtual inverted upright larger same smaller 21 B—v = [Ft/(m/L)]½ = f and f  (Ft)½  f' = 2f
54 right right left 3 2 5 6 3 1 4 D—Image is located where reflected ray extends from the
Virtual, it forms on the same side as the object. 22
object
1/do + 1/di = 1/f  1/6 + 1/di = 1/10  di = -15 cm A—Same top-bottom, front-back orientation, reverses left-
23
55 hi/ho = -di/do = -(-15)/6 = 2.5 right
1/do + 1/di = 1/f  1/20 + 1/di = 1/10  di = 20 cm 24 B—i = r, which is 90o – 35o = 55o (measured from normal)
(M = -di/do = -20/20 = -1) Left side at 20 cm; inverted; same size 25 A—n1sin1 = n2sin2  sin(55) = 2sin2 2 < ½(55o)
58 A B and E C and D C—n = /n = 6x10-7/2 = 3x10-7m,vn = c/n = 3x108 m/s/2 = 1.5x108
61 The intensity decrease as n increases 26
m/s
sin = m/d = 2(6 x 10-7 m)/(0.50 x 10-3 m) = 2.4 x 10-3 = 0.14o 27 A—Convex: smaller virtual (concave: large virtual when d o < f)
sin = (m+½)/d = ½(6 x 10-7 m)/(0.50 x 10-3 m) = 6.0x10-4 C—Light from focus produces parallel rays rather than an
28
= .034o image
tan = x/L  x = Ltan = (2.0 m)tan0.034 = 1.2 x 10-3 m 29 D—Real with concave where the object is outside the focus
x = (m+½)L/d = ½(600x10-9 m)(2.0 m)/(0.500x10-3 m) = 1.2x10-3 30 B—Large virtual on concave side when do < f
62
m 31 D—Radius of curvature is twice the focal length (f = ½r)
W = 2x = 2(1.2 x 10-3 m) = 2.4 x 10-3 m 32 C—Bends toward normal in 2  n2 > n1 and 1 > 2 and v1 > v2
W  2L/d  2(600 x 10-9 m)(2.0 m)/(0.0005 m) = .0048 m 33 D—sinc = nlow/nhigh  sin(30) = 1/nhigh  ½ = 1/nhigh  nhigh = 2
W  2L/d  2(600 x 10-9 m)(2.0 m)/(0.001 m) = 0.0024 m B—n1sin1 = n2sin2  n2 > n1 because 2 < 1 and n1 = n3
34
The spot light is wider than it is long. because 1 = 3,  n2 > n1 = n3
tan = x/L = 0.284 m/1.00 m   = 15.9o 35
C—Converging lens are thick in the middle (convex), partially
d = Length(m)/lines = 0.001 m/500 grooves = 2 x 10 -6 m covering dims image, diverging make virtual
sin = m/d   = dsin/m = (2 x 10-6 m)sin15.9o/1 = 5.46 x 10-7 36 D—sinc = m/d  0.10 = (1)(600 nm)/d  d = 6000 nm
63 m 37 D—nf is extreme and bright: T = ¼f
m/d = x/L   = dx/mL = (2 x 10-6)(0.284)/(1)(1.00) = 5.68 x 10-7 38
A—Sound requires matter, not light; sound is longitudinal,
m light is transverse; source f = wave f
Part c is correct because the  > 6o B—When source and observer separate, the wavelength
39
n = /n = 500 nm/1.25 = 400 nm increases (stretches out) = red shift
64 nfilm is middle and dark T = ¼ = ¼(400 nm) = 100 nm C—sinC = m/d: Angular deflection C is greatest when /d is
40
No, under water, nfilm is extreme  ¼ would be bight largest (long wavelength and narrow opening)
n = /n = 450 nm/1.35 = 333 nm A—1/do + 1/di = 1/f  2/3f + 1/di = 1/f  di = 3f (on the right
41
65 side)
nfilm is extreme and bright T = ¼ = ¼(333 nm) = 83 nm
42 D—1/do + 1/di = 1/f  2/f + 1/di = 1/f  di = f (on the left side)
tan = x/L = 0.12 x 10-2 m/1 m = 1.2 x 10-3  = 0.069o
D—1/do + 1/di = 1/f: an upright image is virtual  di < 0 and do
x/L = m/d=xd/mL=(0.12x10-2 m)(0.5x10-3 m)/(1)(1m) = 600 43
<f
nm
66 B—A 2 x inverted image is real  di = 2 do
x/L = (m+½)/dx = (1m)(0.5)(600x10-9m)/(0.5x10-3m) = 6x10-4m 44
1/do + 1/di = 1/f  1/do + 1/2do = 1/f  do = 3/2f
Width = 2x = 2(6 x 10-4 m) = 1.2 x 10-3 m
B—Most energy goes to the central maximum (sharp shadow
x is proportional to wavelength  increase 45
edge), width > wavelength (sin = /d < 1)
tan = (30.5 x 10-2 m)/(1.00 m)   = 17.0o
B—The normal for mirror 2 forms a right triangle with the
sin = m/d = /d   = dsin = (1 x 10-3/600)sin17.0o = 4.86 x 10-7 46
normal from mirror 1 and the reflected ray
m C—If n1 < n2, then ray bends toward normal (C-D path) and
67 47
tan = (42.8 x 10-2 m)/(1.00 m)   = 23.2o away from normal on the right (path C)
sin = m/d = /d   = dsin = (1 x 10-3/600)sin23.2o = 6.56 x 10-7 A—If n1 > n2, then ray bends away from normal (A-B path) and
m 48
toward normal on right (path A)
 is extreme and brightT = ¼film = 750 nm/(4)(1.35) = 140 D—If n1 = n2, then there is no refraction at either surface and
68 film 49
nm the light passes straight through.
 D—R decreases when n decreases sinR = ni(sini)/nR the
50
smaller angle produces less separation
Practice Free Response
vw = f = (2 m)(20 s-1) = 40 m/s
vw = [FT/(m/L)]½
FT = vw2m/L = (40 m/s)2(0.1 kg)/(2 m) = 80 N
n = 2L/n  4 = 2(2 m)/4 = 1 m
fn = nf1  f1 = 20 s-1/2 = 10 s-1
f4 = (4)(10 s-1) = 40 s-1
The image is real because the rays converge on the same
side of the mirror as the object.
1/do + 1/di = 1/f
1/di = 1/f – 1/do = 1/6.0 cm – 1/8.0 cm  di = 24 cm
1/di = 1/f – 1/do = 1/-6.0 cm – 1/8.0 cm  di = -3.4 cm
M = -di/do = -(-3.40)/8 = 0.43
tan = x/L = 0.428 m/1.0 m = 0.428  = 23.2o
sin = m/d  = dsin = (0.001 m/600)sin(23.2o)
 = 6.55 x 10-7 m (655 nm)
sin = m/d = 6.55 x 10-7 m/(0.001 m/800) = 0.524  = 31.6o
tan = x/L  x = Ltan = (1.0 m)tan(31.6o) = 0.615 m
n1sin1 = n2sin2  (1.00)sin40 = (1.65)sin2 2 = 23o
n3sin3 = n4sin4  (1.65)sin3 = (1.00)sin90 3 = 37o
For 4 to be 90o, 3 has to be greater, which makes 2 smaller,
which in turn makes 1 smaller
f = /n = 6.65 x 10-7 m/1.38 = 4.83 x 10-7 m
Minimum reflection and middle nf  T = ¼f
T = ¼(4.83 x 10-7 m) = 1.21 x 10-7 m