AP Physics 12: Fluids Name __________________________

A. Static Fluids c. H2O = 1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/L = 1000 kg/m3

1. states of matter
a. solid
1. shape and size unchanged by pressure
2. useful properties are mass and force
b. fluid
1. flows under pressure
2. two phases
a. liquid—incompressible
b. gas—compressible
3. useful properties are density and pressure
a. density,  = m/V (kg/m3)
b. pressure, P = F/A (Pa—Pascal)
c. plasma—ionized atoms at high temperature
2. Pascal's principle
a. pressure applied to a confined fluid is equal to the
pressure throughout the fluid
b. Pin = Pout  Fin/Ain = Fout/Aout
c. Win = Wout  Findin = Foutdout

3. pressure in a liquid, P = gh

Steps Algebra
start with P = Fg/A
substitute mg for Fg P = mg/A
substitute V for m P = Vg/A
substitute Ah for V P = Ahg/A
simplify P = gh
a. equal in all directions and  to object surface
b. not used with gases because density isn't constant
c. absolute pressure
1. absolute = fluid pressure + air pressure
2. P = gh + Po (Po = 1 x 105 Pa = 100 kPa)
4. Archimedes' principle, Fb = fVog
a. the buoyant force (weight loss when an object is
submerged)
1. f = fluid density
2. Vo = object's submerged volume
Steps Algebra
start with Fb = F2 – F1 = (P2 – P1)A
substitute gh for P Fb = (gh2 – gh1)A
regroup Fb = g(h2 – h1)A
substitute h for h2 – h1 Fb = ghA
substitute V for hA F b =  f Vo g
b. Fb = "weight of the displaced fluid"
Fb = (fVo)g = f(mo/o)g = mog(f/o)
5. specific gravity, s.g. = object/fluid
a. because of buoyancy:
object/fluid = mair/(mair – mfluid)
b. used to determine densityoject = (s.g.)fluid
B. Fluid flow
1. streamline—fluid layers slide by each other
2. turbulent—eddy currents (increase viscosity)
3. volume flow rate

a. V/t = Al/t = Av (m3/s)

b. assume constant volume when water moves
through closed system, then V/t = A1v1 = A2v2
4. Bernoulli's equation, P + gh + ½v2 = C
a. based on conservation of energy
Steps Algebra
start with WP = FPd
substitute PA for Fp Wp = PAd
l for d Wp = PAl
substitute V for Al Wp = PV
start with Ug = mgh
substitute V for m Ug = Vgh
start with K = ½mv2
substitute V for m K = ½Vv2
total energy is constant PV + Vgh + ½Vv2 = constant
divide both sides by V P + gh + ½v2 = C
b. three types of problems
1. plumbing system:

P1 + gy1 + ½v12 = P2 + gy2 + ½v22

2. leaking tank (P1 = P2, y2 = 0 and v1 = 0):
gy1 = ½v22  v22 = 2gy1
(same for an object that falls y1 meters!)
3. lift caused by moving air (y1 = y2):
P1 – P2 = ½v22 - ½v22
(F1 – F2)/A = ½(v22 – v12)
Flift = ½(vtop2 – vbottom2)A
C. Kinetic theory—Gases
1. temperature scales
a. 2 relative scales (oF, oC)
b. 1 absolute scale (K) = oC + 273
2. molecular kinetic energy
a. K = 3/2RT = 3/2kBT
b. vrms = (3RT/M)½ = (3kBT/)½
R = 8.31 J/mol•K
kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (kB = R/6.02 x1023)
M = mass per mole in kg
 = mass per molecule ( = M/6.02 x 1023)
3. ideal gas
a. no cohesive force or appreciable volume
b. PV = nRT = NkBT
P = pressure in Pa (100 kPa = 1 atm)
V = volume in m3 (1 m3 = 1000 L)
n = moles of molecules
N = number of molecules (N = n x 6.02 x 1023)
T = temperature in K
c. sample of gas: P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
 Experiments
1. Specific Gravity Lab: mass a weight in air and water and
calculate the specific gravity and density.
a. Collect the following data.
mair (g) mH2O (g)

b. Calculate the following from the data.

Formula Calculation
s.g. s.g. = mair/(mair – mH2O)

  = s.g.(H2O)
2. Bernoulli Lab: mark the spot where the splash from the
leak hits the bottom of the sink and calculate the velocity
using kinematics and Bernoulli's equation.
a. Collect the following data.
Height of
Horizontal Vertical Distance
Water in bottle
Distance (dx) (dy)
(h)

b. Calculate the following from the data.

Formula Calculation
kinematics
t dy = ½gt2

vx vx = dx/t
Bernoulli's equation
2
vx gy1 = ½v2

c. What is the percent difference between the vx values?

3. Gas Law Constant Lab: measure the temperature,

pressure and volume of the gas generated when a known
mass of magnesium reacts with HCl, calculate R and
compare the value to the known constant.
a. Collect the following data.
mMg V (mL) T P (Pa)
(g) Vo Vf (oC) Plab PH2O

b. Calculate the following from the data.

Formula Calculation
n n = mMg/24.3

Vm3 Vm3 = (Vf – Vo)10-6

TK TK = ToC + 273

PPa PPa = Plab – PH2O

R R = PPaVm3/nTK
c. What is the percent difference between the calculate
R and 8.31?

Practice Problems
A. Static Fluid
Questions 1-22 Briefly explain your answer.
1. If one material has a higher density than another, does this
mean that the molecules of the first material must be more
massive than those of the second?
 (A) yes (B) no (A) greater (B) same
(C) less
2. Consider what happens when you push both a pin and a
blunt end of a pen against your skin with the same force.
What will determine whether your skin will be punctured? 10. Thermometers often use mercury or alcohol in a thin glass
(A) the pressure on your skin tube, but barometers never use alcohol. Why?
(B) the net applied force on (A) mercury is less flammable
(B) mercury's color is easier to see
your skin (C) mercury is less toxic than alcohol
(D) mercury is more dense
3. You are walking out on a frozen lake and you begin to hear than alcohol
the ice cracking beneath you. What is your best strategy
for getting off the ice safely?
(A) stand absolutely still and don't move a muscle 11. Imagine holding two identical bricks in place under water.
(B) slide your feet (with lifting them) to move towards shore Brick A is just beneath the surface of the water, while brick
(C) try to leap in one bound to the bank of the lake B is held about two feet down. The force needed to hold
(D) lie down flat on the ice and brick B in place is

crawl toward shore (A) greater (B) same

(C) less
4. While swimming near the bottom of a swimming pool, you
let out a small bubble of air. As the bubble rises toward the Questions 12-13 A beaker filled completely with water is placed
surface, what happens to its diameter? on a scale and weighs 29 N. A block is carefully placed in
(A) decreases (B) same (C) increases the beaker at the same time water overflows out of the
beaker.
12. The block is made of wood and floats in the water. When
5. Three containers are filled with water to the same height placed on the scale the beaker and floating block will weigh
and have the same surface area at the base, but the total (A) < 29 N (B) = 29 N
weight of water is different for each. Which container has
the greatest total force acting on the base? (C) > 29 N

13. The block is made of aluminum and sinks. When placed on

(A) (B) (C) (D) tie the scale the beaker and sunk block will weigh
(A) < 29 N (B) = 29 N
(C) > 29 N
6. When a hole is made in the side of a water bottle, water
flows out and follows a parabolic trajectory. If the container
is dropped in free fall, the water flow will
(A) diminish (B) stop 14. A raft carrying a large tank is floating in a pool. The tank is
then thrown overboard and sinks. What happens to the
(C) go in a straight line (D) water level in the pool with respect to the pool side?
curve upward (A) rise (B) same
(C) drop
7. When you drink liquid through a straw, which below is
primarily responsible for this to work?
(A) water pressure (B) gravity Questions 15-19 Object A floats in pail of water with ¾ of its
volume submerged.
(C) inertia (D) 15. What is the ratio of the density of object A to that of water?
atmospheric pressure (A) ¼ (B) ¾ (C) 4/3 (D) 4

8. You put a straw into a glass of water, place your finger 16. Object A is now placed in oil with a density half that of
over the top so no air can get in our out, and then lift the water. What fraction of object A is above the fluid line?
straw from the liquid. You find that the straw retains some
liquid. How does the air pressure P inside the straw
(A) 0 (B) ¼ (C) ½ (D) ¾
compare to atmospheric pressure PA?
(A) P > PA (B) P = PA (C) P < PA
17. Water is added to the pail to a level above the top of object
A, the object will
9. In a mercury barometer at room pressure, the height of the (A) move up slightly (B) stay at the same place
mercury column in a glass tube is 760 mm. If another (C) move down slightly (D) float to the top
mercury barometer is used that has a larger diameter tube,
how high will the column of mercury be in this case?
18. Oil is added to the pail to a level above the top of object A,
the object will
(A) move up slightly (B) stay at the same place 29. How much mass (M) must be added to a diver (85-kg,
(C) move down slightly (D) 0.090-m3) to allow him to float under water?
float to the top

30. What percentage of the volume of a floating iceberg is

19. Object A, in a pail of water, is observed on the moon. What above sea water? (ice = 920 kg/m3, sea water = 1030 kg/m3)
fraction of its volume is submerged?
(A) <¾ (B) =¾
31. What volume of helium is needed to lift a load of 800 kg?
(C) >¾ (air = 1.29 kg/m3, He = 0.18 kg/m3)

Questions 20-21 A helium balloon is placed in an inverted air-

filled jar, which rests on a table. The balloon floats to the 32. What is the specific gravity of a piece of metal that has a
top of the jar. mass of 125 g in air and 78.7 g in water?
20. If the air is replaced with helium, where will the balloon be?
(A) at the top (B) in the middle (C) at the bottom
34. A crown's "weight" in air is 14.7 kg. What is its "weight"
under water if it is made of
21. If the jar if lifted off the table, but the helium remains in the
gold (s.g. =
jar, where will the balloon end up?
19.3)
(A) top (B) middle (C) lead (s.g. =
bottom (D) ground 11.3)
35. The weight of a 300 N piston compresses gas in a tank.
a. What is the pressure on the gas generated by
22. A small rubber balloon is filled with water and just enough the piston, which has a radius of 0.050 m?
trapped air so that it floats. The balloon is placed in a large
glass cylinder also filled with water and is sealed with a
flexible cap. When you push down on the flexible cap, the b. What is the total pressure in the tank if the
balloon
atmospheric pressure is 1 x 105 Pa?
(A) sinks down (B) stays
put (C) rises up
36. What is the water pressure in a pipe that is 45 m
below the water level in the city's water storage
23. How does a liquid differ from a solid or gas? tank?

24. What is the mass of a piece of gold ( = 1.93 x 104 kg/m3) 37. In a hydraulic system, cylinder A with a 100 cm2 cross
that has a volume of 22 cm3? section is connected by fluid to cylinder B with a 10 cm2
cross section. 2000 N of force push on the cylinder A's
piston. Determine
25. Why is the formula P = gh useful for liquids but not a. the force generated on cylinder B's piston?
gases?
b. the distance piston B moves if piston A moves 5
26. At what depth in water is the added pressure equal to 1 cm.
atm (1.0 x 105 Pa)?

38. What is the density of a log when 65% of the volume is

27. What is the absolute air pressure, in Pa, in a tire that has a submerged in water ( = 1000 kg/m3)?
gauge pressure reading of 30 lbs/in2? (1 atm = 14.7 lbs/in2)

39. An aluminum ( = 2700 kg/m3) object has a mass of 27 kg.

The object is attached to a string and immersed in a tank
28. a. 1,000 N of force is used to raise a 10,000 N car. What of water. Determine
is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the lift piston a. the volume of the object.
to the force piston (A2/A1)?

b. the tension in the string.

b. How far does the force piston move to lift the car 2 m?
40. What volume of helium will support a load of 1000 kg? b. How many times faster is v2 compared to v1?
(air = 1.29 kg/m3, He = 0.18 kg/m3)

46. Consider the water pipe in your notes (B4). What is P2 when
B. Fluid Flow
Questions 41-44 Briefly explain your answer. P1 = 3 x 105 Pa, v1 = 2 m/s, v2 = 5 m/s, y1 = 0 m, y2 = 4 m?
41. Water flows through a 1-cm diameter pipe connected to a
½-cm diameter pipe. Compared to the speed of the water
in the 1-cm pipe, the speed in the ½-cm pipe is
(A) ¼ (B) ½ (C) 2 (D) 4 47. A water leaks out of a hole 5 m below the surface in a tank.
a. What is the velocity of water that leaks out
of the tank?
42. A blood platelet drifts along with the flow of blood through an
artery that is partially blocked. As the platelet moves from the
wide region into the narrow region, the blood pressure b. What is the radius of the whole in the water tank if the
(A) increases (B) same volume rate flow out of the leak is 3 x 10-3 m3/s?
(C) decreases
48. a. Air flows past the upper surface of an airplane wing at
43. A person's blood pressure is generally measured on the 250 m/s and past the lower surface of the wing at 200
arm, at approximately the same level as the heart. How m/s. The density of air is 1.0 kg/m3 and the area of
would the results differ if the measurement were made on the wing is 20 m2. What is the net lift on the wing?
the person's leg instead?
(A) higher (B) same (C)
b. Racing cars have a rear spoiler, which is able
lower (D) to keep the car from lifting up at high
speeds. Describe the design of the spoiler.
44. Smoke is drawn up a chimney on a windy day. The draw
on a windy day compared to a calm day is 49. When a truck passes you on the left, your car
(A) faster (B) same initially is pushed right then pulled left. Why?
(C) slower

45. Consider the diagram in your notes (B3).

a. How many times bigger is A1 compared to A2 if the 50. Water flows at a rate of 0.5 m/s through a 4-cm diameter
pipe on the first floor of a house.
diameter, d1, is two times the diameter, d2?
a. What is the cross-sectional area of the pipe?

b. What is the volume flow rate in the 4-cm pipe?

c. What is the velocity of the water in a 2.6-cm

diameter pipe on the second floor of the
house.

d, The pressure in the 4-cm pipe is 3 atm. What is the

pressure in the 2.6 cm section that is elevated 3 m?

51. Air ( = 1 kg/m3) passes over a roof at 60 m/s. Determine

a. the pressure difference between the attic air
and the air passing over the roof.

b. the upward force exerted on the roof (area = 300 m2).

C. Kinetic Theory—Gases
Questions 52-60 Briefly explain your answer.
52. Which is the largest unit, 1oC, 1 K or 1oF?
(A) 1oC (B) 1 K (C) 1oF (D) 1oC and 1 K
b. What is the mass of one mole in kg?

53. It turns out -40oC is the same temperature as -40oC. Is there

a temperature where the Kelvin and Celsius scales agree? c. What is the mass of one molecule in kg?
(A) yes 0oC (B) yes, -273oC
(C) yes, 0 K (D) no
d. What is the average kinetic energy of a molecule?

54. Which has more molecules, one mole of N2 or one mole of

O2? e. What is the kinetic energy of a mole?
(A) N2 (B) O2 (C) tie

55. Which weighs more, one mole of N2 or one mole of O2?

(A) N2 (B) O2 (C) tie

56. Two identical cylinders at the same temperature contain

the same gas. If A contains three times as much gas as B,
which cylinder has the higher pressure?
(A) A (B) B (C) tie

57. Two identical cylinders at the same pressure contain the

same gas. If A contains three times as much gas as B,
which cylinder has the higher temperature?
(A) A (B) B (C) tie

58. Two cylinders at the same temperature contain the same

gas. If A has twice the volume and half the number of
moles as B, how does the pressure of A compare with the
pressure of B?
(A) PA = ¼PB (B) PA = ½PB (C) PA = 2PB

59. A partially filled, sealed plastic water bottle sits out in the sun,
heating the air inside. What happens to the bottle?
(A) it expands (B) nothing
(C) it shrinks

60. What happens to the volume of a balloon if you put it in the

refrigerator?
(A) it expands (B) nothing
(C) it shrinks

61. In the formulas K = 3/2RT and PV = nRT

a. The value of R is (__________).
b. Why must you use the Kelvin temperature
scale for these calculations?

c. What is the Kelvin temperature for 25oC?

62. Consider oxygen gas (O2) at 22oC.

a. What is the temperature in Kelvin?
 f. What is the average speed? (C) less than the force on the second dam

63. Consider one mole of helium gas at room temperature 5. Each beaker is filled to the same depth with the same
(22oC) and pressure (1.0 x 105 Pa). liquid and the area of the flat bottom is the same for each.
a. What is the volume (in m3)?

b. What is the volume (in m3) of one helium atom with an

atomic radius is 5 x 10-11 m?

c. What is the volume (in m3) of one mole of helium Which ranks the beakers from greatest to least force
atoms? exerted by the liquid on the flat bottom?
(A) I > III > II > IV (B) I > IV > III > II
(C) II > III > IV > I (D) force on each is the
d. What percentage of the total volume (part a) same
is taken up by the helium atoms (part c)?
6. What is the force exerted by a wind, which generates a
e. What is the volume when the pressure is increased to pressure difference of 3 x 104 Pa, on the 3 m by 20 m side
of a house trailer?
2.0 x 105 Pa and the temperature is raised to 44oC?
(A) 0.5 N (B) 500 N (C) 1800 N (D) 1.8 x 106 N

64. A 0.01 m3 vessel contains 0.02 kg of an ideal gas at 50oC 7. What is the absolute pressure (in Pa) 3 m down in a
and a pressure of 3 x 105 Pa. Determine the swimming pool, when atmospheric pressure is 1 x 105 Pa?
(A) 3 x 104 (B) 7 x 104 (C) 1.1 x 105 (D) 1.3 x 105
a. kinetic energy per molecule

8. A rock is thrown into a swimming pool filled with water that

b. moles of gas are in the vessel (R = 8.31). is at a uniform temperature. While the rock sinks, the
buoyant force
(A) is zero (B) increases
c. molar mass of the gas. (C) decreases (D) is constant

Questions 9-11 Two pistons are connected in a hydraulic lift. The

Practice Multiple Choice diameter of the large piston is ten times that of the small.
Briefly explain why the answer is correct in the space provided. 9. How many times larger is the cross-sectional area of the
Questions 1-2 The spring scale reads 0.45 kg when larger piston compared to the smaller?
the rock is suspended in air and 0.36 kg when (A) 10 (B) 20 (C) 50 (D) 100
the rock is fully submerged in water.
1. The buoyant force that the fluid exerts on the
object is 10. A 500 N force is applied to the smaller piston. What load
(A) 1.3 N (B) 0.9 N can be lifted by the larger piston?
(C) 0.75 N (D) 0.33 N (A) 5,000 N (B) 50,000 N
(C) 500,000 N (D) 5,000,000 N

2. The density (in kg/m3) of the rock is

(A) 200 (B) 800 (C) 1,250 (D) 5,000 11. If the load is lifted 2 m, how far is the smaller piston moved?
(A) 0.2 m (B) 2 m (C) 20 m (D) 200 m

3. An object weighs 15,000 N. When it is submerged in a

liquid that has a density of 1500 kg/m3, its apparent weight Questions 12-13 A 1500-kg stone of volume 0.5 m3 is lowered to
is 7500 N. What is the density (in kg/m3) of the object? the bottom of a lake on the end of a rope.
(A) 1,500 (B) 2,000 (C) 3,000 (D) 6,000 12. What buoyant force acts on the stone?
(A) 5 N (B) 50 N (C) 500 N (D) 5,000 N

4. Two dams are alike in every respect (i.e. height, width and
thickness of dam) except the length of the lake behind the 13. What is the tension when the stone is submerged?
dam. The first lake extends 1 km away from its dam; the (A) 3,500 N (B) 5,000 N
second 5 km. The force exerted on the first dam is: (C) 10,000 N (D) 15,000 N
(A) equal to the force on the second dam
(B) greater than the force on the second dam
14. Water is flowing through a pipe with a cross-sectional area
of 30 cm2 at a velocity of 4 m/s. What is the velocity of the
water in a section of the pipe where the cross-sectional
area is 50 cm2?
(A) 1.2 m/s (B) 3.6 m/s (C) 2.4 m/s (D) 4.8 m/s
What happens if air is blown through the tube from the left?
(A) The liquid level in the tube rises up into the tube.
15. Water is pumped into one end of a long pipe at a rate of 50 (B) The liquid level in the tube falls below the level of the
liters per minute. The water is emerges from the other end surrounding liquid.
of the pipe at a rate of 20 liters per minute. The reason for (C) The liquid level in the tube remains where it is.
this decrease in volume flow rate is (D) The air bubbles out at the bottom of the tube.
(A) the water is being pumped uphill
(B) the pipe diameter is not the same at the two ends
(C) there is friction in the pipe 24. The area of an airplane wing is 100 m2. What is the lift
(D) there is a leak in the pipe force on the wing when the speed of air below and above
the wing 200 m/s and 250 m/s respectively?
(A) 2,500 N (B) 11,250 N
16. An ideal gas confined in a box initially has pressure P. If (C) 4.2 x l05 N (D) 1.125 x l06 N
the absolute temperature of the gas is doubled and the
volume of the box is quadrupled, the pressure is
(A) ⅛ P (B) ¼ P (C) ½ P (D) P 25. At best, a person can reduce the pressure in the lungs
about 1 x 104 Pa below atmospheric pressure. How high
can a person suck water up a straw?
17. The absolute temperature of a sample of monatomic ideal (A) 0.1 m (B) 0.3 m (C) 1.0 m (D) 3.0 m
gas is doubled at constant volume. What effect, if any, does
this have on the pressure and density of the sample of gas?
Pressure Density
26. If a crown of density 14,000 kg/m3 weights 140 N in air, the
(A) Remains the same Remains the same
force needed to support it when submerged in water is:
(B) Remains the same Doubles
(C) Doubles Remains the same (A) 100 N (B) 130 N (C) 140 N (D) 150 N
(D) Doubles Is 4 times greater
27. A rowboat has a volume of 1.5 m3 and a mass of 40 kg.
How many people, of mass 70 kg each, can the boat
Questions 18-19 An ideal gas molecule at absolute temperature,
support without sinking?
T, has kinetic energy, K, and velocity, v.
18. What is the kinetic energy at 4T? (A) 15 (B) 19 (C) 20 (D) 21
(A) ¼K (B) ½K (C) 2K (D) 4K

28. An object floats in water and displaces 150 cm3 of water.

19. What is the velocity at 4T? The same object floats in oil, displacing 375 cm3 of that oil.
(A) ¼v (B) ½v (C) 2v (D) 4v The density (in kg/m3) of the oil is:
(A) 1,500 (B) 1,100 (C) 600 (D) 400

20. A pitched baseball, which rotates counterclockwise about a

vertical axis as seen from above, will curve: 29. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe with a constriction.
(A) to the pitcher's right (B) to the pitcher's left At one end of the pipe we have A1 = 10 cm2, v1 = 4 m/s, and
(C) upward (D) downward P1 = 500 kPa. In the constriction of the pipe we have
A2 = 2 cm2. The pressure (in kPa) in the constriction is:
(A) 120 (B) 308 (C) 480 (D) 690
21. If wind blows at 30 m/s over your house, the net force on
the roof (area = 400 m2) is
(A) 100,000 N (B) 150,000 N 30. A sample of an ideal gas is in a tank of constant volume.
(C) 180,000 N (D) 200,000 N The sample absorbs heat energy so that its temperature
changes from 300 K to 600 K. If v1 is the average speed of
the gas molecules before the absorption of heat and v2 is
22. Water flows out of a hole at 4 m/s. What is the height of their average speed after the absorption of heat, what is
the water above the hole inside the bucket? the ratio v2/v1?
(A) 0.8 m (B) 1.25 m (C) 2.5 m (D) 1.5 m (A) ½ (B) 1 (C) √2 (D) 2

23. A T-shaped tube with a constriction is inserted in a vessel

containing a liquid, as shown. Practice Free Response
1. A large rectangular raft (density 650 kg/m3) is floating on a
lake. The surface area of the top of the raft is 8.2 m 2 and
its volume is 1.80 m3. The density of water is 1000 kg/m3.
A = 8.2 m2
 h 2. The large container is filled with water ( = 1000 kg/m3). A
water line small hole of area 2.5 x 10-6 m2 is opened in the side of the
container a distance h below the water surface, which
allows a stream of water to flow through the hole and into a
beaker. At the same time, water is also added to the
a. of the portion of the raft
Calculate the height h container so that h remains constant. The amount of water
collected in the beaker in 2.0 minutes is 7.2 x 10-4 m3.
that is above the surrounding water.

b. Calculate the maximum number of 75-kg people that

can be on the raft without the top of the raft sinking.

a. Calculate the volume rate of flow of water from the

hole in m3/s.

b. Calculate the speed of the water as it exits

from the hole.

c. Calculate the height h of

water needed above the
hole to cause the speed you determined in
part (b).

d. Calculate the distance, d, from the small hole to the

table top, which would produce a value of x = 0.50
m.

e. Suppose that there is now less water in the container

so that the height h is reduced to h/2. Where will the
water hit the tabletop?

3. Three objects of identical mass attached to strings are

suspended in a large tank of liquid, as shown.

a. Must all three strings have the same tension?

The tension in the string supporting A (V = 1.0 x 10-5 m3 and 

= 1300 kg/m3) is 0.0098 N.
b. Calculate the buoyant force on object A.

c. Calculate the density of the liquid.

d. Some of the liquid is now drained until only half of A is
submerged. Would the tension increase, decrease, or
remain the same? Justify your answer.