STATISTICS

1. Measures of Dispersion 6. Mean Deviation

1. Mean Deviation (M.D.) for ungrouped data

The degree to which numerical data tend to spread about M.D. about mean i.e., M.D. ( x ) = ∑ x − x , where x is mean and
i

an average value is called the dispersion of the data. n = no. of terms n

The four dispersions are: Range, Mean deviation, Standard
deviation and Variance. M.D. about median i.e., M .D.( M ) =
∑x j −M
n
n = no. of terms

2.
2. Mean Deviation (M.D.) for grouped data
Variance & standard Deviation
∑f xi − x
where N = ∑ fi
of a discrete frequency distribution M.D. about mean i.e., M.D. ( x ) = i

n
1
Variance of a discrete frequency distribution M.D. about median i.e., M .D.( M ) = ∑f i xi − M
( ) 1 N
Var σ ∑ f (x − x)
2
2
= i i
N
Standard Deviation (S.D.) of a discrete frequency distribution

7.
1
S.D (σ ) = ∑ f (x − x) Variance & Standard Deviation of
2
i i
N
a Continuous frequency distribution
where N = ∑ fi and x = mean
Variance of a continuous frequency distribution

( )
Var σ 2 =
1
∑ fi ( xi − x ) Standard deviation of a continuous
2

3.
N
NΣfi xi2 − ( ∑ fi xi )
1
Variance and Standard
2
frequency distribution S.D(σ ) =
N
Deviation for ungrouped data

8.
Variance of ungrouped data

( )
Var σ 2 =
1
n
∑ ( xi − x )
2
Step Deviation or Shortcut Method
Standard Deviation (S.D.) for un grouped data
1
1
M .D ⋅ ( x ) = ∑ fi xi − x
∑
N
S.D. (σ ) = ( xi − x )
2
n
n ∑ fi di
i =1
where x = a + ×h
N

4.
xi − a
and di =
Coefficient of Variation h
Here, a= assumed mean
h = common factor
Coefficient of variation (C.V.) N = sum of frequencies
σ 1
=
x
×100; x ≠ 0 M.D. ( M ) =
N
∑f
xi − M i
N
where x is mean −C
where, M (median)= l + 2 ×h
f

5. Range
The difference between the highest and the lowest
element of a data called its range.
range = xmax - xmin
9. Shortcut method to find variance and
standard deviation
2

(σ ) = Nh
 ∑ fi yi − ( ∑ f i yi ) 
N 
2
Variance 2 2
Eg: Find the range of the given data: 2
4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17
N ∑ fi yi 2 − ( ∑ f i yi )
Here, xmax =17 and xmin = 4 h 2
Standard Deviation σ =
Range =17-4=13 N
xi − A
where yi =
h
N = ∑ fi
A = assumed mean
h = width of class interval