MIIE2468

Sensors and Actuator

Analog Vs Digital

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Krissanapong Nandhasri
nandhasri.k@mut.ac.th 2
Analog
• Analog information is made up of a continuum
of values

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 Analog Example
• phonograph

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Analog
Obsolete devices

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Analog Voice

Video

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Analog Circuit

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 Digital?
• Digital information can assume only one or two possible
values: 0/1, one/Zero, on/off, high/low, true,false, etc
Digital Example
CD Player

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Digital Circuit

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Analog Vs Digital
Parameter Analog Signal Digital Signal
Definition A signal for conveying A signal which is a discrete
information which is a function of time, i.e. non-
continuous function of continuous signal, is
time is known as analog known as digital signal.
signal.
An analog signal is typically The typical representation
represented by a sine wave of a signal is given by a
Typical representation function. There are many square wave function.
more representations for
the analog signals also.
Analog signals use a Digital signals use discrete
continuous range of values values (or discontinuous
Signal values to represent the data and values), i.e. discrete 0 and
information. 1, to represent the data and
information.

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Analog Vs Digital
Parameter Analog Signal
The analog signals are more
suitable for transmission of
Suitability audio, video and other
information through the
communication channels.
Analog signals get affected
by the electronic noise
Effect of electronic noise
easily.
Due to more susceptibility
Accuracy to the noise, the accuracy
of analog signals is less.
Analog signals use more
power for data
Power consumption
transmission.
Digital Signal
The digital signals are
suitable for computing and
digital electronic operations
such as data storage, etc.
The digital signals are more
stable and less susceptible
to noise than the analog
signals.
The digital signals have high
accuracy because they are
immune from the noise.
Digital signals use less
power than analog signals
for conveying the same
amount of information.
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Analog Vs Digital
Parameter Analog Signal
Analog signals are
processed by analog circuits
Circuit components whose major components
are resistors, capacitors,
inductors, etc.
The analog signals give
Observational errors
observational errors.
The common examples of
analog signals are
Examples temperature, current,
voltage, voice, pressure,
speed, etc.
The analog signals are used
in land line phones,
Applications
thermometer, electric fan,
volume knob of a radio, etc.
Digital Signal
Digital circuits are required
for processing of digital
signals whose main circuit
components are transistors,
logic gates, ICs, etc.
The digital signals do not
given observational errors.
The common example of
digital signal is the data
store in a computer
memory.
The digital signals are used
in computers, keyboards,
digital watches,
smartphones, etc.
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Definition of DSP: Digital filtering
Digital Signal Processing Video compression
Audio compression
Speech processing
Image processing
Radar and Sonar processing

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ADC
Analog to Digital Converter

•CD Audio = 16-bit

•DVD Audio = 24-bit
3-bits Resolution

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Sampling Rate Sampling Rate
•
The sampling rate (SR) is the rate at
whichamplitude values are digitized
from the originalwaveform.
•
CD sampling rate (high-quality):SR =
44,100 samples/second
•
medium-quality sampling rate:SR =
•CD Audio = 44.1 kHz 22,050 samples/second
•DVD Audio = 192 kHz •
phone sampling rate (low-quality):SR =
8,192 samples/second 17
 Nyquist Frequency = SR/2
Nyquist Theorem
Sampling Rate
•Higher sampling rates allow
the waveform to be more
accurately represented
Nyquist Theorem and Aliasing
•Nyquist Theorem:We can digitally
represent only frequencies up to
half the sampling rate.
•Example:CD: SR=44,100
Hz Nyquist Frequency = SR/2 =
22,050 Hz
•Example:SR=22,050 Hz Nyquist
Frequency = SR/2 = 11,025 Hz 18
ADC Operation

S/H = Sampling and Hold

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 ADC Circuit Basic
1-bits ADC 2-bits ADC

Comparator Circuit parallel or flash A/D

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2-Bits ADC Circuit 22=4 possible outputs

Priority Encoder such as

Where: “X” is a “don’t care”, that is either a
74LS148 logic “0” or a logic “1” condition. 21
3-Bits ADC Circuit 23=8 possible outputs

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Parallel or flash A/D

4-bit resolution requires 15 (24– 1) comparators, an 8-bit

resolution requires 255 (28– 1) comparators, while a 10-
bit analogue-to-digital converter would require 1023
comparators, etc. So for this type of Analogue-to-Digital
Converter circuit, the higher the number of output bits
required, the more complex becomes the circuit.

However, the advantage of this type of parallel or flash

A/D converter is that its real-time conversion rate is
relatively fast and can be easily built as part of a project if
only a few binary bits are required 23
 Successive approximation ADC

6-bits = 26 =64 possible outputs 24

DAC Binary weighted digital-to-analogue converters

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Binary weighted DAC

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 R-2R DAC

4-bit R-2R Resistive Ladder Network

Generalised R-2R DAC Equation

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 R-2R DAC

4-bit R-2R Resistive Ladder Network

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R-2R DAC example

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ADC

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Ads1115

ADS1115 is an analog-to-digital converter module with a 16-bit resolution. It is a

low-power device and operates at a voltage range of 2.0-5.5V. The ADS1115 IC
oscillator and communicated to a microcontroller using the I2C communication
protocol. It also includes a programmable gain amplifier up to x16, which helps to
scale up small/differential signals to the full range.
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DAC

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DAC

MCP4725. This IC provides 12 bit resolution and on board Board Non-Volatile

Memory (EEPROM). It can be addressed by external A0 address pin, and
operates in Normal or Power-Down Mode. It takes wide range of input supply
voltage as 2.7V to 5.5V from single supply source. This IC provides eight
address through I2C and have Extended Temperature Range: -40°C to +125°C.

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World of 010101