DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH – 202002

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Sumit Singh Pundhir student

of M.Sc. (Final) Geography bearing Roll No.
22GGMSA145 and Enrollment No. GL0390 has
completed the work of the dissertation entitled
“Analysis of Living conditions and food security among the
lock labourers in Aligarh” for the award of the degree
of Masters of Science in Geography under my
guidance.

Prof. Tariq Mahmood Usmani

Supervisor
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I bow in reverence to the Almighty, whose gracious blessings fuelled my determination to

complete this endeavour of working on dissertation titled as “Analysis of Living conditions
and food security among the lock labourers in Aligarh”

Firstly, I wish to express my profound gratitude to my Supervisor, Prof. Tariq Mahmood

Usmani whose insightful mentorship and expert supervision were instrumental in shaping
my dissertation from the outset. Throughout my research, his invaluable insights and
unwavering support guided me through every phase of my work.

I would be remiss not to extend my heartfelt appreciation to my friends and family, for their
understanding and support. They have offered advice, encouragement, and assistance
throughout the journey, always stepping in when I needed it most.

Finally, I owe a great deal of my personal growth to my parents, and my teacher, mentor
and guide Prof. Tariq Mahmood Usmani. I am filled with pride and gratitude for their
patience, the engaging discussions, their sacrifices, and their support in pursuit of my
aspirations and thus bringing out this dissertation which will work as stepping stone into
my research career.
 ABSTRACT

This research paper explores the living conditions and food security among lock laborers
in the Begum Bagh area of Aligarh. The objective is to identify the factors contributing to
the caloric shortfall experienced by these workers and to evaluate the effects on their health
and overall well-being. Through an extensive survey, the study finds that the daily caloric
intake among lock laborers is significantly below the recommended 3,000 calories. This
caloric shortage leads to malnutrition, affecting their health adversely. The physically
intensive nature of their work and the lengthy hours they put in contribute to the higher
energy expenditure, further intensifying the problem. Although there is generally adequate
physical access to food, financial constraints prevent lock laborers from purchasing more
nutritious foods like nuts, dairy products, and poultry, which are deemed luxurious due to
their high cost. Furthermore, the complimentary rations provided under the Pradhan Mantri
Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) are insufficient to cover their dietary needs,
forcing the lock laborers to buy additional grains to make up for the shortfall. This
economic burden, along with the physically demanding nature of their work, affects
nutrient absorption, as their bodies prioritize energy output over nutrient retention. Despite
these difficulties, lock laborers in Begum Bagh live in stable pucca houses, offering some
degree of security. Nevertheless, the study concludes that their overall food security and
living conditions require substantial improvement. The research employs a descriptive
methodology to gather and analyze data, providing a thorough understanding of the
situation and underscoring the need for targeted measures to address the financial and
health-related challenges faced by these workers.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No. CHAPTERS
1. Chapter 1
Introduction
Objectives of the Study
Significance of the Study
Database and Methodology
Food Security and related problems
Literature Review

2. Chapter 2
Area of Study
Lock Industries in Aligarh

3. Chapter 3 - Living conditions of Lock Labourers

Residential Place
Literacy
Age Structure
Health Status
Social Structure
Civic Amenities

4. Chapter 4 – Dimensions of Food Security among Lock Labourers

Calorie Intake
Accessibility
Availability
Utilization

5. Chapter 5 – Conclusions and Suggestion

 INTRODUCTION

This paper deals with the investigation into the complex causes of food insecurity
among lock laborers in India's ancient city of Aligarh will require a thorough grasp
of the interconnected variables that give rise to this issue. Taking into account the
complex socioeconomic conditions and systemic injustices that exist in this
community, the study aims to identify the underlying factors that contribute to the
ongoing situation of food insecurity. Moreover, by outlining the effects of food
insecurity on the health, welfare, and socioeconomic resilience of lock laborers and
their homes, the research aims to shed light on the intricate relationship between
nutritional vulnerability and socioeconomic hardship. This research attempts to give
insights vital for guiding focused actions and policy initiatives meant to alleviate
food poverty and promote sustainable livelihoods through thorough investigation
and detailed analysis.
Aligarh, which is well-known for its lock manufacturing, is mostly dependent on
its labor force. However, food hunger continues to be a silent catastrophe amidst the
din of metalworking. A lack of focused social support, changing food prices, and
limited salaries make it difficult for many lock workers to consistently obtain
enough food that is both sufficient and nutritious. This dissertation explores the
particular variables affecting food security in the community of lock laborers in
Aligarh. Through an examination of eating habits, economic conditions, and the
effects of current welfare initiatives, this study seeks to shed light on methods to
enhance food security and general well-being for this essential workforce. An
essential component of Aligarh's industrial sector is the lock labour force,
commonly referred to as lock makers or lock artisans, given the city's long history
of lock production. These craftsmen frequently produce locks and related goods for
export and local markets out of modest workshops or homes. Lock laborers make a
significant contribution to the local economy, but they are typically marginalised
and endure a variety of difficulties, including as low pay, irregular employment, a
lack of social safeguards, and restricted access to basic services.
Beyond just providing for basic necessities, food security also refers to availability,
consistency of supply, and meeting dietary requirements that are suitable for a
certain culture. Workers in Aligarh's informal lock business face a particularly
perilous situation due to a combination of socioeconomic vulnerabilities, job
dangers, and insufficient awareness about food. The goal of this dissertation is to
examine the various factors that contribute to food insecurity among Aligarh's lock
laborers. It seeks to advance understanding of the connection between food security
and informal labor as well as offer actionable advice for regional stakeholders.
 OBJ ECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In this paper we are going to analyse -

 Analysing food security

 Analysing living conditions of lock labourers
 Food security status among lock labourers in Aligarh

SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS RESEARCH

1. Vulnerability: Laborers often face precarious employment, low wages, and limited
social safety nets. This makes them highly susceptible to food insecurity across all
dimensions.
2. Health and Productivity: Malnutrition impacts laborer’s physical and mental
health, reducing their productivity and potentially trapping them in a cycle of low
earnings and worsened food insecurity.
3. Societal Impact: Food-insecure laborers can lead to decreased workforce
efficiency, social unrest, and strain on public health systems.
4. Hidden Hunger: Laborers may have access to some food, but it may be
nutritionally deficient ("hidden hunger"), leading to long-term health consequences.

Targeted Interventions: This research specifically examines the food security

dimensions for laborers can reveal the most critical pressure points to address,
leading to more effective policies and support programs by focusing on a specific
occupational group like locksmiths within a defined location, has the potential to:

 Provide nuanced insights: Identify localized factors (industry practices, market

patterns) influencing food security.
 Inform tailored solutions: Suggest solutions addressing the specific needs of
laborers compared to generalized anti-poverty measures.
 Contribute to broader understanding: Findings related to informal labor and food
security can enhance the development of interventions in similar contexts.
Database
For the purpose of research and fulfilling the objectives of research data has been acquired
by both primary and secondary sources.
Primary data has been acquired through field surveys based on the schedules answered by
30 respondents living in begum bagh area of Aligarh and therefore getting the information
about their living conditions and status of food security along with strategies adopted for
the fulfilment of their food demands.
Secondary data regarding the problems of food security and challenges faced by the people
living in such kind of living conditions has been acquired by various government reports ,
reports published by International Organizations and various published journals.

Methodology
This research is based on responses to the questions included in the schedules which has
been divided into two sections, the first sections is related to analysing the living conditions
of the lock labourers by asking the questions related to their professional routine,
Composition of families, health status and Education facilities in their area. While in the
second questions related to their status of food security along with strategies adopted for
the fulfilment of their food demands has been involved. thus, in view of responses to the
questions, the descriptive analysis has been adopted as a method for drawing the general
inferences and hence fulfilling the objective of the research.
 Food Security

According to different organizations there are various definition of food security and some
of the them are as follows :-

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO):

"Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life."

2. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP):

"Food security means having, at all times, both physical and economic access to sufficient
food to meet dietary needs for a productive and healthy life. It includes the availability,
accessibility, stability, and utilization of food."

3. World Food Programme (WFP):

"Food security means that all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life."

4. United States Agency for International Development (USAID):

"Food security means access by all people at all times to enough food for an active,
healthy life. Food security includes at a minimum: the ready availability of nutritionally
adequate and safe foods, and the assured ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially
acceptable ways (that is, without resorting to emergency food supplies, scavenging,
stealing, or other coping strategies)."
According to the Committee on World Food Security of the United Nations, implies that
everyone has constant physical, social, and financial access to enough wholesome food that
satisfies their dietary needs and food preferences. requirements for a healthy, active life.

The following three components work together to create food security:

Food availability, or the requirement that food be consistently and in appropriate amounts
available. It takes into account the amount of food produced and available in a particular
location as well as the ability to import food through help or trade.
Food access refers to a person's ability to consistently obtain sufficient amounts of food
through purchase, home production, bartering, borrowing, gifting, or food assistance.

Food utilization: People's diets must be improved by the food they eat. It includes food
preparation, sharing and storing techniques, personal cleanliness, water and sanitation
practices.
The resources available to households, disposable income, and socioeconomic standing all
have a direct impact on food security. It is also closely related to other problems including
rising food costs, environmental change on a worldwide scale, water, energy, and the
expansion of agriculture.

Food Security in India

It concerns regarding food security date back to the Bengal Famine of 1943, which occurred
during British colonial authority and resulted in the deaths of between 2 and 3 million
people. People who were starving to death died. India’s susceptibility to several shocks on
the front of food security was made apparent by its early push to industrialize while
neglecting agriculture, two consecutive droughts in the mid-1960s, and reliance on US food
aid after gaining independence. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, the nation had a
Green Revolution that helped it overcome a period of stagnant output and greatly increase
the production of food grains. The Green Revolution is frequently criticized for
concentrating on just two grains, wheat and rice, despite its success being restricted to a
small number of resource-rich areas in the country's northwest and south, which primarily
benefited wealthy farmers; and placing undue strain on the ecosystem of these regions—
soil and water in particular. The White Revolution, which began in the 1970s and 1980s
with Operation Flood, came after the Green Revolution. India is now the world's greatest
milk producer because to a government initiative that transformed the country's liquid milk
production and marketing.

Lately, particularly since the year 2000, there have been significant advancements in the
production of hybrid maize for industrial and poultry use, as well as Bt cotton. As a result,
India became the world's second-largest exporter of cotton in 2007–2008.
Challenges To Food Security

Climate Change: Farming is more challenging due to rising temperatures and erratic
rainfall. Climate change affects livestock, forests, fisheries, and crops in addition to them.as
well as aquaculture, it can have serious negative effects on trade, livelihoods destroyed,
revenues decreased, and health implications.
Inability to reach isolated areas: The indigenous communities have experienced severe
economic regression as a result of living in isolated, challenging environments and
engaging in subsistence farming.Growing numbers of people are migrating from rural to
urban areas, and a sizable section of the workforce works informally, which contributes to
the unplanned development of slums with inadequate housing, poor hygienic conditions,
and elevated food insecurity.

Biofuels: The expansion of food crops used as biofuels.

The land used for growing has decreased due to the market.

Conflict: Enemies can cut off food supply in an effort to gain ground, using food as a
weapon. Moreover, crops may be destroyed in the battle.
Nutrition programs that are not overseen: Even though the nation has several programs
established with the primary goal of boosting nutrition, these are not being carried out
effectively.
Corruption: The problem of food insecurity is exacerbated by moving grains to the open
market in order to make a larger profit, selling subpar grains at ration shops, and opening
and closing stores on a sporadic basis.

Recent Government Initiatives

 National Food Security Mission Launched in 2007, it is a Centrally Sponsored

Scheme.
Through area expansion and productivity enhancement, it seeks to boost production
of commercial crops, rice, wheat, pulses, and coarse cereals. It aims to improve
 farm-level economy and restore soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm
level.
It also seeks to decrease the import of edible oils and increase the supply of
vegetable oils.
 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) It was started in 2007 and gave
governments the freedom to select their own development initiatives for the
agricultural and related sectors in accordance with the district/state agriculture In
2014–15, it was likewise transformed into a Centrally Sponsored Scheme with
100% central support. The Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) will now be
known for three years, from 2017–18 to 2019–20, as the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas
Yojana- Remunerative Approaches for Agriculture and Allied Sector Rejuvenation
(RKVY-RAFTAAR).
 The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 gives the Targeted Public
Distribution System the legal right to subsidize food grains for up to 75% of the
rural and 50% of the urban populations. According to the Act, the head of the home
for the purpose of issuing ration cards must be the oldest woman in the household
who is at least eighteen years old.

International Initiatives

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon created the High-Level Task Force (HLTF) on Global
Food and Nutrition Security in 2008. It seeks to encourage an all-encompassing and
cohesive reaction from the global community to the task of attaining food and nutrition
security on a global scale. creation of the First Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1),
one of its objectives being to reduce the number of people experiencing hunger by half by
the year 2015. The Zero Hunger Challenge was introduced by the UN Secretary-General
in 2012 at the Rio+20 World Conference on Sustainable Development.
 Lock Industry in Aligarh

Aligarh’s Lock History

In the historic precincts of Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, the significance of locks transcends mere
security, serving as portals to an esteemed craft tradition. Crafted from brass with
meticulous attention to detail, these locks feature a triple locking mechanism, embodying
centuries-old artisanal expertise. Historical records attest to Aligarh's legacy in lock
production, encompassing a diverse array of designs such as puzzle locks, multi-key
variants, handcuff models, and intricately embellished specimens, including those adorned
with false apertures. Forged predominantly from a brass alloy comprising 60% copper and
40% zinc, these handmade locks undergo shaping through sandcasting, utilizing brass
molds. Following meticulous filing and polishing using buffing machines, the locks are
meticulously finished, offering a spectrum of polish options ranging from antique to copper
and standard brass finishes. Production follows an assembly line approach, with each
craftsman specializing in a specific process, enabling an output of 30 to 40 locks per day.
Notably, the craftsmanship extends beyond the locks themselves to encompass handmade
keys and sandcasted levers, ensuring durability and robustness. This meticulous attention
to detail and artisanal skill underscores the enduring legacy of Aligarh's lock-making
industry. Aligarh stands as a pivotal commercial hub within Uttar Pradesh, renowned as
the quintessential "City of Locks" in India. This distinction stems from its historical
significance and the flourishing lock industry that has thrived within its bounds. Benefiting
from abundant access to raw materials and a reliable power supply infrastructure, Aligarh
has evolved into a prominent business nucleus. Its locks, crafted with precision and
ingenuity, enjoy a global market reach, a testament to the city's industrial prowess. The
genesis of Aligarh's lock industry traces back to 1890 when local visionaries embarked on
a modest-scale production endeavor. Over time, this modest initiative burgeoned into a
bustling ecosystem comprising myriad manufacturers, exporters, and suppliers specializing
in brass, bronze, iron, and aluminum wares. Each facet of lock production unfolds within
specialized units, showcasing the city's organizational efficiency and diverse skill
sets.Aligarh boasts an array of iconic landmarks that further enrich its cultural tapestry.
Among these are the formidable Aligarh Fort, the revered Khereshwar Temple, and the
spiritual haven of Mangalayatan Mandir. These architectural marvels not only embellish
the cityscape but also serve as beacons of its rich heritage and religious significance. The
locks forged in Aligarh find their way into households across India, a tradition that has
endured since the era of the Mughal Empire. Over decades, the lock-making industry of
Aligarh has not only sustained its prominence but also carved a niche in both domestic and
global markets. The genesis of India's lock industry can be traced back to the corridors of
Aligarh, where artisans initially crafted locks by hand, imbuing each piece with intricacy
and innovation.The precise origins of lock-making in Aligarh remain shrouded in historical
ambiguity. Some contend that the city's association with lock production dates back to the
Mughal era, while others attribute its formalization as an economic enterprise to British
colonial intervention. In 1870, a pioneering Englishman, establishing Johnson and
Company, initiated the importation and sale of locks from England, catalyzing Aligarh's
emergence as a center for this trade. By the turn of the 20th century, Aligarh boasted an
annual output of 500,000 locks, valued at Rs. 2,76,000, as documented by HR Nevill in the
District Gazetteers Of The United Prince of Agra And Oudh Aligarh (1926). Bolstered by
this success, the British administration inaugurated a metal workshop in 1926 to cultivate
local artisans' expertise in lock-making. Consequently, in the ensuing decades, virtually
every household in the district, alongside countless others in adjacent regions, counted at
least one member engaged in the thriving lock-making tradition.

Aligarh's Lock Market: A Synopsis

The renowned lock industry of Aligarh, encompassing more than 6,400 registered and over
3,000 home-based units, provides employment to nearly two lakh workers. Accounting for
approximately 80% of the total lock production in India, Aligarh's locks also find their way
to international markets such as Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. Presently, the industry
comprises a mix of small-scale and cottage enterprises alongside larger corporations.
According to data from the All India Lock Manufacturers Association, the annual turnover
of Aligarh's lock industry witnessed a decline from Rs 450 crores (US$100 million) in 2003
to Rs 350 crores (US$77.8 million) in 2007. Despite this decrease, the number of small-
scale lock manufacturers increased from around 1,000 in 2003 to 1,200 in 2007, as reported
by the Aligarh District Industries Centre. However, it's worth noting that the actual number
of firms, both formal and informal, is estimated to be twice the registered figure or even
reaching up to 5,000. There is a prevailing notion that nearly every household in the old
city of Aligarh is involved in the production of locks or lock components. While the lock
industry once thrived, with significant exports, today it is primarily relegated to being
decorative pieces sought after by collectors or antique shops. The diminishing demand is
gradually relegating the exquisite handlocks of Aligarh to obscurity.

MAJOR LOCKS BRAND IN INDIA

1. Link Lock
2. Harrison
3. Pavna Locks
4. Victory Locks
5. Navtal Locks
6. Citizen Locks
7. Godrej Locks
8. Wilson Locks
9. Nova Locks
10. Spider Locks
Source- World Blaze Trade- 2017

Factors Contributing to the Growth of the Lock Industry in Aligarh

 Aligarh's recognition as a prominent industrial hub, particularly for lock manufacturing,

stems from its established reputation both domestically and internationally.

 The strategic decision to establish factories in Aligarh was motivated by its conducive
business environment and strategic location, facilitating efficient production and
distribution.
 The lock industry in Aligarh serves diverse sectors, including furniture manufacturing,
banking, and construction, indicating its versatility and widespread utility.

 Availability of factor endowments, notably raw materials and skilled labor, has been
instrumental in propelling the growth of the lock industry in Aligarh.

 Large lock manufacturers benefit from consistent and substantial supplies of high-
quality raw materials, enabling them to uphold production schedules and fulfill client
demands effectively.

 Aligarh's advanced manufacturing infrastructure and robust engineering expertise

enable mass production of locks while ensuring adherence to rigorous quality standards.

 Stringent quality control measures, overseen by trained experts, are implemented

throughout the manufacturing process to maintain product excellence and reliability.

 Emphasis on utilizing pure and premium materials such as stainless steel, iron, brass,
and nickel in lock production underscores Aligarh's commitment to durability and
security.

 Substantial investments in research and development drive innovation within the

industry, leading to the introduction of new designs and features that cater to evolving
consumer preferences.

 Leveraging economies of scale, some large lock manufacturers optimize production

costs, enhance operational efficiency, and meet growing export demands, positioning
Aligarh as a key player in the global lock market. Additionally, the concept of "learning
 by doing" fosters continuous improvement within the industry, contributing to its
sustained growth and competitive edge.

Aligarh's Lock Industry: Addressing Challenges

 Aligarh's lock industry, also known as the "TalaNagri of Uttar Pradesh," faces a
multitude of challenges stemming from outdated technology, shifting consumer
preferences, and changes in government policies such as demonetization, GST, and
COVID-19 lockdowns.

 The industry's traditional reliance on manual methods and the prevalence of small-scale
and cottage sectors contribute to poor working conditions, particularly in terms of
unorganized and unregistered units that often employ child labour from marginalized
communities.

 Technological backwardness and infrastructural deficiencies, including lengthy power

cuts and irregular water supply, hinder the industry's competitiveness and sustainability.
Fluctuations in raw material prices further strain small-scale firms' ability to survive in
the market.

 The transition from handmade to machine-made locks, driven by evolving consumer

preferences and market dynamics, poses a significant challenge to Aligarh's lock
industry, leading to decreased demand for traditional handmade locks.

 The combined impact of demonetization, GST implementation, and COVID-19

lockdowns has exacerbated the industry's woes, resulting in widespread unemployment
and financial instability among workers and manufacturers alike.

 Many small-scale lock manufacturers, unable to cope with the economic shocks and
regulatory changes, have been forced to shut down their operations, leading to a decline
in production and revenue.
 Cash-driven transactions and the lack of access to banking services have further
hampered the industry's ability to weather economic disruptions and transition to a
digital economy.

 The influx of cheaper lock imports from countries like China has intensified
competition and undermined the market share of Aligarh's traditional lock
manufacturers, who struggle to match the price and quality offered by foreign
competitors.

 Despite its historical significance and economic contribution to the city, Aligarh's lock
industry faces an uncertain future as it grapples with diminishing export volumes,
dwindling profitability, and an increasingly challenging competitive landscape.

Resolution

To revitalize the industry and mitigate the impact of external challenges, policymakers and
industry stakeholders must focus on modernizing manufacturing techniques, enhancing
infrastructure, and implementing supportive policies to promote competitiveness and
sustainability in the face of global competition.

REFERENCES

1) Vadra, Ratna. 2020. ‘Prospects and challenges: A case of Aligarh lock industry’,
in Journal of Research in Business and Management Volume 8 ~ Issue 12 (2020)
pp: 81-86 ISSN(Online):2347-3002
2) Burra, Neera. 1987. ‘Exploitation of child workers in Lock industry of Aligarh’ ,
in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. xxii, No. 28, July 11, PP. 1117-1121
3) Hoque, Areful. 2019. “Assessing the role of housing environment and health
Status among the lock manufacturing workers : A case study of Aligarh”
 Literature Review

1) Chadha, N.(2016) in her paper “FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA: ISSUES AND

CHALLENGES” described that over the past two decades, India's urban economy has
thrived, yet rising food prices reveal persistent food insecurity among many urban
residents. Despite economic growth, disparities persist between affluent and
marginalized populations. Low-wage informal sector jobs and limited social protections
leave many vulnerable to even small increases in food prices. Structural deficiencies in
food distribution exacerbate the problem, as does inadequate access to education,
healthcare, and affordable housing. Addressing urban food insecurity requires holistic
approaches that prioritize inclusive economic policies, comprehensive social protection
programs, and improvements in food distribution networks. As esteemed researchers,
it's crucial to understand the complexities of urban poverty and advocate for policies
that ensure food security for all urban residents, regardless of socio-economic status.

2) Anand. S. et-al (2019) in their paper “Urban food insecurity and its determinants: a
baseline study of Bengaluru” describes this paper presents findings from a survey of
1,698 households in Bengaluru to assess food security using experiential metrics,
income, and consumption expenditure. It sheds light on the complexity of food
insecurity in urban areas, suggesting that targeting vulnerable populations based solely
on income metrics may not suffice. Factors such as access to infrastructure,
employment status, housing type, household structure, and migration play significant
roles in determining food insecurity. The study identifies vulnerable groups beyond
informal settlements, including those living in shared rooms. Experiential metrics
reveal nuances that income dimensions alone may miss, such as food insecurity among
male-headed migrant households. However, further research is needed to understand
the spatial patterns of the income-food security relationship across urban areas. The
study emphasizes the importance of using experiential metrics to capture urban food
security variations comprehensively. It calls for more research across cities and
neighbourhood to address the concerns raised, highlighting the need for a nuanced
understanding of urban food security in India.
3) Ali, N. and Kumari, S. in their paper title “Coping Mechanism and Factors
Contributing to Food Insecurity among Urban Poor in Moradabad”, India describes
in their study examininig household food insecurity (HFI) in Moradabad, India,
where lack of food and poverty persist among the peasantry. Despite efforts to
address food insecurity (FI), many households consume below recommended
dietary allowances, leading to insufficient diet diversity. Most households skip
breakfast due to financial constraints and prioritize brunch before lunch. FI
negatively affects dietary diversification and calorie intake, with more than one-
third of households experiencing calorie-deficient diets, particularly affecting
women. The study indicates a higher prevalence of food insecurity among
households, necessitating a 21.35% increase in food availability to address HFI. As
food insecurity worsens, households adopt various coping mechanisms, and the
study highlights the importance of developing robust food security policies and
support programs at local, national, and global levels. The findings underscore the
urgent need for targeted interventions to improve the welfare and living standards
of vulnerable populations facing food insecurity in Moradabad and similar regions.

4) Naqvi T. et-al (2018) in their paper title “ Correlation between education and
workmanship: A case study of Muslim artisans of Aligarh Lock Industry” presents
In north India, and particularly in Uttar Pradesh Muslims and other disadvantaged
sections of society have a greater leaning to depend on local wage labour and
artisanal work, which pay low salaries and have been less successful in obtaining
educational qualifications and securing regular and white collared salaried jobs. If
we see any artisans’ work whether it is chikan kari, dardozi, woodwork, handloom
work, lock industry hand tools industry we may find excessive Muslim
concentration. Aligarh is famous for its Muslim University and lock industry.
Aligarh’s locks provide security and sense of security to millions of houses in India
and neighbouring countries. But the workers of this industry are living a insecure
life. Education is still a distant dream of the workers of this industry had large
number (72 per cent) illiterate workers. Only 15 per cent of the workers had
education up to primary level and another 13 per cent were middle pass. 90 per cent
of the women were illiterate and, not a single woman has studied beyond primary
 level of education. Poor quality of schools, pathetic, non-cooperative and idle
teachers, poverty, overall nonconducive environment for learning, lack of assistance
for children in homes and the schools nonsupportive attitude towards them were
other reasons of educational backwardness of Muslims. There is urgent need to the
measures be taken up for up-lifting the lot of Muslim artisans may include general
strategy as well as specific steps of concrete nature

5) Hoque. A. (2019) in his paper “. “Assessing the role of housing environment and
health Status among the lock manufacturing workers : A case study of Aligarh”
presents Poverty is the main reason that induced the respondents to take up Locks
manufacturing work as an occupation. The household environmental problems are
of special important because the maximum times of the people are spent inside the
houses. When the housing environment like water supply is irregular and of poor
quality, sanitation is inadequate and poor, kitchen are smoky, congestion in the
house per availability of room then the environment inside the homes is likely to
cause more critical for people health. Most of the Locks Manufacturing s working
12 hours daily for rolling of 1000-1500 Lockss in the study area which is very much
arduous and monotonous work.Most of the Locks Manufacturing s suffered from
major diseases (Tuberculosis, Asthma, Cough and Cold) due to long years of
practicing of tobacco related raw materials work and minor diseases ( Eye problems,
backache, headache) due to long hours of continuous sitting at one place.
 AREA UNDER STUDY – ALIGARH CITY

Geographic Setting and Resources

The Aligarh District occupies a strategic position within the western portion of India's
Uttar Pradesh state. Its prime location within the Ganga-Yamuna doab grants the district
remarkably fertile alluvial soils, a valuable resource underpinning its strong agricultural
economy. The region's two primary waterways, the Ganges River to the northeast and the
Yamuna River to the west, play a crucial role in irrigation and transportation. The
district's flat terrain further facilitates the development of a comprehensive canal system
that maximizes freshwater availability for agricultural and urban needs. While several
smaller rivulets historically traversed the landscape, concerns regarding their water
quality demand further investigation into the potential causes and consequences of
contamination.

Climate

The Aligarh District experiences a subtropical monsoon climate, characterized by three

distinct seasons that influence agricultural activity and the overall rhythm of life in the
region. The colder months of November to February offer relatively mild temperatures
well-suited for certain crops. From March onward, temperatures gradually rise,
culminating in the hot season that extends until June. During this period, the demand for
water resources intensifies. The annual monsoon arrives in July, bringing the much-
needed rains that replenish water supplies and allow for the cultivation of vital Kharif
crops. This rainy period typically lasts until mid-September, followed by the retreating
monsoon season. Aligarh's climate classification of Cwa under the Koeppen system
underscores its hot summers, a mean annual temperature of 24.7°C, and considerable
annual rainfall. Detailed, longitudinal data collection on temperature and precipitation
shifts in recent years could provide insights into the potential effects of climate variability
on the Aligarh District's agricultural production and water security.

ALIGARH
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL
(1921-2022)
10 100

9 90

8 80

7 70

6 60

5 50

4 40

3 30

2 20

1 10

0 0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
RAINFALL TEMPERATURE

Demographics and Administrative Organization

The 2011 census revealed a rapidly growing population within the Aligarh District, with
the total number of inhabitants reaching nearly 3.7 million. Further demographic analysis
highlights the district's population density and a sex ratio of 882 females per 1000 males,
both metrics warranting continued monitoring due to their implications for resource
allocation and social dynamics. Literacy rates, while showing improvement, remain a
point of focus for development efforts. The district's relatively high rural literacy rate
compared to some other regions in India reflects a potential for innovation and the
adoption of modern agricultural practices.

Administratively, Aligarh District is subdivided into five tehsils, strategically designed to

facilitate governance and development initiatives. The Koil tehsil holds particular
importance as it encompasses the urban center of Aligarh city. In terms of developmental
infrastructure, the district currently comprises 12 development blocks that cater to the
specific needs of non-city areas. The system of gram panchayats and revenue villages
reflects a decentralized model of local governance, aiming to ensure equitable resource
distribution and representation. Aligarh city itself possesses a distinct administrative
structure with elected bodies overseeing the provision of civic amenities. In-depth case
studies could be conducted to evaluate the efficacy of these various administrative units
and identify areas for potential reforms and streamlining of services.
Agricultural Backbone

Agriculture serves as the economic and social bedrock of the Aligarh District. The Indo-
Gangetic plain's fertile soils, combined with the district's effective irrigation network,
create exceptionally favorable conditions for year-round crop production. Aligarh's
farmers demonstrate a keen understanding of the three main cropping seasons,
strategically diversifying their production to maximize yields. During the Kharif season,
paddy (rice), bajra (pearl millet), maize, and other millets dominate. Rabi season
cultivation centers on wheat, a staple crop of India, along with potatoes, gram
(chickpeas), and other food sources of high economic value. Additionally, there is
smaller-scale production of fruits like melons, watermelons, pulses, and mangoes during
the summer Zaid season. Analysis of longitudinal agricultural data would reveal trends in
production, crop selection, and potential shifts related to market forces or environmental
constraints.

Economic Drivers and Future Directions

Beyond its agricultural foundation, Aligarh District possesses several economic engines
that contribute to its development and offer pathways for diversification. Globally
recognized as the "City of Locks," Aligarh boasts a deeply ingrained, traditional lock-
making industry. Locks manufactured in the region are renowned for their quality and
intricacy, driving a significant export market. The industry continues to provide
livelihoods for a large segment of the district's population. Further research could
examine the lock industry's evolution, the potential for incorporating modern technology
for increased production efficiency, and opportunities for value-addition within the
supply chain.

Expanding upon its established metalworking skills, Aligarh has emerged as a significant
hub for producing a wider range of hardware items. The district's output of door handles,
hinges, taps, and other essential fixtures for the construction industry has witnessed
steady growth in recent years. Aligarh's proximity to major urban centers and its position
along key transportation routes likely contribute to the sector's success. A detailed market
analysis could shed light on the future growth potential of Aligarh's hardware
manufacturing industry within the broader context of India's ongoing urbanization and
infrastructure development.
 LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE LOCK LABOURERS

 RESIDENTIAL PLACE

Living at a good place of residence is important for several reasons, impacting an

individual's physical health, mental well-being, social connections, safety, and
overall quality of life. A good place often provides easier access to healthcare
services, including hospitals, clinics, and pharmacies, which is crucial for
maintaining good health. Places with clean air, safe water, and minimal pollution
contribute to better health outcomes. Proximity to green spaces can also have
positive health effects. Living in a safer neighbourhood reduces the risk of crime
and violence, contributing to peace of mind and a higher quality of life.
The respondents included in the research resides in the area of Begum Bagh in
Aligarh district and this area has been considered as slum as their locality is
characterized by substandard housing, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access
to basic services. typically overcrowded the area is dwelled with many people living
in small spaces. Their area has limited Access to Basic Services such as clean water,
sanitation facilities, healthcare, education, and transportation.

 AGE STRUCTURE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Out of 30 respondents,15 was from the age group of 25 to30 years ,5 of them were
of 30 to 35 years and rest of them i.e., 10 people were of age group between 35 to
45 years of age. This implies that labourers are mostly of young age who are readily
capable of doing such labour-intensive job.

 LITERACY LEVEL OF LOCK LABOURERS

Literacy is fundamental for personal development, education, and social

participation. Literacy is the foundation of formal education, allowing individuals
to learn and acquire knowledge. Many jobs require reading and writing skills,
 making literacy essential for employment opportunities and career advancement.
Literacy enables people to participate in civic activities, understand their rights, and
contribute to their communities. Literate individuals can access information,
manage their health, understand legal documents, and engage with media and
technology.
Out of 30 lock labourers who were taken up for the survey,25 was illiterate and only
of them were having schooling up to primary level. There are several reasons why
these people from such backgrounds might study less or have lower educational
attainment compared to their wealthier peers. The factors are complex and
interrelated, often involving socio-economic, cultural, and institutional elements.
Their families might require children to work or contribute to household income
instead of attending school or engaging in extended studies. Even if students
complete basic education, the pathway to higher education might be blocked by
financial constraints or systemic barriers. Therefore, addressing the educational
disparities that cause poor people to study less requires a multi-faceted approach.
Solutions involve improving access to resources, addressing financial barriers,
enhancing school quality, and providing support systems for students from low-
income.

 HEALTH STATUS OF LOCK LABOURERS

Good health conditions for lock laborers are crucial for several reasons, impacting
not only the individual workers but also businesses, economies, and broader society.
The healthy laborers are generally more productive and efficient in their work. Good
health reduces absenteeism, increases focus, and enhances the quality of work. This
leads to better output, higher quality products, and increased business profitability.
Health conditions of laborers involved in the study are influenced by the type of
industry, working conditions, access to healthcare, and broader socio-economic
factors. Here’s an overview of common health conditions and challenges faced by
lock laborers in Aligarh. This sector involves metalworking, which can expose
workers to dust, fumes, and high noise levels, leading to respiratory issues, hearing
loss, and musculoskeletal disorders. Common Health Conditions that are faced by
 lock Laborers as specified by them includes respiratory problems due to poor
ventilation in industrial settings, contact with chemicals, oils, and metals causes
them skin irritations and other dermal issues they are also prone to injuries resulting
from Lack of safety equipment and training. Thus, Improving the health conditions
of laborers in Aligarh requires a combination of stronger regulatory enforcement,
enhanced workplace safety, better access to healthcare, and efforts to increase wages
and job stability. Collaboration between government authorities, employers, NGOs,
and labour unions can lead to significant improvements in the working conditions
and overall health of laborers in the region and their dependents.

 SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF RESPONDENTS

To analyse the social strata of people who are engaged in labour industry is
important because through this we could target these communities and help them to
alleviate their social conditions. The respondents were majorly of Scheduled Castes
and Backward Class. Only 5 of the respondents were of the general caste that is
considered as upper caste in India. Rest of 25 were belonging to Dalit community
predominantly Jatav. This objectifies the fact that most of the lock industry labours
belong to Dalit community often residing in sub-standard environment as in our
case where they are living in slum like area of begum bagh often having limited
access to civic amenities.

 CIVIC AMENITIES

Civic amenities refer to essential public services and infrastructure such as clean
water, sanitation, electricity, roads, waste management, and public transportation.
This area faces significant challenges when it comes to accessing civic amenities,
leading to a range of health, safety, and quality-of-life issues for their residents.
Civic amenities such as clean water, sanitation facilities, electricity, and waste
management are crucial for maintaining a basic standard of living, yet they are
frequently lacking or inadequate here.
Reliable access to clean water is fundamental for drinking, cooking, and personal
hygiene. Without it, dwellers are at higher risk of waterborne diseases and other
health problems. Water supply is often inconsistent in their living area, with
residents relying on communal taps. This unreliable access to clean water
contributes to health risks and complicates daily tasks like cooking and cleaning.
Similarly, sanitation facilities are typically insufficient, with communal or shared
latrines being the norm. The lack of proper sanitation leads to hygiene problems and
increases the risk of diseases such as cholera and dysentery.

Electricity is another civic amenity that is often limited in their living area. Even
when available, power outages are frequent, and illegal connections are common
due to the high cost of formal access. This creates safety hazards and restricts the
ability to use electrical appliances for education, work, or daily living.

Proper sanitation, including toilets and sewage systems, is crucial to prevent the
spread of diseases like cholera and dysentery. Efficient waste collection and
disposal help maintain a clean environment and reduce the risk of disease
transmission. Waste management is a critical issue, as the Begum Bagh area lack in
organized waste collection systems. Garbage accumulates in streets and open
spaces, leading to environmental pollution and attracting pests and vermin, which
can spread disease. The lack of proper waste disposal also contributes to flooding
during rainy seasons, as blocked drainage systems overflow and causes the
condition of waterlogging.

Transportation infrastructure in this living area is typically inadequate, with narrow,

unpaved roads that become impassable during bad weather. This not only
complicates commuting but also affects emergency services, which struggle to
reach slum areas promptly.

Therefore, addressing the lack of civic amenities in their living area requires
coordinated efforts from local governments, NGOs, and community organizations.
Solutions include improving infrastructure, providing basic services, and ensuring
access to healthcare and education. By enhancing civic amenities, slum areas can
become safer, healthier, and more liveable, contributing to a better quality of life for
their residents.
 FOOD SECURITY AMONG LOCK LABOURERS

CALORIE INTAKE

Calorie intake refers to the number of calories one consumes from foods each day. It's a
unit of energy that our body uses to function and performing the daily tasks.
Calories are like fuel for our body. They are essential for all bodily functions, including
breathing, digestion, and circulation. Consuming a balanced diet that provides the right
number of calories can help maintain a healthy weight, reduce risk of chronic diseases, and
improve one’s overall well-being.

The Daily recommended calorie intake varies depending on several factors, including:

 Age: Children and teenagers generally need fewer calories than adults.
 Sex: Men typically need more calories than women.
 Weight: Larger people tend to need more calories than smaller people.
 Activity level: People who are very active burn more calories and need to consume
more calories than those who are less active.

Below is the table informing about the recommended calorie intake -

Age group Category Energy requirement (kcal/ day)

Adult men (19-39 years) Sedentary work 2110

Moderate work 2710

Heavy work 3470

Adult women (19-39 years) Sedentary work 1660

Moderate work 2130

Heavy work 2720

Source: ICMR 2020 GUIDELINES.

Specifically for laborers who perform strenuous physical jobs, the recommended daily
calorie intake is around 2,700 to 3,500 calories. Therefor people under this study that is
the lock labourers require around 3000 calorie per day in order to meet their dietary
requirements.

As per the data collected by me, following is the table depicting the daily range of calorie
intake by them by estimating the calories consumed per day according to their dietary
description –

Calorie intake Number of lock labourers

1500-1600 5

1600-1700 12

1700-1800 10

1800-1900 3

Therefore, from the above data it could be inferred that lock labourers are highly deficient
in their daily calorie intake therefore it could be said that they are highly undernourished
and it is due to their very long working hours and hence being in strenuous job it takes a
toll on their health and food consumption. thus because of this they take food only for two
times in a day.

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for
an active and healthy life”. (World Food Summit, 1996)

Three elements build the framework of food and nutrition security: availability, access
andutilization based on which I conducted my research and found the following aspects
related to food consumption pattern among the lock labourers of Aligarh:
ACCESSIBILTY

Accessibility to food specifically refers to the ability for everyone to acquire the safe,
nutritious, and affordable food they need to live a healthy and active life. It goes beyond
simply having food available and considers several factors

 Physical Accessibility: This involves being able to physically reach food sources,
such as grocery stores or farmers markets. This could be hindered by lack of
transportation, distance to stores, or inadequate infrastructure in rural areas.
 Economic Accessibility: Food must be affordable for people on low incomes. This
can be impacted by high food prices, minimum wage limitations, and lack of access
to government assistance programs.
 Cultural Accessibility: Food options should cater to diverse dietary needs and
cultural preferences. This ensures people can find food that aligns with their
religious beliefs or traditional food practices.

Now, Limited access to food can have a significant negative impact on people's health,
leading to:

 Hunger and Malnutrition: People who struggle to afford food or live-in areas with
limited food options are more likely to experience hunger and malnutrition.
 Diet-Related Diseases: Limited access to healthy and affordable fruits, vegetables,
and whole grains can lead to poor dietary choices and an increased risk of chronic
diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and obesity.
 Food Insecurity: This occurs when people lack consistent access to enough food
for an active and healthy life. It can lead to stress, anxiety, and difficulty
concentrating, impacting overall well-being.

Now, at first describing about the physical accessibility of the food items to the lock
labourers I have found through my survey that the food is physically accessible to all as
they have grocery daily item shops and ration shops nearby them which is catering to their
daily food needs and they don't need to go very far away in order to meet their dietary
needs.

Secondly, about the economic accessibility. It must be noted through my research that all
the lock labourers earn enough in order to meet basic food needs of their family, but the
main constraint is the time which is not allowing them to have their proper meals in a day.
Also, in addition to this survey showed that all the labourers are not able to get their hands
on nutritious food items like dry fruits, milk and also poultry and thus economic
accessibility to these latter needs of them are compromised.

AVAILABILITY

India's food availability presents a complex picture. On the one hand, the country is a major
producer of food grains. But on the other hand, there are challenges in ensuring everyone
has access to sufficient and nutritious food. India produces a large quantity of food grains
like rice and wheat. Initiatives like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and PMGKAY
aim to provide subsidized and free food grains to low-income families.

Food availability can vary regionally. Some areas may have surpluses, while others face
shortages. Even with sufficient availability, poverty can restrict access to nutritious food
for the poor. Also, Food losses occur due to inadequate storage facilities and inefficiencies
in the supply chain.

In my survey, it was observed that lock labourers have sufficient access to food via several
grocery stores and two Public Distribution shops, which provide free monthly rations of
5kg per pax under the PMGKAY scheme. Thus, the issue of food availability does not arise
for the lock labourers in my study residing in the urban premises of Aligarh. However,
despite the general availability of food, they struggle to obtain nutritious items such as milk,
dairy products, and dry fruits etc as they are highly expensive for them.

One problem they face regarding availability of food is that free ration given under
PMGKAY is not enough for them and also, they have to buy extra grains in order to meet
their dietary needs. Availability to food grains was available nearby as there are 4 atta
chakkis nearby and they generally buy vegetables from Dhanipur Mandi which is 3 kms
from their area due to cheap prices and hence their range for product buying increases.
UTILIZATION

Utilization is commonly understood as the way the body makes the most of various
nutrients in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by individuals are the result of
good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of the diet and intra-household
distribution of food. Combined with good biological utilization of food consumed, this
determines the nutritional status of individuals (World Bank,1996).

Food utilization, a pivotal aspect of food security, encompasses not only dietary intake but
also the efficient absorption of nutrients. It intertwines with food storage, preparation,
choices, and hygiene, profoundly influencing our health. Aspects of food usage that impact
health include selection, cleanliness, and methods of food preparation and storage. The
fundamental elements of the body are mostly determined by the food we eat. It is composed
of a number of nutrients, including as proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, and minerals. Food
type, quality, and frequency of intake are important factors. Consuming enough food
increases the body's resistance to illness and is sometimes used as a public health disease
prevention strategy. The burden of related diseases will keep rising unless inappropriate
food consumption is recognized as a worldwide health concern and policies are aimed at
offering remedies. Ineffective food use is a major global public health issue that jeopardizes
many people's health. Various sectors must work together to address the problem of food
use. Every community should have active, efficient food safety agency. National health
events and other school initiatives should include ongoing nutrition instruction. Nutrition
education, home nutritional habits, food safety, post-harvest management, gender, and
other interventions like proper sanitation and water availability should all be taken into
account when improving food consumption. Prioritizing should go to nutritionally
vulnerable populations, such as internally displaced persons (IDPs), children, pregnant
women, and refugees.

There will be a greater burden of illnesses if these factors to promote food usage are not
identified and put into practice. This will be detrimental to society and the economy.

Now, in my research I have found that although having proper access to the food the lock
labours were not getting utilisation of the from the food due to their strenuous job. This
was in general of all the 30 participants as they were all underweight due to their very high
stamina job which take a very high toll on them due to their nature of work. They were not
able to utilise all the food that they were eating, and all the food was going in vain due to
non-assimilation of the food into their body.

CONCLUSION

My study are is Aligarh and after went through the exhaustive survey I came to know that
the lock labourers daily caloric intake falls significantly below the recommended 3000
calories. This deficiency results in undernourishment, affecting their overall health and
well-being and their strenuous jobs and long working hours contribute to this caloric deficit.
The physical demands of their work lead to higher energy expenditure which exacerbating
the issue further. While physical access to food is generally adequate, economic limitations
prevent lock labourers from purchasing nutritious items like dry fruits, milk, and poultry
and hence they considered luxuries due to their cost. Along with free ration provided under
the Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) is insufficient for lock
labourers therefore they must supplement it by purchasing extra grains. And about their
physical health, despite having access to food, the physically demanding nature of their
work affects nutrient utilization ergo their bodies prioritize energy expenditure over
nutrient absorption. Therefore, we can conclude that lock labourers in Aligarh are food
secure and living pucca houses.

SUGGESTIONS

On the basis of my research after analysis the problem faced by the lock labourers in
Aligarh there are various solution that must apply to uplift the condition of these people
and few of my suggestion for the aforementioned problem would be :-

 Enhance Caloric Intake:

  Encourage lock labourers to consume nutrient-dense meals that provide
sufficient calories. Include whole grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits.
 Implement midday meal programs at worksites to ensure they receive
adequate nutrition during work hours.
 Educate lock labourers about the importance of meeting their caloric needs
and the impact on their health.

 Improve Food Accessibility:

 Establish community kitchens near worksites where lock labourers can
access affordable and nutritious meals.
 Provide subsidies for essential food items like milk, eggs, and poultry to
make them more accessible.
 Explore mobile food vans that visit different work locations, offering
balanced meals.

 Strengthen Food Distribution:

 Evaluate the quantity and quality of food provided under PMGKAY.
Consider including additional items like pulses, oil, and spices.
 Ensure consistent and timely distribution of rations to prevent shortages.
 Source food locally to support nearby farmers and reduce transportation
costs.

 Promote Nutrient Utilization:

 Conduct regular health check-ups for lock labourers. Address any
deficiencies promptly.
 Educate them about balanced diets, emphasizing the importance of protein,
vitamins, and minerals.
  Encourage short breaks during work hours for meals and rest. Proper rest
aids nutrient assimilation.

 Collaborate with Employers and NGOs

 Employers should prioritize their workers’ well-being. Support initiatives
that improve nutrition.
 NGO Interventions: Partner with NGOs to provide supplementary
nutrition, organize health camps, and offer skill-building programs.
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