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Causes
"Death of Caesar" and "Murder of Caesar" redirect here. For other uses, see Assassination of Julius Caesar (disambiguation) and Death
Conspiracy of Caesar (disambiguation).
Ides of March Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44
Assassination of Julius Caesar
Preceding events BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome
Part of the Crisis of the Roman Republic
Aftermath where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that
Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the
List of conspirators
Roman Republic. At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by Marcus
Gallery Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus. Despite the
See also death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The
ramifications of the assassination led to his martyrdom, the Liberators' civil war and ultimately
Notes
to the Principate period of the Roman Empire.
References
The Death of Julius Caesar by Vincenzo
Bibliography Causes [ edit ]
Camuccini, c. 1805
Location Curia of Pompey of the Theatre
Relevant literature
Caesar had served the Republic for eight years in the Gallic Wars, fully conquering the region of Pompey, Rome
External links of Gaul (roughly equivalent to modern-day France). After the Roman Senate demanded that Coordinates 41°53′43″N 12°28′37″E
Caesar disband his army and return home as a civilian, he refused, crossing the Rubicon with Date 15 March 44 BC
his army and plunging Rome into Caesar's Civil War in 49 BC. After defeating the last of the Target Julius Caesar
[2]
opposition, Caesar was appointed dictator perpetuo ("dictator in perpetuity") in early 44 BC. Attack type Assassination by stabbing
Roman historian Titus Livius describes three incidents that occurred from 45 to 44 BC as the
Perpetrators 60 or more Roman senators
final causes of Caesar's assassination – the "three last straws" as far as some Romans were
Ringleaders Marcus Brutus
concerned.[3] Gaius Cassius Longinus
Decimus Brutus Albinus
The first incident took place in December 45 BC or possibly early 44 BC.[3] According to Gaius Trebonius
Roman historian Cassius Dio, after the Senate had voted to bestow a large group of honours
upon Caesar, they decided to present them to him formally, and marched as a senatorial delegation
to the Temple of Venus Genetrix.[4] When they arrived, etiquette called for Caesar to stand up to
greet the senators, but he did not rise. He also joked about their news, saying that his honours
needed to be cut back instead of increased.[5] Roman historian Suetonius wrote (almost 150 years
later) that Caesar failed to rise in the temple, either because he was restrained by the consul Lucius
Cornelius Balbus or that he balked at the suggestion he should rise.[6] Regardless of the reasoning, The Ides of March coin, a Denarius
by practically rejecting a senatorial gift and not acknowledging the delegation's presence with portraying Brutus (obverse), minted in
43–42 BC. The reverse shows a pileus
proper etiquette, Caesar gave the strong impression that he no longer cared about the Senate.[5]
between two daggers, with the legend
EID MAR (Eidibus Martiis – on the Ides
The second incident occurred in 44 BC. One day in January, the tribunes Gaius Epidius Marullus
of March), commemorating the
and Lucius Caesetius Flavus discovered a diadem on the head of the statue of Caesar on the assassination.[1]
Rostra in the Roman Forum.[5] According to Suetonius, the tribunes ordered the wreath be removed
as it was a symbol of Jupiter and royalty.[7] Nobody knew who had placed the diadem, but Caesar
suspected that the tribunes had arranged for it to appear so that they could have the honour of
removing it.[5] Matters escalated shortly after on the 26th, when Caesar was riding on horseback to
Rome on the Appian Way.[8] A few members of the crowd greeted him as rex ("king"), to which
Caesar replied, "I am not Rex, but Caesar" ("Non sum Rex, sed Caesar").[9] This was wordplay;
"Rex" was a family name as well as a Latin title. Marullus and Flavus, the aforementioned tribunes,
were not amused, and ordered the man who first cried "rex" arrested. In a later senate meeting,
Caesar accused the tribunes of attempting to create opposition to him, and had them removed from
office and membership in the Senate.[8] The Roman plebs took their tribunes seriously as the
representatives of the common people; Caesar's actions against the tribunes put him on the wrong
side of public opinion.[10]

The third incident took place at the festival of the Lupercalia, on 15 February 44 BC. Mark Antony,
who had been elected co-consul with Caesar, climbed onto the Rostra and placed a diadem on
Caesar's head, saying "The People give this to you through me." While a few members of the crowd
applauded, most responded with silence. Caesar removed the diadem from his head; Antony again
placed it on him, only to get the same response from the crowd.[11] Finally, Caesar put it aside to
use as a sacrifice to Jupiter Optimus Maximus.[7] "Jupiter alone of the Romans is king", Caesar
said, which received an enthusiastic response from the crowd.[11] At the time, many believed that
Caesar's rejection of the diadem was a way for him to see if there was enough support for him to
Possible bust of Julius Caesar,
become king, and despised him for it.[12] posthumous portrait in marble, 44–30
BC, Museo Pio-Clementino, Vatican
According to Suetonius, Caesar's assassination ultimately occurred primarily due to concerns that Museums.
he wished to crown himself the king of Rome.[13] These concerns were exacerbated by the "three
last straws" of 45 and 44 BC. In just a few months, Caesar had disrespected the Senate, removed
People's Tribunes, and toyed with monarchy. By February, the conspiracy that caused his assassination was being born.[12]

Conspiracy [ edit ]

The conspiracy to assassinate Julius Caesar began with a meeting between Cassius Longinus and
his brother-in-law Marcus Brutus[14] in the evening of 22 February 44 BC,[15] when after some
discussion the two agreed that something had to be done to prevent Caesar from becoming king of
the Romans.[16]

The two men then began to recruit others. While it took only one man to murder another, Brutus
believed that for the assassination of Caesar to be considered a legitimate removal of a tyrant, done
for the sake of their country, it must include a large number of Rome's leading men.[17] They
attempted to strike a balance: they aimed to recruit enough men to surround Caesar and fight his
supporters, but not so many that they would risk being discovered. They preferred friends to
The city of Rome, 44 BC
acquaintances and recruited neither reckless youths nor feeble elders. In the end, the conspirators
recruited senators near the age of forty, as were they. The men assessed each potential recruit with
innocent-sounding questions.[18] The ancient sources report that in the end, around sixty to eighty conspirators joined the plot, although the
latter number may be a scribal error.[19]

Notable conspirators included Pacuvius Labeo, who answered affirmatively on 2 March when Brutus asked him whether it was wise for a
man to put himself into danger if it meant overcoming evil or foolish men;[20] Decimus Brutus, who joined on 7 March after being approached
by Labeo and Cassius;[21] Gaius Trebonius,[22] Tillius Cimber, Minucius Basilus, and the brothers Casca (Publius and another whose name
is unknown), all men from Caesar's own ranks;[23] and Pontius Aquila, who had been personally humiliated by Caesar.[24] According to
Nicolaus of Damascus, the conspirators included Caesar's soldiers, officers, and civilian associates, and while some joined the conspiracy
due to concerns over Caesar's authoritarianism, many had self-interested motives such as jealousy: feeling that Caesar had not rewarded
them enough or that he had given too much money towards Pompey's former supporters.[25] The conspirators did not meet openly but
instead secretly assembled at each other's homes and in small groups in order to work out a plan.[26]

First, the conspirators discussed the addition of two other men to the conspiracy. Cicero, the famous orator, was trusted by both Cassius
and Brutus, and had made it no secret that he considered Caesar's rule oppressive. He also had great popularity among the common
people and a large network of friends, which would help attract others to join their cause.[16] However, the conspirators considered Cicero
too cautious; at that time, Cicero was over sixty, and the conspirators thought he would be too likely to put safety over speed when planning
the assassination.[27] Next, the conspirators considered Mark Antony, aged thirty-nine and one of Caesar's best generals.[28] The
conspirators were agreeing to attempt to recruit him until Gaius Trebonius spoke. He revealed that he had personally approached Antony
the summer before and asked him to join a different conspiracy to end Caesar's life, and Antony had turned him down. This rejection to the
old conspiracy caused the conspirators to decide against recruiting Antony.[29]

Now, however, a new idea took place. Antony was strong because of his familiarity with the soldiers, and powerful due to his consulship. If
Antony was not to join them, then they must assassinate Antony as well, lest he interfere with the conspiracy.[29] Eventually, this idea was
expanded upon and split the conspirators into two factions. The optimates, the "Best Men" of Rome,[30] among the conspirators wanted to
go back to the way things were before Caesar. This would entail killing both Caesar and all the men around him, including Antony, and
reverting Caesar's reforms.[26] The former supporters of Caesar among the conspirators did not agree to this. They liked Caesar's reforms,
and did not want a purge of Caesar's supporters. However, even they agreed to kill Antony.[31]

Brutus disagreed with both. He argued that killing Caesar, and doing nothing else, was the option they should choose. The conspirators
claimed to be acting based on the principles of law and justice, he told them, and it would be unjust to kill Antony. While the assassination of
Caesar would be viewed as the killing of a tyrant, killing his supporters would be seen only as a politicized purge and the work of Pompey's
former supporters. By keeping Caesar's reforms intact, they would both keep the support of the Roman people, who Brutus believed
opposed Caesar the king, not Caesar the reformer, and the support of Caesar's soldiers and other supporters. His argument convinced the
other conspirators. They began making plans for Caesar's assassination.[32]

The conspirators believed that how and where they assassinated Caesar would make a difference. An ambush in a secluded area would
have a different impact on public opinion than an assassination in the heart of Rome. The conspirators came up with multiple ideas for the
assassination. They considered an attack on Caesar while he was walking on the Via Sacra, the "Sacred Street". Another idea was to wait
to attack him during the elections for new consuls. The conspirators would wait for Caesar to begin crossing the bridge that all voters
crossed as part of the election procedures,[33] and then topple him over the rail and into the water. There would be conspirators waiting in
the water for Caesar, with daggers drawn. Another plan was to attack at a gladiatorial game, which had the benefit that nobody would be
suspicious of armed men.[34]

Finally, somebody brought up the idea to assassinate Caesar at one of the senate meetings.[34] All other plans had one detriment: while
Caesar had no official bodyguards, he asked his friends to protect him in public. Most of these friends were imposing and dangerous-looking
and the conspirators were afraid that they would interfere with the assassination. Here, this would not be an issue, since only senators were
allowed in the Senate House.[35] Some also said that the murder of a tyrant in full view of the Senate would not be seen as a political plot,
but as a noble act, done on behalf of their country.[36] The conspirators ultimately settled on this as the chosen plan. Caesar would be
leaving the city on 18 March to embark on a military campaign against the Getae and the Parthians. The last senate meeting before that
date was on the 15th, the Ides of March, and so the conspirators chose this as the day of the assassination.[34]

In the days leading up to the Ides, Caesar was not completely oblivious to what was being planned. According to the ancient historian
Plutarch, a seer had warned Caesar that his life would be in danger no later than the Ides of March.[37] The Roman biographer Suetonius
identifies this seer as a haruspex named Spurinna.[38] In addition, on 1 March, Caesar watched Cassius speaking with Brutus at the senate
house and said to an aide, "What do you think Cassius is up to? I don't like him, he looks pale."[39]

Two days before the assassination, Cassius met with the conspirators and told them that, should anyone discover the plan, they were to
turn their knives on themselves.[40]

Ides of March [ edit ]

On the Ides of March of 44 BC, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of
Pompey, located in the Theatre of Pompey, for the senate meeting. Usually, the senators would be
meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the
senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them.[41] There were gladiatorial
games underway at the Theatre, and Decimus Brutus, who owned a company of gladiators,
stationed them in the Portico of Pompey, also located in the Theatre of Pompey.[42] The gladiators
could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could
intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect
them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the Woodcut manuscript illustration by
Johannes Zainer, c. 1474
gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary.[43]

The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come. The reason for this is that early that
morning, Calpurnia, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare. She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms
and mourning him. Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet
another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood.[44] Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life,
which helps explain her visions. Around 5 a.m., Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day.[45] After some hesitation,
Caesar acquiesced. Although not superstitious, he knew that Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be
cautious. Caesar sent Mark Antony to dismiss the Senate.[46] When the conspirators heard of this dismissal, Decimus went to Caesar's
home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting.[47] "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said. "Will someone of your stature pay
attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go.[48]

Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of Spurinna. "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out
playfully. "Aye, the Ides have come," said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone."[49][50] Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was
intercepted by one of the plotters (either Trebonius or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside. He remained there until after the
assassination, at which point he fled.

According to Plutarch, as Caesar took his seat, Lucius Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother.[51] The other
conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed
Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's toga. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("Ista quidem vis est!").[52] At the
same time, Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca
by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?"[53][54] Casca, frightened, shouted
simultaneously "Brother! Help me!" (Ancient Greek: ἀδελφέ, βοήθει, romanized: adelphe, boethei). Though Caesar was able to violently
throw Casca away, Gaius Servilius Casca stabbed him in the side. Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius,
slashing Caesar's face, Bucilianus stabbing at the back and Decimus slicing his thigh. Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell;
the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. Caesar was stabbed 23 times.[55][56] Suetonius
relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal.
This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss
from his stab wounds.[57]

Caesar was killed at the base of the Curia of Pompey in the Theatre of Pompey.[58]

The dictator's last words are a contested subject among scholars and historians. Suetonius himself says he said nothing,[52] nevertheless,
he mentions that others have written that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σύ, τέκνον;"[59] (transliterated as "Kai su,
teknon?": "You too, child?" in English).[60] Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus
among the conspirators.[61][a] According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow
senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building.[64] Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing,
"People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses
as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread. According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled;
Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm
hanging down.[65]

Preceding events [ edit ]

Virgil wrote in the Georgics that several unusual events took place preceding Caesar's assassination.[66] This should be read in the context
of the ancient Romans' belief in omens.

Who dare say the Sun is false? He and no other warns us when dark uprising threaten, when treachery and hidden wars are
gathering strength. He and no other was moved to pity Rome on the day that Caesar died, when he veiled his radiance in
gloom and darkness, and a godless age feared everlasting night. Yet in this hour Earth also and the plains of Ocean, ill-boding
dogs and birds that spell mischief, sent signs which heralded disaster. How oft before our eyes did Etna deluge the fields of the
Cyclopes with a torrent from her burst furnaces, hurling thereon balls of fire and molten rocks. Germany heard the noise of
battle sweep across the sky and, even without precedent, the Alps rocked with earthquakes. A voice boomed through the silent
groves for all to hear, a deafening voice, and phantoms of unearthly pallor were seen in the falling darkness. Horror beyond
words, beasts uttered human speech; rivers stood still, the earth gaped upon; in the temples ivory images wept for grief, and
beads of sweat covered bronze statues. King of waterways, the Po swept forests along in the swirl of his frenzied current,
carrying with him over the plain cattle and stalls alike. Nor in that same hour did sinister filaments cease to appear in ominous
entrails or blood to flow from wells or our hillside towns to echo all night with the howl of wolves. Never fell more lightning from
a cloudless sky; never was comet's alarming glare so often seen.

Aftermath [ edit ]

Main articles: Liberators' civil war, Second Triumvirate, and Last war of the Roman Republic

A wax statue of Caesar was erected at the Forum displaying the 23 stab wounds.[67] A crowd who
had amassed there expressed their anger at the assassins by burning the Senate House.[68] Two
days after the assassination, Mark Antony summoned the senate and managed to work out a
compromise in which the assassins would not be punished for their acts, but all of Caesar's
appointments would remain valid. By doing this, Antony most likely hoped to avoid large cracks in
government forming as a result of Caesar's death. Simultaneously, Antony diminished the goals of
the conspirators.[69] The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated Deification of Julius Caesar, a 16th-
century engraving by Virgil Solis
the end of the Roman Republic.[70] The Roman lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular,
illustrating Ovid's passage on the
became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had sacrificed Caesar. Antony capitalized on the apotheosis of Caesar (Metamorphoses
grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent 15.745–850)
of taking control of Rome himself. But, to his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his
grandnephew Gaius Octavius his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name as
well as making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.[71] Upon hearing of his adoptive father's death, Octavius abandoned his
studies in Apollonia and sailed across the Adriatic Sea to Brundisium.[69] Octavius became Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus or Octavian, the
son of the great Caesar, and consequently also inherited the loyalty of much of the Roman populace. Octavian, aged only 18 at the time of
Caesar's death, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil
wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position. Antony did not initially consider Octavius a true political threat due to his young age and
inexperience, but Octavius quickly gained the support and admiration of Caesar's friends and supporters.[69]

To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the money from Caesar's war
chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. With passage of the Lex Titia on 27
November 43 BC,[72] the Second Triumvirate was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's Master of the Horse
Lepidus.[73] It formally deified Caesar as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became Divi filius ("Son of the Divine").[74]
Seeing that Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate brought back proscription, abandoned since Sulla.[75] It
engaged in the legally sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents in order to fund its forty-five legions in the second civil war
against Brutus and Cassius.[76] Antony and Octavian defeated them at Philippi.[77]

The Second Triumvirate was ultimately unstable and could not withstand internal jealousies and ambitions. Antony detested Octavian and
spent most of his time in the East, while Lepidus favoured Antony but felt himself obscured by both his colleagues. Following the Sicilian
revolt, led by Sextus Pompey, a dispute between Lepidus and Octavian regarding the allocation of lands broke out. Octavian accused
Lepidus of usurping power in Sicily and of attempted rebellion and, in 36 BC, Lepidus was forced into exile in Circeii and stripped of all his
offices except that of Pontifex Maximus. His former provinces were awarded to Octavian. Antony, meanwhile, married Caesar's lover,
Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war subsequently broke out between
Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war culminated in the latter's defeat at Actium in 31 BC;
Octavian's forces would then chase Antony and Cleopatra to Alexandria, where they would both commit suicide in 30 BC. With the complete
defeat of Antony and the marginalisation of Lepidus, Octavian, having been restyled "Augustus", a name that raised him to the status of a
deity, in 27 BC, remained as the sole master of the Roman world and proceeded to establish the Principate as the first Roman "Emperor".
[78]

List of conspirators [ edit ]

Most of the conspirators' names are lost to history and only about twenty are known. Nothing is known
about some of those whose names have survived.[79] The known members are (leaders are highlighted in
bold):

Marcus Junius Brutus, former Pompeian,[80] the fifth and last of the assassins to wound Caesar, in the
groin
Gaius Cassius Longinus, former Pompeian,[80] the second assassin to strike Caesar, in the face
Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus, former Caesarian,[81] the fourth assassin to land a wound on Caesar
(a stab to the thigh)
Gaius Trebonius, former Caesarian,[81] did not participate in the attack; kept Mark Antony outside the
Theatre of Pompey while Caesar was being stabbed instead.[82]
Lucius Tillius Cimber, former Caesarian,[81] the one responsible for setting the stage for the attack Brutus and the Ghost of
Publius Servilius Casca Longus, former Caesarian,[81] the one responsible for the first stab, to Caesar's Caesar (1802), copperplate
engraving by Edward Scriven
shoulder
from a painting by Richard
Servius Sulpicius Galba, former Caesarian[81] Westall, illustrating Act IV,
Servilius Casca, former Caesarian,[81] brother of Publius Casca, the third assassin to strike Caesar, and Scene III, from Shakespeare's
Julius Caesar
the only one of the assassins to inflict a fatal wound on Caesar (a stab between the ribs)
Pontius Aquila, former Pompeian[80]
Quintus Ligarius, former Pompeian[80]
Lucius Minucius Basilus, former Caesarian[81]
Gaius Cassius Parmensis[83]
Caecilius, former Pompeian[80]
Bucilianus, former Pompeian, brother of Caecilius[80]
Rubrius Ruga, former Pompeian[80]
Marcus Spurius, former Pompeian[80]
Publius Sextius Naso, former Pompeian[80]
Petronius[83]
Publius Turullius[83]
Pacuvius Labeo[83]

Marcus Tullius Cicero was not a member of the conspiracy and was surprised by it. He later wrote to the conspirator Trebonius that he
wished he had been "invited to that superb banquet" and believed that the conspirators should also have killed Mark Antony.[84]

Gallery [ edit ]

The death of Caesar by Victor Aftermath of the attack with The Murder of Caesar by Karl The Assassination of Julius
Honoré Janssens, c. 1690s Caesar's body abandoned in the von Piloty, 1865, Lower Saxony Caesar by William Holmes
foreground, La Mort de César State Museum Sullivan, c. 1888, Royal
by Jean-Léon Gérôme, c. 1859– Shakespeare Theatre
1867

Mark Antony with the dead body

of Caesar, painted by Bela
Čikoš Sesija, before 1920

See also [ edit ]

List of assassinated and executed heads of state and government

Acta Caesaris
Death of Alexander the Great
Death of Cleopatra
Julius Caesar, a play by William Shakespeare
The Ides of March, a novel by Thornton Wilder
The Throne of Caesar, a novel by Steven Saylor
Amanita caesarea

Notes [ edit ]

a. ^ The version best known in the English-speaking world is the Latin phrase "Et tu, Brute?" ("You too, Brutus?");[62][63] this derives from William
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar (1599), where it actually forms the first half of a macaronic line: "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar."

References [ edit ]

1. ^ Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 51. ^ Plutarch – Life of Brutus . The brother was Publius Cimber.
University Press, 1974, p. 518. 52. ^ a b "Internet History Sourcebooks" . sourcebooks.fordham.edu.
2. ^ Andrews, Evan. "6 Civil Wars that Transformed Ancient 53. ^ Henderson, Jeffrey. "Caesar: Chapter LXVII" . Loeb Classical
Rome" . HISTORY. Retrieved 28 May 2020. Library (in Ancient Greek). Archived from the original on 30
3. ^ a b Strauss 2015, p. 58. January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022. "ὁ μεν πληγείς,
4. ^ "Cassius Dio – Book 44" . penelope.uchicago.edu. Ῥωμαιστί· 'Μιαρώτατε Κάσκα, τί ποιεῖς;' "
5. ^ a b c d Strauss 2015, p. 59. 54. ^ "Plutarch • Life of Caesar" [The Parallel Lives – Life of Caesar].
6. ^ Suetonius, Julius 78 penelope.uchicago.edu. p. 597. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
7. ^ a b Plutarch, Caesar 61 55. ^ Cohen, J. (11 October 2012). Julius Caesar's Stabbing Site
8. ^ a b Strauss 2015, p. 60. Identified . Retrieved from History.com

9. ^ Suetonius, Julius 79.2 56. ^ Woolf Greg (2006), Et Tu Brute? – The Murder of Caesar and
Political Assassination, 199 pages – ISBN 1-86197-741-7
10. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 61.
57. ^ Suetonius, Julius, c. 82.
11. ^ a b Strauss 2015, p. 62.
58. ^ "Spot Where Julius Caesar Was Stabbed Discovered" . Live
12. ^ a b Strauss 2015, p. 63.
Science. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
13. ^ Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar xxxi
59. ^ Suetonius, Julius 82.2
14. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 67.
60. ^ Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars, translated by Robert Graves,
15. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 24.
Penguin Classics, p.39, 1957.
16. ^ a b Dando-Collins 2010, p. 26.
61. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 66.9
17. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 42.
62. ^ Stone, Jon R. (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Latin
18. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 87–88.
Quotations . London: Routledge. p. 250 . ISBN 0-415-96909-3.
19. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 93.
63. ^ Morwood, James (1994). The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary
20. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 42–43. (Latin-English) . Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
21. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 46. ISBN 0-19-860283-9.
22. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 48–49. 64. ^ Plutarch, Caesar, 67
23. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 71. 65. ^ "The Lives of the Twelve Caesars", by C. Suetonius Tranquillus
24. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 43. 66. ^ "VIRGIL, GEORGICS BOOKS 1–2 – Theoi Classical Texts
25. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 88. Library" . www.theoi.com.
ab
26. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 97. 67. ^ Appian Bellum Civile 2.147, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer
27. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 95. /E/Roman/Texts/Appian/Civil_Wars/2*.html recovered 12-23-14
28. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 15. 68. ^ MacMullen, Ramsay (1975). Enemies of the Roman Order.
29. ^ a b Strauss 2015, p. 96. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 17.
30. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 17. ISBN 9780674864948.
31. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 97-98. 69. ^ a b c Boatwright, Susan (2012). The Romans: From Village to
32. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 98. Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 260. ISBN 978-0-
33. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 99. 19-973057-5.
34. ^ a b c Parenti 2004, p. 169. 70. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.7.1
35. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 104. 71. ^ Suetonius, Julius 83.2
36. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 115. 72. ^ Osgood, Josiah (2006). Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the
37. ^ Plutarch, Parallel Lives, Caesar 63 Emergence of the Roman Empire . Cambridge University Press.
p. 60 .
38. ^ Suetonius, Divus Julius 81.
73. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 13.1 ; Florus, Epitome 2.6
39. ^ Dando-Collins 2010, p. 34.
74. ^ Warrior, Valerie M. (2006). Roman Religion. Cambridge
40. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 58.6
University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-82511-3.
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75. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.6.3
42. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 116.
76. ^ Zoch, Paul A. (200). Ancient Rome: An Introductory History .
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University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 217–218 . ISBN 0-8061-3287-
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6.
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77. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.7.11–14 ; Appian, The Civil Wars 5.3
46. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 111.
78. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.34.66
47. ^ Strauss 2015, pp. 120–121.
79. ^ Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the
48. ^ Strauss 2015, p. 122.
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49. ^ Plutarch. Plutarch's Lives. Translated by Bernadotte Perrin.
80. ^ a b c d e f g h i Drumann 1906, pp. 632–640.
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Bibliography [ edit ]

J. A. Crook, Andrew Lintott, Elizabeth Rawson (editors), The
Cambridge Ancient History', Volume IX, The Last Age of the Roman
Republic, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Balsdon, J.P.V.D. (1958). "The Ides of March". Historia: Zeitschrift für
Alte Geschichte. 7 (1): 80–94. JSTOR 4434559 .
Drumann, W. (1906). P. Groebe (ed.). Geschichte Roms in seinem
Uebergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung,
oder: Pompeius, Caesar, Cicero und ihre Zeitgenossen
Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Leipzig: Berlin, Gebr£uder Borntraeger.
Epstein, David F. (1987). "Caesar's Personal Enemies on the Ides of
March". Latomus. 46 (3): 566–570. ISSN 0023-8856 .
JSTOR 41540686 .
Horsfall, Nicholas (1974). "The Ides of March: Some New Problems".
Greece & Rome. 21 (2): 191–199.
doi:10.1017/S0017383500022397 . ISSN 0017-3835 .
S2CID 161450088 .
Parenti, Michael (2004). The assassination of Julius Caesar : a
people's history of Ancient Rome . New Press. ISBN 1-56584-942-6.
OCLC 56643456 .
Smith, R.E. (1957). "The Conspiracy and the Conspirators". Greece &
Rome. 4 (1): 58–70. doi:10.1017/S0017383500015734 . ISSN 0017-
3835 . S2CID 159706303 .
Strauss, Barry S. (2015). The death of Caesar : the story of history's
(in German). most famous assassination. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-
6881-0. OCLC 913303337 .
Yavetz, Zvi (1974). "Existimatio, Fama, and the Ides of March".
Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. 78: 35–65.
doi:10.2307/311200 . JSTOR 311200 .
Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010). The Ides: Caesar's Murder and the
War for Rome. Wiley. ISBN 978-0470425237.

Relevant literature [ edit ]

Sheldon, Rose Mary. Kill Caesar!: Assassination in the Early Roman Empire. Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.

External links [ edit ]

Account of the assassination from the historian Appian. Section 114 contains a list of Wikimedia Commons has media
conspirators. related to death of Julius
Caesar.
Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar , includes an account of the plot
The Assassination of Julius Caesar (The Ides of March, 44 B.C.E.) – video by YouTube channel Historia Civilis

V·T·E Julius Caesar [hide]

Major life events Early life and career · First Triumvirate · Gallic wars · Caesar's civil war (Crossing the Rubicon) · Assassination

Mytilene
Arar · Bibracte · Vosges · Axona · Sabis · Atuatuci · Octodurus · Invasions of Britain · Ambiorix's revolt · Avaricum ·
Gallic Wars
Gergovia · Alesia · Uxellodunum
Military campaigns
Corfinium · Brundisium · Ilerda · Dyrrhachium · Pharsalus · Alexandrian war (Siege · Battle of the Nile) · Zela · Ruspina
Civil War
· Corduba · Thapsus · Munda
Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire

Legislation Lex Julia de maiestate · Lex Roscia · Constitutional reforms · Dictator perpetuo

Works Laudatio Iuliae amitae · Anticato · Commentarii de Bello Civili · Commentarii de Bello Gallico · De analogia · Poems by Julius Caesar

Quotes Alea iacta est · Veni, vidi, vici · Ut est rerum omnium magister usus · Last words

Buildings Forum of Caesar · Curia Julia · Basilica Julia · Temple of Venus Genetrix · Caesar's Rhine bridges

Portraits Tusculum portrait · Chiaramonti Caesar · Green Caesar · Arles bust

Wives Cossutia (disputed) · Cornelia · Pompeia · Calpurnia

Family Children Julia · Caesarion · Augustus (adopted)

Other Gaius Julius Caesar (father) · Aurelia (mother) · Julia Major (sister) · Julia Minor (sister)

Life of Caesar by Plutarch · Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar · Temple of Caesar · Caesar's Comet · Caesarism ·
Legacy
Julio-Claudian dynasty · Caesar (title)

Related Julia gens · Mark Antony · Cleopatra · Servilia · Marcus Junius Brutus · Curia of Pompey

Category

Categories: 44 BC 1st century BC in Italy 1st century BC in the Roman Republic Assassination of Julius Caesar Conspiracies
Julius Caesar Murder in Rome

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