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.3 The constitutional monarchy

in England

he EnglishCivilWar
personal union and tax conflicts
The monarchy in England had a different character than the Ü
monarchies on t h e Itontinent. Here existed beside veins y
king since the Middle Ages a parliament, which consisted of Composition and functions of the English parliament from the z4th centur
It consisted of two chambers: the Hottse of LordS for the
First and Second Estates and the House of Commons for
Eden's Third Estate. Even though neither of these
chambers was democratically elected, the parliament
ensured long-term political influence for the First and
Second Estates, as well as for wealthy upper-class
citizens. In addition, an agreement of 1215, the Ma- gna
Charter, guaranteed the nobility rights that limited the
king's rule. And finally, since the 14th century, the
parliament also possessed an additional instrument of
power: not the Itönig, but the parliament had the right to
decide on new taxes. In return, the king of It had the right
to convene and dissolve the parliament at his own
discretion.
This initial situation led to strong Iton conflicts, when
it 1603 on the British island to a dynasty change mann:
England's Itönigin £lisobetli J. of the House of
Tudor died. As she left no descendants, power passed to
the Scottish King Jalcob I of the House of Stuart. So
Jacob I was now Itönig of England as well as of Scotland.
And in this new

convenes
and Taxes to
dissolves
English Parliament

Heuse Äf Lords House of Corffniöns

MP: KleriA MPs: men with
and high noble high assets
Men (Güntry, wholesale merchants)

°" ' - inherit

Seats
noble families
 which was particularly annoyed by his large financial
requirements.
The dispute escalated after Jacob's son, fort I, came
to power in 1625. Like his father, Ilarl saw the political
power of Parliament as a violation of his "divine" right
z6$ to rule and repeatedly tried to override Parliament. As a
result, the Parla- ment passed the Petition o/ Rights in
1628. In this petition, the Parliament complained
against the king, accused him of arbitrary exercise of
power and demanded that Itarl I strictly observe the
right to grant taxes. The parliament justified this
demand with the fact that the tradition of the
parliamentary right of tax approval ranked higher than
the privilege of being allowed to levy taxes.
IIar1 I responded by ruling alone
and did not convene Parliament for eleven years.
During this time, he tried to anchor the English state
A26 church, the Anglican Church, in Scotland as well and
Charl thus to bind Scotland more closely to England.
es IHowever, the Scottish nobles resisted this, and it came
in ato the Itrieg from 1639, which cost the Itönig a lot of
paint
money. Soon he needed additional financial means and
ing
therefore called the parliament again.
by
Anto
n van THE CON STIT UTIONAL MONARCH Y IN ENGLAN D
Dyck,
ca.
z635.

po
sit
io
n,
he
qu
ic
kl
y
ca
m
e
int
o
co
nfl
ict
wi
th
th
e
En
gli
sh
Pa
rli
a
m
en
t,
 in order to be able to levy new taxes. But Parliament
refused to give its consent twice, the first time in 1640,
the second in 1642.

The tax dispute leads to civil war

Parliamentarism is a form of government in which a The parliamentary majority demanded that the Itönig's
representation of the people, the parliament, decides decisions be made subject to parliamentary approval. In
on legislation. This form of government has its origins in addition, they wanted to make it impossible for the
the idea of limiting the monarch's exercise of power. In the Itönig to make arbitrary arrests of disagreeable persons.
early modern period, parliaments were already a well- In 1641, the parliamentarians, who were critical of the
known instance of power: in many places, an assembly king, wrote a letter of complaint, the "Great Remonstrance.
of representatives of certain population groups helped But the king refused to comply with the demands and
to shape the fate of a society. These were parliaments of wanted to have the initiators of the petition arrested. In
the estates: The members of the parliament 1642, he appeared in person in the parliament building
represented a class, i.e. nobility, clergy, and often also when the parliament met to vote on the king's tax
the third class. These parliaments of the estates did not rights.
make their own rules, but received them from a higher The deputies managed to escape, but the conflict
authority, usually a monarch. The parliaments of the escalated: That same year, a seven-year civil war began
estates usually had an ambivalent relationship with the between supporters of Parliament and supporters of the
monarch: they supported him in exercising power, but It king. The Scottish nobility supported the parliament
at the same time had to prevent him from becoming and the parliamentary army, which was commanded by
too powerful and the interests of the estates from the MP and landed nobleman Oliver Cromwell.
being disregarded. In the course of the civil war, moreover, a waking
In the Glorious Revolution of z68g, the Parliament of the antagonism arose between the parliament and its army,
English Estates succeeded in establishing itself as an which was not about the conflict of power between
independent power factor. Parliament won the right to Ilönig and parliament, but about religious poli- tics.
be involved in all central decisions of the king: Legislative Most of the parliamentarians were presbyterintiCr,
enactments, budget, war and peace. Parliament gained
the right of veto in these areas, but could not yet initiate its
own laws. The Glorious Revolution is therefore considered
the beginning of parliamentarism, a form of government
in which parliament becomes the highest power-exerting
authority. Who should represent the people in these
parliaments was not yet a relevant question at that time.
This changed only with the Atlantic revolutions a t the end
of the eighteenth century. In the e i g h t e e n t h
century, parliamentarism and democratization could no
longer be separated. In large parts of Europe - with
England as the great exception - parliaments won a
significant position in the European political arena.
/v!achtposition. But it was not until after the First World
War that parliaments were able to establish themselves
almost everywhere in Europe as the central institution
of power and as the representation of equal citizens
and, to some extent, female citizens. IITI 20th uFtd 2z. In A 7 Contemporary account of the "Short Parliament" that rejected
tax collection in 16§o.
the course of decolonization in the twentieth century,
many newly founded states also adopted this form of
government. z66

2DEVELOPMENTANDCONNECTION
The Protestants belonged to a Protestant denomination,
in which a theologically educated elite presided over
the Itirch community. Cromwell's army, on the other
hand, consisted largely of Inäepenäenten, a Reformed
denomination that wanted to regulate religious life
democratically in Itirch communities.
From monarchy to republic and
back again
England becomes a republic
1/648 Cromwell secured victory in the Civil War and
undertook a coup. His goal corresponded to the religious
-s.en, anti-hierarchical convictions of the Independen-
ies: Great Britain was to become a republilc in which the
people determined the ruler. Cromwell ensured
Therefore, the Presbyterian deputies lost their seats in
parliament. The remaining parliament
A29 William Faithorne, Allegory to Oliver Cromwell, i6s8.Laws
are listed on the column at left. With his feet Cromwell
crushes a hydra, inscribed with "Error" and
"Division". The scenes at his feet symbolize peace and
prosperity.
accused King Itarl I of high treason, sentenced him to
death and had him publicly executed in 1649. Great
Britain was declared a republic.
Cromwell used his dominance of Parliament and the
strength of his army to subjugate Scotland and Ireland,
which had previously broken away from England in the
Civil War. Parliament appointed Cromwell "Lord
Protector" of the new republic, which was named t h e
Commonwealth of Great Britain.

- Members of the English Reformed state church, whose head is the king
- - retain parts of the Catholic church ceremonial, the king appoints the bishops The Royalists
° profess the Anglican Church

• Reformed Puritans ("Reine"), oriented to the Gospel and close to Calvin, strictly reject a
• ' • hierarchy in the organization of religious life
• support the parliamentary army under Cromwell's command

, • Puritans who strive for a hierarchical organization of religious life

' • are strongly represented in the English parliament as well as in the Scottish nobility

• make up only a small proportion of the denominational landscape some

• prominent families from the gentry and high nobility are Catholic

8hFÏSt Confessions in England and Scotland in the zy. century.

i6; THE CONSTIT UTIO MONARCH IE IN ENGLAN D

A3o Charles II on his way to Parliament, etching by ]ohn Haywood,
i66z. The parliament let the new king come to them.
In 1653, Cromwell dissolved Parliament altogether and
ruled dictatorially from then on. Outside the army, he
found no support for his plan to introduce the republic
as a new form of state.
Return to the monarchy
Cromwell died of malaria in 1658, whereupon his son
Ri- chard became Lord Protector. However, he was
unable to secure his power and fled into exile in 1659.
Shortly thereafter, a new parliament was convened. It
advocated the restoration of the monarchy on condition
that the king respect the rights of the parliament,
especially the right to approve taxes. In 1661 Itarl II,
son of the executed Itarl I, was finally crowned Itönig.
Itarl II had spent the unroyal period in exile in France at
the court of Louis XIV. He was impressed by French
absolutism and therefore, as soon as he came to the
throne, tried to expand his power at the expense of the
Parliament. Thus, the old Iton conflicts between the
Parliament and the Iton King quickly broke out again.
Religious issues again played an important role: For
King Itarl II advocated a stronger position for
Catholicism in the English administration. He had
spent many years in Catholic France, had a Catholic
grandmother, a Catholic wife and a Catholic brother.
Itarl II challenged the status of the Anglilcan Church as
a state church and tried to enforce that Itatholics could
also enter the civil service. Parliament, however, did
not respond, on the contrary. In 1673, it passed the Test
Act, which required all civil and military dignitaries to
swear an antipapal oath of allegiance. In fact, Itatholics
were thus denied an Itarriere in the English kingdom.
I4arl II wanted to repeal this anti-Catholic law. He
d i s s o l v e d the parliament several times, c h a n g e d
the electoral law and called new elections. But he
2CONSTRUCTIONANDVERIFICATION
z68
A3z The son of Jacob II with his Catholic mother, Maria Bea- trix.
Painting by Benedetto Gennari the younger, c. i69o.
did not succeed in obtaining a parliament that was more
favorable to him. Rather, the fronts hardened, and in
1679 the English Parliament passed a law that was
directly directed against the power of the king: the Hn-
beas Corpus Amendment Act. This decree guaranteed the
personal freedom of each individual and provided
protection against arbitrary arrest.
After the death of Itarl II, his brother, Itönig Jakob II,
continued the power conflict with Parliament. But when,
after twelve years of marriage, a successor was born to the
hitherto childless, lcatholic James II in 1688, this broke
the camel's b a c k : Now, in the eyes of Parliament, there
was a danger of a long lcatholic reign and a possible re-
lcatholicization of England. Even the parliamentarians
loyal to the king feared that James II might act similarly to
Louis XIV in Catholic France, who had revoked the Edict
of Nantes in 1685 and driven the Protestant French into
emigration (5i0see Chapter 2.1). Thus, in addition to the
power-political argument against the king, there was also
the religious-political argument: the rule of James II was
no longer acceptable to the vast majority of the English
Parliament.
England as a constitutional
monarchy
The Glorious Revolution by z68g
Parliament wanted to prevent the Iton conflict from
igniting again into a civil war with an uncertain
outcome. The plan was to get rid of James II without at
the same time fundamentally questioning the monarchy
and dynasty of the Stuarts. Therefore, the parliament
appointed someone new to the English throne: the
Protestant husband of the Il- king's daughter, the
A3 Enthronement of William III of Orange and Mary Stuart II as English royal couple in z68g, DFUck UITI179
Dutchman William III of Orange. The latter also
accepted the offer for foreign policy reasons. In 1688,
William III and his army crossed from the Netherlands
to England and quickly gained the mi- litary upper
hand. James II gave up the throne and fled to France.
In 1689, William III of Orange and his English wife
Mary Stuart were jointly installed as King and Queen
of England by Act of Parliament. In return, the royal
couple had to sign the Bill of Rights before the
enthronement. This law regulated the relationship
between Parliament and the King in writing for the first
time and secured numerous rights for Parliament: from
then on, laws required the approval of Parliament. The
king now had to convene parliament regularly and
needed its approval to levy taxes and duties.
Furthermore, no special courts could be set up and no
standing army could be maintained without the
approval of parliament. In addition, the law granted
immunity to members of parliament.
Since the parliament succeeded in this change of
throne and the fi- xation of the rights of the parliament,
this change of power was given the name "glorious
revolution". What was meant by this was the restoration
of the old order, which respected the rights of parliament.
Securing the power of the parliament
In 1694 and 1716, the Parliament further strengthened
its influence by establishing its periodic convocation-.
x6g
and the length of the legislative periods. With this
outcome of the power struggle between Itrone and the
Estates Parliament, England took a special place in
Europe around 1700: Here, Parliament had been able to
establish itself as co-ruler alongside the Itrone. The
power of the English monarchs had been limited by
law, and England (or the "United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Scotland" after the merger of the two
kingdoms in 1707) had developed into a cotistitotional
mottarclite.
However, this system of rule cannot be called
democratic: The seats in the more influential House of
Lords continued to be inherited by descendants of the
First and Second Estates, and in the House of Commons
it still took a great deal of wealth to have a chance of
winning a seat.
Common economic interests
The introduction of the constitutional monarchy
enabled Great Britain to achieve a long-term stable
poli- tical development, which was an essential factor
in its rise to become a world power. Another important
factor was the successful linking of political and
economic interests. Both the aristocracy and the upper
middle classes became involved in overseas trade and
became partners and shareholders in the successful
British trading companies (see Chapter 2.5). As a
result, the economic and political goals of the old
landed elites and those of the new ruling class, which
had become rich through trade, converged.
THE CO NSTITUTIO N ELLE MONARCHY IN ENG LAND
*33 SChlacht von Scheveningen, oil painting by Jan Abrahmaszoon Beerstraaten, 6$4. As a result of the Navigation Act of 16si, a naval war
broke out between England and the Netherlands. z654, the Dutch States General had to officially recognize the Navigation Act.
In addition, both groups carried the interests of the
trading companies directly into the political decision-
making process in both houses of parliament. British
economic policy strongly promoted foreign trade and
imposed high import duties on foreign goods.
Thus, the British economic system also had
mercantilist features, similar to its great competitor
France (see Chapter 2.1). However, Great Britain's
trading empire was economically much more
successful than its French counterpart. One important
advantage was that, unlike France, the British state
hardly invested in trade infrastructures. Instead, the
English trading companies were financed by private
funds that flowed not only from England but from all
over Europe.
Another important cornerstone for the success of
English economic policy had already been laid by
Cromwell in 1651 with the Navigation Act, which was
followed by other similar laws in the 18th century:
goods to and from England were to be transported
exclusively by the country's own trading companies in
order to monopolize trade with the Itolonies. In order to
enforce this, the English also deliberately resorted to
naval warfare: in the 17th century, they thus pushed the
Netherlands, the leading maritime power up to then,
out of a substantial part of the Itolonial trade. And in
the 18th century, this policy led to
2 SEALING AND NETW ORK
various naval wars with France, the United Iton
Kingdom's biggest rival on the sea at that time. Here,
too, the British troops were victorious (see Ilapitel 2.4).
hulturtipps
Literature
Samuel Pepys: Die Tageb'ucher 660 -166g, zozo. The
parliamentarian and secretary of state Pepys recorded nine
years of his life including political intrigues, flings and menu
plans and thus created an extraordinary contemporary
document.
Rose Tremain: Des K "0ni8s Narr, ig89. This novel, which has
won several awards, tells the story of a young medi
zinstudents at the court of Charles II.
joanne Limburg: A N/ant of Kindness, zo s Charles II tries by
all means to restore the mon- archie after the English Civil
War. In the midst of this is the ten-year-old Princess Anne,
Charles' niece and later queen.
Film
Peter Flannery and Marc Munden: The Devil's Whore, 2oo8. The
miniseries depicts the period of the English Civil War from
the perspective of the fictional character Angelika
Fanshawe, w h o must fend for herself alone and without
shelter in an England in UM bruch.
Music
• The Pogues, Young Ned of the Hills, 98g.Poltic song "About
the sufferings of the Irish Catholics during the Regency of
Oliver Cromwell.
 2.3 Text materials
and AUfgdben
Tz4 Act of Parliament for the Abolition of Kingship in
England, zy. March z64g
Since it has been found by experience that in this na- tion
the office and power of a king in a single person is
unnecessary, burdensome, dangerous to liberty, security,
and the common good, and that from royal authority
has been mostly used to oppress and suck the subjects,
and that usually and naturally every person in such a
position of power interferes to his advantage with the
just liberty and independence of the people, and the rule
of his own
io will and extends the power over the laws, therefore be it
resolved by this present Parliament that henceforth in
this nation the office of king shall no longer exist nor be
Tz6 From john Milton's "defense of the english
people," z6$z
We recognize and confess that everything is God's on earth
as in heaven, that everything exists through him,
everything is done by him. But this general right of God
does not lift on the right of the people. Therefore, all kings
shall [...J
5 recognize their origin in the people and know how to
thank them for their power. The right of the people,
like the right of the king, is from God, and there is more
of God, more divine, in a people when they depose an
unjust king than in a king who deposes an innocent
people.
10 oppressed. God himself has empowered the people to

exercised by any person. judge evil princes. How, then, can one any longer pay
homage to the senseless and godless opinion that the
Quoted from: Wulf Walter: Geschichtliche quellenhefte mit Überblick.
Die Welt im Wandel, Berlin *978,p. g1. kings enjoy such a single exclusive pleasure from the Most
High that he has made the whole world only for their
pleasure and
Tis From Thomas Hobbes' "Leviathan," z6s
+5 whim created?
The reason why men, with all their natural inclination to What would be the state of all human things if it were
freedom and self-rule, could nevertheless decide to submit impossible, as soon as they worsen, to lay an improving
to certain orders required by bourgeois society, lies in the hand on them* The change cannot be anything but
fact that they are not subject to the rules of the bourgeoisie. advantageous in this matter. For of the
20 King's power returns to the people from whom it went

out, from the one who abuses it, to the one who suffered
through the abuse. The law comes to its power and
strength, and there are no more gods in the flesh.
In the desire [...J to get out of the miserable state of a war of
all against all [...]. But in order to establish a common *5
power, under whose protection against external and *7*
internal enemies the people, in the quiet enjoyment of the
fruits of their labor and of the earth, can live their lives to the
full.
i, the only possible way is for each one to transfer all his 30

power or authority to one or more men, thus uniting the

will of all in one point, as it were, so that this one man or
this one company of each one may be deputized by the
other.
-The state is a state in which all individuals become one person 35
and are called the state or common-wealth. In this way, all
individuals become one person and are called state or
common-wealth. Thus arises the great Leviathan (Job
4i) or, if one prefers, the earthly God, to whom we owe
first all peace and welfare to the eternal God [...]. Of the
representative of the state one says: he possesses the
highest power (sovereignty). The rest are all called
subjects and citizens.
Quoted from: Wulf Walter: Geschichtliche quellenhefte mit Überblick.
Die Welt im Wandel, Berlin Ig7o, pp. 4z-42.
and blood!
By raising the royal power so presumptuously above the law,
you remind the peoples of the slavery in which they lie. You
destroy their delusion, in which they perhaps still dreamed of
freedom, and startle them from their sleep by shouting that they
are slaves of the kings! [...J If you succeed in convincing the
peoples that the right of kings is unlimited, they will no longer
want to tolerate royal rule. If you do not succeed, they will
no longer want to have kings who arrogate to themselves
such an unjust rule as by right.
Quoted from: Wulf \ / \ / a l t e r : Geschichtliche guellenhefte mit Überblick.
Die Welt im Wandel, Berlin z97 , pp. Hz-§ .

Tzy From the First Navigation Act, enacted by the English

Parliament under Oliver Cromwell, z6$1
For the increase of the stock of ships, and for the promotion
of the navigation of England, which by God's kind
providence are so mighty an occasion to his protection, it is
resolved by the present Parliament to prohibit,

TE X TMAT ERI ALI ES AND TASKS

 to import from Asia, Africa or America, as from
December 1, 16sz, products of any kind whatsoever into
England or Ireland or other countries, islands or colonies
belonging thereto, on any vessel whatsoever, except
such as may be properly imported by people of our
country or of its
10 colonies and whose captains and sailors are, at least for
the most part, people of our country. We forbid this under
penalty of loss of all goods as well as the ship.
By parliamentary resolution is also prohibited to import
after December 1, z6sz products grown, produced or
manufactured i n Europe to England or Ireland or other
associated territories on ships and vehicles of any kind,
except those that belong perfectly people of our country,
20 or such foreign vessels as belong to the countries and
places where the products in question are grown,
produced or manufactured, and are ports where the said
products can be shipped exclusively. And we prohibit this
in the case of
25 the same penalty of confiscation that is threatened in the
beginning of this Act.
Quoted from: Wult Walter: Geschichtliche Quellen hefte mit Überblick.
Die Welt im Wandel, Berlin 970, p. 4z.
T18 From the English Bill of Rights, passed by the
English Parliament aM February 3, z68g
The ecclesiastical and secular lords and commons [...]
assembled at Westminster RM 13th day of February in the
year of our Lord z68g laid to Their Majesties, at that
time called and known by the name and title William
5 and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange, who were
present in person, a certain written declaration [...]:
The assumed power to make laws or the execution of laws
by royal authority without the consent of the
10 Parliament is unlawful.
The assumed power to dispense with laws or the
execution of laws by royal authority, as recently claimed
and exercised, is unlawful.
The establishment of the former Extraordinary Court for
Ecclesiastical Cases and all other commissions and courts of
a similar nature are unlawful and dangerous.
Taxes f "r the Crown or for the use of the Crown under
20 the pretext of a prerogative without permission for a
longer period of time or in any other manner than has
been permitted or authorized is unlawful.
It is the right of the subject to submit petitions to the king,
and any pre-trial detention and persecution
2§ because of such a petition is unlawful.
It is against the law, unless with the consent of
Parliament, to raise or maintain a standing army in the
Kingdom in peacetime.
2 DESIGNIFICATION AND NETWORKING
The Protestant subjects are allowed to use weapons 3o
their defense according to their position and as the
permitted by law.
The election of members of parliament shall be free.
The freedom of speech and of debate and negotiation
in Parliament shall not be restricted by any court or
otherwise.
3S hztlb of the Parliament may be challenged or
questioned.
An excessively high surety may not be demanded. Nor
may excessive fines be imposed or cruel and unusual
punishments be carried out [...].
'o In order to remedy all grievances and to
strengthen and preserve the laws, councils
should be held frequently {...j.
In full confidence that his highness the prince of
nien will fulfill his declaration in this regard and
that they will
4s 4s violation of the rights hereby secured to them,
and of all other attacks upon their religion, rights,
and properties, do hereby resolve that the people of
Westminster shall be protected.
gathered ecclesiastical and secular lords and commoners that
William and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange,
so Be and be declared King and Queen of England.
Based on: Dickmann, Fritz (Hrsgj: Geschichte in quellen, Band 3, Mün-
c h e n zg66, S. 4gz, -49s.
Tz9 john Locke in his magnum opus "Two Treatises
of Government" on tyranny, i690
As usurpation is the exercise of violence to which
another has a right, so tyranny is the exercise of violence
apart from all right, to which no one can be entitled. This
is what happens when someone is deprived of the power he
has in
s hands, does not use it for the benefit of those under it, but
for his own private, particular advantage; when the ruler,
however he may be beti- ted, makes not the law but his
will the norm, and does not base his orders and actions on
the
io the preservation of the property of his people, but to the
satisfaction of his own ambition, his revenge, lust, or some
other disorderly passion. [...j
It is a mistake to believe that this error is peculiar only to
mo- is narchies alone. Other forms of government are
exposed to it just as well as these; for, wherever violence,
which is placed in any hands for the government of the
people and the preservation of their property, is applied
for other purposes and used to suck the people dry [...],
zo it immediately becomes tyranny, regardless of whether it
is one who uses it in this way or many. [...j
[Whenj the law is transgressed to the detriment of
another, tyranny begins. anyone who exceeds in his
authority the power granted him by law, and
The authority of a governor who makes use of the power at
his disposal to impose on his subjects what the law does
not permit, ceases to be an authority in this respect.
 without authority, he may be resisted in the same way as Tasks
any other person who violently interferes with the rights
In England, the absolutist claim to rule could not
of another.
prevail. Explain in your own words why this was
o others intervenes. [...]
the case.
The reason why men unite into a society is to preserve
Consider William Faithorne's allegory of Oliver
their property; and the purpose why they elect and
Cromwell. What statement about Cromwell's reign
empower a legislature is that laws may be given and rules does the depiction* Azg
fixed.
2§. explain why the english parliament in the 1y. and
's become guardians and protectors of the property of all i8. centuries cannot be called a democratic
the members of society in order to limit the violence of parliament.
each part and each member of society and to protect
25. discuss why the change of power from z68g as a
their domini
"Glorious Revolution" was designated.
to limit. It must never be assumed as the will of society
a6. Which factors appear to be decisive for the success of
that the legislature has a power
English trading ventures*?
o to destroy what each individual intended to secure by
27. Read the parliamentary declaration on the
entering society [...]. Therefore, the legislators, as often as
preferred form of rule in England. What is
they try to take away and destroy the property of the
revolutionary about this parliamentary
people or to bring the people into slavery under arbitrary
declaration* Also consult the politics box
power, put themselves into a state of war with the people,
"Revolution" (Chapter 3. ). Tip
who are thereby absolved from any further obedience
28. Compare the texts of Hobbes and Milton with
[...].
each other. T15,T16
From: Locke, john: Two Treatises on Government, # I99, 2oz, :zo2 -20s, 22z, a) Where do the two locate the "sovereign," the
transl. v. C. Winkler, Giessen 9 4, quoted from: Bergsträsser, Arnold "Leviathan" from which power is to emanate*.
and Oberndörfer, Dieter (eds.): Klassiker der Staatsphilosophie vol. I,
Stuttgart ig6z, pp. 209-8"
b) Why do they come to different
conclusions*
2 . What is the goal of the first navigation act of z6s *.
Tzo The parliamentarian Samuel Pepys in his diary
Ti
about Charles II's coronation on 3 April z66z
a) Summarize how this goal is achieved
At about four o'clock I got up and went to the church should be.
[...]. There I sat patiently and waited until eleven o'clock, b) Can it be said that this Act is part of a mercan- tilist
when the king arrived. It was a great pleasure to see the economic policy* Consult also the memorandum
raised, red-clad platform in the center of the church; and of the French Finance Minister Colbert (T6,
standing on it a throne [...] and a footstool; and officers of all chapter 2z).
kinds and even the violinists, all in red vests. At last came 3 Read the excerpt from the English Bill of Rights. What
the dean and the clergy of Westminster, with the rights did Parliament demand, and for what
bishops (many of them in gold coats), and after them the purpose?'
nobility, all in their parliament- Is it more accurate to speak of a "takeover of power
zo roben; a most magnificent sight. Then the duke, and the by Parliament" or a "restriction of power by the
king with scepter [...], sword and orb before him, and the King* Give reasons.
crown as well.
[...] After everyone was seated, there followed a sermon t73
and the service, and then [...] the king passed through
15 all the coronation ceremonies, which I and most of the
attendants in the church could not see, to my great regret.
When the crown was placed on his head, a great jubilation
began and he ascended the throne [...]. Three times [...] [the
king] exclaimed: If anyone has any reason why Charles
Stewart should not be King of England, let him come
forward and speak. [...j So great was the jubilation that I
could hardly hear the music [...].
From: Whitley, Henry(ed.): The Diary of Samuel Pepys M.A.F.R.S. by Samuel
Pepys, London i893, Zit|eFt nich:PFCljekt GutenbE'Fg, eig€'F)€' Üb -'FST2tzung.
 3*- Compare the execution of john Locke with
the statements of Hobbes and Milton. T15,Ti6, Tig
a) What new thought does Locke bring into play*.
b) Can Locke's reasoning be interpreted as a
continuation of Milton's* Justify your answer.

TEX TMATERIA AND TASKS