School of Computer Science and Engineering

BCSE305L – Embedded Systems

Module ~ V Real Time Operating System
Classification of Real time system
Presentation by
Dr.K.Ragavan
Assistant Professor Senior Grade I
Department of IOT
School of Computer Science and Engineering
VITDr.K.Ragavan,
University, Vellore
SCOPE, VIT Vellore 1
 syllabus
• Classification of Real time system, Issues &
challenges in RTS, Real time scheduling
schemes- EDF-RMS & Hybrid techniques,
eCOS, POSIX, Protothreads.

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 Definition
• Real-time systems are defined as those
systems in which the correctness of the
system depends not only on the logical result
of computation, but also on the time at which
the results are produced.
• Real time systems are those systems that work
within strict time constraints and provide a
worst case time estimate for critical
situations.
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 Real Time Embedded System
• Embedded systems provide a specific function
in a much larger system. When there is an
embedded component in a real time system,
it is known as a real time embedded system.

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• A real time system has performance
deadlines on its computations and actions.
• Deadline: time when execution must be
completed
• A deadline is either a point in time (time-
driven) or a delta-time interval (event-
driven) by which a system action must occur.

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Classification of Real time system
• Embedded Systems - Classification Based on
deterministic behavior:

• It is applicable for Real Time systems. The

application/task execution behavior for an
embedded system can be either deterministic
or non-deterministic

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• 1. Soft Real time Systems: Missing a deadline
may not be critical and can be tolerated to a
certain degree
• 2. Hard Real time systems: Missing a
program/task execution time deadline can
have catastrophic consequences (financial,
human loss of life, etc.)
• 3. FIRM REAL-TIME SYSTEMS:Both hard/soft

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 1. HARD REAL-TIME SYSTEM
• A system whose operation is degraded if
results are not proceeded according to
specified timing requirements.

• System response occur within a specified

deadline. Failure to meet such a timing
requirement can have catastrophic
consequences

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• Systems where it is absolutely imperative that
responses occur within the required deadline.
Example: Flight control systems, automotive
systems, robotics etc.

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 Hard Real-Time System
• Degree of tolerance of missed deadline
– Extremely small or zero

• Usefulness of computed results after missed

deadlines
– Likely useless

• Severity of the penalty incurred for failing to meet

deadlines
– catastrophe
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 Hard Real-Time System
• Examples:
– Nuclear reactors
– Flight controller
– Weapon defense system
– Missile guidance system

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 Hard Real-Time System

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 Hard Real-Time System

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 HArd Real-Time System

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 Hard Real-Time System

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 2. SOFT REAL-TIME SYSTEMS:
• A system whose operation is incorrect if
results are not produced according to the
timing constraints. Catastrophic results will
happen then
• The response times are important but not
critical to the operation of the system .
Failure to meet the timing requirements
would not impair the system

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• Systems where deadlines are important but
which will still function correctly if deadlines
are occasionally missed. Example: Banking
system, multimedia etc

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 Comparison
Value
Deadline

Soft RTS
Hard RTS

Time

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 3. FIRM REAL-TIME SYSTEMS:
• There is no value for a response that occurs
past a specific deadline. Failure to meet the
timing requirements is undesirable .
• A single system may have both hard and soft
real-time Subsystems.
• In reality many systems will have a cost
function associated with missing each
deadline.(example-banking)

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 Clock-Based & Event-Based
Systems:
• Synchronization between the external
processes and internal actions (tasks) carried
out by the computer may be defined in terms
of the passage of time, or the actual time of
day, in which case the system is said to be
“Clock-based system” or it may be defined in
terms of events, and the system is said to be
“Event-based system”.

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• If the relationship between the actions in the
computer and the system is much more
loosely defined, then the system is said to be
“interactive system”

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 Applications of Real Time
Embedded Systems
• Vehicle control systems for automobiles, ships,
railways, airplanes etc.
• Telephones, radio and satellite communications.
• Medical systems for radiation therapy, heart
treatments, patient monitoring etc.
• Military operations such as firing of missiles,
military control bases etc.
• Systems with artificial intelligence and robotics.
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• Multimedia systems that provides graphic,
video, audio and text interfaces.
• Building control systems that manage
heat,doors, elevators etc.
• Space operations such as spaceship launch
and monitoring, space station control etc.

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