STRUCTURAL FORMULA

A two-dimensional structural representation

that show the various atoms in a molecule are
bonded to each other
FORMS OF STRUCTURAL FORMULA
1.Expanded or Full structural formula -
all atoms are indicated
Condensed structural formula
Each carbon is grouped with hydrogens
bonded to it and then written as a formula
CH3 - CH2 - CH3

Skeleton Structural formula

Shows the arrangement and bonding of carbon
atoms present in an organic molecule but does
not show the hydrogen atoms attached to the
carbon atoms
C-C-C
Line-angle structural formula
A line represents a carbon–carbon bond and
a carbon atom is understood to be present
at every point where
two lines meet and at the ends of lines
 Classification of Carbon Atoms

The notations 1°, 2 °, 3 ° and 4 ° are often used

as designations for the terms primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary.
Classification of Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen take their classification from the
carbon they are attached to.
 ISOMERISM

It is the existence of molecules that have the

same numbers of the same kinds of atoms
(and hence the same formula) but differ in
chemical and physical properties. The roots
of the word isomer are Greek—
isos plus meros, or ―equal parts.‖
Structural isomers are molecules with
the same molecular formula, but their atoms
have different arrangements or bonds.

Types of isomers
1.Continuous Chain isomers are made up
of two or more carbon or other compounds
with the same molecular formula but
different atomic arrangements, or branches.
2.Branched-chain Isomers with one or
more branches of carbon atoms attached to
a continuous chain of carbon atoms.
For example, pentane, which has a
molecular formula of C5H12, has three
different chain isomers.

When we switch the CH3 group of pentane,

which is circled in red, with a hydrogen atom
on the carbon chain, we'll have a chain
isomer: isopentane.
Neopentane results from exchanging the CH3
on the left with the H atom, which is circled in
red, as well as the other CH3 group on the right
with the H atom, which is circled in blue. By
switching the hydrogen and CH3 groups on the
pentane chain, we change the way the atoms
bond with each other. Here, we can see all
three chain isomers of pentane.