ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB

LESSON 9
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD
Prepared by:
Misaki S. Mukaijo, RN

A. CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

• A type of connective tissue
• Sticky
• Heavier than water
• O2 content determines the color
• Temp slightly higher than the rest of the body
• Blood volume
• Males: 5-6 L
• Females: 4-5 L

B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

PLASMA FORMED ELEMENTS
• 55% of total blood
• Pale, yellow liquid that surround cells • 45% of total blood
• 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% others • Cells and cell fragments

PLASMA PROTEINS • Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes

1. Albumin- 58% of the plasma proteins
- Helps maintain water balance

2. Globulins- 38% of plasma proteins-

- helps immune system

3. Fibrinogen- 4% of plasma proteins

- Aids in clot formation
B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
FORMED ELEMENTS: ERYTHROCYTES FORMED ELEMENTS: ERYTHROCYTES
• Disk-shaped with thick edges
• Nucleus is lost during development Hemoglobin
• Life span: 120 days - Main component of RBCs
• Function: transport of O2 to
tissues - Each globulin is attached to a heme molecule
- O2 binds to iron
Hemolysis- occurs when red
blood cells rupture and the - Oxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin with an O2
hemoglobin is released into attached
the plasma

B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

FORMED ELEMENTS: ERYTHROCYTES

Production of Erythrocytes
1. Decreased blood O2 levels cause kidneys to
increase production of erythropoietin

2. Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow to

produce more erythrocytes

3. Increased erythrocytes cause an increase in

blood O2 levels

B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE FORMED ELEMENTS: LEUKOCYTES
• Lack hemoglobin
• Larger than RBCs
• Contain a nucleus
• Functions:
• Fight infections
• Remove dead and debris
B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
FORMED ELEMENTS: LEUKOCYTES FORMED ELEMENTS: LEUKOCYTES
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES
1. Granulocytes- contain granules 1. Granulocytes- contain granules
a.Neutrophils a.Neutrophils- most common
b.Eosinophils - Remain blood for 10-12 hrs then move to
c. Basophils tissues
- Phagocytes
2. Agranulocytes- no granules
a. Monocytes b.Eosinophils- reduce inflammation
b. Lymphocytes - Defense against parasitic worms

c. Basophils- least common

- Release histamine and heparin

B. COMPOSITION OF BLOOD C. HEMATOPOIESIS

FORMED ELEMENTS: LEUKOCYTES • Production of blood cells
TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES • In an infant, occurs in liver, thymus gland,
2. Agranulocytes- no granules spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
a. Monocytes- largest WBCs • Adults occurs mainly in red bone marrow.
- Produce macrophages • Stem cell: original cell line
- Macrophages migrate through various tissues,
where they phagocytize bacteria, dead cells,
cell fragments, and other debris
- ↑ Macrophages- chronic infection

b. Lymphocytes- immune response

- Several different types (T-cells and B-cells)
- Lead to production of antibodies

C. HEMATOPOIESIS C. HEMATOPOIESIS
HEMATOPOIESIS
• Blood cell production
• Occurs in the red bone marrow
• In adults, red bone marrow is confined to the
ribs, sternum,
vertebrae, pelvis,
proximal femur,
and proximal
humerus
D. BLOOD GROUPING D. BLOOD GROUPING
ABO Blood Groups Rh Blood Groups
• Positive

• Negative

D. BLOOD GROUPING
HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN

HEART

A. FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART B. HEART CHARACTERISTICS

1. Generating blood pressure ● Shape: shaped like blunt cone
2. Routing blood ● Size: Size of a closed fist and weighs <1 lb. (300 g
in males, 250 g in females)
3. Ensuring one-way blood flow
● Location: between the lungs in the thoracic
4. Regulating blood supply cavity
● Orientation: apex (bottom) towards left side
C. ANATOMY OF THE HEART C. ANATOMY OF THE HEART
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
1. Epicardium- 1. Right atrium
surface of the heart 2. Left atrium
(outside)
3. Right ventricle
2. Myocardium- thick,
middle layer 4. Left ventricle
composed of
cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium-
smooth inner
surface

D. ANATOMY OF THE HEART D. ANATOMY OF THE HEART

FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
ATRIA VENTRICLES
● Upper portion ● Lower portion
● Holding chambers ● Pumping chambers
● Small, thin walled ● Thick, strong walled
● Contract minimally to push blood into ventricles ● Contract forcefully to propel blood out of the
● Interatrial septum- separates right and left atria heart
● Interventricular septum- separates right and left
atria

D. ANATOMY OF THE HEART C. ANATOMY OF THE HEART

HEART VALVES- Structures that ensure one way HEART VALVES- Structures that ensure one way
blood flow blood flow
Atrioventricular Valves
1. Tricuspid valve- AV valve between RA & RV; 3
cusps
2. Bicuspid/mitral valve- AV valve between LA & LV;
2 cusps
Semilunar Valves
1. Pulmonic valve- base of the pulmonary trunk
2. Aortic valve- base of the aorta
C. ANATOMY OF THE HEART D. HEART BLOOD FLOW
FOUR CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
DEOXYGENATED OXYGENATED
BLOOD BLOOD

Inferior vena cava Lungs

↓ ↓
Right atrium Pulmonary Veins
↓ ↓
Tricuspid valve Left atrium
↓ ↓
Right ventricle Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
↓ ↓
Pulmonic valve Left Ventricle
↓ ↓
Pulmonary trunk Aortic Valve
↓ ↓
Pulmonary Arteries Coronary Arteries ← Aorta
↓ ↓ ↓
Lungs Heart Tissue Body Tissues

D. HEART BLOOD FLOW D. HEART BLOOD FLOW

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
RIGHT SIDE LEFT SIDE
PULMONARY CIRCUIT
DEOXYGENATED OXYGENATED
BLOOD BLOOD - Carries blood from the heart to the lungs
Inferior vena cava
↓ Lungs - Blood is O2 poor and CO2 rich
Right atrium ↓
↓ Pulmonary Vein Right Atrium- receives blood from 3 places: superior
Tricuspid valve ↓
↓ Left atrium and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Right ventricle ↓
↓ Mitral/Bicuspid Valve • Superior vena cava- drains blood above the
Pulmonic valve ↓
↓ Left Ventricle diaphragm (head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs)
Pulmonary trunk ↓
↓ Aortic Valve • Inferior vena cava- drains blood below the
Pulmonary Artery ↓
↓ Coronary Arteries ← Aorta diaphragm (abdominopelvic cavity and lower limbs)
Lungs ↓ ↓
Heart Tissue Body Tissues • Coronary sinus- drains blood from myocardium

D. HEART BLOOD FLOW D. HEART BLOOD FLOW

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART
PULMONARY CIRCUIT SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT
Right Ventricle- opens into pulmonary trunk - Carries blood from the heart to the body
• Pulmonary trunk- splits into right and left - Blood is O2 rich and CO2 poor
pulmonary arteries
• Pulmonary arteries- carry blood away from the Left Atrium- has 4 openings (pulmonary veins) that
heart to the lungs receive blood from the lungs

Left ventricle- opens into the aorta

- thicker; contracts more forcefully; higher blood
pressure than right ventricle has to get to body

Aorta- carries blood from the LV to body

D. HEART BLOOD FLOW E. CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE HEART
Coronary Arteries- supply blood to the heart
- Originate from the base of the aorta (above
aortic semilunar valve)

• Left coronary Artery- has 3 branches

- Supply blood to the anterior heart wall and
left ventricle
• Right Coronary Artery- originates on the right
side of the aorta
- Supply blood to right ventricle

E. CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART F. ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)

• Sinoatrial (SA) Node- located in the RA; heart’s • P wave- atrial
pacemaker; initiates the contraction of the depolarization
heart
• Atrioventricular (AV) Node- spreads action • QRS Complex- ventricular
potential slowly depolarization
• Left & Right Bundle Branches- two branches of
• T wave- ventricular
conducting tissues
repolarization
• Purkinje fibers- conduct action potentials more
rapidly than do other cardiac muscle fibers • U wave- may reflect
Purkinje fiber
repolarization; seen in
hypokalemia

G. BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD VESSELS
A. FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
1. Carries blood
2. Exchanges nutrients, waste products, and gases
with tissues
3. Transports substances
4. Helps regulate blood pressure
5. Directs blood flow to tissues
B. BLOOD VESSELS
Blood flow in the blood vessels
B. BLOOD VESSELS
B. BLOOD VESSELS
Blood vessels- hollow tubes that conduct blood
through the tissues of the body.
Three main types of blood vessels:
1. Arteries- carry blood away from the heart
2. Veins- carry blood toward the heart
3. Capillaries- connects the arteries to veins;
thinnest and most common blood vessel
B. BLOOD VESSELS
B. BLOOD VESSELS
B. BLOOD VESSELS REFERENCE
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., Russo, A., Seeley, R., &
Stephens, T. (2017). Seeley’s Anatomy and
Physiology. 11th Edition. McGrawHill Education.