Annexure A

A REVIEW ON SEWAGE TREATMENT

TECHNOLOGIES AND CPCB INVENTORY 2021

A
Project Report
By
STUDENTS NAME REGISTRATION NO
AMAN RAJ (20101158002)
SHREYANSHU VERMA (20101158012)
RAUSHAN KUMAR (20101158061)
SAURAV KUMAR (20101158045)
ANKIT KUMAR (20101158025)
ABHINAV KUMAR (20101158031)
GAURAV RAJ (20101158052)
PAURUSH KUMAR (20101158007)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

B. Tech in Civil Engineering.

Under the guidance of

RAJA SONAL ANAND

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Engineering College, Lakhisarai
Lakhisarai-811311, Bihar, India
Month and Year of Submission
 Annexure B
Government Engineering College, Lakhisarai
Lakhisarai-811311, Bihar, India

CERTIFICATE

I hereby forward the Project Report entitled " A REVIEW ON SEWAGE

TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND CPCB INVENTORY 2021"
submitted by ((Aman raj - Registration No- 20101158002, Shreyanshu
verma – Registration No-20101158012, Raushan Kumar - Registration No-
20101158061, Saurav Kumar - Registration No-20101158045,Ankit Kumar-
Registration No-20101158025, Abhinav Kumar - Registration No-
20101158031, Gaurav Raj - Registration No-20101158052, Paurush
Kumar- Registration No-20101158007 of 2020-2024) under my guidance and
supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Tech in
Civil Engineering from this institution.

RAJA SONAL ANAND

(Name of the guide)
Assistant Professor,

Civil Engineering
(Name of the department)
GEC, Lakhisarai
Countersigned by:

Manish Kumar Mandal

(Name of the HOD)
Assistant Professor and Head,

Civil Engineering
(Name of the department)
GEC, Lakhisarai
 Annexure C
Government Engineering College, Lakhisarai
Lakhisarai-811311, Bihar, India

Certificate of Approval
We hereby recommend that the Project Report entitled "A REVIEW ON
SEWAGE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES AND CPCB INVENTORY
2021" submitted by (Aman raj - Registration No- 20101158002, Shreyanshu
verma – Registration No-20101158012, Raushan Kumar - Registration No-
20101158061, Saurav Kumar - Registration No-20101158045,Ankit Kumar-
Registration No-20101158025, Abhinav Kumar - Registration No-
20101158031, Gaurav Raj - Registration No-20101158052, Paurush
Kumar- Registration No-20101158007 of 2020-2024) be accepted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Tech in Civil Engineering
from this institution.

Examiners

1. …………………………………….

2. ……………………………………..

3. ……………………………………..

4. ………………………………………

Annexure D
 Government Engineering College, Lakhisarai
Lakhisarai-811311, Bihar, India

Student's Declaration

I certify that
 The work contained in the report is original and has been done
by myself under the general supervision of my supervisor
 I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the
Ethical code of Conduct of the Institution.
 Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and
text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by
citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the
references.
 Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources. I
have put them under quotation marks and given due credit to the
sources by citing them and giving the required details in the
references.

AMAN RAJ (20101158002)

Date - …………………. Aman raj (2010115802)
SHREYANSHU VERMA (20101158012)
Place : Civil Engineering ,
RAUSHAN KUMAR (20101158061)
GEC Lakhisarai
SAURAV KUMAR (20101158045)
ANKIT KUMAR (20101158025)
ABHINAV KUMAR (20101158031)
GAURAV RAJ (20101158052)
ABSTRACT PAURUSH KUMAR (20101158007)
 Now a days many water resources are polluted by anthropogenic sources including
household and agricultural waste and industrial processes. Public concern over the
environmental impact of wastewater pollution has increased. several conventional wastewater
treatment techniques, i.e. Chemical coagulation, adsorption, activated sludge, have been
applied to remove the pollution, however there are still some limitations, especially that of
high operation costs. Waste water treatment can be defined as a process of removing organic
and inorganic matter from the wastewater to make it suitable to be discharged back to the
environment. Rainwater entering drains and industrial wastes also appear to fit under this
category.
The motivation for treatment of waste water are manifold. Treatment and re-use of waste
water-
Conserves the supply of fresh water and this represents clear advantages with respect to
environmental pollution. So the main aim of this project is to plan, Design a waste water
treatment plant for Bihar.

KEY WORDS: Water resources, Pollution, Wastewater treatment techniques, Waste water
treatment plant, Design.
Table of contents

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….
…….....1

- 1.1 Sewage treatment ………………………………………………..

……………….1
- 1.2 Process involved in sewage treatment …………………………………...………
2
 Preliminary treatment ………………………………………………….
………..2
 Primary treatment ……………………………………………………….………4
 Secondary treatment …………………………………………………….
……….5
 Tertiary treatment ……………………………………………………………….6
- 1.3 Classification of the processes ………………………………………….
………..8
- 1.4 Biological processes ……………………………………………………….
……...9
- 1.5 Sewerage systems ………………………………………………………………...9
 Combined systems …………………………………………………….
………….9
 Separate systems ………………………………………………………….…….10
 Alternative systems …………………………………………………….……….11
 Pumps …………………………………………………………………………...12
 Flow rates …………………………………………………………….
………….13
- 1.6 Problems related to wastewater ……………………………….
……………….14

LITERATURE REVIEW …………………….……….…………………..…

15
 - 2.1 Sequencing batch reactors …………...…………………………………………
15
- 2.2 Activated sludge process ……………………………..
………………………....18
- 2.3 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket ………………………………………………
20
- 2.4 Comparison between ASP, SBR & UASB
……………………………………..23
- 2.5 CPCB Data for sewage inventory of India ………..……………………………
25
- 2.6 CPCB Data report of Bihar ……………………………………….……………
27

CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................…...32

REFERENCES ….............................................................................................33

LIST OF TABLES

1. Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity (MLD) – Bihar…………….………

29
2. Details of each existing STP in the State……………………………………………
29
3. Operational and Compliance status of Sewage Treatment Plants in
Bihar……....30
4. STPs complying to BOD Norms (≤10 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT and
MoEF & CC norms ………………….………………………………………………………
30
5. STPs complying to COD (≤50 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT Norm s……………
30
6. STPs complying to TSS (≤20 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT and
MoEF&CC norms…………..………………………………………………………31
 7. STPs complying to TSS (20 mg/l - 100 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t.
MoEF&CC norms ……………………………………………………………….
….31
8. STPs complying to FC (≤230 MPN/100 ml) in Bihar ( April-June,2022) w.r.t.
NGT and MoEF&CC norms
………………………………………………………….….31

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Bar screen with chamber ………………………………………………….…………

2
2. Grit chamber …………………………………………………………………………3
3. Horizontal flow grit chamber
………………………………………………………..3
4. Primary treatment ……………………………………………………………...……4
5. Sedimentation ………………………………………………………...………………
4
6. Chemical coagulation ………………………………………………………………..5
7. Trickling filter ………………………………………………………………………..6
8. Secondary clarifiers or human tank ………………...………………………………
6
9. Flow chart of sewage treatment plant ………………………………………………
7
10. Layout of sewage treatment plant
…………………………………………………...8
11. Combined systems ………………………………………………………..…………
10
12. Separate systems ……………………………………………………………………11
13. Alternative systems …………………………………………………………………12
14. Pumps ……………………………………………………………………………….13
15. Flow rates ……………………………………………………………………………
14
16. Schematic diagram of a Sequencing Batch Reactor ………………………………
16
17. Flow chart of sequencing batch reactors
…………………………………………..17
18. Schematic Diagram of a Conventional Activated Sludge Process ………….
…….18
19. Cross-section of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
reactor………….20
20. Project Pipeline in India ……………………………………………………………
26
21. Project Analysis by Region …………………………………………….
…………...26
22. Venn diagram depicting Sewage generation, Installed treatment capacity,
Operational Capacity, Actual Utilization and Complied Treatment Capacity ...27
23. Status-wise Capacity of STPs ………………………………………………………
27
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 SEWAGE TREATMENT

Constituents of Sewage: Sewage is 99 % water carrying wastes originating in urine and night
soil. It contains waterborne pathogenic organisms from the night soil of already infected
persons. Sewage is a water-carried waste, in solution or suspension that is intended to be
removed from a community. Also known as domestic or municipal wastewater, it is
characterized by volume or rate of flow, physical condition, chemical and toxic constituents,
and its bacteriologic status (which organisms it contains and in what quantities). It consists
mostly of grey water (from sinks, tubs, showers, dishwashers, and clothes washers), black
water (the water used to flush toilets, combined with the human waste that it flushes away);
soaps and detergents; and toilet paper (less so in regions where bidets are widely used instead
of paper), where sewer line and gray water line is not provided separately. It also contains
surface runoff depends on the design of sewer system. Sewage treatment is the process of
removing contaminants from wastewater, primarily from household sewage. It includes
physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove these contaminants and produce
environmentally safe treated wastewater (or treated effluent).A by-product of sewage
treatment is usually a semi solid waste or slurry, called sewage sludge, that has to undergo
further treatment before being suitable for disposal or land application.

- Waste water treatment is one of the most important services. a municipality may
provide and one of the least visible. This assessment provides an overview of waste
water treatment and provides information appropriate for municipal leaders in DURG,
and also the general public and operators.
- There is total supply of water's 80-90% is waste water. It is flow in sewers.
- There are 269 sewage treatment plant in INDIA. On which only 231 are operational.
 - A 2007 report by the government had pointed that water management is going most
serious problem of the 21st century.
- To reduce the strength of sewage we need to go for treatments process. The objective
of the treatment units is to reduce the solids from the sewage and remove all the
nuisance causing elements and change the character of sewage in such a way that it
can safely discharged for use.

1.2 Process involved in Sewage Treatment:

Sewage can be treated in different ways .Treatment process are often classified as:

(i) Preliminary treatment

(ii) Primary treatment

(iii) Secondary (or Biological ) treatment

(iv) Tertiary treatment

(i) Preliminary Treatment: Preliminary treatment consists solely in separating the

floating materials (like dead animals, tree branches, papers, pieces of rags, wood,
etc.), and also the heavy settle-able inorganic solids. It also helps in removing the oils
and greases, etc. from the sewage. This treatment reduces the BOD of the wastewater,
by about 15 to 30%. The process used are screening for removing floating papers,
rags, clothes, etc., Grit chambers or Detritus tanks for removing grit and sand and
skimming tanks for removing oils and greases.
- Screening:- it is very first operation carried out at a sewage treatment plant, it remove
the floating particles, papers, woods, kitchen refuse, coarse particles.

- Grit chamber:- it is placed in front of the waste water treatment plant it remove the
inorganic particles such as sand, gravel, grit.
(ii) Primary Treatment: Primary treatment consists in removing large suspended
organic solids. This is usually accomplished by sedimentation in settling basins. The
liquid effluent from primary treatment, often contains a large amount of suspended
 organic material, and has a high BOD (about 60% of original). Sometimes, the
preliminary as well as primary treatments are classified together, under primary
treatment. The organic solids, which are separated out in the sedimentation tanks (in
primary treatment), are often stabilized by anaerobic decomposition in a digestion
tank or are incinerated. The residue is used for landfills or soil conditioners.

Fig: Primary treatment.

- Sedimentation: - it removes the inorganic solid of size less than 0.2 mm which is not
remove by the grit chamber.

Fig: Sedimentation.
- Chemical coagulation: - for removing very fine particles. For this purpose, a
chemical compound (like ferric chloride, ferric sulphate, alum) called coagulant, is
added to the water is present of UV rays.
 Fig: Chemical coagulation.
(iii) Secondary Treatment: Secondary treatment involves further treatment of the
effluent, coming from the primary sedimentation tank. This is generally
accomplished through biological decomposition of organic matter, which can be
carried out either under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In these biological units,
bacteria will decompose the fine organic matter, to produce clearer effluent. The
treatment reactors, in which the organic matter is decomposed (oxidized) by aerobic
bacteria are known as aerobic biological units; and may consist of Filters
(intermittent sand filters as well as trickling filters), Aeration tanks, with the feed of
recycled activated sludge (i.e. the sludge, which is settled in secondary sedimentation
tank, receiving effluents from the aeration tank. Oxidation ponds and Aerated
lagoons. Since all these aerobic units, generally make use of primary settled sewage,
they are easily classified as secondary units.
- Trickling filter:- it is also called percolating filterer sprinkling filter , it is decompose
the organic matter in presence of micro-organisms and purification of water . its work
is like B.O.D ( Bio chemical oxygen demand).
 Fig: trickling filter.

- Secondary clarifiers or human tank:- it remove finely suspend organic matter

present in sewage, due to the biological oxidation and nitrification. It also called
secondary clarifier.

Fig: Secondary clarifiers or human tank

(iv) Tertiary treatment: This treatment is sometimes called tertiary treatment, and
consists in removing the organic load left after the secondary treatment, and
 particularly to kill the pathogenic bacteria. This treatment, which is normally carried
out by chlorination, is generally not carried out for disposal of sewage in water, but is
carried out, while using the river stream for collecting water for re-use or for water
supplies. It may, however, sometimes be adopted, when the outfall of sewage is very
near to the water intake of some nearby town.

- 1. Activated sludge process:-

(a) Mixing of activated sludge.
(b) Aeration of mixed liquor,
(c) Settling in secondary clarifier.
- 2. Aeration tank:- in aeration tank calculating the DO (oxygen demand). DO is
about 1-2mg/l which is necessary for proper development of biological sludge.

After the tertiary treatment of sewage water the water can be use as drinking purpose.

FLOW CHART OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:

LAYOUT OF SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT :-

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF THE PROCESSES

A number of treatment processes are available depending upon method of disposal, degree of
treatment, waste water influent quality (domestic or industrial), availability of the land etc.
and requirement of recycling treated waste water. Waste Water Treatment Methodology
commonly adopted for treatment of domestic waste may be any of the following:

1.4 Biological Processes

 In these processes mixture of wastewater and microorganisms (biomass) is agitated and
aerated. Certain microbes, mainly bacteria of specific kind, have the capability to oxidize the
dissolved organic matter in the waste water. Microbial growth is accelerated and controlled in
the process. Thus, reduction or removal of organic matter in waste is brought about by micro-
organisms by oxidation. After oxidation, the sludge is separated from wastewater. These,
microbial induced processes are further classified as Aerobic and Anaerobic.

A. Aerobic Processes- In presence of oxygen

B. Anaerobic Processes- In absence of oxygen

1.5 SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

A sewage system, or wastewater collection system, is a network of pipes, pumping stations,

and appurtenances that convey sewage from its points of origin to a point of treatment and
disposal.

(A). Combined systems:-

Systems that carry a mixture of both domestic sewage and storm sewage are called combined
sewers. Combined sewers typically consist of large-diameter pipes or tunnels, because of the
large volumes of storm water that must be carried during wet-weather periods. They are
common in older cities but are no longer designed and built as part of new sewerage
facilities. Because wastewater treatment plants cannot handle large volumes of storm water,
sewage must bypass the treatment plants during wet weather and be discharged directly into
the receiving water. These combined sewer overflows, containing untreated domestic sewage,
cause recurring water pollution problems and are very troublesome sources of pollution.

In some large cities the combined sewer overflow problem has been reduced by diverting the
first flush of combined sewage into a large basin or underground tunnel. After temporary
storage, it can be treated by settling and disinfection before being discharged into a receiving
body of water, or it can be treated in a nearby wastewater treatment plant at a rate that will
not overload the facility. Another method for controlling combined sewage involves the use
of swirl concentrators. These direct sewage through cylindrically shaped devices creates a
vortex, or whirlpool, effect. The vortex helps concentrate impurities in a much smaller
volume of water for treatment.
(B). Separate systems:-

New wastewater collection facilities are designed as separate systems, carrying either
domestic sewage or storm sewage but not both. Storm sewers usually carry surface runoff to
a point of disposal in a stream or river. Small detention basins may be built as part of the
system, storing storm water temporarily and reducing the magnitude of the peak flow rate.
Sanitary sewers, on the other hand, carry domestic wastewater to a sewage treatment plant.
Pre-treated industrial wastewater may be allowed into municipal sanitary sewerage systems,
but storm water is excluded. Storm sewers are usually built with sections of reinforced
concrete pipe. Corrugated metal pipes may be used in some cases. Storm water inlets or catch
basins are located at suitable intervals in a street right-of-way or in easements across private
property. The pipelines are usually located to allow downhill gravity flows to a nearby stream
or to a detention basin. Storm water pumping stations are avoided, if possible, because of the
very large pump capacities that would be needed to handle the intermittent flows. A sanitary
sewrage system includes laterals, submains, and interceptors. Except for individual house
connections, laterals are the smallest sewers in the network. They usually are not less than
200 mm (8 inches) in diameter and carry sewage by gravity into larger submains, or collector
sewers. The collector sewers tie in to a main interceptor, or trunk line, which carries the
sewage to a treatment plant. Interceptors are usually built with precast sections of reinforced
concrete pipe, up to 5 meters (15 feet) in diameter. Other materials used for sanitary sewers
include vitrified clay, asbestos cement, plastic, steel, or ductile iron. The use of plastic for
laterals is increasing because of its lightness and ease of installation. Iron and steel pipes are
used for force mains or in pumping stations. Force mains are pipelines that carry sewage
under pressure when it must be pumped.

(C). Alternative systems:-

Sometimes the cost of conventional gravity sewers can be prohibitively high because of low
population densities or site conditions such as a high-water table or bedrock. Three
alternative wastewater collection systems that may be used under these circumstances include
small-diameter gravity sewers, pressure sewers, and vacuum sewers. In small-diameter
gravity systems, septic tanks are first used to remove settleable and floating solids from the
wastewater from each house before it flows into a network of collector mains (typically
100MM or 4 inches, in diameter); these systems are most suitable for small rural
communities. Because they do not carry grease, grit and sewage solids, these systems are
most suitable for small rural communities. Because they do not carry grease, grit and sewage
solids, the pipes can be of smaller diameter and placed at reduced slopes or gradients to
minimize trench excavation costs. Pressure sewers are best used in flat areas or where
expensive rock excavation would be required. Grinder pumps discharge wastewater from
each home into the main pressure sewer, which can follow the slope of the ground. In a
vacuum sewerage system, sewage from one or more buildings flows by gravity into a sump
or tank from which it is pulled out by vacuum pumps located at a central vacuum station and
then flows into a collection tank. From the vacuum collection tank, the sewage is pumped to a
treatment plant.

(D). Pumps:-
The Pumping stations are built when sewage must be raised from a low point to a point of
higher elevation or where the topography prevents downhill gravity flow. Special non-
clogging pumps are available to handle raw sewage. They are installed in structures called lift
stations. There are two basic types of lift stations: dry well and wet well. A wet-well
installation has only one chamber or tank to receive and hold the sewage until it is pumped
out. Specially designed submersible pumps and motors can be located at the bottom of the
chamber, completely below the water level. Dry-well installations have two separate
chambers, one to receive the wastewater and one to enclose and protect the pumps and
controls. The protective dry chamber allows easy access for inspection and maintenance. All
sewage lift stations, whether of the wet-well or dry-well type, should include at least two
pumps. One pump can operate while the other is removed for repair.
(E). Flow rates:-
There is a wide variation in sewage flow rates over the course of a day. A sewerage system
must accommodate this variation. In most cities domestic sewage flow rates are highest in the
morning and evening hours. They are low during the middle of the night. Flow quantities
depend upon population density, water consumption, and the extent of commercial or
industrial activity in the community. The average sewage flow rate is usually about the same
as the average water use in the community. In a lateral sewer, short-term peak flow rates can
be roughly four times the average flow rate. In a trunk sewer, peak flow rates may be two-
and-a-half times the average.
Although sewage flows depend upon residential, commercial, and industrial connections,
sewage flow rates potentially can become higher as-a-result of inflows and infiltration (I&I)
into the sanitary sewer system. Inflows correspond to storm water entering sewers from
inappropriate connections, such as roof drains, storm drains, downspouts and sump pumps.
High amounts of rainwater runoff can reach the sewer system during precipitation and storm
flow events or during seasonal spring flooding of rivers inundated with melting ice.
Infiltration refers to the groundwater entering sewers via defective or broken pipes. In both
these cases, downstream utilities and treatment plants may experience flows higher than
anticipated and can become hydraulically overloaded. During such overloads, utilities may
ask residents connected to the system to refrain from using dishwashers and washing
machines and may even limit toilet flushing and the use of showers in an attempt to lessen the
strain. Such I&I issues can be especially severe in old and aging water infrastructures.

1.6 PROBLEMS RELATED TO WASTEWATER

* Decreasing drinking water day by day.
* Oduor issues in the sewage treatment plant in India.
* Harm aquatic and marine life.
* Water related diseases like (Dengue, Malaria, Yellow, Fever etc.)
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS, (SBR)
In this process, the raw sewage free from debris and grit shall be taken up for biological
treatment for removal of organic, nitrogen and phosphorus. The activated sludge bio-system
is designed using Advanced Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology which operates on
extended aeration activated sludge principle for the reduction of carbonaceous BOD,
Nitrification, Denitrification as well as phosphorus removal using energy efficient fine bubble
diffused aeration system with automatic control of air supply based on oxygen uptake rate.

In this form, the sequences of fill, aeration, settle and decant are consecutively and
continuously operated all in the same tank. No secondary clarifier system is required to
concentrate the sludge in the reactor. The return sludge is recycled and the surplus is wasted
from the basin itself. The complete biological operation is divided into the following cycles:

 Fill? Aeration
 Settlement
 Decanting

These phases in a sequence constitute a cycle. During the period of a cycle, the liquid volume
inside the Reactor increases from a set operating bottom water level. During the Fill-Aeration
sequence mixed liquor from the aeration zone is recycled into the Selector. Aeration ends at a
predetermined period of the cycle to allow the biomass to flocculate and settle under
quiescent conditions. After a specific setting period, the treated supernatant is decanted, using
a moving weir Decanter. The liquid level in the Reactor is so returned to bottom water level
after which the cycle is repeated. Solids are separated from the reactor during the decanting
phase. The system selected is capable of achieving the following:

i) Bio-degradation of organics present in the wastewater by Extended Aeration

Process.
ii) Oxidation of sulphides in the wastewater
iii) Co-current nitrification and denitrification of Ammonical nitrogen in the aeration
zone.
iv) Removal of phosphorous
Source: Parsons Engineering Science, 1999.

Schematic diagram of a Sequencing Batch Reactor (A Continuous Process “in batch”)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Some advantages and disadvantages of SBRs are listed below:

Advantages

 Equalization, primary clarification (in most cases), biological treatment, and

secondary clarification can be achieved in a single reactor vessel.
 Operating flexibility and control.
  Minimal footprint.
 Potential capital cost savings by eliminating clarifiers and other equipment.

Disadvantages

 A higher level of sophistication is required (compared to conventional systems),

especially for larger systems, of timing units and controls.
 Higher level of maintenance (compared to conventional systems) associated with
more sophisticated controls, automated switches, and automated valves.
 Potential of discharging floating or settled sludge during the DRAW or decant phase
with some SBR configurations.
 Potential plugging of aeration devices during selected operating cycles, depending on
the aeration system used by the manufacturer.

FLOW CHART OF SEQUENCING BATCH REACTORS:-

2.2 ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS, (ASP)

Schematic Diagram of a Conventional Activated Sludge Process.

Activated Sludge Process (ASP) is a suspended growth aerobic process. It is provided with
primary clarifier to reduce the organic load in biological reactor (aeration basin). About 40%
of organic load is intercepted in primary clarifier in the form of sludge, decreasing the
loading in the aeration tank. Detention period in aeration tank is maintained between 4 ‐6 h.
After aeration tank, the mixed liquor is sent to secondary clarification where sludge and
liquid are separated. A major portion of the sludge is re ‐circulated and excess sludge is sent
to a digester.

Sludge generated in primary clarifier and excess sludge from secondary clarifier are not
matured, digestion of such sludge is essential before disposal. In anaerobic sludge digestion,
such sludge produces biogas which can be used for power generation by gas engines.
Generated power can be used for operation of plant.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Some advantages and disadvantages of ASP are listed below:

Advantages

 High treatment efficiency

 Low capital costs
 Flexible design
 Minimal sludge production

Disadvantages

 High operating costs

 Sensitive to shock loads
 High maintenance requirements
 Nutrient removal limitations
2.3 UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET (UASB) PROCESS

UASB is an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge and suspended in
the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed by the anaerobic
microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the
blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months.
Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of
bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions create a selective
environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive
and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as
"granules".

Cross-section of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor. Source: TILLEY et

al. (2014)
How does the UASB Work?

Fine granular sludge blanket acts as a filter to prevent the solids in the incoming wastes to
flow through as the liquid part does. So if the hydraulic retention time (HRT) does not
change, which is limited to 1-3 days (the bigger the digester, the shorter time it is, because the
size costs money), the solid retention time (SRT) can be 10-30 days or more for more
effective digestion, depending on the shape of the digestion chamber. It means that the
digester becomes much more efficient without having to increase the size, which costs
money. Wageningen University in the Netherlands has started to do R & D along these lines.

Standing and hanging baffles are used, with a conic separation with a small outlet at the
center will be much more effective to keep the anaerobic sludge blanket in the lower part of
the digester. This will act as a very good filter to retard the flow of solids in the wastes and
prolong the solid retention time for more bacterial action. However, the digester will be more
economic if the loading can be increased for a specific size of digester with the conic
separation. COD reduction of 58% now obtained is adequate, and no attempt should be made
to increase the bacterial action at such high costs. It is better to use much cheaper open tanks
and basins for more effectiveness and efficiency, as in the IF&WMS.

Bio-Chemical Activities in USAB Digesters Bacterial actions are in 3 phases in the digester
and they occur IN SEQUENCE:

 Hydrolysis or solubilization - The first phase takes 10-15 days, and until the
complex organics are solubilized, they cannot be absorbed into the cells of the
bacteria where they are degraded by the endoenzymes;
 Acidogenesis or acetogenesis - The result from stage one utilized by a second group
of organisms to form organic acids;
 Methanogenesis - The methane-producing (methanogenic) anaerobic bacteria then
use the product of (2) to complete the decomposition process.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Some advantages and disadvantages of USAB are listed below:

Advantages

 Low investment cost.

  Low land Requirements.
 Low energy costs, just transport of the influent to the plant.
 Production of valuable by product: - Biogas.
 Very high loading rate can be applied, including for low strength domestic
wastewater.
 Short retention time.
 Preservation of anaerobic sludge in the reactor for many months without losing much
of its activity is possible.
 No need of support medium as required in other high rate anaerobic process.
 Low production of stabilized excess sludge, which can be easily dewatered.
 Acceptable effluent quality with high COD removal efficiency (15 to 90%).
 Simple reactor construction.
 Nutrient requirement is low.
 Process is totally enclosed and all the exhaust gas is either burned in gas utility or an
automatically controlled flare stack, hence the system is completely environment
friendly.
 Very low sludge production.
 Automatic biological overload control facility.

Disadvantages

 Treatment may be unstable with variable hydraulic and organic loads.

 Long start-up time to work at full capacity.
 A constant source of electricity is required.
 Not all parts and materials may be locally available.
 Requires expert design and construction.
 Effluent and sludge require further treatment and/or appropriate discharge.
 Not adapted for cold regions.
 Requires operation and maintenance by skilled personnel; difficult to maintain proper
hydraulic conditions (upflow and settling rates must be balanced)
COMPARISON BETWEEN ASP, SBR & UASB

The comparison between Activated Sludge Process (ASP), Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR),
and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) systems in wastewater treatment involves
looking at their efficiency, applicability, operation, and other factors. Here is a brief
comparison of these three wastewater treatment processes:

ASP SBR UASB

ASP is highly SBR offers high UASB is effective in
effective in removing treatment efficiency treating high-
EFFICIENCY organic matter, and flexibility in strength organic
nutrients, and operation. wastewaters and
pathogens from producing biogas.
wastewater
Requires continuous Operates in cycles, Operates
aeration and including filling, anaerobically,
OPERATION monitoring to aeration, settling, utilizing dense
maintain proper and decanting sludge blanket for
microbial activity. phases. treatment.
APPLICABILIT Suitable for large- Suitable for small to Suitable for
Y scale treatment plants medium-sized industrial wastewater
and facilities with treatment plants and with high organic
relatively constant facilities with content and where
wastewater flow. variable wastewater biogas production is
flow. desired.
Good treatment Effective nutrient Energy recovery
efficiency, ability to removal, reduced through biogas
handle variable loads, footprint compared generation, low
ADVANTAGES and flexibility in to continuous flow sludge production,
operation. systems, and and reduced energy
potential for requirements
automation. compared to aerobic
 processes.

Disadvantages High-energy Complex operation Sensitivity to

consumption due to and control, temperature and
aeration, potential for susceptibility to influent
sludge bulking, and influent variability, composition, longer
need for skilled and potential for start-up time, and
operation and foaming and bulking need for periodic
maintenance. issues. sludge removal.

 NOTE:-

The choice between ASP, SBR, and UASB systems depends on factors such as the
characteristics of the wastewater to be treated, treatment efficiency requirements, space
availability, energy considerations, and treatment objectives (e.g., nutrient removal,
biogas production). Each system has its strengths and limitations, and the selection should
be based on a thorough evaluation of these factors to determine the most suitable
wastewater treatment process for a specific application.
2.4 CPCB DATA FOR SEWAGE INVENTORY OF INDIA

Sewage treatment plants (STPs) in India are able to treat a little more than a third of the
sewage generated per day, according to the latest report of the Central Pollution Control
Board (CPCB).

The released recently CPCB report has been compiled on the basis of information received
from the state pollution control boards about STPs. The collation, compilation and analysis of
data has been carried out with respect to installed capacity, operational capacity and actual
utilisation

India generated 72,368 MLD (million liters per day) whereas the installed capacity of STPs
was 31,841 MLD (43.9 per cent), according to the report.

Of this installed capacity, developed and operationalized capacity was 26,869 MLD (84
percent). Of the total operationalised capacity, 20,235 MLD (75 percent) was the actual
utilised capacity.

In other words, sewage generation from urban areas in the country is estimated at 72,368
million liter’s per day (MLD), against which sewage treatment capacity of 20,235 MLD was
available. (Out of total 72,368 MLD, sewage generated every day, only 20,235 MLD is
treated.)

To reduce the strength of sewage we need to go for treatement process. The objective of the
treatment units is to reduce the solids from the sewage and remove all the nuisance causing
elements and change the character of sewage in such a way that it can safely discharged for
use.

By visiting the CPCB website or contacting them through their official channels, individuals
and organizations can access specific reports, databases, and publications that detail sewage
inventory data for various regions in India. This information is crucial for understanding the
state of sewage management, treatment infrastructure, and compliance with environmental
regulations in the country.

For the most accurate and detailed sewage inventory data for India, it is recommended to
refer directly to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and explore the resources and
reports they provide on sewage treatment and water pollution control efforts nationwide.
 Project Pipeline

(Includes planned, proposed, announced, awarded under construction and under bidding projects)

Source: India Infrastructure Research.

Project Analysis by Region

Source: India Infrastructure Research

(Venn diagram depicting Sewage generation, Installed treatment capacity, Operational Capacity, Actual
Utilization and Complied Treatment Capacity)
  Two stalled projects involving an investment of Rs 1.2 billion have been excluded
from the analysis.

Status-wise Capacity of STPs

2.4.1 CPCB DATA REPORT OF BIHAR

For the most accurate and detailed sewage inventory data for India, it is recommended to
refer directly to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and explore the resources.

Additionally, contacting the Bihar State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) or visiting their
official website can also offer detailed insights into sewage inventory, wastewater
management practices, pollution control regulations, and specific data related to the state's
environmental challenges and initiatives.

For the most accurate and up-to-date CPCB data pertaining to sewage inventory in Bihar, it is
recommended to visit the official websites of the CPCB and Bihar SPCB or directly reach out
to these regulatory bodies for comprehensive information tailored to the state's environmental
landscape.

Total Population: Urban Population & Rural Population separately: 104,099,452.

(Urban Population: 1,17,58,016 (11.29%) & Rural Population : 9,23,41,436 (88.71%) as per
the census 2011).

 Estimated Sewage Generation (MLD): 1100 MLD (Approx.) from urban areas.
Details of Sewage Treatment Plant:

 Existing no. of STPs and Treatment Capacity (in MLD): 03 STPs - Total 140 MLD:
(Beur STP (New) (43 MLD), Karmalichak STP(New) (37 MLD) & Saidpur STP
(New) (60 MLD)).
 Capacity Utilization of existing STPs: Total - 30 MLD: (Beur STP (New) (10 MLD),
Karmalichak STP (New) (10 MLD) & Saidpur STP (New) (10 MLD)). Sewage
network is under construction with approx 80% physical progress.
 MLD of sewage being No. of Operational STPs: 03.treated through Alternate
technology: 541 MLD, UD & HD.
 Gap in Treatment Capacity in MLD: 1100 – 30 treatment through STPs – 541 through
bio-remediation = 529 MLD.
 No. of Operational STPs: 03.
 No. of Complying STPs: 03.
 No. of Non-complying STPs: Nil
 09 projects of STPs have been completed with more than 85% work.

Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity ( MLD) - Bihar

Details of each existing STP in the State

Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

Operational and Compliance status of Sewage Treatment Plants in Bihar

Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

 STPs complying to BOD Norms (≤10 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t.

NGT and MoEF&CC norms
Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

 STPs complying to COD (≤50 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT

Norms

Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

 STPs complying to TSS (≤20 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT and
MoEF&CC norms

Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

 STPs complying to TSS (20 mg/l - 100 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t.
MoEF&CC norms

Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

 STPs complying to FC (≤230 MPN/100 ml) in Bihar ( April-June,2022) w.r.t.

NGT and MoEF&CC norms
 Source: CPCB report on Bihar.

CONCLUSIONS

 Water is one of the most important source on Earth.

 It is known as universal solvent.
 We must not waste the water.
 The wastewater that we obtain from our daily purposes and from industries must be
treated in treatment systems in order to reduce pollution.
 Our government must provide facilities and infrastructure to avoid water pollution
and manage waste water.
 The detailed design and layout of wastewater treatment plant was done successfully.
 The treated wastewater is disposed in to the sea after disinfection. The disposed water
is free from biological oxygen demand content. Hence the aquatic life can be saved.
 So that it’s all conclusion is that the sewage treatment plant is very necessary in
DURG district.
  This treated water can be used construction work, our main aim is that the waste water
treated and then we can use in our CIVIL’s field in construction work.
 Also this water can be used for irrigation and even also for drinking purpose after the
tertiary treatment.
 With the proper supply of water, the social and economic growth that is related to
water will take a boost.
 The physical infrastructure in context with supply of water will enhance and the
interior growth of the village result.
 Wastewater treatment employs aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic reactions in a wide
range of reactor designs.
 Wastewater treatment is the key mechanism for the protection of public health and the
environment.
 Wastewater treatment relies on microbial process to remove all soluble and colloidal
material both organic and inert that poses a risk to environmental and human health.
 The wastewater treatment plant has benefits in our life and environment.

REFERENCES

 Water supply and sanitary Engineering ( By G.S Bride)

 Water supply and sanitary Engineering ( By S.K Garg )
 Tchobanoglous, George; Burton, Franklin L; Stensel, David; Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
(2003). Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and reuse (4th Ed.). McGraw-Hill
 Sharma Sanjay Kumar; Sangha, Rashmi (2012). Advances in Water Treatment and
Pollution Prevention. Springer
 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, March 2021).
 RDSO’s STP design details.
 Technical instructions on Sewerage treatment Plant issued by MES.
 www.nptel.com
 www.wikipidia.com
 Sewage disposal and air pollution engineering – S.K.Garg (Khanna publication).
 Waste water Engineering – Dr.B.C.Punmia (Laxmi publication).
 Waste water treatment and disposal – Dr. Shyam, R. Asolekar 2005.
 Industrial waste water treatment – A.D.Patwardhan.
 Waste water treatment and reuse – Metcalf & Eddy.