Table of contents

INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….....1

- 1.1 Sewage treatment ……………………………………………………………….1

- 1.2 Process involved in sewage treatment …………………………………………2
 Preliminary treatment …………………………………………………………..2
 Primary treatment ………………………………………………………………4
 Secondary treatment …………………………………………………………….5
 Tertiary treatment ……………………………………………………………….6
- 1.3 Classification of the processes …………………………………………………..8
- 1.4 Biological processes ……………………………………………………………...9
- 1.5 Sewerage systems ………………………………………………………………...9
 Combined systems …………………………………………………….
………….9
 Separate systems ………………………………………………………….…….10
 Alternative systems …………………………………………………….……….11
 Pumps …………………………………………………………………………...12
 Flow rates …………………………………………………………….
………….13
- 1.6 Problems related to wastewater ……………………………….
……………….14

LITERATURE REVIEW …………………….……….…………………..…

15

- 2.1 Sequencing batch reactors …………...…………………………………………

15
- 2.2 Activated sludge process ……………………………..
………………………....18
- 2.3 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket ………………………………………………
20
 - 2.4 Comparison between ASP, SBR & UASB
……………………………………..23
- 2.5 CPCB Data for sewage inventory of India ………..……………………………
25
- 2.6 CPCB Data report of Bihar ……………………………………………………27

CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................................…...32

REFERENCES ….............................................................................................33

LIST OF TABLES

1. Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity (MLD) – Bihar…………….………

29
2. Details of each existing STP in the State……………………………………………
29
3. Operational and Compliance status of Sewage Treatment Plants in
Bihar……....30
4. STPs complying to BOD Norms (≤10 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT and
MoEF & CC norms ………………….………………………………………………………
30
5. STPs complying to COD (≤50 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT Norm s……………
30
6. STPs complying to TSS (≤20 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t. NGT and
MoEF&CC norms…………..………………………………………………………31
7. STPs complying to TSS (20 mg/l - 100 mg/l) in Bihar (April-June,2022) w.r.t.
MoEF&CC norms ……………………………………………………………….
….31
8. STPs complying to FC (≤230 MPN/100 ml) in Bihar ( April-June,2022) w.r.t.
NGT and MoEF&CC norms
………………………………………………………….….31
LIST OF FIGURES

1. Bar screen with chamber ………………………………………………….…………

2
2. Grit chamber …………………………………………………………………………3
3. Horizontal flow grit chamber
………………………………………………………..3
4. Primary treatment ……………………………………………………………...……4
5. Sedimentation ………………………………………………………...………………
4
6. Chemical coagulation ………………………………………………………………..5
7. Trickling filter ………………………………………………………………………..6
8. Secondary clarifiers or human tank ………………...………………………………
6
9. Flow chart of sewage treatment plant ………………………………………………
7
10. Layout of sewage treatment plant
…………………………………………………...8
11. Combined systems ………………………………………………………..…………
10
12. Separate systems ……………………………………………………………………11
13. Alternative systems …………………………………………………………………12
14. Pumps ……………………………………………………………………………….13
15. Flow rates ……………………………………………………………………………
14
16. Schematic diagram of a Sequencing Batch Reactor ………………………………
16
17. Flow chart of sequencing batch reactors
…………………………………………..17
18. Schematic Diagram of a Conventional Activated Sludge Process ………….
…….18
19. Cross-section of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)
reactor………….20
20. Project Pipeline in India ……………………………………………………………
26
21. Project Analysis by Region …………………………………………….
…………...26
22. Venn diagram depicting Sewage generation, Installed treatment capacity,
Operational Capacity, Actual Utilization and Complied Treatment Capacity ...27
23. Status-wise Capacity of STPs ………………………………………………………
27