Smart Ports, Green Shipping & Net Zero:

Connotations for Indian Port & Shipping Sector

Engineer's Day Lecture @ Mormugao Port
15th Sep. 2022
BITS Pilani Prof. R P Pradhan, rppradhan@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in
K K Birla Goa Campus
India’s Two Interesting Maritime
Perspectives of Success &
Limitations

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 Karachi Port Real Time All Vessel Traffic Pattern
15 July 2017 - 14 July 2019

2000
Sum of Tugs Sum of Others
1800 Sum of Fishing Sum of Pleasure Craft
540 Sum of Passenger Sum of Tanker
1600 12 Sum of Cargo
1400

1200 Karachi Port-

970 40 23% Decline
1000
28 787 in Cargo
800 337 13
628 35
5 13 47
600 0
25
2 24
12
149 1 30
444
149 6 37
400 162
0 448 547
26 126 24 0
279
200 401 9 106
412 7 0 15
408 7
21
16 0
42
370 85 123
0 323 141
10

15/07/17 - 258
15/10/17 - 279
14/10/17 15/01/18 - 247
14/01/18 17/04/18 -
16/04/18 18/07/18 -
17/07/18 18/10/18 -
17/10/18 18/01/19 -
17/01/19 20/04/19 -
19/04/19
15/07/19

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Karachi Port Vessel Traffic Pattern
Aug 2017 to July 2021

2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1630
1800
1600
1043
1400 1154 1209
553 1007 925
1200 596 656
500 604 733
611 561
1000
314 303 339 367 480
800 265 311 277
278 332
271 293 278 272
600 234 307 243
246
400 694 667 678 589 500 505 575 602 529
424 374 424 484 485 451 479
200
0

Sum of Cargo Sum of Tanker Sum of Others

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 India-Singapore Comparative Vessel Traffic Pattern
Aug. 2017 - July 2021
1281834
71 Ports of India Singapore
together handle only
around 627 Vessels a handles 2981
854118
Day Vessels Daily
677557
665125
491892
369548
311901
286174
145655
102269
36449
25572 7645 12383

India All Ports Singapore Port

Sum of Cargo Sum of Tanker Sum of Passenger Sum of Pleasure Craft

Sum of Fishing Sum of Tugs Sum of Others

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
China

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Indo-Pacific Region
(IOR)

Source: www.marinetraffic.com BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Arabian Sea
Trade Triangle

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
India-South Africa
Customs Union

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Chennai-Vladivostok Smart Port
Initiative
Vladivostok Port

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Indonesia

154
Australia

104

76
India

67
Philippines

38
Iran
Egypt

27 25
Malaysia
Thailand

21 18
Saudi Arabia
Vietnam
Pakistan
Tanzania

15 14 13 11
Madagascar
South Africa
UAE
Yemen
Oman
Israel
Characterization

Mozambique
Myanmar
9 9 8 7 5 5 5 5

Qatar
Number of Ports

Bangladesh
Number of Ports

Iraq
Somalia
Sri Lanka
Comoros
Indo-Pacific Region: Number Ports & Port

Kuwait
Sudan
Bahrain
Cambodia
Eritrea
Reunion
Singapore
Brunei Darussalam
Djibouti
Mauritius
4 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1

Seychelles
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Understanding the Seaports

Type of Ports
203 340 676
113
17
3
Very Small Small
Medium
Large
Very Large
Grand Total
Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Grand Total

Port Characterization
469 Port Characterisation

246
204
134
30 53
5 1
Seaport Harbor Marina Off-Shore Pier, Jetty River Port Deepwater Waterway
Terminal or Wharf Seaport Region

Source: www.worldports.com BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Fig.3 Arabian Sea Trade Triangle 18 Countries
Cumulative Vessel Traffic Y-2021
343282
350000

300000 277804

250000

200000
164116
157078
150000

100000 91417
77471
78158
50000
31582 20906 12202
24331 7213 1506
14291 10912 1133 107
2745
0

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

 Fig.5 Select Mixed Country Sample Port Vessel Traffic Pattern
26 March-08 April 2022 (14 Days)

4137

1872
1443
1267
691 820 727
369 286 333
127 162

Vessel Count
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
 SAGAR & Sagarmala: India’s
Emerging Maritime Awakening

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Net Zero: Notion & Action Plan
COP 21 or the Paris Climate
Conference 2015
1. New International Climate Agreement,
2. Applicable to all countries (193/197
have already ratified),
3. Aims to keep global warming at 1.5°C -
2°C, as per IPCC recommendations.

Action Plan
 GHG emission global average to be
well below 2°C or pre-industrial levels
 limit temperature increase to 1.5°C.
 Paris Agreement legally binding.
 5Year Review for each country.
 Countries increase efforts to mitigate
their greenhouse gas emissions.
Source: Global Carbon Atlas
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Net Zero & India Target
1. Reduce emissions by 1 billion tons by 2030.
2. Reduce emissions intensity by over 45%.

3. Emissions intensity reduction is not reduction in

total emissions, but reduction in emissions per
unit of GDP.

4. India, world’s 4th largest (GHG) emitter after

China, the US and the EU.

5. By 2030 - will generate 500 GW non-fossil fuel

sources (Alternative energy- higher than earlier
pledge of 450 GW) - PM Modi pledged.

6. This will be 50% of the country’s installed energy

capacity.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Net Zero: Implications to Maritime Sector

1. COP 26 Agenda to reduce GHG emissions with a focus

on the maritime industry?

2. 19 countries including UK, US have agreed to create

zero emissions shipping.

3. Trade routes between ports to speed up the

decarburization of the global maritime industry.

4. IMO aims to reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions

from ships by 50%(2008 levels) by 2050.

European Shipping Sector is under

pressure too
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  Within COP26 in 2021, 19 countries signed the
Clydebank Declaration to -----------

 Establish Zero-Emission Maritime Routes

between two or more routes.

 These are called Green Shipping Corridors .

Countries signed Clydebank  Establish 06 Green Corridors by 2025.
Declaration
Australia Japan  200 + business houses already committed to increase and
Belgium Italy
commercialize zero emission fuels and vessels by 2030.
Chile Morocco
Costa Rica Marshall Islands
Fiji Netherlands  Buyers like Ikea, Amazon, Patagonia, Michelin have already
Denmark Spain announced to buy only zero carbon freight from 2040.
Finland Norway
France
Ireland
Sweden
UK
India is not Clydebank Declaration
Germany USA Signatory
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Why Clydebank Declaration Needed?
countries pledged to achieve----
According to S & Poor Analysis----
 To ,.facilitate establishment of
1. Global shipping - 2.5% to 3% of partnerships/operators along the value
global carbon-dioxide emissions. chain
2. Freight &logistics operations- 7% of  Accelerate DE carbonization of shipping
global carbon emissions. sector.
3. Deep-sea Vessels- 85% of total  Reduce fuel supply to shipping sector
maritime emissions. by establishing green shipping corridor.
4. It is highly difficult to decarbonize  Identify & explore barriers in green
such vessels. Mainly because of their corridor establishment.
high energy density fuel usage.  This includes regulatory framework,
information sharing, incentives etc.
In such scenario, best alternative
solution is - Green Fuels like liquid To consider including green
hydrogen/ methanol/ammonia etc.
corridors in National Action Plans
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Net Zero Coalitions & Diplomacy

A recent industry- led Call to Action

In measuring the progress of both the Paris
for Shipping Decarbonization ------
agreement and the maritime organization's GHG
strategy, coordinated by the Getting to Zero
Coalition, has also gathered around
the Getting to Zero Coalition - a group founded 200 signatories with industry
by the Global Maritime Forum, Friends of Ocean members committing to rapidly
Action, and the World Economic Forum - have scaling the deployment of zero-
launched --- emission vessels and fuels so that
A Strategy for the Transition to Zero-Emission they reach 5% by 2030, and zero
emissions by 2050.
Shipping, an analysis prepared by University
Maritime Advisory Services (UMAS) on how the
sector can move away from the use of fossil fuels.

Whether we like or not, future is Smart Port, Green Shipping, Net Zero, Blue
Economy. Great Lobby, diplomacy Involved. Higher Cost of Shipping, biggest Fear
even in Europe. Net Zero is also about Tech diplomacy and Tech sale.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Alternative Fuels: Issues & Concerns

What are the alternate fuels which may pivot the shipping
industry towards Decarbonisation?
Hydrogen: Pros Hydrogen: Cons
Speed & Ease of Refueling; currently produced mostly from fossil fuel
Green production by way of sources; green production currently Ammonia;
electrolysis powered by expensive; low energy density, requiring 8 x Methanol
renewable energy is more volume than fuel oils for equal power
possible; Suitable for use in output, and consequent storage capacity etc. have
fuel cells; already produced issues; must be kept at -253C to be stored as there
in substantial volumes for a liquid; highly combustible and explosive,
use in the chemical giving rise to safety issues; combustion positive &
industry; falling cost of produces nitrous oxides; fuel cells not
renewable energy may currently capable of powering large vessels;
concern
lower green production large capital investment needed for storage points too
costs. and refueling infrastructure for shipping.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Blue Economy- Idea to Action
 It’s a huge Promise ---------

 Of Productivity, of Jobs & of

Economic Growth et al -----

 Oceans & Marine Resources

are the Platform to host this
ambition.

 Critical Variable: it proposes

environmental health &
sustainability too------

Gunter Pauli is called the Steve Blue Economy: A Futuristic

Jobs & Che Guevara of Sustainable & Environment
Friendly Development &
sustainability. Growth Model
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Goa Maritime Dialogue Sessions

08thJune2016 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csNzv9lEBko
04thAugust2016- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MXo9cBImhe8
23rdFebruary2017- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WWFGrzQSPGE&feature
31stMarch2017- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UWtjzQsPWzc
12thSep2017- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISq2tpZg2dA

Thank You
R P Pradhan
BITS Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus
rppradhan@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus