LAST MINUTE MATHS - Ts Eapcet

ROOTS ACADEMY-JNTU: Ph: 9866915814

 Some important results on cardinal numbers: If A, B and C are finite sets and U be the finite
universal set, then
 
'
i) n A  n  U   n  A 
ii) n  A  B   n  A   n  B   n  A  B 
iii) n  A  B   n  A   n  B  ,
where A and B are disjoint non-empty sets
'
 
iv) n A B  n AB  n A  n AB  n A  B  n B 
v) n  B  A   n  A1  B   n  B   n  A  B 
 n  A  B   n  A
'
 '
 '
vi) n A  B  n  A  B  n  U   n  A  B
 ' '
 '
vii) n A  B  n  A  B  n  U   n  A  B 
 '
 
'
viii) n  A  B  n  A  B  n A  B  n A  B 
ix) n  A  B  C   n  A   n  B   n  C 
n AB n BC n CA  n ABC
x) If A1 , A 2 , A 3 ............. An are pair-wise disjoint sets, then n  A1  A 2  A3  ....  A n 

= n  A1   n  A 2   n  A3   ....  n  A n 
 n  AB  = number of elements which belong to exactly one of A or B.
n  AB   n  A  B    B  A
 n  A   n  B   2n  A  B 
 n  A  B  n  A  B 
 A and B are two sets and n  A  p , n  B   q,
Then (i) min n  A  B   max  p, q
(ii) max n  A  B   p  q,
(iii) min n  A  B   0
(iv) max n  A  B   min  p, q
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 No. of elements in exactly one of the sets A,B,C  n  A  n  B   n  C   2n  A  B  
2n  B  C   2n  A  C   3n  A  B  C 
 No. of elements in exactly two of the sets A,B,C
 n  A  B   n  B  C  n  C  A  3n  A  B  C 
Some facts on relations : Let A be a finite set and n  A  n, then

(i) the number of elements in A  A is n 2
2
(ii) the number of relations from A to A is 2n
(iii) number of reflexive relations from A to A is 2n2 n
n2  n
(iv) number of symmetric relations from A to A is 2
2
n  n 1
2
(v) number of relations from A to A which are not symmetric is 2n  2 2
n2  n
(vi) number of relations from A to A which are both reflexive and symmetric is 2 2
n n 1
2
(vii) number of relations from A to A which are symmetric but not reflexive is 2 2  2n  n
 (i) Total number of relations from the set A to set B is 2 n  A n  B 
(ii) Let A and B be two non-empty sets having n elements in common then number of elements
common in  A  B    B  A   n  n  n 2
 Functional equations: If f(x) is a function such that
i) f  x  y   f  x  f  y  then f  x   k x k  R  
ii) f  x  y   f  x   f  y  then f  x   kx
iii) f  xy   f  x   f  y  then
f  x   k log a x  a  1,a  0
iv) If f(x) is a polynomial function such that
1 1
f x   f    f x f  
x x
then f  x   1  x n .
v) If f(x) is a function such that
f  x  y   f  x  y   2f  x  f  y 
k x  k x
then f  x   or f  x   cos x
2
Trace of a matrix : The sum of diagonal elements of a square matrix A is called the trace of matrix
A, which is denoted by tr ( A). Trace is also called as spur.
n
i.e., tr  A   aii  a11  a22  .....ann

i 1
Properties of trace of a matrix :
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Let A   aij  nn and B  bij  nn and  be a
scalar i) tr   A  tr  A
ii) tr  A  B   tr  A  tr  B 
iii) tr  AB   tr  BA
iv) tr  I n   n v) tr  AB   tr  A .tr  B 
vi) If A,B,C are square matrices of order n, then Tr (ABC) = Tr (BCA) = Tr (CAB)
 Transpose of a matrix : The matrix
obtained from a given matrix A by changing its rows into columns or columns into rows is called transpose
of matrix A and is denoted by AT or A'
From the definition it is obvious that if order of A is m  n , then order of AT is n  m
 Properties of transpose of a matrix :
T
Let A and B be two matrices then,  i   AT   A
T
ii)  A  B   AT  BT ,A and B being of the same order
T
iii)  kA   kAT , k be any scalar
T
iv)  AB   B T AT , A and B being conformable
for the product AB
T
v)  A1 A2 A3 .... An 1 An   AnT AnT1 .... A3T A2T A1T
vi) A=B  AT  BT
 Symmetric matrix:A square matrix A   aij  is called symmetric matrix if aij  a ji
 i, j i.e., AT  A
a h g
 f 
Eg :  h b
is a symmetric matrix
 g f c 
 Skew-Symmetric matrix :A square matrix A   aij  is called skew -symmetric matrix if

aij   a ji  i, j i.e., AT   A .
0 h g
 h 0 f 
Eg : 
  g  f 0 
Note: i) All principal diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are always zeros
ii) Trace of a skew-symmetric matrix is zero
 Properties of symmetric and
Skew-symmetric matrices :
i) If A is a square matrix, then A  AT , AAT , AT A are symmetric matrices
3
T
ii) If A is square matrix then A  A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
iii) If A is a symmetric matrix, then  A, KA, AT , An , A1 , BT AB are also symmetric matrices, where
n  N , K  R and B is a square matrix of order that of A
iv) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then
a) A2n is symmetric matrix for n  N
b) A2 n1 is a skew-symmetric matrix for n  N
c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k  R
v) If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
a) A  B, AB  BA are also symmetric matrices,
b) AB-BA is a skew-symmetric matrix,
c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB=BA
vi) If A, B two skew-symmetric matrices, then
a) A  B ,AB-BA are skew-symmetric matrices
b) AB+BA is a symmetric matrix.
vii) a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and B is a square matrix of order that of A then BT AB is
also skew-symmetric matrix.
b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column matrix, then C T AC is a zero matrix.
viii) Every square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric
matrices of same order
1 T  1 T 
i.e., A    A  A      A  A   .
2  2 
Note: If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric then A is null matrix.
 Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix A is called orthogonal if AAT  I  AT A i.e., A1  AT
 Properties of Orthogonal matrix :
i) Every orthogonal matrix is non -singular.
ii) Every orthogonal matrix is invertible.
iii) If A is orthogonal, then AT and A1 are also orthogonal.
iv) If A and B are orthogonal matrices of same order then AB and BA are also orthogonal.
v) The sum of the squares of elements of any row or column of an orthogonal matrix is 1.
vi) The sum of the products of the corresponding elements of any two rows or columns is 0
Note: i) A  AT , AB  A B = B A
ii) KA  K n A , n  order of A.
iii) If   aij is a determinant of order n, then the value of the determinant Aij , where Aij is the cofactor
of aij is, n1 .
iv) Determinant of nilpotent matrix is 0
v) Determinant of an orthogonal matrix = 1or -1
vi) Determinant of a Skew - symmetric matrix of odd order is 0.
vii) Determinant of Hermitian matrix is purely real.
viii) Determinant of triangular matrix is zero
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 Singular and non-singular matrix :
If the determinant of a square matrix is zero then it is called a singular matrix otherwise
non-singular matrix.
Note: i) A is singular  AT is singular
A is non-singular  AT is non-singular
ii) If A and B are non-singular matrices of the same type, then AB is non-singular of the
same type.
 Adjoint matrix of a square matrix :
If the elements of a square matrix are replaced by corresponding co-factors then the
transpose of the resulting matrix is called the adjoint of the m a t r i x . A d jo in t
matrix of A is denoted by Adj A
a b1 c1  A A2 A3 
 1   1
P   a2 b2 c2  B B3 
If then Adj P 
 1
B2

 
C C3 
 a 3 b3 c3   1 C2
Where A1 , B1 , C1..... are the co-factors of a1 , b1 , c1 .....

 Properties of adjoint matrix :
If A, B are square matrices of order n and I n is corresponding unit matrix, then
 i  A  adjA  A I n   adjA  A
(Thus A adj  A is always a scalar matrix)
n 1
ii) adjA  A
n2
iii) adj  adjA   A A; A  0
 n 12
iv) adj  adjA   A
 n 1r
v) adj  adj(adjA ......r times  A
T
vi) adj  AT    adjA 
vii) adj  AB    adjB  adjA

m
viii) adj  Am    adjA , m  N
ix) adj  kA   k n1  adjA , k  R

x) adj  I n   I n xi) adj  O   O
xii) A is symmetric matrix  adj A is also symmetrix matrix.
xiii) A is diagonal matrix  adj A is also diagonal matrix.
xiv) A is triangular matrix  adjA is also triangular matrix.
xv) A is singular  adjA  0
 Inverse of a matrix : Let A be a non-
singular square matrix of order n, if there exist a square matrix B of the same order such that
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AB  BA  I n then B is called the inverse of A
and we write it as A1 .
1 adj A
The inverse of A given by A 
det A
A matrix is said to be invertible, if it possesses inverse.
 Properties of inverse matrix : If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order,
then
1 1 T
i)  A1   A ii)  AT    A1 
1
iii)  AB   B 1 A1
1 k
iv)  Ak    A1  , k  N
1 1 1
vi) A  A  A
1
v) adj  A1    adjA 
vii) If A= diag( a1a2 ...an )

1

then A  diag a1 a2 ....an
1 1 1

viii) If A is symmetric matrix then A1 is also
symmetric matrix.
ix) The inverse of a skew symmetric matrix of odd order does not exist.
x) A is a non singular scalar matrix  A is also a scalar matrix.
 1
xi) A is triangular matrix, A  0  A1 is also triangular matrix.

iv) If P (x, y) is any point on the line passing through A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) then the ratio in
which P divides AB , ie AP : PB = x1-x : x-x2 or y1-y : y-y2
W.E-1: If the point  x 1  t  x 2  x 1  , y1  t  y 2  y 1   divides the join of  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2 
internally, then t 
Sol : ratio is x1  x : x  x 2
 x1  x1  t(x2  x1 ) : x1  t  x2  x1   x 2
 t(x1  x 2 ) :  x1  x2   t  x1  x 2 
t:1t 0 (  Division is internal)
 t  1  t   0  t   0,1 
v) The ratio in which the line segment joining
(x1, y1) and (x2,y2) is divided by
i) x-axis is -y1 : y2 ii) y-axis is -x1 : x2
Harmonic Conjugate :
 If P and Q divide AB internally and externally in the same ratio, then P is called as harmonic
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conjugate of Q and Q is called as harmonic conjugate of P, also P, Q are a pair of conjugate
points w.r.t. A and B
i) Q is harmonic conjugate of P with respect to A,B then AP, AB, AQ are in H.P.
ii) If P, Q divide AB harmonically in the ratio m:n then A, B divide PQ harmonically in the ratio
(m-n) : (m+n).
W.E-2:If Q is harmonic conjugate of P with respect to A, B and AP = 2, AQ = 6 then AB =
Sol : AP, AB, AQ are in H.P.
2 1 1
    AB = 3
AB AP AQ
Points of trisection :
 If P and Q are points on the line segment joining A, B dividing AB in the ratio 1:2 or 2:1 then P and Q
are called points of trisection of AB .
i) If P and Q are points of trisection of AB then
a) mid point of AB is same as mid point of PQ .
AB
b) PQ 
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 A,B are two fixed points and
PA + PB = k then
(i)If AB < k, locus of P is an ellipse
(ii)If AB =k, locus of P is line segment AB
(iii)If AB >k , locus of P does not exist
 A,B are two fixed points and
|PA - PB| = k, then
(i)If AB <k, locus of P does not exist
(ii)If AB =k, locus of P is line through A and B except line segment AB
(iii)If AB > k, locus of P is a hyperbola
 A = (a, b) B=(-a, b) then the locus of ‘P’ such that PA+PB=K (or) PA  PB  K is
2
4 x2 4  y  b 
(i) 2  2  1 , k  2a
K k  4a 2
(ii) y  b if k  2a
W.E-4: The locus of the point which satisfies
( x  3) 2  y 2  ( x  3) 2  y 2  7 is
Sol : Given that PA + PB = K where
A = (3,0) B= (-3,0) and P=(x,y) ; K=7
AB = 6 < 7 = K
 Locus of P is an Ellipse whose equation is
4 x 2 4( y  0)2
 1
49 49  36
4 x2 4 y 2
 1
49 13
W.E-5: The locus of the point which satisfies
7
2 2 2 2
( x  4)  y  ( x  4)  y  8 is
Sol : Given that PA + PB = K where
A = (4,0) B= (-4,0) and P=(x,y) ; K=8
AB = 8 = K
 Locus of P is a Straight Line whose equation is y = 0
 If A=(a, b), B= (a, -b), then locus of ‘P’ such that PA+PB=K or PA  PB  K is
2
4x  a 4 y2
(i)   1 , k  2b
k 2  4b 2 k2
(ii) x  a if k  2b
 The curve represented by
S  ax2  by 2  2hxy  2gx  2 fy  c  0
and   abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2 is
i) a circle if a=b, h=0, g 2  f 2  ac  0 ,   0
ii) a pair of lines if   0 , h2  ab, g 2  ac ,
f 2  bc
iii) a pair of parallel lines if   0 , h 2  ab ,
af 2  bg 2
iv) a parabola if   0 , h2  ab .
v) An ellipse if   0, h 2  ab .
vi) a hyperbola if   0, h 2  ab
vii) a rectangular hyperbola if   0 , a+b=0 and h2 > ab
W.E-6 : The Curve represented by the equation x 2  4 xy  4 y 2  12 x  24 y  28  0 is
Sol :   abc  2 fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2
= (1)(4)(-28)+2(-12)(-6)(2)-144-4(36)+28(4)=0
2
h2  4  ab ; af  144
bg 2  4(36)  144  af 2  bg 2
Hence given equation represents pair of Parallel lines
Rotation of axes:
 i) Rotating the system of coordinate axes through an angle ‘  ’ without changing the position of the origin.
ii) When the axes are rotated through an angle ‘ ’ in anticlockwise direction. The equations of
transformation are given by
Set-1 x = X cos - Y sin ,

y = Xsin + Ycos ,
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Set-2 X = xcos + ysin ,
Y = -x sin + ycos ,
iv) To remove the first degree terms from the equation ax2  2hxy  by 2  2gx  2fy  c  0 the origin is to be
shifted to the point
hf  bg gh  af 
 x1 , y1    , 2 ,
2 .
 ab  h ab  h  ab  h  0
2
In this case, the transformed equation is

aX2 + 2hXY + bY2 + (gx1 + fy1 + c) = 0
viii) a) To remove xy term of
ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 the angle of rotation of axes is
1  2h 
  T a n 1   , if a  b
2 ab

  2n  1  , n  z if a = b
4

b) If ' ' is angle of rotation to eleminate XY term in ax 2  2hxy  by 2  2 gx  2 fy  c  0 , then n 
2
, n  Z is also an angle of rotation to eliminate XY term
ix) The angle of rotation of axes so that the equation ax + by + c = 0 is reduced as
1  b 
a) X = constant is Tan  
a
1  a
b) Y = constant is Tan   
 b
 The condition that the equation ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 to take the form
aX2 + 2hXY + bY2 = 0 when the axes are
translated is abc + 2fgh - af2 - bg2-ch2 = 0
Note : 1) If the rotation is in clockwise direction then replace  by -  .
2) On translation or rotation the position of the point, length of line segment, area, perimeter, angles
are not changed. But the coordinates and equations will change.
3) If the axes are rotated through an angle  the following are the some invariants in original and
transformed equations of second degree general equation.
1) a + b 2) h 2  ab 3) c 4)  a  b 2  4h 2 5) 2fgh  af 2  bg 2
6) abc  2fgh  af 2  bg 2  ch 2
ix) Symmetric form and Parametric equations of a straight line :
a) The equation of the straight line passing through (x1,y1) and makes an angle  with the positive direction
x  x1 y  y1
of x-axis is 
cos  sin 
Where    0,     (    )
b) The co-ordinates  x, y  of any point P on the line at a distance ‘r’ units away from the point A x1, y1 
can be taken as  x1 r cos, y1 rsin   or x1 r cos, y1 r sin 
c) The equations x  x1  r cos  , y  y1  r sin  are called parametric equations of a line with
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parameter 'r' of the line passing through the point  x1 , y1  and having inclination  .
P x1  r cos  , y1  r sin  
Ax1, y1  

Q x1  r cos  , y1  r sin  
X
O B
x  x1 y  y1
cos  = , sin  =
AP AP
or x – x1 = AP cos  , y – y1 = AP sin  .
x  x1 y  y1
 r
cos  sin 
W.E-7: (1,2),(3,6)are two opposite vertices of a rectangle and if the other two vertices lie on the line 2y
= x + c, then c and other two vertices are
Sol: Mid point of given vertices is P  x1 , y1    2, 4  which lies on 2y = x + c then c=6. Now
1
r=BP=AP= 5 , tan  
2
Hence B=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(4,5)
C=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(0,3)

Distances:
 i) The perpendicular distance to the line ax  by  c  0
c
(a) from origin is
a 2  b2
ax1  by1  c
(b) from the point  x1 , y1  is
a2  b2
ii) The distance of a point  x1 , y1  from the line L ax by c 0 measured along a line making an angle 
ax1  by1  c
with x-axis is
a cos   b sin 
c1  c2
iii) The distance between parallel lines ax  by  c1  0 and ax  by  c2  0 is .
a 2  b2
iv) The distance between the parallel lines ax+by+c1=0 and ax + by + c2 = 0 measured along the line
having inclination  is
10
c1  c 2
a cos   b sin 
c1  c2
v) The equation of a line parallel and lying midway between the above two lines is ax  by 
0
2
vi) Equiation of the line parallel to ax+by+c=0 and at a distance d from the line is
ax  by  c  d a 2  b 2  0
W.E-8: The distance between A(2, 3) on the line of gradient 3/4 and the point of intersection P of
this line with 5x + 7y + 40 = 0 is
Sol : Since m = 3/4, then cos  = 4/5 and sin  = 3/5.
5 2  7 3  40 355
r 
 4  3 41
5   7  
 5  5
W.E-10: The range of  , if ( ,  2 ) lies inside the triangle having sides along the lines
2x + 3y = 1, x + 2y - 3 = 0, 6y = 5x -1
Sol :Let A, B, C be vertices of the triangle.
5 7
A  ( 7, 5), B   , 
4 8
 1 1
C   ,  . Sign of A w.r.t. BC to -ve.
3 9
If P lies inside the triangle ABC, then sign of P will be the same as sign of A w.r.t. the line BC
 5  6 2  1  0 .....(i)
similarly 2  3 2  1  0 .....(ii)
And   2 2  3  0 .....(iii)
Solving (i), (ii) and (iii) for  and then taking intersection,
1   3 
we get    ,1    ,  1
 2   2 
Triangles and Quadrilaterals:
 i) The ratio of the sides of a triangle formed by L1  0, L2  0 and L3  0 is
a2 b2 a b a b
a12 b12 : a22 b22 3 3 : a32 b32 1 1
a3 b3 a1 b1 a2 b2
ii) Let d1 be the distance between the
parallel lines ax  by  c1  0 , ax  by  c 2  0 and d2 be the distance between the parallel lines
a1x  b1 y  k1  0 , a1x  b1 y  k 2  0 then the figure formed by four lines is
a) a square if d1=d2 and aa1  bb1  0 ,
b) Rhombus if d1=d2 and aa1  bb1  0 ,
c) Rectangle if d1  d 2 and aa1  bb1 =0,
d) Parallelogram if d1  d 2 and aa1  bb1  0
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vii) Area of parallelogram whose sides are a1x b1y c1  0, a1x b1y c2  0, a2x b2 y d1  0
and a2 x  b2 y  d 2  0 is
 c1  c 2  d1  d 2 
a1b2  a2 b1
W.E-13: The triangle formed by the lines
x-7y-22=0, 3x+4y+9=0, 7x+y-54=0 is
a2 b2 a b a b
Sol: by using a12 b12 : a22 b22 3 3 : a32 b32 1 1
a3 b3 a1 b1 a2 b2
we get 1: 2 :1 hence the triangle is right angled isosceles.
ix) Image of the line ax+by+c = 0 w.r.t line
lx+my+n =0 (or) the straight line lx+my+n=0 bisects an angle between the two lines of which one of them
is ax+by+c=0 then equation of other line is
l 2
 m 2   ax  by  c  =2(al+bm) (lx+my+n)
W.E-15 : In ABC A is (1,2) if the internal angle bisector of B is 2x-y+10=0 and perpendicular
bisector of AC is y=x then the equation of BC is
Sol: Image of A w.r.to bisector of B is (-7,6) lies on BC and image of A in the perpendicular bisector of AC
is C(2,1)
 equation of BC is 5x+9y-19=0
ii) The equations of the sides BC,CAandAB of the triangle ABC formed by the lines
Li  a i x  bi y  ci  0 (i=1,2,3) then
a) Orthocentre is point of intersection of
 a2a3 bb
2 3  L1   a3a1  bb
3 1  L2   aa 1 2  L3
1 2  bb
b) Median through A is 2 L2  3 L3  0
Hence centroid satisfies 2 L2  3 L3  1 L1
iii) If H is orthocentre of triangle ABC, then orthocentre of triangle formed by any three of the points
H,A,B,C will be the remaining point.
iv) Circumcentre is equidistant from the vertices of triangle
v) If G is the centroid, H is the orthocentre and S is the circumcentre then
a) The relation between them is 3G = 2S + H.
b) H  3G when S   0, 0 
vi) Incentre is equidistant from all sides of the
traingle.
vii) In a triangle ABC,
a) The internal bisector of angle A, ie. AD divides opposite side BC at D in the ratio AB:AC
b) The external bisector of angle A, ie. AD divides opposite side BC at D in the ratio -AB:AC
viii) If the algebraic sum of the perpendicular distances from three points to a variable line is zero, then the
line passes through the centroid of the triangle formed by the three points.
v) The equation of the bisector of the angle which contains a given point :
The equation of the bisector of the angle between the two lines containing the point  x1 , y1  is
12
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2
2 2
=
a b
1 1 a 22  b 22
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2
or =–
a12  b12 a 22  b 22
according as a1x1 + b1y1 + c1 and a2x1 + b2y1 + c2 are of the same signs or of opposite signs.
vi) For example the equation of the bisector of the angle containing the origin is given by
a 1x  b1 y  c1 a 2 x  b2 y  c2
2 2 =+ for same sign of c1 and c2 (for opposite sign take –ve sign in place of
a b
1 1 a 22  b 22
+ve sign)
vii) If c 1 c 2 (a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 ) < 0, then the origin will lie in t he acut e angle and if
c1c2 (a1a2 + b1b2) > 0, then origin will lie in the obtuse angle.
viii) Equation of straight lines passing through P(x1, y1) and equally inclined with the lines
a1x + b1y + c1= 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are those which are parallel to the bisectors between these two
lines and passing through the point P.
W.E-17 :
For the straight lines 4x + 3y – 6 = 0 and 5x + 12y + 9 = 0, find the equation of the -
(i) Bisector of the obtuse angle between them is
ii) Bisector of the acute angle between them is
(iii) Bisector of the angle which contains origin is
(iv) Bisector of the angle which contains (1, 2) is
Sol: after making c1 >0 and c2 >0 ;
a1a2+b1b2 = (-4)(5)+(-3)(12) = -56 <0
i) The bisector of the acute angle is
 4x  3y  6 5 x  12 y  9
2
(  4 )  (  3) 2 =
5 2  12 2
7x + 9y – 3 = 0
ii) The bisector of the obtuse angle is
 4x  3y  6 5 x  12 y  9
2
(  4 )  (  3) 2 = 
5 2  12 2
9x – 7y – 41 = 0
(iii) The bisector of the angle containing the origin
 4x  3y  6 5 x  12 y  9
(  4 ) 2  (  3) 2 = 5 2  12 2
;7x + 9y – 3 = 0
(iv) For the point (1, 2),
4x + 3y – 6 = 4 × 1 + 3 × 2 – 6 > 0
5x + 12y + 9 = 12× 2 + 9 > 0
Hence equation of the bisector of the angle containing the point (1, 2) is
4x  3y  6 5 x  12 y  9
= ; 9x – 7y – 41 = 0
5 13
Optimization:
 Let A and B are two points on same side of line L  ax  by  c  0
i) The point P such that PA + PB is minimum, is intersection of L = 0 and the line joining A to image of
B
13
or line joining B to image of A w.r.to L = 0
ii) The point is P such that PA  PB is
Maximum, is point of intersection of line L = 0 and line joining A and B.
W.E-18: A light ray emerging from the point source placed at P(2, 3) is reflected at a point ‘Q’ on the
y-axis and then passes through the point R(5, 10). Coordinate of ‘Q’ is -
Sol: Image of point P(2,3) in Y-axis is P1  2,3 
Equation of P1R  y  3  1 x  2 
x  y5  0
P1R meets the Y-axis at Q(0,5)
Reflection in surface:
N IP = incident ray
I R
PN = normal to the surface
 
Tangent PR
= reflected ray
P
 IPN =  NPR
 Angle of incident = Angle of reflection
No. of lines, no. of triangles and no. of circles:
 No. of lines drawn through the point A which are at a distance d from the point B
a) If AB = d then the no. of lines through A at a
distance d from B is 1
b) If AB>d then the no. of lines through A at a
distance d from B is 2
c) If AB<d then the no. of lines through A at a distance d from B is 0
 No of right angled traingles in a circle depends on height h of the traingle and radius r of the circle
a) If h = r, no. of right angled traingles = 2
b) If h < r, no. of right angled traingles = 4
c) If h > r, no. of right angled traingles = 0
 No. of circles touching three lines
a) No circle if the lines are parallel
b) one circle if the lines are concurrent
c) 2 circles if two lines are parallel and third cuts them
d) 4 circles if the lines are not concurrent and no two of them are parallel.
W.E-19: Let A= (1,2), B= (3,4) and C=(x,y) be a point such that(x–1) (x–3)+(y–2)(y–4)=0. If area of
 ABC=1 then maximum number of positions of C in the xy plane is
Sol: Ends of diameter are A= (1,2), B= (3,4)
1 1
Area of the triangle is equal to 1 
2
2 2   h  =1  h  2
AB 5
radius = 
2 2
 number of traingles= 4 ( h < r)
Coordinate Plane divides line segment :
 If Ax1, y1, z1  and Bx 2 , y 2 , z 2  are two points then
i) yoz plane divides the line segment AB in the ratio  x1 : x2
ii) zox plane divides the line segment AB in the ratio - y1 : y 2
14
iii) x o y plane divides the line segment ABin the ratio - z1 : z 2
iv) The internal angular bisect or of angle A of
triangle ABC intersect the opposite side BC in D and I is incentre of the triangle then
i) BD : DC = AB:AC
ii) AI : ID = AB+AC : BC
W.E-6 : The line passing through the points A  5,1, a  and B  3, b,1 crosses the yz  plane at the
 17 13 
point  0, ,   Then the values of a, b are
 2 2
Sol: YZ plane divides AB in the ratio =  x1 : x2
 5b  3 5  3a   17 13 
 0, ,    0, , 
 2 2   2 2 
 a  6, b  4
W.E-7 : The ratio in which the line joining the points A ( -3,4,8) and B( 5,-6,4) is divided by xoy
plane and the point of intersection of the line with the plane.
Sol: Let P divides AB in the ratio  :1
 P is in xoy plane
4  8
  0    2
 1
 x o y plane divides AB externally in the ratio 2:1, Point of intersection = ( 13,-16,0)
W.E-8: If the vertices of a triangle are A( 3,2,0) B(5,3,2) C( -9,6,-3) , the internal bisector of angle
A meets BC in D, then co-ordinates of D are
BD BA 3
Sol: We know that  
DC AC 13
 39 13.5 3.6  13.3 33 13.2 
 D   , , 
 3 13 3  13 3  13 
 38 57 17 
  , , 
 16 16 16 
W.E-8: If the vertices of a triangle are A( 3,2,0) B(5,3,2) C( -9,6,-3) , the internal bisector of angle
A meets BC in D, then co-ordinates of D are
BD BA 3
Sol: We know that  
DC AC 13
 39 13.5 3.6  13.3 33 13.2 
 D   , , 
 3 13 3  13 3  13 
 38 57 17 
  , , 
 16 16 16 
Centroid of triangle :
 i) The centroid of the triangle formed by the points x1 , y1 , z1 , x 2 , y 2 , z 2  and x 3 , y3 , z3  is
 x1  x 2  x3 y1  y 2  y 3 z1  z 2  z 3 
 , , 
 3 3 3 
ii) If G is centroid of ABC then 3G = A+B+C
iii)  G; OS   2 :1 .Where G is centroid, O is orthocentre, S is circumcentre
15
W.E-9 : If the orthocentre and the circumcentre of a triangle are ( -3,5,2) (6,2,5), then its centroid
is
Sol: (G ; OS) = 2:1
13  2 6 15  22 12  2 5
 
G =  , ,
 1 2 1 2 1  2 
= ( 3,3,4)
Tetrahedron :
 i) Let ABC be a triangle and D be a point in the space which is not in the plane of the triangle ABC. Then
ABCD is called Tetrahedron.
ii) The tetrahedron ABCD has four faces namely ABC , ACD, ABD, BCD and it has four vertices
namely A,B,C,D and it has six edges namely AB,AC,BC,AD,BD and CD
iii) The centroid G of Tetrahedron ABCD divides the line joining any vertex to the centroid of its opposite
triangle in the ratio 3:1.
iv) The centroid of the tetrahedron formed by the points  x1 , y1 , z1  ,  x2 , y2 , z2  ,  x3 , y3 , z3  and
 x1  x2  x3  x4 y1  y2  y3  y4 z1  z2  z3  z4 
 x4 , y4 , z4  is  , , 
 4 4 4 
v) If G is centroid of tet rahedron ABCD then
4G = A+B+C+D
Relation between direction cosines of a line
 If ( l , m, n ) are d.c’s of a line then
i) l 2  m 2  n 2  1
ii) cos 2   cos2   cos2  1
iii) sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   2
iv) cos 2  cos 2   cos2  1

W.E-1 : If the angles made by a straight line with X,Y,Z - axes are , ,  respectively then  
2
Sol : Since l 2  m 2  n 2  1 , we have
 
cos 2   cos 2      cos 2   1
2 
2 2 2
cos   sin   cos   1
1  cos 2   1 , cos 2   0 ,     / 2
W.E-2: If  ,  ,  are the angles made by a line with coordinate axes then
cos  2   cos  2    cos  2   1 
Sol : cos 2  cos 2  cos 2  1
 2cos2   1  2cos2   1  2cos2   1  1
 2  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2    2  2 1  2  0
iii) If  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  are direction cosines of two intersecting lines then the d.c’s of the lines
bisecting angle between them are proportional to ( l1  l2 , m1  m2 , n1  n2 )
16
l1  l 2 m  m2 n  n2 
, 1 , 1
2 cos  / 2 2 cos  / 2 2 cos  / 2 

iv) D.c’s of angular bisectors are l1  l 2 m1  m 2 n1  n 2 
, ,
2 sin  / 2 2 sin  / 2 2 sin  / 2 
Where  isangle between the lines
iii) If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are connected by the relations al  bm  cn  0
and fmn  gnl  hlm  0 , then the lines are
f g h
a) perpendicular if   0
a b c
b) parallel if af  bg  ch  0
iv) If the d.c’s  l , m, n  of two lines are connected by the relations
al  bm  cn  0 and ul 2  vm 2  wn 2  0 , then the lines are
a) perpendicular if a2  v  w  0
a 2 b2 c 2
b) parallel if   0
u v w
W.E-7 : If the d.r’s of two lines are given by the equations 2l  m  2n  0 and mn  nl  lm  0
then the angle between the two lines is
Sol :Here f  1, g  1, h  1, a  2, b  1, c  2
f g h 1 1 1
      0 ,  900
a b c 2 1 2
W.E-8 : If the d.c’s of two parallel lines are given by 2 l  3 m  k n  0 and l 2  m 2  5n 2  0 then
the values of k are
Sol: Here a  2, b  3, c  k , u  1, v  1, w  5
a 2 b2 c 2
Lines are parallel    0
u v w
4 9 k2
    0  k 2  25 k 5
1 1 5
 Length of projection:
B

A R

P Q
M l N

Let A, B are two points, l  PQ be directed line and M, N are be the projection of A, B on l,
 
R be the projection of A on BN and ‘ ’ is angle made by AB with PQ
i) If ‘ ’ is acute angle then MN is projection of AB on l
ii) If ‘  ’ is obtuse angle then -MN is projection of AB on l
17
iii) The Projection of AB on the line ‘ l ’ is AB Cos
iv) Length of projection of the line segment joining two points .
A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  on a line whose direction cosines are given by ( l , m, n ) is
l ( x2  x1 )  m( y2  y1 )  n( z2  z1 )
v) Length of projection of the line segment joining two given points A( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and B( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) on
(a) X- axis is p  x2  x1
(b) Y- axis is q  y2  y1
(c) Z- axis is r  z2  z1
2 2
(d) XY- plane is d1   x2  x1    y 2  y1 
2 2
(e) YZ- plane is d 2   y2  y1    z 2  z1 
2 2
(f) ZX- plane is d3   x2  x1    z2  z1 
(g) d12  p 2  q 2 , d 22  q 2  r 2 , d32  p 2  r 2
d12  d 22  d 32  2  p 2  q 2  r 2 
d12  d 22  d32 2
(h) AB  p  q  r ; AB 
2 2 2 2
2
7
W.E-9 : If the projections of the line segment AB on the coordinate planes are 2, k, 6 and AB  2
then k  k  1 
2
Sol :Here d1  2, d 2  k , d3  6
2 d12  d 22  d32
 AB 
2
49 4  k 2  36
  k2  9  k  3
2 2
 k2  k 1  7
W.E- 10 : If the projections of the line segment AB on the yz-plane, zx-plane, xy-plane are
160 , 153, 5 respectively then the projection of AB on the z-axis is
Sol: Here d1  160, d 2  153, d3  5
d12  q 2  r 2  160, d 22  r 2  p 2  153,
d32  p 2  q 2  25
d12  d 22  d32
p2  q 2  r 2 
2
160  153  25
25  r 2   169
2
 r 2  144  r  12
18
Areas :
 i) If A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  , C  x3 , y3 , z3  are the vertices of triangle ABC then area of
1
ABC  AB  AC
2
ii) If A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  , C  x3 , y3 , z3  and D  x4 , y4 , z4  then
1    
a) Area of parallelogram ABCD  2 AC  BD  AB  AD
1  
b) Area of plane quadrilateral ABCD  AC  BD
2
W.E-11 : If A 1, 1, 2  , B  2,1, 1 , C  3, 1, 2  are vertices of a triangle then area of triangle ABC is
  
Sol : AB  OB  OA  i  2i  3k
  
AC  OC  OA  2i
i j k
 
AB  AC  1 2 3  2  3 j  2 k 
2 0 0
  1
Area of ABC  1 AB  A C =  2  13  13
2 2
Some standard results:
 1 1 1 
 i) D.c’s of line equally inclined with coordinate axes are   , , 
 3 3 3
1 1
ii) a) Angle between any two diagonals of a cube is cos  
3
b) The angle between a diagonal of a cube and the diagonal of a face of the cube is
2
Cos 1
3
iii) If a variable line in two adjacent positions has direction cosines.
iv)  l , m, n  ,  l   l , m   m, n   l  and  is the angle between the two positions then
2 2 2 2
 l    m    n    
v) If a, b, c are the lengths of the sides of a rectangular parallelopiped then angle between any two
 a 2  b2  c 2 
1
diagonals is given by cos  a 2  b2  c 2  , (In numerator all the three terms not have the samesign)
 
vi) If a line makes angles  ,  ,  ,  with the four diagonals of a cube then
4
cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   cos 2  
3
W.E-12 : If a line makes angles 60o , 45o , 45o and  with the four diagonals of a cube then sin 2  
4
Sol: cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   cos 2  
3
19
o o o
where   60 ,   45 ,   45 ,   
4
cos 2 600  cos 2 450  cos 2 450  cos 2  
3
1 1 1 4
    cos2  
4 2 2 3
1 11
 cos 2   ,  sin 2  
12 12
ix) The reflection(Image) of a x  b y  c1 z  d 1  0 in the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by
1 1
 
2 aa1  bb1  cc1  ax  by  cz  d 
 a 2
 b2  c 2  a x  b y  c z  d 
1 1 1 1
W.E-2 : Distance between parallel planes 2 x  2 y  z  3  0 and 4 x  4 y  2 z  5  0 is

5
Sol : The given planes are 2 x  2 y  z  3  0 , 2 x  2 y  z   0
5 2
Here a  2, b  2, c  1, d1  3, d 2 
2
5
d1  d2 3
Distance= 2 1
2 2 2 ,= 
a b c 4  4 1 6
W.E-3 : The equation of the parallel plane lying midway between the parallel planes
2x  3y  6z  7  0 and 2x  3y  6z  7  0 is
d1  d 2
Sol : The required plane is ax  by  cz  0
2
2x  3 y  6z 
 7  7   0
2
2x  3 y  6 z  0
W.E-4 : The reflection of the plane in the plane
x  y  z  3  0 is
Sol : The given planes are ,
2x  3 y  4z  3  0 ( a x  b y  c z  d  0 ) x  y  z  3  0  ax  by  cz  d  0 
1 1 1 1
 Equation of the required plane be obtained using the fact reflection of

a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d 1  0 in the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by
 
2 aa1  bb1  cc1  ax  by  cz  d 
 a 2 2
b c 2
 a x  b y  c z  d 
1 1 1 1
 The reflection is 4 x  3 y  2 z  15  0
x y z
 i) Area of the triangle formed by the plane    1 with
a b c
1
a) X – axis , Y –axis is ab Sq. units
2
20
1
b) Y– axis, Z– axis is bc Sq. units
2
1
c) Z– axis, X– axis is ca Sq. units
2
x y z
ii) If the plane    1 meets the co-ordinate axes in the points A,B,C. then the area of the triangle
a b c
ABC is
1 2 2 2
 ab    bc    ca  .
2
W.E-10 : The area of the triangle formed by the plane 2 x  3 y  6 z  9  0 with Y-axis, Z- axis is (in
Sq.units)
x y z
  1
Sol : The plane is 9 3 3
2 2
9 3
Here a  , b  3, c 
2 2
1
The area of the triangle = bc
2
1 3 9
=   3    = Sq.units
2  2  4
x y z
W.E-11 : The plane    1 cuts the axes in A, B,C then the area of the  ABC is (squ)
2 3 4
Sol : a  2, b  3, c  4
 Area of the ABC =
1 2 2 2
 ab    bc    ca   61 .
2
 i) If P1  a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and P2  a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 are two intersecting planes then the
plane passing through their line of intersection is P1  kP2  0 where k is any constant.
ii) The equation of plane which bisects the join of the points  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  at right angles is
 1
  x  x   x  2  x
1 2  x2    0

1
iii) If a plane meets the coordinate axes in A,B,C such that the centroid of the triangle ABC is the point
x y z
(p,q,r) then the equation of the plane is   3
p q r
iv) Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin.If a plane cuts them at distance a, b, c and
a1 , b1 , c1 respectively from the origin, then a 2  b 2  c 2  a12  b12  c12
v) A variable plane is at a constant distance ‘p’ from the origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. The
locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC is x 2  y 2  z 2  9 p 2
21
vi) A variable plane is at a constant distance ‘p’ from the origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. The
locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is x 2  y 2  z 2  16 p 2
vii) A variable plane passes through a fixed point  ,  ,   and meets the coordinate axes in A, B, C.
Then the locus of the point of intersection of the planes through A, B, C parallel to the coordinate planes
  
is    1
x y z
viii) A variable plane at a constant distance ‘p’ from the origin meets the axes in A, B and C. Through A,
B, C planes are drawn parallel to the coordinate planes.Then the locus of their point of intersection is
x 2  y 2  z 2  p 2
x y z
ix) A point P moves on the fixed plane    1 . The plane through P, perpendicular to OP meets
a b c
the coordinate axes in A, B and C.Then the locus of the point of intersection of the planes throughA, B,
1 1 1 1 1 1
C parallel to the coordinate planes is 2  2  2    .
x y z ax by cz
x) The planes x   a, y   b and z   c form a rectangular parallelopiped.
xi) A parallelopiped is formed by the planes drawn through the points  x1 , y1, z1  and  x2 , y2 , z2  parallel to
the co-ordinate planes. The length of a diagonal of the parallelopiped  a 2  b 2  c 2
Here a  x2  x1 , b  y2  y1 , c  z2  z1
ii) To find a point on the line:
At least one of the d.r’s must be non-zero.
Let a1b2 – a2b1  0
The line cannot be parallel to xy-plane.
Let it intersect the xy-plane in (x1, y1, 0)
then a1x1 + b1y1 + d1 = 0
and a2x1 + b2y1 + d2 = 0
By solving these equations we get the point (x1,y1,0) on the line.
x  x1 y  y1 z  0
Hence the equation of the line in symmetric form is  
l m n
Note: If l  0, take a point on yz-plane as (0,y1,z1)
and if m  0 take a point on xz-plane as (x1,0,z1).
W.E-2: The equation of the line
3x + 2y – z – 4 = 0 = 4x + y – 2z + 3 in symmetrical form is
Sol: Let (a, b, c) be the d.r’s of the line then
3a + 2b – c = 0, 4a + b – 2c = 0
By cross multiplication method
a b c
 
3 2 5
d.r’s of the line are (–3, 2, –5)
Since c  0, the line not parallel to xy-plane.
22
Let (x1, y1, 0) be a point on the line
3x1 + 2y1 – 4 = 0, 4x1 + y1 + 3 = 0
By solving these equations we get
x1 = –2, y1 = 5
A point on the line is (–2, 5, 0)
x  2 y 5 z 0
Hence the equation of the line in symmetrical form  
3 2 5
Parametric form:
 The parametric equations of the line passing through the point P  x1 , y1 , z1  and having d.c’ss  l , m, n  are
x  x1  lr , y  y1  mr ,
z  z1  nr Where r = OP
Remark: The coordinates of a point on the line whose d.c’s are (l, m, n) which is at a distance of ‘r’ units
from the point (x1,y1,z1) are ( x1  lr , y1  mr , z1  nr )
x 1 y  1
W.E-3. The coordinates of a point on the line   z at a distance of 4 14 from the point
2 3
(1, –1, 0) nearer to the origin are
Sol. Let A = (1,–1,0)
x 1 y 1
  z t
2 3
The cooridnates of any point P on the given line are (2t + 1, –3t – 1, t)
AP  4 14
(2t ) 2  ( 3t ) 2  (t ) 2  (4 14) 2  t  4
So the coordinates of the required point are (9, –13, 4) and (–7, 11, –4)
Out of which nearer to the origin is (–7, 11, –4)
Coplanar lines:
 Two lines are said to be coplanar if they are either parallel or intersect.
Non–Coplanar Lines:
 Two lines are said to be non coplanar or skew lines if they are neither parallel nor intersecting.
Condition for two lines to be coplanar:
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 The line   lies in the plane ax  by  cz  d  0 if
l m n
ax1  by1  cz1  d  0 , al  bm  cn  0 .
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Proof: let   ............. 1
l m n
ax  by  cz  d  0..........  2 
23
if the line (1) lies in the plane (2) then for all values ‘t’ the point p  x1  lt , y1  m t , z1  nt  will lie in
the plane (2)
ie, a  x1  lt   b  y1  mt   c  z1  nt   d  0
 t  al  bm  cn    ax1  by1  cz1  d   0
it is true for all values of ‘t’
hence we must have al  bm  cn  0 and ax1  by1  cz1  d  0
which are the required conditions.
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Remark: The lines  
a1 b1 c1 ,
x  x2 y  y2 z  z 2
 
a2 b2 c2 are coplanar
x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2
 a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2
xad ya z a d x b  c y b z b c
W.E-4. The lines   and   are
         
Sol:  x1 , y1 , z1    a  d , a, a  d 
(x2,y2,z2) = (b – c, b, b + c)
 a1 , b1 , c1      ,  ,    
 a 2 , b2 , c 2       ,  ,    
x1  x 2 y1  y 2 z1  z 2
now a 1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
ad bc a b a  d bc

=     
    
c1  c1  c2  c3
3 a  b  a  b a  d  b  c
 3    0
3   
Hence given lines are coplanar
24
. Equation of a plane containing lines:
 The equation of the plane containing the lines
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
   
a1 b1 c1 , a2 b2 c2 is a1 b1 c1  0 (or)
a2 b2 c2
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2
x  3 y 1 z  k x 1 y  2 z  5
W.E-5 The value of K, if the lines   and   are coplanar
3 1 5 1 2 5
Sol: points on the given lines  x1 , y1 , z1    3,1, k 
 x2 , y2 , z2    1, 2,5
D.r’s of given lines  a1 , b1 , c1    3,1,5 
 a2 , b2 , c2    1, 2,5
Equation of the plane is
x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2
a1 b1 c1 0
a2 b2 c2
2 1 k  5
 3 1 5  0 K= 5
1 2 5
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
. If the lines   ,
l m n
a1x  b1 y  c1z  d1  0  a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d2 are coplanar then
a1 x1  b1 y1  c1 z1  d1 a2 x1  b2 y1  c2 z1  d2

a1l  b1m  c1n a2l  b2m  c2n
Skew lines:
 Two straight lines are said to be skew lines if they are neither parallel nor intersecting. i.e. the lines which
do not lie in a plane.
Shortest distance:
 If L1 and L2 are skew lines then there is one and only one line perpendicular to both of the lines L1 and L2
25
which is called the line of shortest distance. If PQ is the line of shortest distance then the distance between
P and Q is called distance between the given skew lines.
i) The shortest distance between the skew lines r  a1   b1, r  a2  b2 is
( a1  a 2 )   b1  b2 )  a1  a 2 b1 b2 
( or )
b1  b2 b1  b2
ii) If the above two lines are coplanar or intersecting then  a1  a2 b1 b2  = 0
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
iii) Shortest distance between the lines  
a1 b1 c1
x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
and  
a2 b2 c2 is
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
 (b c1 2  b2c1 ) 2
W.E-6: The shortest distance beween the lines whose vector equations are
r   i  j    (2 i  j  k ) and
r   2 i  j  k    (3i  5 j  2k ) is
Sol: Compare the given equations with r  a1   b1, r  a2  b2
 a1  i  j , b1  2 i  j  k
a2  2 i  j  k , b2  3i  5 j  2k
 a1  a2   i  k
i j k
b1  b2  2 1 1  3i  j  7 k
3 5 2
b1  b2  9  1  49  59
1 0 1
 a1  a2 b1 b2   2 1 1  10
3 5 2
Shortest distance between the skew lines
26
 a1  a2 b1 b2  10
 
b1  b2 59
. Distance between parallel lines:

b  (a1  a2 )
 The distance between the parallel lines r  a1   b , r  a2   b is
|b |
Proof: Given parallel lines are:
r  a1   b --- (1)
r  a2   b --- (2)
Let PQ be the distance between (1) and (2)
let T be a point on (1) with OT  a1
Let OP  a2
Let Q be the projection of P on (1)
Let  be the angle between PT and b

b  TP = | b || TP |sin  .nˆ  --- (3)
Where n̂ is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane of the lines (1) and (2)
TP  OP  OT  a2  a1
 In  PTQ 
 
 sin   P Q  P Q  P T . sin  
 PT 
From (3) 
b  TP  b TP sin  nˆ 
 b  (a2  a1 ) | b | ( PQ)nˆ
 b   a 2  a1   b  PQ  nˆ  1
b  (a2  a1) b  (a2  a1)
 PQ   PQ 
b b
27
b  (a1  a2 )
 PQ 
b
W.E-7 The distance between the parallel lines given by r   i  2 j  4k   (2i  3 j  6k )
and r   3i  3 j  5k    (2 i  3 j  6k )
Sol: Compare the given lines with r  a1   b
r  a2   b
a1  i  2 j  4k ,
a2  3i  3 j  5k , b  2 i  3 j  6k
b   a1  a2 
Distance between the lines = b
a1  a2  2 i  j  k
i j k
b  (a1  a2 )  2 3 6  9 i  14 j  4k
2 1 1
b  ( a1  a2 )  81  196  16  293
b  4  9  36  7
293
Distance between the lines =
7
x y 1 z  2
W.E-8 The image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line   is
1 2 3
Sol. Let A = (1, 6, 3)
Let P be the foot of the perpendicular from A(1, 6, 3) to the given line
A
x y 1 z  2
  t P
1 2 3
B
then P = (t, 2t+1, 3t+2)


D.r’s of AP (t – 1, 2t – 5, 3t – 1)

AP is perpendicular to the given line
28
 1(t  1)  2(2t  5)  3(3t  1)  0
 t  1, P = (1, 3, 5)
Let B be the image of A
B = 2P – A = (1, 0, 7)
1 1
 x
lim e  , lim e  0 x
x 0 x 0
1 1
 
 lim e x
 0, lim e x

x 0 x 0
 lim x n  0 if | x | 1
n 
 lim x n   if | x | 1
n
1/ n
W.E-1 : lim  4n  5n  is equal to
n
Sol: Given limit =

1/ n
n 1/ n
  4 n 
lim  4  5
n
  lim 5  1     5
n   
 5 
n 
  4 n 
   0 as n   
 5 
5n1  3n  22 n
W.E-2 : lim is equal to
n  5 n  2 n  32 n  3
5n 1  3n  22 n 5.5n  3n  4 n
Sol: lim  lim
n  5n  2 n  32 n  3 n  5n  2 n  27.9 n
5n 3n 4n
5.  n n
 lim n 9 n
9 9  000  0
n  5 2n 0  0  27
n
 n
 27
9 9
1 1
 lim sin    lim cos    Does not exist
x 0
x x  0
 x
1 1
 lim x sin    lim x cos    0
x 0
 x  x 0  x
L’Hospital’s Rule:
f  x 0 
 If Lim
x a g  x  is of the form or then
0 
f x f 1 x
Lim  Lim 1 .
x a g  x  x a g  x 
29
1
f x 0 
If Lim
x a g1  x 
is of the form or then
0 
f x f 11  x 
Lim  Lim 11
x a g  x  x a g  x 
f 11  x  0 
Lim
If xa g11 x is of the form or then This can be continued till we finally arrive at
  0 
a determinate result.
W.E-3 : Let f  x  be a twice differentiable
3 f  x   4 f  3x   f  9 x 
function and f " 0  =5, then lim is equ al
x 0 x2
to
3 f  x   4 f  3x   f  9 x   0 
Sol: lim 2  form 
x 0 x 0 
'
 lim
3f  x   12 f '  3 x   9 f '  9 x   0 
 form 
x 0 2x 0 
3 f "  x   36 f "  3 x   81 f "  9 x 

 lim
x 0 2
3 f "  0   36 f "  0   81 f "  0 

2
 24 f "  0   24  5   120
Some useful results:
 Let S  {x,sin x, tan x,sinh x, tanh x, sin 1 x, tan 1 x,sinh 1 x, tanh 1 x}
f ( mx ) m
If f ( x), g ( x )  S then Lt g ( nx )  n , .
x0
If f1  x  , f 2  x  , g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
f1  mx   f 2  nx  mn
Lt 
x 0 g1  px   g 2  qx  pq
sin ax a

1  cos ax a 2
 Lt , Lt 
x  o tan bx b x 0 x2 2
sin 7 x  sin 5 x 7  5
W.E-4 : Lt  4
x  0 tan 5 x  tan 2 x 5 2
 If f1  x  , f 2  x  , g1  x  , g 2  x   S and
m + n = p + q then
f1 m  ax  f 2 n  bx  a m b n
Lt p q
 p q
x  0 g 1  cx  g 2  dx  c d
30
3 2 3 2
sin 2 x tan 3 x 2  3 9
W.E-5 : Lt 4
 4

x 0 x sin 4 x 4 32
 If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
1  cos ax a2
Lt 
x  0 g1  cx  g 2  dx  2cd
1  cos x 1
W.E-6 : Lt 
x  0 x sin 3 x 6
 If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
1  cos n  ax  na 2
Lt 
x  0 g1  cx  g 2  dx  2cd
1  cos3 2 x 3  22 6
W.E-7 : Lt  
x 0 sin 5 x tan 7 x 2  5  7 35
 If g1  x  , g2  x  ,............., g 2 n  x   S then
1  cos  ax n  a2
Lt g  c x  .g  c x  ........g  c x 
x 0 1 1 2 2 2n 2n

2c1c2 ........c2 n
1  cos  2 x3  4 1
W.E-8: Lt 2 3
 2 3

x 0 x sin  2 x  tan  3 x  2  2  3 54
 If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
cos ax  cos bx b 2  a 2
Lt 
x  0 f  cx  g  dx  2 cd
cos 3 x  cos 5 x 25  9
W.E-9 : Lt  8
x0 x2 2
 If g1  x  , g 2  x   S then
cos n ax  cos n bx n  b  a 
2 2
Lt 
x  0 g 1  cx  . g 2  dx  2 cd
cos 3 3x  cos 3 5 x 3  25  9 
W.E-10 : Lt   24
x 0 x2 2
 If g1  x  , g 2  x  ,............., g 2 n  x   S then
cos  ax n   cos  bx n 
b2  a 2
Lt g c x .g c x .......g c x  2c c ........c
x 0 1  1  2 2  2n  2n  1 2 2n
cos  2x3   cos  5x3  25  4 7 7

W.E-11: Lt   
x0 x sin2  2x tan3  3x 2  22 33 18 4 72
 If g1  x   S then
31
n n
tan  ax   sin  ax   na n 2
Lt n 2
x 0  g ( x ) 2
tan x  sin x 1
W.E-12: Lt 
x 0 x3 2
1  xn  1  xn
 Lt 1
x 0 xn
1  x2  1  x2
W.E-13: Lt 1
x 0 x2
n 1
a  x m  n a  x m 2 n 1
 Lt  a
x 0 xm n
1
ax  ax 1 1
W.E-14 : Lt  a2 
x 0 x a
a x  ax 1
 If g ( x)  S then Lt 
x 0 g ( x) a
3 x  3 x 1
W.E-15 : Lt 
x 0 sin x 3
ax  a 1
 If g ( x)  S then Lt 
x 0 g ( x) 2 a
2 x  2 1
W.E-16 : Lt 
x 0 x 2 2
x.a x  x 2
 Lt 1  cos mx  m 2 log a
x 0  
x.23 x  x 23 2
W.E-17: Lt 1  cos 3 x  32 log 2  3 log 2
x 0  
 lim f ( x )  1 and lim g ( x)   then
xa x a
g(x) lim g ( x ) f ( x ) 1

lim  f ( x)   e xa
x a
2/ x
W.E-18 : If lim
x0

1  ax  bx 2   e3 , then the values of a and b are
2/ x
Sol: Let lim
x 0
1  ax  bx 2  is of the form 1
32
2

lim 1  a x  b x 2 1 .x
lim 2 a  2 b x 
e x 0  e x 0
 e2 a  e3 ( given)  a  3 / 2 and b  R
 lim f ( x)  0 and lim g ( x )  0 , then

x a x a
lim g ( x )log f ( x )
lim[ f ( x)]g ( x )  e xa ( f ( x)  0 )
x a
1
Lt
W.E-19: x 1 1  x 2 log( 1 x ) =
 lo g 1  x   log 1  x  
lim log 1 x 
2
lim  
Sol : x1 log 1 x  
x 1  log 1  x  
e e
lim  log 1  x  
 e x1 1    e1 0  e
 log 1  x  
1
 a x  a2x  a3x  ...  anx  x 1
 lim  1    1 2 n n
a .a ...a
x0
 n 
x
 1x 1
x
1
x
1
x
 1
 a  a  a  ...  a n 
 lim 1 2 3
  a1.a2 ...a n  n
x   n 
 
1/ x
 2 x  2 2 x  23 x 
lim
W.E-20 : Evaluate x0  
 3 
1/ x
 2 x  2 2 x  23 x  1/ 3
Sol: lim     2.4.8  =4
x0
 3 
n
W.E-21 : lim  cos x  m sin ax  x  eamn
x 0
0, 0  a  1
1, a  1
x 
lim a  
 x 
 , a  1
does not exists, a  0
Some frequently used expansions:

p ( p  1) 2 p( p  1)( p  2) 3
 i) (1  x ) p  1  px  x  x  ... ,
2! 3!
if x  1
33
2 3
x x x x
ii) e  1     ...
1! 2! 3!
x x x2 2
iii) a  1  .log e a   loge a   ...
1! 2!
x 2 x3 x 4
iv) loge (1  x)  x     ...
2 3 4
 x 2 x3 x 4 
v) log e (1  x )    x     ... 
 2 3 4 
x 3 x5
vi) sin x  x    ....
3! 5!
x2 x 4
vii) cos x  1    .....
2! 4!
x3 2 x 5
viii) tan x  x   .....
3 15
1 1 x3 1 3 x5
ix) sin x  x  .  . .  .....
2 3 2 4 5
1 x3 x5
x) tan x  x    .....
3 5
1
 ex 
 1  x  x e 
Lim  2
W.E-22: Evaluate x0 
 sin 2 x 
 
1/ x ex
1  x  e
Sol : Lt 2
x 0 sin 2 x
1/ x ex
1  x  e 2
 Lt 2 . x 
 2 
x 0 x2  sin x 
1/ x ex
1  x  e
 Lt 2 .1
x 0 sin 2 x
 x 11 2  ex
e 1   x ....  e 
2 24 2  11e .
 Lt  
x 0 x2 24
 x3 
 sin x  x 
W.E-23: Find Lt  6  .
x 0 x5
34
3
 x 
 sin x  x  6 
Sol : Lt  5

x 0 x
 x3 x 5 x 7  x3
 x     .....   x 
 3! 5! 7!  6
 Lt 5
x 0 x
 x5 x 7 
 5!  7!  ..... 
 Lt  5

x 0 x
1 x2
 Lt (
x 0
  terms containing positive integral powers of x)
5! 7!
1 1
=  .
5! 120
 3  n 12  3  n 12 
W.E-24:The value of lim  is
n  
lim  3  n  1  3  n  1 
2 2
Sol: n   

 1  2/ 3  1  2 / 3 
 lim n 2 / 3  1     1   
n 
 n   n  
 22  
 2 1   1 1 
3 2 
 lim n 2 / 3  1  .   .... 
n   3 n 2! n2 
 


 22  
 2 1 3  3  1 1  
 1  .    ....  
 3 n 2! n2 
 
 
4 1 8 1 
 lim n 2 / 3  .  . 3  ....
n 
 3 n 81 n 
4 1 8 1 
 lim
n  3 . n1/3  81. n7/ 3  ....  0
 
Sandwich theorem or Squeezeprinciple:
 If f, g, h are functions such that f  x   g  x   h  x 
then xLt f  x   Lt g  x   Lt h  x  and

a xa x a
Lt f  x   Lt h  x   l then Lt g  x   l
x a xa x a
35
2 3
x x
W.E-25: If 3   f  x  3 for all x  0 ,
12 9
then the value of lim f  x  is

x0
 x2   x3 
Sol: According to the equation, lim  3    lim f  x   lim  3  
x0
 12  x 0 x 0
 9 
  3  0   lim f  x    3  0 
x 0
Hence, lim f  x   3
x 0
1 x    2k x   .....  n k x 
k
x
 Lt k 1
 k  N 
n  n k 1
 x   2 x  .... nx   x
W.E-26: Show that Lt .
n  n2 2
Sol : For r=1,2,3.....n, r.x  1   rx   rx
n n n
   rx  1    rx     rx 
r 1 r 1 r 1
n
n  n  1 x
 n   rx  n  n  1 x
 2  r 1 2 
2
n n 2n 2
n
 1  x 1   rx
r 1  1 x
 Lt  1      Lt 2
 Lt 1  
n
 n  2 n  n  n n 
 n2
(Note that x is a constant and n is a variable)

x
 Lt
1.x    2.3  .....   n.x  x
2 n n2 2
 By sandwich theorem,
Lt
1x    2 x  .... nx   x
.
n  n2 2
Differentiability of a function over an interval :
 i) A function f  x  defined on an (a,b) is said to be differentiable in (a,b) if it is differentiable at each point
of (a,b)
ii)A function f  x  defined on [a,b] is said to be differentiable or derivable if
a) f is differentiable from the right at a.
b) f is differentiable at every point on (a,b)
36
c) f is differentiable from the left at b.
iii)A function f is said to be a differentiable function, if it is differentiable at every point on its domain.
iv)Exponential, logarithemic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric functions are differentiable intheir domain.
v)Polynomial, constant functions are differentiable at each point ‘x’ , where x  R
Standard Results
f x  g x  f x   g x  f x .g x 
Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable
Differentiable Non Non May bo or not

Differentiable Differentiable
Non Non May bo or not May bo or not
Differentiable Differentiable
. i) x  a is not diffrentiable at x = a
ii)  x  a  n x  a is diffrentiable when n  1 and is not differentiable when n < 1

iii) Sgn  x  a  is not differentiable at x = a
n 1 n 1
iv) x sin , x cos are differentiable when n>1 and are not differentiable when n  1
x x
v)  x ,  x  are not differentiable at all intergral points of x
d   x d
vi)  f  t  dt  f    x     x  
dx   x  dx
d
f   x     x 
dx
f  x
2t
W.E.-5 : Let f:R  R is differentiable function & f(1)= 4 then g  x  = xLt  dt =
1
4 x -1
f  x
f  x
2t 4 2tdt
Sol : g  x   lim dt  lim
x 1  x  1 x 1 x 1
4
Apply L-Hospital rule
f  x  f '  x   4.0
= 2 lim
x 1 1
 lim 2 f  x  f '  x  = 2f 1 f ' 1 =8 f '1
x 1
Differentiability of Functional Equations

 (i) if f( x + y) = f(x).f(y) then
f '  x   f ' 0  . f  x 
' Lim f  x  h   f  x 
Proof: f  x  
h0 h
37
Lim f  x   f  h   1
=
h0 h
= f  x  . f '  0
(ii) Funtional equation relations.
a) f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  x, y
 f  x   a x  a  0
b) f  x  y  f  x  f  y x, y R
 f x   kx
c) f  xy   f  x  . f  y  x, y  R
n
 f x   x
d) f  xy   f  x   f  y  x, y  R
 f  x   k log x  x  0 
1 1
e) f  x  f    f  x   f   x  R  0
 x  x
 f  x   1  xn
 mx  ny  m f  x  n f  y 
(f) f   ,m+n  0
 m  n  mn
 f  x  ax  b
W.E-6: If f(x+y) = f(x).f(y)  x, y  R, f(5) = 2,
f '  0   3 then f '  5  = [AIEEE 2002]
Sol: f '  x   f '  0  . f  x 
f '  5   f '  0  . f  5  = (3)(2) = 6
d
W.E-1:  x 1  x2 1 x4 1 x8 1 
dx  
2
15x p
 16 x q  1  x  1   p, q  
16 16 x15  x  1   x16  1
Sol : f  x    x 1  x2  1 x4 1 x8  1  x 1
1
 f  x  2
x 1  x  1
p  16, q  15
38
d 0, x  z
xi) dx  x   does not exis t, x  z

where [ . ] stands for greatest integer function.
W.E-3: For a real number ‘y’, Let [y] denote
the integral part of ‘y’. Then derivative of the function
tan  x    
f ( x)  2 is
1   x
Sol :   x     is an integral multiple of  , hence f  x   0  f 1( x)  0
1 x dy
, then d  cos 1 x  
1
.E-4 : If y  Tan
1 x
1 1
Sol: Let x  cos 2    cos x ;  1  x  1
2
1  cos 2 1 1
y  Tan 1 = Tan  tan      cos 1 x
1  cos 2 2
1 d  y 1
y cos  1 x  
2 d  cos x  2
1
2 cos x 1 0

f  x  x  2 cos x 1  f 1   
W.E-5. 2
0 1 2 cos x
[EAM - 2010]
2sin x 0 0
Sol: f 1  x  x  2cos x 1 
2
0 1 2cos x
2cos x 1 0
1  2sin x 0 
0 1 2 cos x
2 cos x 1 0

x 2 cos x 1
2 put x   we get f 1     2
0 0  2 sin x
 If a curve passes through the origin then the equation of tangent(s) at the origin can be directly written by
equating the lowest degree terms appearing in the equation of the curve to zero.
39
2 2
W.E-1: The equations of the tangents at the origin to the curve y  x  1  x  are y  x .
Sol :Given y 2  x 2  x 3
 x3  x2  y2  0
This is passing through origin.
 Tangents at origin are x 2  y 2  0
 y  x
Leibnitz Rule :
 x 
d
  f  t  .dt  f    x   .'  x   f    x   .'  x 
dx  x
 
x
1
W.E-2:Slope of the tangent to the curve y   3
.dt at x = 1 is 1
01t 2
dy 1  dy  1
Sol :   m  
dx 1  x 3  dx x 1 2
Angle between two curves :
 The angle between any two curves at the point of intersection is defined as the angle between the tangents
to the curves at that point of intersection.
 Let P be a point of intersection of the two curves y  f (x), y  g(x) and m1 , m2 be the slopes of the
tangents to the curves at P. If  is the angle between the curves then
 m  m2 
tan   1  where m1m 2  1
 1  m1m 2 
 The curves y = f(x) and y = g(x)
i) Touch each other if m1 = m2
ii) Cut each other orthogonally if m1 m2 = –1.
 The curves f(x,y) = 0, g(x, y) = 0
f g f g
i) Touch each other if x . y  y . x
ii) cut each other orthogonally
f g f g
if .  . 0
x x y y
 Angle between two curves y 2  4ax and
x 2  4by not at origin is
 
3a1/3b1/3
  tan1  
 
 2 a 2/3  b 2/3
 

40
2 2
W.E-3: Find the angles between the curves y = 4ax, x = 4ay
Sol : The curves y2 = 4ax, x2 = 4ay intersect at (0, 0) and (4a, 4a) then

i) The angle between the curves at (0,0) is
0 2
 Angle between the tangents is 90
1  3 
ii) The angle between the curves at (4a, 4a) is Tan   .
 4
x2 y2
 The family of curves  1
a 2   b2  
is self orthogonal (  is a parameter)
 The family of curves y 2  4a  x  a 
is self orthogonal (a is a parameter )
1 1 1 1
 If the curves a1x 2  b1 y 2  1 and a 2 x 2  b 2 y 2  1 cut each other orthogonally then a  a  b  b
1 2 1 2
 The area of the triangle formed by any tangent on the curve xy = c2 and the coordinate axes is 2c2 sq.units.
 If the area of the triangle formed by any tangent to the curve x.y n  a n 1 and the co-ordinate axes is
constant then n = 1.
 If the area of the triangle formed by any tangent to the curve
x m y n  k ,  m  0, n  0  and the coordinate axes is a constant then m = n
. The area of the triangle formed by the tangent,normal at a point P  x1, y1  on the curve y  f  x  and the
line
2
i. x = k is
 x1  k   m 2  1 sq.units
2m
ii. y = k is
 y1  k   m 2  1 sq.units
2m
41
iii. x-axis is

y12 m 2  1  sq.units
2m
iv. y - axis is

x12 m 2  1  sq.units
2m
 1
 The tangent and normal at a point (x1, y1) on the curve meets the x-axis in T and G then TG  y1  m  
 m
 At any point on the curve y 2  4ax , the length of subnormal is constant

W.E-4: If the length of the sub-normal at any point on the curve x m y n  k is constant then
2m  n  0 .  m  0, n  0 
n 1 m n
Sol y  .x  y m  x
k
Compare with y 2  4ax
n
  2  2m   n  2m  n  0
m
W.E-5: The length of the subnormal at any point on the curve x.y n  a n 1 is a constant then n = –2.
n 1
Sol xy n  a n  1  y  n 1
.x
a
compare with y 2  4ax   n  2  n  2
 If the normal at (x1, y1) on the curve y = f(x) makes equal intercepts on the coordinate axes then
 dy 
 dx   1.
 (x1 ,y1 )
2 3(L.S.T)2 8b
 At any point on the curve by  (x  a) , 
L.S.N 27
n n
 x  y x y
 The equation of the tangent at (a, b) to the curve  a    b   2 is   2 ,  n  0 
a b
 4a 8a 
 Point on the curve ay 2  x 3 at which the normal makes equal intercepts on the axes is  ,  .
 9 27 
 If p, q are the lengths of perpendiculars from the origin to tangent and normal at a point on the curve
2 2 2
2 2 2
x 3  y 3  a 3 respectively then 4p  q  a .
 If p and q are the lengths of perpendiculars from the origin to the tangent and normal to the curve.
x  a e (sin   cos )
42
and y  ae (sin  cos ) then p = q.
 If the curves xy = c2 and y2 = 4ax cut each other orthogonally then c 4  32a 4
 A tangent to the curve x y a (or) x  a cos4 ; y  a sin 4  cuts the axes in A and B then
OA + OB = a.
 A tangent to the curve x 2 / 3  y 2 /3  a 2 / 3 (or) x  a cos3 ; y  a sin 3  cuts the co-ordinate axes
in A and B then AB = a .
 The tangent at any point 't' on the curve x = at3 and y = at4 divides the abscissa of the point of contact in
the ratio 1 : 3.
dx
i) If x is any variable, represents the rate of change of x at time 't'.
dt
dy
ii) If y = f(x), then is the rate of change of y w.r.t. x .
dx
iii) If ‘s’ is the distance travelled by a particle in time t. The relation between s and t can be
expressed as s = f(t).
ds
iv) v  is the rate of change of displacement is called velocity.It is a vector, measured in
dt
unit per second.
a) v  0  the particle moving on a straight line comes to rest and the distances becomes
maximum where it changes its direction after v0
b) v  0  s increases
c) v  0  s decreases
t3
WE-1 A particle moves along a line is given by S   3t 2  8t then the distance travelled by the
3
particle before it first comes to rest is
t3
Sol: Given, S   3t 2  8t
3
ds
for rest,  0 ,i.e., t 2  6t  8  0
dt
  t  2  t  4   0 ,  t  2 or t  4
8
 required distance = st  2   12  16
3
43
8 20
 4  units
3 3
WE-2 A particle is moving along a line so that s  3t 3  8t  1. Find the time ‘t’ when the distance
‘S’ travelled by the particle increases.
ds
Sol: Given s  3t 3  8t  1   9t 2  8
dt
ds
for distance increasing, 0
dt
i.e., 9t 2  8  0  t  8 9
2
2 2 2 2
t or t 
3 3
2 3 2 2
t is rejected  t 
2 3
v) The rate of change in velocity is called the acceleration of the particle at 't' and is denoted
by a
dv d  ds  d 2 s dv ds dv
a     2  .  v.
dt dt  dt  dt ds dt ds
It is a vector . It is measured in units /Sec2
a) a=0  velocity v becomes maximum
b) a>0  v increases. S Minimum
c) a<0  v decreases. S Maximum
WE-3: A particle moves along a line by S  t 3  9t 2  24t the time when its velocity decreases.
Sol: Given S  t 3  9t 2  24t
ds d 2s
  3t 2  18t  24 ,  2  6t  18
dt dt
d 2s
For velocity decreases, 0
dt 2
i.e., 6t  18  0 ,  t  3
ds d 2s
d)A particle moving on a straight line comes to rest if 0 & 2 0
dt dt
ds d 2s
e)A particle moving on a straight line is at rest if 0 & 2 0
dt dt
ds
f) A particle, projected vertically upwards, attains the maximum height when  0.
dt
 Retardation: If the acceleration of a particle is negative, it is called Retardation.
WE-4: At time ‘t’ the distance of a particle moving in a straight line is given by s  4t 2  2t , then
44
the particle is under
Sol: Given s  4t 2  2t
ds d 2s
  8t  2  2  8  0
dt dt
the particle is under retardation
 Angular velocity and angular acceleration: If P is any point which
moves on a curve and  is the angle made by OP with the positive direction
of the initial line OX , the

d
angular velocity of P at O= .It is denoted by  .
dt
WE-5 : The angle 'θ ' turned by a fly wheel at time in sec is given by θ  9000t  3t 2 .
Then the fly wheel comes to rest after a time of
Sol: Given θ  9000t  3t 2
dθ
  9000  6t
dt
dθ
for rest, 0
dt
i.e. 9000  6t  0  t  1500 sec
i) The angular acceleration of P at O is
d 2 d
2

dt dt
ii) The equations of motion of a particle p(x,y) on a plane curve are given by x = f(t),
ds 2 2
y = g(t) then the velocity of the particle is given by   f '  t     g '  t  
dt
WE- 6 : The equations of motion of a particle p  x, y  on a plane curve are given by
x  5 cos t and y  5 sin t then the velocity of the particle is given by
Sol: Given x  5 cos t y  5 sin t
dx dy
   5 sin t  5 cos t
dt dt
2 2
 dx   dy 
 Velocity =     
 dt   dt 
 5sin 2 t  5cos2 t  5
iii) The equations of motion of a particle p(x,y) on a plane curve are given by x = f(t),
d 2s 2 2
y = g(t) then the acceleration of the particle is given by
dt 2
  f "t    g "t 
WE-7: The position of a point in time ‘t’ is given by x  1  2t  3t 2 and y  2  3t  4t 2 .
Then its acceleration at time ‘t’ is
45
2
Sol: Given x  1  2t  3t 2 ; y  2  3t  4t
dx dy
  2  6t ;  3  8t
dt dt
d 2x d2y
 2 6 ; 8
dt dt 2
2 2
 d 2x   d 2 y 
 acceleration =  2   2 
 dt   dt 
2 2
  6    8  36  64  100  10
Standard Results :
2
  a  b
 The minimum value of (x-a) (x-b) is
4
 The maximum value of a a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x is a and minimum value is b  If a  b 
2 b
 The least value of a 2 sec 2 x  b 2 cos ec 2 x is  a  b  when x = tan-1 .
a
 sin p  cos q  attains a maximum value at
1/ 2
p  pp .qq 
-1
 = tan q
and that max. value is  pq 
 (p  q) 
 The minimum value of a sec x  b cos ecx is
1/ 3
b
(a2/3+b2/3)3/2 at x = tan-1   .
a  
   1  1 2
 The minimum value of  1  sinn    1  cosn   is 1  2 n / 2 
   
 If the sum of two positive numbers is k, then their product will be maximum when the two numbers are
k k
,
2 2
 If the sum of two positive numbers is k, then sum of their squares is minimum then the numbers are
k k
,
2 2
 If the product of two positive numbers is k, then their sum of the squares will be least when the two
numbers are k , k .
 The least value of each of a2sin2x+b2cosec2x, a2sec2x+b2cos2x, a2tan2x+b2cot 2x is 2ab.
a
 The minimum value of a cot x  b tan x is 2 ab at x = tan-1 .
b
 The maximum rectangle inscribed in a circle of radius r is a square of side 2r
 The maximum triangle inscribed in a circle of radius r is an equilateral triangle of side 3r
K2
 The perimeter of a sector is ‘K’ cms. Then maximum area of sector is sq.cm
16
46
 The area of sector is ‘k’ sq.cm. Then the least perimeter of sector is 4 k cm
 When perimeter is given, the area of sector is maximum then   2c .
 In a right angled triangle, the sum of a side and hypotenuse is given. If the area of the triangle is
maximum, then the angle between them is 600.
 The least area of the triangle formed by any line through (p,q) and the co-ordinate axes is 2pq sq units
x 2 y2
 The least value of t he portion of tangent to  1 intercept ed between t he
a 2 b2
co-ordinate axes is a+b.
x 2 y2
 A normal is drawn at a variable point P of the curve   1 then the maximum distance of the
a 2 b2
normal from the centre of t he curve is
a-b.
a2 b2
 The minimum distance from the origin to a point on the curve x 2  y 2  1 is (a+b).
x2 y2
 The area of greatest isosceles triangle that can be inscribed in a given ellipse   1 having its
a 2 b2
3 3
vertex coincident with one extremity of major axis is ab sq units.
4
 The area of greatest rectangle that can be
x2 y2
inscribed in the ellipse   1 is 2ab sq units.
a 2 b2
 From the four corners of rectangular sheet of metal of sides a,b, four equal squares are cut off and the
remaining edges are folded up to form an open box. If the volume of the box is to be maximum the
a  b  a 2  b 2  ab
side of a square removed is .
6
 From the four corners of a square sheet of metal of side ‘a’, four equal squares are cut off and the
remaining edges are folded up to form a rectangular open box. If the volume of the box formed is to
a
be maximum, the side of the square removed is .
6
 A cone is drawn circumscribing a sphere of radius ‘R’. If the volume of the cone is maximum, its
4R 1
height is and its semivertical angle is sin-1 (If surface area is constant).
3 3
Some useful formulae:
4 3
 Volume of sphere (radius r) = r
3
Surface area of sphere (radius r) = 4 r 2
 Volume of right circular cylinder (Base radius r and height h) =  r 2 h
Surface area of right circular cylinder(open top)
= 2 rh   r 2 (Base radius r and height h)
Curved Surface area of right circular
cylinder = 2 rh
47
1
 Volume of right circular cone =  r 2 h
3
(Base radius r, height h and slant height l )
Curved surface area of cone =  rl
Total surface area of cone =  r 2   rl
Cuboid: Volume = xyz. x, y, z are length edges
Surface area = 2 (xy + yz + zx)
Cube : Volume = x3 , surface area  6x 2
 Let z  x  iy then
  | z | x | z | x 
  i  if y  0
  2 2 
x  iy  
  | z | x | z | x 
  2
i
2 
 if y  0
 
Where | z | x 2  y 2
Note:
i) x  iy  x  iy  2 | z | 2 x
ii) x  iy  x  iy  i 2 | z | 2 x
 1 i   1 i 
iii) i    and i    
 2  2
W.E-2: 3i  3i 
 1 i 
Sol: 3i   3  
 2
 1 i 
3i   3  
 2
 2 
by adding, 3i  3i   3     6
 2
W.E-3: If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that
1 1 1
| z1 || z2 || z3 |   1
z1 z2 z3
then | z1  z2  z3 | is
Sol: | z1 |2 | z 2 |2 | z3 |2  1
 z1 z1  z2 z2  z3 z3  1
48
1 1 1
 z1  , z2  and z3 
z1 z2 z3
1 1 1
but 1  z  z  z | z1  z2  z3 |
1 2 3
 | z1  z2  z3 | | z1  z2  z3 |  | z1  z2  z3 | 1
W.E-4: If z is a complex number then the minimum value of | z |  | z  1|  | 2 z  3 | is

 3
Sol: f  z  | z |  | z  1|  | 2 z  3 | has critical points 0,1,  , hence
 2
  3 
min. of f  z   min of  f  0  , f 1 , f  
  2 
 min of 4, 2, 2  2
 INEQUALITIES:
If z1 , z2  C then
i) z1  z2  z1  z2
ii) z1  z2  ......  zn  z1  z2  ........  zn
iii) z1  z 2  z1  z2
Note:
1 a  a 2  4 a  a2  4
i) If z  z  a then | z |
2 2
a k 2  4a  k
ii) If z   k then greatest value of z is
z 2
iii) The least value of z  a  z  b is a  b
W.E-5:If z  1  3 then the maximum value of z  4

Sol: z  4  z  1  5  z  1  5  3  5  8
 maximum value of z  4  8
W.E-6: If | z1  1|  1,| z2  2 |  2,| z3  3 |  3

then | z1  z2  z3 | is
Sol: | z1  1|  1  0  | z1 |  2
| z 2  2 |  2  0  | z2 |  4
| z3  3 |  3  0  | z3 |  6
49
Now | z1  z2  z3 |  | z1 |  | z2 |  | z3 |
 2  4  6  12
 z1  z2  z3  12

W.E-7: If z , w are two non-zero complex numbers such that | zw | 1 and arg  z   arg  w   then
2
zw is
Sol: Given | zw | 1 | zw | 1

also, arg  z   arg  w  
2

 
 arg zw 
2
and | zw | 1
 
hence zw  i  zw  i  zw  i
 1 z 
W.E-8:If z is a complex number of unit modulus and argument  , then arg  .
 1 z 
1
Sol: z  1  z z  1  z  (Mains-2013)
z
1 z 1 z
Now  z
1  z 1  1/ z
 1 z 
 Arg    arg  z   
 1 z 
 
W.E-9: The set of points in C satisfying the inequality arg  z    is
2 2
 
Sol: Given that arg  z   
2 2
  
  arg  z   
2 2 2
 0  arg  z   
 z lies in either Q1 (or) Q2 and hence Im  z   0
 the required set is  z / Im  z   0
W.E-10: Find the principal Mod-Amp form of tan   i

Sol: tan   i  sec   sin   i cos  
50
    
 sec  cos      i sin     
 2  2 
    
 sec  cis         sec  cis    
 2   2
 
W.E-11: If z  i log e 2  3 then cos z 

Sol: z  i log e 2  3    iz  log  2  3 
e
 e iz  2  3 and hence eiz  2  3

we have
eiz  e  iz 2  3  2  3
cos z   2
2 2
LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX NUMBER :
 If z  x  iy  C , then log z  log  x  iy 
1  y
 log  x 2  y 2   i tan 1  
2 x
i.e., log  x  iy   log | z | i arg  z 

Note:

i) log  i   i
2
 a  ib  1  b 
ii) log    2i tan  
 a  ib  a
W.E-12: If i i i............  x  iy then x 2  y 2 
Sol: x  iy  i i i............  i x iy
 
log  x  iy    x  iy  log i   x  iy   i 
 2
 y  y x
 log x 2  y 2  i tan 1     i
x 2 2
comparing real parts on both sides
2 2 y
then log x  y  
2
y

 x2  y 2  e 2  x 2  y 2  e  y
51
 If ABC is an equilateral then
i) z12  z22  z32  z1 z2  z2 z3  z3 z1
2 2 2
ii)  z1  z2    z2  z3    z3  z1   0
1 1 1
iii)   0
z1  z2 z2  z3 z3  z1
iv) If z0 is circumcentre of ABC then
z12  z22  z32  3z02
Note: i) If z12  z1 z2  z22  0 then the origin and z1 , z2 form an equilateral triangle.
ii) If z12  z1 z2  z22  0 then the origin and z1 , z2 form an isosceles triangle.
iii) If z1 , z2 , z3 are the vertices of an isosceles right angle triangle and right angled at z2 then
z12  z32  2 z2  z1  z3  z2 
W.E-14: A z1  , B  z2  , C  z3  form right angled Isosceles triangle and right angled at C, then the
value of 2  z1  z 3  z3  z 2  is
B(z2)
Sol:
C(z3) A(z1)
z1 , z2 , z3 form a right angled isosceles triangle and right angle is at z3

 z12  z22  2 z3  z1  z2  z3   2 z3 z1  2 z3 z2  2 z32 ...(1)
 now 2  z1  z3  z3  z2 
 2 z1 z3  2 z1 z 2  2 z32  2 z3 z2
2
  z1  z2 
 Area of a Triangle:
1 2
i) The area of triangle whose vertices are z , iz, z  iz is z .
2
3 2
ii) The area of triangle whose vertices are z , iz, z  iz is z .
2
3 2
iii) The area of triangle whose vertices are z,  z, z   z is z , where  is complex cube roots of unity
4
W.E-15:The triangle formed by the points represented
52 by z, iz and z  iz is
C(z  iz)
Sol:
A(z ) B(iz)
Let A  z  , B  iz  , C  z  iz  be vertices of  ABC then CA | z  iz  z || iz || z |
CB | z  iz  iz || z |
 
AB 2 | z  iz |2 | z |2  | iz |2 2 Re z . iz
| z |2  | z |2 2 Re  i | z |2 
 2 | z |2 0  2 | z |2  CA2  CB 2
 ABC is rightangled isosceles triangle
W.E-16: If | z1 || z2 || z3 |  1 and z1  z2  z3  0 then the area of triangle whose vertices are z1 , z2 , z3
is
Sol: If | z1 |  | z 2 |  | z3 |  1 and z1  z2  z3  0
0 is circumcentre as well as centroid of the triangle formed by z1 , z2 and z3 .
 It is an equilateral triangle
3 2
Hence its area = a
4
Where a 2  | z1  z2 |2
 | z1 |2  | z2 |2 2 | z1 || z2 | cos 1   2 
 1
 1  1  2.1.1    3
 2
3 3 3
 Area of the triangle =  3 
4 4
W.E.17: If the area of the triangle on the argand plane formed by the complex numbers -z, iz, z-iz
is 600sq units then |z| is
Sol: Area of the triangle on the argand plane formed by the complex numbers
3 2 3 2
-z, iz, z-iz is z  z  600  z  20
2 2
W.E-18: If z1, z2 are the roots of z 2  az  b  0 and z1, z2 , origin be the vertices of an equilateral
triangle then a 2  3b 
Sol: We know that z1  z2  a, z1 z2  b
 0, z1, z2 are vertices of an equilateral triangle  z12  z22  z1 z2
53
2 2
  z1  z2   3 z1 z2  a  3b  0
iii) The general equation of a circle is zz  az  az  b  0 where b is a real number..
The centre of the circle is ' a ' and its radius is aa  b .
 Ellipse: z  z1  z  z2  k represents
i) an ellipse if k  z1  z2 with z1 , z2 as its foci, k is the length of major axis
ii) an empty set if k  z1  z2
iii) a line segment if k  z1  z2
 Hyperbola: z  z1  z  z 2  k represents
i) a hyperbola if k  z1  z2 with z1 , z2 as its foci and k is length of transversal axis
ii) an empty set if k  z1  z2
iii) two rays if k  z1  z2
W.E-19: If the lines az  az  b  0 and cz  cz  d  0 where b, d are real, are parallel then,
a
Sol: Slope of az  az  b  0 is  1
a
c
Slope of az  cz  d  0 is  2
c
Since the lines are parallel   1   2
 a c
 
a c  ac  ac
 ac is a purely real number  Im ac  0  

W.E-20: If | z  2 | min | z  1|,| z  5 |
where z is a complex number then Re  z  is
Sol: Case(i): if | z  2 || z  1| when | z  1|| z  5 |
Then locus of z is perpendicular bisector of
(2, 0) and (1, 0)
3
 Re  z  
2
Case(ii): if | z  2 || z  5 | when
| z  5 || z  1| , z is perpendicular bisector of
(2, 0) and (5, 0)
54
7
 Re  z  
2
W.E-21: The area of the circle
izz  3  4i z  3  4i z  9i  0 is
Sol: Given equation is
i z z   3  4i  z   3  4i  z  9i  0
 z z  i  3  4i  z  i  3  4i  z  9  0
 z z   4  3i  z  i  4  3i  z  9  0
Now radius  aa  b
  4  3i  4  3i   9  25  9  4
2 2
 Area of the circle   r    4   16
W.E-22: The equation z  i  z  i  k represents a hyperbola if

Sol: | z  i |  | z  i | k represents hyperbola
If 0  k  | z  i   z  i  |  0  k  | 2i | 2
W.E-23: If   i   tan 1  z  , and  is a constant then the locus of z is

Sol: Let z  x  iy , thus
  i   tan 1  x  iy   tan 1  z 
   i   tan 1 z 
 zz 

 2  tan 1  z   tan 1 z  tan 1  
 1 z z 
2x
 tan 2 
1   x 2  y 2   1   x  y   2 x cot 2
2 2
 x 2  y 2  2 x cot 2  1
W.E-24: The number of solutions for z 3  z  0 is
Sol: Let z  x  iy then (EAM - 2014)
3 3
z  z  0   x  iy    x  iy   0
 x3  3xy 2  x  i  y 3  3x 2 y  y   0
 x3  3xy 2  x  0
 x  0  or  x 2  3 y 2  1  0........ 1
and y 3  3 x 2 y  y  0
 y  0  or  y 2  3x 2  1  0..........  2 
1
by solving (1) , (2) x  y  
2
55
 1 1 
 possible solutions are (0, 0) and   2 ,  2 
 number of possible solutions = 5
 Coni’s Theorem: If z1 , z2 , z3 are affixes of the vertices of a triangle ABC described in anticlock
wise sense, then
z3  z1 z3  z1 i
 e
z2  z1 z2  z1
C(z3)
y
B(z2)

A(z1)
0 x
From diagram
z3  z1 CA
  cos   i sin  
z2  z1 BA
z3  z1 z3  z1
(or) z  z  z  z  cos   i sin  
2 1 2 1
z3  z1 z3  z1 i
  e
z2  z1 z2  z1
W.E-25: The point represented by the complex number 2-i is rotated about origin through an

angle in the clockwise direction,what is the new position of the point
2
Sol: Let z  2  i
z1 be the required complex number
z1 | z1 | i 2
 
z |z|
e  | z1 || z | 2 2  12  5 
     
 z1   2  i   cos     i sin    
  2  2 
56
  2  i  0  i     2i  i 2
  2i  1
W.E.26: If z1 , z2 , z3 are vertices of an equilateral triangle which is inscribed in a circle | z | 2 and if
z1  1  i 3 , then z2 , z3 are respectively
z2
/3 2
z3 0 3
Sol:
z1
2
z2 i 1  i 3
by coni theorem, e 3 
z1 2

2 z2  z1 1  i 3 
 
 1  i 3  1  i 3   4  z 2  2 
2
z3 i
3
1  i 3
similarly  e 
z2 2

 2 z3  2 1  i 3  z3  1  i 3 
DEMOIVRE’S THEOREM:
 Demoivre’s theorem for integral index : If n is an integer,then
n
i)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis  n 
n
ii)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis   n 
n
iii)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis   n 
n
iv)  cos   i sin    cos n  i sin n  cis  n 
 Demoivre’s theorem for rational index:

n
If n is a rational number, then one of the values of  cos   i sin   is cos n  i sin n
p p/ q p p
If n  then one of the values of  cos   isin  is cos   i sin 
q q q
 Some Standard Results:
n n
i)  a  ib    a  ib   2r n cos n
57
n n n
ii)  a  ib    a  ib   2ir sin n
1 b
where r  a 2  b 2 ,   tan
a
For example:
n n  n / 2  1  n 
a) 1  i   1  i   2 cos  
 4 
n n  n 

b) 1  i 3   1  i 3   2 n 1 cos 
 3 

n n  n 
c)  3 i   3 i   2n 1 cos 
 6 

m/ n m/n
iii)  a  ib    a  ib 
m /2 n m b

 2 a 2  b2  cos 
n
tan 1 
a
n
 1  cos  i sin  
iv)    cis n
 1  cos   i sin  
n
 1  sin   i cos   
v)    cis n    
 1  sin   i cos  2 
n n
vi) 1  cos   i sin    1  cos   i sin   
   n 
2n 1 cos n   .cos  
2  2 
vii) If x  cis then,
1 1
a) x   2 cos  , x   2i sin  ,
x x
n 1 1
b) x  n
 2 cos n , x n  n  2i sin n
x x
 If cos   cos   cos   0  sin   sin   sin  then
i) cos 3  cos3  cos3  3cos      
ii) sin 3  sin 3  sin 3  3sin      

iii) cos 2  cos 2   cos 2  0
iv) sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  0
v) cos 2 n  cos 2n   cos 2 n   0
vi) sin 2n   sin 2n   sin 2n   0
58
2 2 2
vii) cos   cos   cos   3 / 2
viii) sin 2   sin 2   sin 2   3 / 2
ix) cos      cos       cos      0
x) sin      sin       sin      0
xi) cos  2       cos  2      
cos  2       3
xii) sin  2       sin  2      
sin  2       0
n
 If 1  x   c0  c1 x  c2 x2  ..........  cn xn then
n
i) c0  c2  c4  c6  ..........  2n / 2 cos
4
n
ii) c1  c3  c5  c7  ..........  2n / 2 sin
4
W.E-27: If a  cis 2 , b  cis 2  then cos     is

2
Sol: a  cis 2   cis   a  cis 
2
b  cis 2    cis    b  cis 
Hence
a b
 cis     and  cis     
b a
a b a b
 2 cos       
b a ab
ab
 cos     
2 ab
 Extraction of nth roots of a Complex number: Let z  x  iy  r  cos   i sin  

 z  r cis  2k    then
1 1
 2k   
zn  r n cis   ; K  0,1, 2,...n  1
 n 
n 1
Note: Product of nth roots of a complex number ‘z’ is  1 z
 nth roots of Unity: The roots of the equation z n  1  0 are called nth roots of unity denoted by
59
2
i 2
1,  ,  2 ,.... n1 where  e n  cis
n
2
i) nth roots of unity form a G.P. with common ratio i .
 e n
ii) The sum of nth roots of unity is zero
n1 2k 
i.e.,  cis n  0
k 0
iii) The product of nth roots of unity is  1n1

n 1 2k  n1
i.e.,  cis   1
k 0 n
iv) The sum of Pth powers of nth roots of unity is zero, if P is not a multiple of n
v) The sum of Pth powers of nth roots of unity is n, if P is a multiple of n
vi) Modulus of each of nth roots of unity is 1 and all the nth roots of unity lie on unit circle centre at origin
2
and they are equally spaced at the centre of the circle with angular distance radians.They will be
n
vertices of a ‘n’ sided regular polygon
vii) The length of side of polygon
 
  i   i1  2 sin  
n
n  2 
viii) The area of polygon  2 sin  n 
 
ix) If z1 , z2 ,....zn be the vertices of a regular polygon having n sides & z0 be its centroid
then z12  z22  ....  zn2  n. z02
Note: If 1, 1 ,  2 , 3.... n 1 are nth roots of unity then
i) 1  1 1   2 1  3  ... 1   n1   n
ii) 1  1 1   2 1  3  ... 1   n1 
1, If n is odd

0, If n is even
1 1 1 n 1
iii)   ...  
1  1 1   2 1   n1 2
W.E-28: If  be the nth root of unity then the sum of the series 1  2  3 2  ....  n n 1 is
Sol: Let S denote the sum of given series
S  1  2  3 2  43  ...   n  1  n 2  n n1
S    2 2  33  ...   n  2   n 2 
 n  1  n1  n n
60
2 n 1 n
 S 1     1      ...    n
1  n
 a 1  r n  
  n n  Sn  1  r 
1   
S 1     n n  n
 1
n
 S
1 
 Cube roots of unity: The roots of the equation z 3  1  0 are called cube roots of unity

 z3  1   z  1 z 2  z  1  0
 z  1,  ,  2 are roots, where
1  i 3 1  i 3
 , 2 
2 2
i) 1     2  0 and   1
3
ii)  3n  1 ,  3n1   ,  3n 2   2 and

 3n   3n 1   3n 2  0 where n  N
iii)    2 ,  2  
2
iv)  2   ,   
v) 2  1  3i , 2 2  1  3i
vi) 2i   3  i , 2i 2  3  i
vii) Cube roots of unity lie on a circle z  1 and divide its circumference into a three equal parts
3 3
viii) In the Argand plane cube roots of unity form an equilateral triangle with area sq. units
4
 Use of Complex Cube roots of unity in factorization:
i) x 2  y 2   x  iy  x  iy 
ii) 
x2  x  1   x    x   2 
iii) 
x 2  xy  y 2   x  y  x  y 2 
iv) x2  xy  y 2   x  y   x  y 2 
v)  x3  y3    x  y  x   y   x   2 y 
61
 2
 x  y  z  x  y 2
 z 
vii) x3  y3  z3  3xyz
 
  x  y  z  x   y  2 z x   2 y   z 
3 i 103
W.E.29: If z 
2

then i101  z101  equals to
3 i
Sol: Given z   z  i 2
2
103 101 103
i101
 z101   i101   i 2  
 
103
  i  i 
103
 i103   2   i   2   i 2  z
 Fourth roots of unity: The roots of the equation z 4  1  0 are called fourth roots of unity..
i) The roots are 1,  i
ii) Sum of 4th roots of unity is 0
iii) Product of 4th roots of unity is 1
iv) In the complex plane the roots form a square.
x2  x 1
W.E-21 : Find the range the expression 2 , where x  R .
x  x 1
1
Sol: Here a=1,b=1,c=1, minimum value = f 1 
3
maximum value  f  1  3
 a  x  b  x 
 If x is real then the maximum and minimum values of  x  c , a  c , b  c  are
cx
2 2
 a c  bc  and  a c  bc 
 Facts to be remembered :
2 2 2
(i) For three consecutive integers a, b, c the equation f  x   x  a   x  b   x  c  0 has no real
roots. Both roots should be imaginary and conjugate of each other.
3 3 3
(ii) Any cubic equation of the form  x     x      x    0 ;       R,
always possess one real and two imaginary roots as f   x   0x  R.
(iii) Let ax 2  bx  c  0   a  0, a, b, c  R  . If roots of the equation are real and distinct then one root is
more and one root is less than average of their sum i.e. if  ,  are real roots     o f
b b
the equation ax2  bx  c  0 then    ,   
2a 2a
62
2
(iv) a, b, c  0, then equaion ax  b x  c  0 has no real roots, in this case both roots will be
imaginary and conjugate of each other.
W.E-25: The roots of x 2  5 x  4  0 are

2
Sol: Write x 2  5 x  4  0 as x  5 x  4  0
  x  1 x  4   0
 x  1, x  4
(which is not possible if x  R )
 the given equation has no real roots.
(v) Number of quadratic equations which are unchanged by squaring their roots, is 4. They are
quadratic equations whose roots are 0, 0 , 0,1 , 1, 1 ,    2  where  is a imaginary cube root
of unity.
n
 The expansion of  a1  a2  a3  ...  ar  is called multinomial theorem
n
 The number of terms in  a1  a2  a3  ...  ar 
n  r 1
is cr 1  n  N  ·
W.E-9: The number of terms in the expansion of

(a + b + c +d)n is
Sol. Put r = 4 in above formulae ( n r 1 cr 1  n  N  )
( n  1)( n  2)( n  3)
No. of terms =
3!
W.E-10: The number of distinct terms in a  b  c  d  e is

3
Sol. r = 5, n = 3
Number of terms = nr1 Cr1 =35
 Coefficient of x n1 in  x  1  x   2  ............  x   n 

is   1   2  ........   n 
 Coefficient of x n1 in  x  1  x   2  ............  x   n 

is  1   2  ........   n 
 Coefficient of xn2 in
 x  1  x   2  ............  x   n 
63
2
is
 1   2  ........   n  
 12   22  ........   n2 
2
2 2 2 2
l) C0  C1  C2  .............  Cn  2nCn
m) c02  c12  c22  c32  ...  (1)n . cn2
(1)n / 2 n c
 n
 2 , if n is even
0, if n is odd

n) a C02  ( a  d ).C12  (a  2d ).C22 
 2a  nd  2n
..........   a  nd  .Cn2    . Cn
 2 
o) c0cr  c1cr  1  .......
 2n  !
+ cn  r cn 2n cn  r 
 n  r ! n  r !
m mn
p) C0 .n Cr  m C1.n Cr 1  m C2 .n Cr 2  ......  m Cr .n C0  Cr
q) C0  C1 C1  C2 .....Cn1  Cn 
C0C1C2 .....Cn1 n  1

n
=
n!
C1 C2 C3 Cn n  n  1
In the expansion of 1 x  , C  2 C  3 C  .....  n C =
n
r)
0 1 2 n1 2
s) Let f(x) be any polynomial in x
a. Sum of the coefficients = f(1)
b. Sum of the coefficients of even powers of
f (1)  f ( 1)
x=
2
c. Sum of the coefficients of odd powers of
f (1)  f ( 1)
x=
2
W.E-17: If 1x2x2 1a1x a2x2 ...a12x12

6
then a2  a4  a6  .....  a12 has the value

Sol. put x = 1 and x = –1 and adding these results.
a2  a4  a6  .....  a12 = 31
64
W.E-18: The sum of the series 20 C0 20 C1 20 C2 20 C3  .....  ..... 20 C10 is [AIEEE-2007]
1  x 20 C0 20 C1x 20 C2 x 2 

20
Sol. 20
C3 x 3  ...... 20 C20 x 20
put x = -1
 20 C0 20 C1 20 C2 20 C3 
 0  2   20 C
.....  .....  C10 
20 10

1 20
 20 C0 20 C1  20 C2 20 C3  .....  ..... 20 C10 = C10
2
W.E-19: If the sum of the coefficients in the expansion of 1 3x 10 x 2  is a and if the sum of the
n
coefficients in the expansion of 1  x 2  is b, then

n
Sol. Put x= 1, in both expansions.

i.e., 8n  a and 2n  b  a  b3
W.E-20: If ak is the coefficient of x k in the expansion of 1  x  x 2  for k = 0,1,2,....2n then

n
a1  2a2  3a3  ....  2n a2 n  [EAM-2007]

Sol. Differentiating w.r.t x, put x = 1
a1  2a2  3a3  ....  2n a2 n  n.3n
 The coefficient of x r in 1  x m 1  x n is  m  n cr

n
m  1
 The coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion of 1  x  1   is m  nCn
 x
2n
Greatest Term: If the greatest term in the expansion of 1  x  has also greatest coefficient, then
n n 1
x
n 1 n
2 n 1
the greatest term in the expansion of 1  x 
n 1 n 1
has also greatest coefficient, then x
n 1 n 1
65

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ROOTS ACADEMY-JNTU: Ph: 9866915814

x) If A1 , A 2 , A 3 ............. An are pair-wise disjoint sets, then n  A1  A 2  A3  ....  A n 

Some facts on relations : Let A be a finite set and n  A  n, then

i.e., tr  A   aii  a11  a22  .....ann

Properties of trace of a matrix :

 Skew-Symmetric matrix :A square matrix A   aij  is called skew -symmetric matrix if

Where A1 , B1 , C1..... are the co-factors of a1 , b1 , c1 .....

vii) adj  AB    adjB  adjA

ix) adj  kA   k n1  adjA , k  R

vii) If A= diag( a1a2 ...an )

xi) A is triangular matrix, A  0  A1 is also triangular matrix.

Set-1 x = X cos - Y sin ,

In this case, the transformed equation is

P x1  r cos  , y1  r sin  

C=  x1  r cos  , y1  r sin   =(0,3)

W.E-2 : Distance between parallel planes 2 x  2 y  z  3  0 and 4 x  4 y  2 z  5  0 is

 Equation of the required plane be obtained using the fact reflection of

ad bc a b a  d bc

ii) If the above two lines are coplanar or intersecting then  a1  a2 b1 b2  = 0

Sol: Compare the given equations with r  a1   b1, r  a2  b2

Shortest distance between the skew lines

. Distance between parallel lines:

Let PQ be the distance between (1) and (2)

let T be a point on (1) with OT  a1

Let Q be the projection of P on (1)

Let  be the angle between PT and b

W.E-7 The distance between the parallel lines given by r   i  2 j  4k   (2i  3 j  6k )

Sol: Compare the given lines with r  a1   b

then P = (t, 2t+1, 3t+2)

Sol: Given limit =

3 f "  x   36 f "  3 x   81 f "  9 x 

cos  2x3   cos  5x3  25  4 7 7

g(x) lim g ( x ) f ( x ) 1

 lim f ( x)  0 and lim g ( x )  0 , then

Some frequently used expansions:

then xLt f  x   Lt g  x   Lt h  x  and

then the value of lim f  x  is

Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable Differentiable

Differentiable Non Non May bo or not

ii)  x  a  n x  a is diffrentiable when n  1 and is not differentiable when n < 1

Differentiability of Functional Equations

Sol: f '  x   f '  0  . f  x 

f '  5   f '  0  . f  5  = (3)(2) = 6

Sol :   x     is an integral multiple of  , hence f  x   0  f 1( x)  0

x 2  4by not at origin is

 At any point on the curve y 2  4ax , the length of subnormal is constant

of the initial line OX , the

W.E-4: If z is a complex number then the minimum value of | z |  | z  1|  | 2 z  3 | is

ii) z1  z2  ......  zn  z1  z2  ........  zn

W.E-5:If z  1  3 then the maximum value of z  4

W.E-6: If | z1  1|  1,| z2  2 |  2,| z3  3 |  3

 z lies in either Q1 (or) Q2 and hence Im  z   0

 the required set is  z / Im  z   0

W.E-10: Find the principal Mod-Amp form of tan   i

 e iz  2  3 and hence eiz  2  3

i.e., log  x  iy   log | z | i arg  z 

W.E-12: If i i i............  x  iy then x 2  y 2 

Sol: x  iy  i i i............  i x iy