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RPH Reviewer-FOR- Midterm-EXAM 231027 202002

Philippine History (Tarlac State University)

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REVIEWER FOR MIDTERM EXAM WHY DO WE STUDY HISTORY?

Chapter 1  To know more about the roots of our current culture
HISTORY  To learn about the mistakes of those who have gone before us
DEFINITION, NATURE AND IMPORTANCE  To learn about human nature in general by looking at trends that repeat through
WHAT IS HISTORY? history
(from the Greek word historie or historia which means “learning”, “inquiry” or  To learn historical facts
“investigation”)  To learn about how different factors shape society e.g. religion, greed, the
 Is a branch of Social Sciences that deals with the systematic study of the past intersection of different cultures, technology, etc.
 A branch of knowledge that records and explains past events which concerns RELEVANCE TO LIFE
people and human nature.  You will develop an appreciation of the society in which you live and of other
societies, past and present.
HISTORIOGRAPHY  You will also develop a greater awareness of your own identity and traditions.
 Refers to the study of history itself.  You will learn more about the particular role of women in shaping the past.
 Analyzes ,who is the history writer, the motives of the writer, the sources of the RELEVANCE TO CAREERS
writer, theories applied and other historical methods.  Historians are regarded as having had an education that trains their minds to
 Also analyzes the context when the history was written. assemble, organize and present facts and opinions and this is a very useful quality
in many walks of life and careers.
ELEMENTS OF HISTORY  History is an excellent preparation for very many other jobs (WHICH? Magazine,
1. The Historian (MAN) 2000)
- refers to the person writing the history COMMUNICATION SKILLS
2. Place  The study of History is not just about interpreting the past but also presenting
- refers to the location where the history was written. your thoughts.
3. Period  History helps you to write in an organized, coherent, logical way, supporting your
- refers to the context of the time when the history was written. views with evidence
4. Sources  This will help you in your other subjects, as well as in life and work later.
- refers to the basis of claims or analysis of the historian such as documents,
written or oral accounts. Your study of the past will introduce you to many different types of evidence, such as:
 Maps
NATURE OF HISTORY AS AN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE  Photographs
 History has no subject matter of its own  Political Cartoons
 History synthesizes knowledge from other fields  Diary Entries
 History illuminates pieces of the past  Memoirs
 History is constantly changing  Official Records
 History sheds light to truth

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RESEARCH SKILLS EVIDENCE

 By exploring these types of evidence, you will enhance your research skills.  Historians look for evidence to find out about the past.
 You will become skilled at locating historical data from different sources,  It is a proof that something is true.
evaluating it and recording and presenting your findings.  Evidence might be an object, such as a soldier’s uniform or a scrap of pottery.
 You will also realize the importance of looking at issues from more than one point  It might also be a document or book that was written during a historical event.
of view. PRIMARY SOURCE
ANALYTICAL SKILLS  A primary source is a kind of evidence. Primary sources are created by people
 You will also develop your ability to think critically, to evaluate the usefulness of who saw or were part of an event.
sources, to detect bias or propaganda.  Examples:
 These skills are very useful in many careers and in everyday life. o Letters
ICT SKILLS o Diaries
 History allows you to access ICT, developing skills that are relevant to life and o Tools
work today o Clothing
 The Internet offers a huge range of appropriate historical web sites  Historians use primary sources to learn what people were thinking at the time of
 Many other electronic resources also exist for the study of history, such as CD- the event.
ROMs, library databases and catalogues  Primary sources can help historians explain events that happened long ago
 The use of modern digital media makes studying history very enjoyable and PRIMARY SOURCES
stimulating.

WHO INVESTIGATES HISTORY?

 Archeologists
 Anthropologists
 Chemists
 Linguists
 Oral Historians

HISTORY IN RELATION WITH OTHER SOCIAL SCIENCES

 Archaeology is the scientific study of material remains that the past has left
behind. It is basically the study of human history and prehistory through the
excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.
 Anthropology is the study of human beings and their ancestors through time
and space and in relation to physical character, environmental and social relations
and culture.
ARTIFACTS
 An artifact is an object made by people. Tools, pottery, weapons and jewelry are
artifacts. They help archeologists learn what life was like in the past.

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SOURCES THAT HISTORIANS USE

PRIMARY SOURCES SECONDARY SOURCES

Written at the time of the Written after an event

event

Eyewitnesses to history Author did not witness

the event

Reliable source for Contains facts about an

historians event
SECONDARY SOURCE
 A secondary source is also an evidence. Secondary sources are created after an Includes letters, diaries, Includes textbooks and
event. They are created by people who were not part of the event. tools and clothing encyclopedias
 Examples:
o Textbooks ISSUES/ PROBLEMS IN HISTORY
o Encyclopedias 1. Correcting the errors of published historical work.
 Secondary sources can give a broad view of historical events or people. 2. Re-interpretation of historical facts and events.
 However, new information can only come from primary sources. 3. Filling the gaps in Philippine History.
SECONDARY SOURCE: 4. Rewriting Philippine History in the Filipino point of view.

CHAPTER 2
THE NATURE OF CRITICISM IN HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PRIMARY SOURCES

HISTORICAL CRITICISM
 The historian’s role in writing history, to reiterate, is to provide meanings to facts
that he gathered from primary sources (facts from manuscripts, documents) or
those that have been gathered by archeologists or anthropologists (artifacts).
 He can only make conclusions and generalizations based on them. It is therefore
his duty to check on the authenticity of the sources that are presented to him to
be used as basis in writing history.
 Sources have to undergo doubting and therefore should be critically tested for
validity.
 There are two kinds of criticisms that a historian can use in the process, these are
External and Internal Criticisms.

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EXTERNAL CRITICISM
 This covers the physical examinations of sources like documents, manuscripts,
books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions and monuments.
 In original documents, it includes looking at the paper and ink used whether or
not it is within the same circa as the content of the work.
 Oftentimes, it’s more difficult to establish the authenticity of manuscripts and
records rather than document simply because the printed document have already
been authenticated by the writer.
 There are elements to have to be taken into consideration in doing validation.
ELEMENTS IN DOING VALIDATION
 Authorship
The name of the author of the document usually provides credence in the
establishment of validity of a certain document. The author’s name in itself can
be provided for the test of authenticity.
 Date and Place of Publication
The date of the document including the time and place of publication should
be properly analyzed in order to establish its authenticity.
Modern day documents and publication have their date and place of
publication usually printed at the back of their title page.
For manuscripts, there are usually no date and place of publication indicated.
 Textual Errors
The historian should always lookout for errors in the text of documents and
manuscripts. There are two kinds: intentional and unintentional.
Unintentional errors mistakes that are caused by typist or scribes usually in
spelling, omitted words or phrases.
Intentional errors are often made when there is an effort to modify or
supplement existing records or original manuscript for personal intention or
interest of the record keeper or editor.
 Meanings of Words Used
The meaning of words used usually changes from generation to generation,
therefore the historian have to interpret the words used based on the time when
the document was made.
Also, there are instances when words mean differently in different places.
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INTERNAL CRITICISM
 Positive criticism refers to understanding of both literal and real meaning of
words.
 Document contains the idea of the person who rote or made the evidences,
therefore they should be understood within that context.
 Historians should refrain from making their own conclusions so as not to convey
their interpretation rather than the true meaning of the content.
 One important characteristic that a historian should possess is the capacity to
doubt all documents and facts when these are not yet subjected to
authentication.
ISSUES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 Most parts of the Philippine were written and documented by foreign historians.
In fact, even at present, most primary chronicles are mostly written in Spanish
and English.
 Since most of the primary sources were written in foreign language, errors in
translation have happened and have affected much the writing of history.
 The biggest problem that was raised is the fact that writers were foreigners
therefore Philippine history was mostly written in a foreigner’s point of view and
not on the point of view of the Filipinos.
 In recent times, truly Filipino historians have occurred and tried to write
Philippine History in the Filipino point of view.
 One of these writers was Professor Zeus A. Salazar of the University of the
Philippines who saw the relevance of the Filipino point of view in historical
interpretation.
 He introduced the concept of “Pantayong Pananaw” (from us, for us) to introduce
indigenization which generally means that Philippine History is better written in
the point of view of the Filipinos.
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READINGS:
SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY
READING NO. 1: THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES  The people of the barangay were divided into four classes, namely: the
SOURCE: ANTONIO PIGAFETTA. FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD Nobility (Maharlika), to which the datu belonged; the Freemen (timawa), the
 Antonio Pigafetta, born in Vicenza, Italy was an Italian seafarer and geographer. Serfs (aliping namamahay) and the Slaves (aliping saguiguilid).
 He was also the chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan during the First Voyage Around the
World. EARLY LAWS
 The first circumnavigation around the world took place between 1519 and 1522  The early Filipinos had both written and unwritten laws.
 On August 10, 1519, five ships namely Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago  The written laws were promulgated by the datus.
and Victoria left Seville to find the Spice Island or Mollucas Islands.  The two known written codes in the pre-Spanish era were the Maragtas Code
 On March 16, 1521, the fleet arrived in the Philippines. which was said to have been written about 1250 A.D. by Datu Sumakwel of
 Magellan was the first European to reach the islands. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was Panay and the Kalantiaw Code written in 1433 A. D. by Datu Kalantiaw, also
friendly to Magellan and embraced Christianity but their enemy, Lapu-lapu did not. of Panay.
 On April 17, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan and was killed in the battle with the  The unwritten laws consisted of customs and traditions which has been
natives lead by Lapu-lapu. passed down from generation to generation.
 Only 18 out of around 270 men were able to go back to Seville on September 6, 1522.
COMPARISON WITH OTHER ANCIENT GOVERNMENTS
READING NO. 2 : ON THE EARLY CUSTOMS OF THE FILIPINOS It can be said that the laws of the barangay were generally fair. The system of
(THE PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT) government, although defective, was not so bad considering the conditions in other lands
UNIT OF GOVERNMENT in the age during which it flourished.
 Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines was composed of settlements
or villages, each called barangay (consisting of more or less 100 families), named READING NO. 3: KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (MGA ARAL NANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA
after balangay, a Malayan word meaning “boat” (thereby confirming the theory A.N.B.)
that the early Filipinos came to the Philippines in boats).
 Every barangay was virtually a state, for it possessed the four basic elements of GRADES OF OUTFIT PASSWORD MONTHLY DUES
statehood (PEOPLE, TERRITORY, GOVERNMENT, SOVEREIGNTY). MEMBERSHIP
 At times, however, some barangays joined together as “confederation” mainly Katipon (Member) Black hood, with a Anak ng Bayan One Real Fuerte or
triangle of white 12.5 centavos
for the purpose of mutual protection against common enemies.
ribbons inside of
DATU
which were the
 Each barangay was ruled by a chief called “datu” in some places, and rajah, sultan letters Z, Ll, B
or hadji in others Kawal (Soldier) -Green hood, with a Gom-Bur-Za 20 centavos
 He was its chief executive, law-giver, chief judge, and military head. triangle of white
 In the performance of his duties, however, he was assisted usually by a council of lines at the three
elders called “maginoos” whiche served as his advisers. angles were the
 One could be a datu chiefly by inheritance, wisdom, wealth, or physical prowess. letters Z, Ll and B.
 In form, the barangay was a monarchy with the datu as the monarch.

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-Suspended from  And in each town, a Popular Council (Sangguniang Bayan).

the neck was a  The judicial power was exercised by a Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman)
green ribbon with a  The Katipunan was the first clear break from Spanish rule with the ultimate goal
medal, with the to establish a free and sovereign Philippines.
letter K in the
 After the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of
ancient Tagalog
Balintawak, a secret meeting place of the katipuneros.
script inscribed in
the middle  On August 26, 1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking, and told everyone
Bayani (Patriot) Red mask, with Rizal Two Real Fuertes of to tear their residence certificate (CEDULA). It was the symbol of Spanish
white triangle, 25 centavos oppression of Filipinos.
inside of which was  It was replaced by another government whose officials headed by Gen. Emilio F.
the following: Aguinaldo as President, were elected in the Tejeros Convention on March 22,
K K K, Z, Ll , B 1897.
THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC
Recruitment Methods:  On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak-na-
Triangle Method: Bato (now San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan)
Members were to recruit two new members(who would not know each other but  It had a constitution which was to take effect for two years only.
only the original member who took him in), thus building a network of “triangles”. This was  It declared that the aim of the revolutions was the “separation of the Philippines
to ensure that growth would be discreet, while at the same time ensure that the new recruits from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state”.
would closely adhere to the principles of the Katipunan.  The Biak-na-Bato Republic lasted up to December 15, 1897, with the conclusion
of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
Two-Tier Sanggunian Structure THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT
The triangle method provided for slow growth so it was decided that members would  Following the outbreak of the Spanish-American War on April 25, 1898, Gen.
be allowed to recruit as many persons as they could. Aguinaldo, in view of the chaotic conditions of the country, established the
dictatorial government on May 23, 1898.
READINGS NO. 4 AND 5  The most important achievements of the Dictatorial Government were the
GOVERNMENTS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA Proclamation of Philippine Independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898
declared by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista and the reorganization of local
THE KATIPUNAN GOVERNMENT governments.
 The Katipunan was a secret society that precipitated our glorious revolution on THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
August 26, 1896.  On June 29, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established the Revolutionary Government
 It was organized by Andres Bonifacio, who together with a group of Filipino replacing the Dictatorial Government with himself as President and a Congress
patriots signed the covenant of the Katipunan with their own blood on July 7, whose function was advisory and ministerial.
1892.  The decree making such change stated that the aims of the new government were
 The central government of the Katipunan was vested in a Supreme Council “to struggle for the independence of the Philippines, until all nations including
(Kataas-taasang Sanggunian). Spain will expressly recognize it,” and “to prepare the country for the
 In each province, there was a Provincial Council (Sangguniang Balangay) establishment of a real Republic.”

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THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
 On September 15, 1898, Revolutionary Congress of Filipino representatives met
in Malolos, Bulacan at the call of the Revolutionary Government.
 The Malolos Congress ratified on September 29, 1898 the Proclamation of
Philippine Independence made by Gen. Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on June 12,
1898 and framed the so-called Malolos Constitution.
 This Constitution was the first democratic constitution ever promulgated in the
whole of Asia.
 It established a “free and independent Philippine Republic” which was
inaugurated on January 23, 1899 with Gen. Aguinaldo as President.
 Our First Philippine Republic was not recognized by the family of nations. It was
nevertheless an organized government because it actually existed and its
authority was accepted by the people.
 It existed from January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901.
READING NO. 6: AMERICAN PERIOD AND POLITICAL CARTOONS
 The United States of America, following Spain, occupied the Philippines between 1899
and 1946.
 This was concluded when the “Treaty of Paris” was signed by representatives of Spain
and United States on Dec. 10, 1898.
GOVERNMENTS DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME
The Military Government
 The American military rule in the Philippines began on August 14, 1898, the
day after the capture of Manila.
 The existence of war gave the President of United States the power to
establish a Military Government in the Philippines as Commander-in-chief of
all Armed Forces of the United States.
 His authority was delegated to the military governor who exercised as long as
the war lasted, all powers of the government-executive, legislative and
judicial.
 The first American Military Governor was Gen. Wesley Merritt, second was
Gen. Elwell Otis and the third was Major General Arthur MacArthur.
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The Civil Government.
 Pursuant to the so-called Spooner Amendment, which ended the military
regime in the Philippines, the Civil Government was inaugurated in Manila on
July 4, 1901, headed by a Civil Governor whose position was created on
October 29, 1901.
 The Civil Governor (later called Governor-General) also exercised legislative
powers.
 He remained as President of the Philippine Commission, the sole law-making
body of the government from 1901-1907.
 The first Civil Governor was Judge William Howard Taft. He was succeeded by
Luke Edward Wright, who was the first American to enjoy the title of
Governor-General of the Philippines.
 The last Governor-General was Frank Murphy who was also the first High
Commissioner of the United States to the Philippines upon the inauguration
of the Commonwealth Government of the Philippines.
The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines
 The establishment of the Commonwealth Government was pursuant to an
act of the United States Congress on March 24, 1934, commonly known as
Tydings-McDuffie Law.
 The law provided for a transition period of ten years during which the
Philippine Commonwealth would operate and at the expiration of the said
period on July 4, 1946, the independence of the Philippines would be
proclaimed and established.
 The new government of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, deemed
successor to the Government of the Philippine Islands, was inaugurated on
November 15, 1935, following the first national election under the 1935
Constitution held on September 12, 1935, with Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio
Osmena, as President and Vice-President respectively.
Cartoons in the Philippine Colony
Philippine political cartoons gained full expression during the American era. Filipino
artists recorded national attitudes toward the coming of the Americans as well as the
changing mores and times.
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READING NO. 7: Speech before the Joint Session of the United States Congress (1986) by
Corazon C. Aquino

 Corazon C. Aquino- 11th President of the Philippines

 September 18, 1986
 United States Capitol, Washington, D. C

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