Chapter two

Transformer

By:Abdulfeta.M
Outline
 Introduction
 Parts and structure of transformer
 Classification and construction
 Principle of operation
 Transformer EMF equation
 Ideal transformer
 Equivalent circuit
 Efficiency and voltage regulation
 Three phase transformer
 2.1Introduction
What are transformers?
 Transformers are electrical devices used to
convert or "transform" AC voltage from one
level to another. (high to low or low to high)
 Input and output are AC
 They do this by the principle of
electromagnetic induction
 A transformer is a device that changes ac electric
power at one voltage level to ac electric power at
another voltage level through the action of a
magnetic field.
 There are two or more stationary electric circuits
that are coupled magnetically.
 It involves interchange of electric energy between
two or more electric systems
 Transformers provide much needed capability of
changing the voltage and current levels easily.
 They are used to step-up generator voltage to an
appropriate voltage level for power transfer.
 Stepping down the transmission voltage at various levels
for distribution and power utilization.
 Parts of a Transformer
A transformer consists of 3 basic components
• Primary Coil or Primary Winding : It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on
the input side
• Secondary Coil or Secondary Winding: It is an
electrical wire wrapped around the core on
the output side
• Core : A ferromagnetic material that can
conduct a magnetic field through it. Example:
Iron
Transformer Structure
The most important tasks performed by
transformers are: -
i. Changing voltage and current levels in
electrical power systems
ii. Matching source and load impedances
for maximum power transfer in
electronic and control circuit and
iii. Electrical isolation (isolating one circuit
from another )
Transformers are used extensively in ac
power systems.
AC electrical power can be generated at
one central location, its voltage stepped up
for transmission over long distances at very
low losses and its voltage stepped down
again for final use.
 Transformer Classification
 In terms of number of windings
– Conventional transformer: two windings
– Autotransformer: one winding
– Others: more than two windings
 In terms of number of phases
– Single-phase transformer
– Three-phase transformer
 Depending on the voltage level at which the
winding is operated
 Step-up transformer: primary winding is a low
voltage (LV) winding
 Step-down transformer : primary winding is a
high voltage (HV) winding
 Step-up and step-down transformer
 if the secondary winding has more turns than
the primary winding, then the secondary
voltage is higher than the primary voltage and
the transformer is called a step-up transformer.
 When the secondary winding has less turns
than the primary windings then the secondary
voltage is lower than the primary voltage and
the transformer is called step-down
transformer.
Note that a step- up transformer can be
used as a step-down transformer, in which
the secondary of step- up transformer
becomes the primary of the step- down
transformer.
Actually a transformer can be termed a
step - up or step- down transformer only
after it has been put into service.
 Transformer Construction
The construction of a simple two- winding
transformer consists of each winding being
wound on a separate limb or core of the soft iron
form which provides the necessary magnetic
circuit.
This magnetic circuit, know more commonly as
the "transformer core" is designed to provide a
path for the magnetic field to flow around, which
is necessary for induction of the voltage
between the two windings.
The two most common and basic designs
of transformer construction are the core –
type Transformer and the Shell- core
Transformer .
 In the core form transformer , the primary
and secondary windings are wound outside
and surround the core ring.
 In the shell type transformer , the primary
and secondary windings pass inside the steel
magnetic circuit (core) which forms a shell
around the windings.
 Transformer Laminations
 The coils are firstly wound on a former which has
a cylindrical, rectangular or oval type cross
section to suit the construction of the laminated
core.
 In both the shell and core type transformer
constructions, in order to mount the coil
windings, the individual laminations are stamped
or punched out from larger steel sheets and
formed into strips of thin steel resembling the
letters "E's", "L's", "U's" and "I's" as shown
below.
These lamination stampings when connected
together form the required core shape. For
example, two "E" stampings plus two end closing
"I" stampings to give an E -I core forming one
element of a standard shell- type transformer
core.
These individual laminations are tightly butted
together during the transformers construction to
reduce the reluctance of the air gap at the joints
producing a highly saturated magnetic flux
density.
• Transformer core laminations are usually
stacked alternatively to each other to
produce an overlapping joint with more
lamination pairs being added to make up
the correct core thickness.
• This alternate stacking of the laminations
also gives the transformer the advantage of
reduced flux leakage and iron losses.
 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER ACTION
The primary winding P is connected to an
alternating voltage source, therefore, an
alternating current Im starts flowing through N1
turns. The alternating mmf N1Im sets up an
alternating flux φ which is confined to the high
permeability iron path as indicated in Figure . The
alternating lux induces voltage E1 in the primary
P and E2 in secondary S.
If a load is connected across the secondary, load
current starts flowing.
In general A transformer uses the
principle of mutual inductance to create
an AC voltage in the secondary coil from
the alternating electric current flowing
through the primary coil.
The voltage induced in the secondary can
be used to drive a load.
 What is Mutual Inductance?
The principle of mutual inductance says that
when two electrical coils are placed near to
each other, AC electrical current flowing in
one coil induces an AC voltage in the other
coil.
This is because current in the first coil creates
a magnetic field around the first coil which in
turn induces a voltage in second coil
 IDEAL TWO - WINDING TRANSFORMER
For a transformer to be an ideal one, the various
assumptions are as follows :
1. Winding resistances are negligible (no copper
losses).
2. All the flux set up by the primary links the
secondary windings i.e. all of the flux is
confined to the magnetic core.
3. An infinitely permeable core with no core
losses (hysteresis and eddy current losses are
negligible).
4. The core has constant permeability, i.e. the
magnetization curve for the core is linear.
 EMF Equation of A Transformer
Let the voltage V1 applied voltage primary be
sinusoidal (or sine wave). Then the current Im
and, therefore, the flux φ will flow with the
variations of Im . That is, the flux φ is in time
phase with the current Im and varies sinusoidaly.
Let sinusoidal variation of flux φ be expressed as
φ = φm Sinωt
The emf e1 in volt, induced in the primary of N1
turns by the alternating flux is given by:
Lenz’s law
 Voltage Transformation Ratio :
 From the above rms equation we get the ratio which is
transformation ratio
 Hence, the currents are in the inverse ratio of the
(voltage) transformation ratio
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF NONIDEAL TRANSFORMER
A non ideal transformer differs from an ideal
transformer in that the former has
 hysteresis and eddy current (or core ) losses,
and
 has resistive (𝑖 2 R) losses in its primary and
secondary windings. Furthermore,
 the core of a non ideal transformer is not
perfectly permeable, and the transformer core
requires a finite mmf for its magnetization. Also,
 not all fluxes link with the primary and
secondary windings simultaneously because of
leakages.
 include the core losses as well as the rest
of the imperfections in the equivalent
circuit of a non ideal transformer.
 This circuit is also known as the exact
equivalent circuit, as it differs from the
idealized equivalent circuit and the various
approximate equivalent circuits.
 OPEN- CIRCUIT AND SHORT- CIRCUIT TESTS
These two tests on a transformer help to determine
I. The parameters of the equivalent circuit or
/approximate equivalent circuit
II. the voltage regulation and
III. efficiency
The equivalent circuit parameters can also be
obtained from the physical dimensions of the
transformer core and its winding details.
Complete analysis of the transformer can be
carried out, once its equivalent circuit parameters
are known.
The power required during these two tests is equal
to the appropriate power loss occurring in the
transformer.
 Transformer Efficiency
A transformer does not require any moving
parts to transfer energy. This means that there
are no friction or windage losses associated with
other electrical machines.
However, transformers do suffer from other
types of losses called "copper losses" and "iron
losses" but generally these are quite small.
The resulting efficiency of a transformer is equal
to the ratio of the power output of the
secondary winding ( PS) to the power input of
the primary winding ( PP).
An ideal transformer is 100% efficient
because it delivers all the energy it receives.
Real transformers on the other hand are
not 100% efficient and at full load, the
efficiency of a transformer is between 94%
to 96% which is quiet good.
For a transformer operating with a constant
voltage and frequency with a very high
capacity, the efficiency may be as high as
99%.
 THREE- PHASE TRANSFORMERS
 Generation, transmission and distribution of
electric energy is invariably done through the
use of three- phase systems because of its
several advantages over single- phase systems.
As such, a large number of three - phase
transformers are inducted in a 3 - phase energy
system for stepping -up or stepping – down the
voltage as required.
For 3- phase up or down transformation, three
units of 1- phase transformers or one unit of 3-
phase transformer may be used.
 Three- Phase Transformer Connections
Three- phase transformers may have four
standard connections:
(a) Star - Delta ( Y- ∆)
(b) Delta - Star (∆- Y)
(c) Delta - Delta ( ∆- ∆)
(d) Star- Star (Y - Y)
Three- phase Voltage and Current
Three- phase Transformer Line Voltage and Current
Thank you!!!