Deflection problems:

• People will object when they observe deflection. So deflection must be

small so that people can not notice.
• Windows will damage when gap is closed as a result of deflection.
• Doors will not operate when deflection is excessive.
• Deflection may cause cracks in walls.

Our goal is to make sure that deflections are limited so that no problem
occurs
(Control of deflection check)
Deflections:
The value of composite E
and I difficult to
obtain and not well defined

• Reinforced concrete section E ?

• Composite of concrete and steel Es or Ec ?
• Moment of Inertia

I =bh3/12

Equivalent concrete (transform)

Obtain Itransform
Deflections:
A
Transform to Equiv Icracked
concrete transformed
 change along
Ignore concrete in length
A tension
Section A-A
Creep:
Increasing strain under constant stress.

Total deflections = normal def + long term def.

total = initial + long term

Long term increase with time ( 10-20 years)

Therefore, deflection calculation of R. C. member is difficult due to:

1. Not well defined E

2. Not well defined I
3. Long term deflection from creep.
Deflections Control Check :
l
If  (Basic ratio).(Span factor).(Tension factor).(Compression factor).(Slope factor)
d
 Then the beam is expected to meet Code requirements for deflection limits, and there is no need to
calculate deflection for the beam (). If this is not met:
Option 1 - Revise beam size- larger or revise some design factors
Option 2 – Calculate detail deflection
l = span, d = effective depth (for +ve reinforcement)
Basic ratio => from Table 3.9
Span factor: l ≤ 10 m => factor = 1.0,
l > 10 m => factor = 10/l,
Modification factor for tension reinforcement:
Tension factor =
(Table 3.10) bf
M/bd2 = M/bfd2
Service stress, b = bf for T or L-beam

bw
Deflections:

We find tension factor by Interpolation from Table 3.10, or by direct calculation using Eq. 7.
If As req or As prov not known, use As req/ As prov =1
Deflections:
Compression factor Stair: Slope factor
=1.0
From table 3.11: Calculate 100As’/bd
As’ = reinforcement area in compression zone
Even if K < 0.156) and d and b as before
Deflections:
Example 6.1: Perform deflection control check for a rectangular continues beam with span
of 12 m and subjected to an ultimate mid-span moment of 400 kNm. The beam is 400 mm
wide by 650 mm height and provided with (2) Y16 bars in the compression zone. fy = 460
N/mm2 and fcu =30 N/mm2.
Solution:
b = 400 mm, h = 650 mm, l = 12m, M = 400 kNm, As’ = 402 mm2.
Basic ratio => Rectangular + continuous = 26 (Table 3.9)
d = 650-40-8-32/2 = 586 mm, M/bd2 = 400×106/(400×5862) = 2.9 N/mm2.
Span factor = 10/l = 10/12 (since l ˃10 m)

Tension modification factor:

Assume b = 1

As req or As prov not known, use As req/ As prov = 1 => Conservative

fs = 2/3(460)(1) = 307 N/mm2.

Deflections:

Tension factor = 0.55+(477-307)/120(0.9+2.9) = 0.92 ≤ 2.0 =˃ OK

Compression modification factor:
100 As’ /bd = 100×402/(400×586) = 0.17
Compression factor (table 3.11) = 1.06 (by interpolation)
Slope factor = 1.0

Perform defection Check

L. H. S.= l/d = 12000/586 = 20.5
R. H. S. = (basic ratio)(span factor)(tension factor)(compression factor)
= 26*10/12*0.92*1.06
=21.1 ≥ 20.5
Deflection control criteria is satisfied.
Perform Deflection Control on B-5 (Rect section):
For 1st Span 300 mm
(2)Y32
L = 6m , d = 500 – 40 – 8 - 20/2 = 442 mm 500 mm
L. H. S = l/d = 6000/ 442 = 13.57 (4)Y20 (3)Y20
fcu = 30 N/mm2
Basic Ratio (Rect+cont.) = 26
+176.0 kNm fcu = 415 N/mm2
Span Factor = 1 (as l < 10m) +136.9 kNm
+ +
Tension Factor = 0 - -
-215.2 kNm -156.5 kNm

fs = 2/3(415)(1172/1260) = 257 N/mm2. 6m 6m

M/bd 2 = 175.15×106/300×4422 = 2.99
Tension factor = 0.55+(477-257)/120(0.9+2.99)
= 1.02 ≤ 2.0 =˃ OK

We can do the same for span 2.

Perform Deflection Control on B-5 (T-section):
B-5 =>T-Section

1140

500

300

bw/bf = 300/1140 = 0.266 < 0.3

Basic Ratio = 20.8

The rest is the same as previous.

Crack Control:
To reduce crack width:
1. Increase number of bars using smaller bars instead of large bars.
2. Clear spacing < 155 mm.
3. Corner Distance < 80 mm.
4. For beam with h > 750 mm, we need to provide Skin or face reinforcement..

8 40

20
58

20
8 a
58
40

Corner
distance
 Crack Control:
Corner Distance B-5:
For B-5:
a = √(582+ 582) = 82 mm
(1) Reasonable number of bars for 300 mm wide
Corner distance = a - db/2 = 82-20/2
=> OK
= 72 mm < 80 mm
(2) Clear spacing = 41 mm < 155 mm => OK
Corner distance is within BS Code limits.
(3) Corner distance = 72 mm < 80 mm => OK
8 40
(4) h < 750 mm => No skin reinforcement
300 required.
20
58
500

20
The crack control criteria is satisfied
4Y20 8 a
58
40

Corner
distance
Development Length and Anchorage:
 Bar should start before the support, and its Bar should
start before wu b
length depends on the tension force in the bar. support
h
 Larger bars required longer distance.
M = wul2/2
K
 If the distance is too short the bar will PULL L ↓
OUT from concrete before reaching force Tb Z
↓
(Tension force in the bar) and hence Mcap will Tb = T T = 0.95fyAbar As
↓
not be achieved.
Y25 mm (2) Y25

 Deformed bar will assist in achieving the

development length (much shorter than a smooth
bar).

Larger than Must be also larger than

development length development length
Development Length and Anchorage:
Bond strength of deform bar:
 Strength of interface between reinforcement and concrete
 Determined from Pull out test and given in BS code.
Bond strength depend on:
Concrete i) Chemical bond
T = 0.95fyAb
d
ii) Friction
b
iii) Bearing/Compression on the deformation
L Bond stress, u
= T/contact area

Bond stress,

according to code

Ld is the development length which is the minimum length of embedment in concrete to

achieve full strength of the bar (0.95fyAb).
 Development Length and Anchorage:
For typical deformed bar in tension:
Values of β

where, Type of bar Tension Compression

β β
Plain bar (smooth) 0.28 0.35

Type-2 Deformed 0.50 0.63

Values of kA for fy = 460 bar (typical)

fcu = 25 fcu = 30 fcu = 35 fcu = 40

For 25 mm bar and fcu = 25 N/mm2, kA = 38
Ten. β = 0.50 44 40 38 35
Ld = 38×25 = 950 mm
Com. β = 0.63 35 32 30 28
950 mm 25 bar
Factors affecting Development Length:
1. Size of Bar ( large bar nedd large Ld )
2. Strength of Bar (fy), ( Ld is increased for large fy) Reduce embedment
by using hooks or
3. Concrete strength ( Ld is reduced for large fcu) reduce bar size
4. Tension or compression. (need more bars).
5. Cover.
6. Spacing of bars. 90⁰ hook 180⁰ hook
7. Transverse Reinforcement (stirrups).
 Development Length and Anchorage:
Option for reducing development Length:

Use hinge
where proper
950 mm development
25mm
+ cover length cannot
be achieved

+ + +
+ -
- - -

Lap splice
 Development Length Ld
 Splices : Bars exceed 12 m length need splices

~12 m ~8 m
20 m ~12 m ~8 m
Lap splice: Staggered ~8 m ~12 m
50% at one place 20 m
Rest 50% at another place Staggered layout
 Development Length and Anchorage:
 Lap splice lengths:

Offset = db

6db
Lap splice length
= ld  multiplier For example:
25 mm bar in tension, fy = 460 N/mm2 and fcu =
35 N/mm2 , kA = 38
Multipliers:  ld = 3825 mm = 950 mm
Top corner bars Lap splice = 2ld
Multiplier = 2 = 2950 = 1900 mm

Top bars

Multiplier = 1.4 Lap splice = 1.4ld

= 1.4950 = 1330 mm

Bottom bars

Multiplier = 1.0 Lap splice = ld = 950 mm

 Development Length and Anchorage:
 Avoid lap in high tension zone. ld ld

Don not splice

@ support L = span length
Mcap
 of bars

Mu = Mcap
wuL2/8 curve
Slope of Mu= shear
Don not splice @ = wuL/2 If ld is too long
bottom centre
Slope = Mcap/ld > wuL/2

Splice near centre ld ld ld ld

L = span length
Mcap of
4 bars
Splice near support Mcap of
wuL2/8
Mcap 2 bars
curve