Chemistry Energetics

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3.1 Energetics
Question Paper
Course Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry

Section 3. Physical Chemistry
Topic 3.1 Energetics
Difficulty Hard
Time Allowed 80
Score /63
Percentage /100
Page 1 of 18
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Question 1a
When aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide and nitric acid are mixed together, an exothermic reaction occurs. The
diagram shows the apparatus used in an experiment to measure the temperature increase.
This is the student’s method:

use the larger measuring cylinder to add 25cm3 of aqueous potassium hydroxide to the polystyrene cup
record the steady temperature
use the smaller measuring cylinder to add 5cm3 of dilute nitric acid to the cup, stir the mixture with the thermometer
record the highest temperature of the mixture
continue adding further 5cm3 portions of dilute nitric acid to the cup, stirring and recording the temperature, until a
total volume of 35cm3 has been added.
A teacher advises the student to use a 50 cm3 burette instead of the 10 cm3 measuring cylinder. Suggest two reasons why
it would be better to use a burette instead of a measuring cylinder to add the acid in this experiment.
[2 marks]
Page 2 of 18
Question 1b
The diagram shows the thermometer readings at the start and at the end of one experiment.
Complete the table to show:

the thermometer reading at the start of the experiment
the temperature rise in the experiment.
thermometer reading at end / °C 26.8

thermometer reading at start / °C
thermometer rise / °C
[2 marks]
Page 3 of 18
Question 1c
Another student uses the same method, adding the dilute nitric acid from a burette. The table shows his results.
This is the student’s graph.
The point where the lines cross represents complete neutralisation.
i) Identify the maximum temperature reached during the experiment.

(1)
Page 4 of 18
maximum temperature = .............................................................. °C
ii) Identify the volume of dilute nitric acid that exactly neutralises the 25 cm3 of aqueous potassium hydroxide.
(1)
volume = .............................................................. cm3

[2 marks]
Question 1d
Another student records these results.
volume of aqueous potassium hydroxide = 20.0 cm3

starting temperature of aqueous potassium hydroxide = 18.5 °C
maximum temperature of mixture = 30.0 °C
volume of dilute nitric acid = 20.0 cm3
Calculate the heat energy released in this experiment.
c = 4.2 J /g/ °C
mass of 1 cm3 of mixture = 1 g
heat energy = .............................................................. J
[4 marks]
Page 5 of 18
Question 1e
In another experiment, the heat energy released is 1600 J when 0.040 mol of potassium hydroxide is neutralised.
Calculate the value of ΔH, in kJ/mol, for the neutralisation of potassium hydroxide.
ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol
[2 marks]
Question 2a
A student investigates the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
He uses this method:
Step 1: add 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to a polystyrene cup
Step 2: record the temperature of the acid
Step 3: find the mass of a 10 cm strip of magnesium ribbon
Step 4: add the magnesium ribbon to the hydrochloric acid
Step 5: when all the magnesium has reacted, record the highest temperature reached
Complete the word equation for the reaction.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid → ......................... + ...........................

[1 mark]
Page 6 of 18
Question 2b
The thermometer shows the temperature of the acid at the start of the experiment.
i) Complete the table by giving the temperatures to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(2)
temperature of the acid at the start in °C

highest temperature reached in °C
temperature rise in °C 20.8
ii) Show that the heat energy change (Q) for this reaction is about 2200 J.
[mass of 1.0 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g]
[for the solution, c = 4.2 J / g / °C]
(2)
iii) The mass of magnesium used by the student was 0.12 g.
Page 7 of 18
Calculate the value of the enthalpy change (ΔH), in kilojoules per mole of magnesium, for the reaction between
magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
Include a sign in your answer.
(4)
[8 marks]
Page 8 of 18
Question 3a
The reaction between magnesium and copper(II) sulfate solution is exothermic.
This apparatus is used to measure the temperature increase when excess magnesium is added to 100 cm3 of copper(II)
sulfate solution.
i) State why a reaction occurs when magnesium is added to copper(II) sulfate solution.
(1)
ii) Complete the word equation for this reaction.
(1)
magnesium + copper(II) sulfate → .............................................................. + ..............................................................
[2 marks]
Page 9 of 18
Question 3b
The temperature at the start of the reaction is 20.2 °C.
The maximum temperature recorded is 56.3 °C.
i) Calculate the heat energy change, in joules, for the reaction.

[mass of 1.00 cm3 of solution = 1.00 g] [c for the solution = 4.2 J/g/ °C]
(2)
heat energy change = .............................................................. J
ii) Explain why it is better to use a polystyrene cup rather than a glass beaker in this experiment.
(2)
[4 marks]
Page 10 of 18
Question 3c
The reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate solution is also exothermic.
i) A mass of 0.500 g of zinc is reacted with an excess of copper(II) sulfate solution.

The heat energy change is 1.67 kJ.
Calculate the molar enthalpy change, ΔH, in kJ/mol. Include a sign in your answer.
Give your answer to three significant figures.
(3)
ΔH = .............................................................. kJ/mol
ii) The ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulfate is
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

Explain why this is a redox reaction.
(3)
[6 marks]
Page 11 of 18
Question 4a
A student uses this apparatus to investigate the reaction between potassium hydroxide solution and dilute hydrochloric
acid.
This is her method.

pour 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution into a polystyrene cup and record the temperature of the solution
pour 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into a measuring cylinder and record the temperature of the acid
add the acid to the polystyrene cup and stir the mixture
record the highest temperature reached
i) Give a word equation for the reaction between potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid.
(1)
ii) Explain why the student needs to stir the mixture.
(2)
[3 marks]
Page 12 of 18
Question 4b
The table gives the temperatures of the solutions before the student mixes them.
potassium hydroxide solution 17.8 °C

dilute hydrochloric acid 18.4 °C
Calculate the mean (average) temperature of the two solutions.

mean temperature = .............................................................. °C
[2 marks]
Page 13 of 18
Question 4c
The student repeats the experiment on a different day, using 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution and 25 cm3 of dilute
hydrochloric acid. The thermometer shows the highest temperature reached at the end of the experiment.
i) Complete the table by giving the missing information. Give both temperatures to the nearest 0.1°C.
(2)
Mean temperature at start in °C
Temperature at end in °C
Temperature rise in °C 5.2
ii) Show that the heat energy change, Q, in the student’s experiment is about 1100J.
[for the mixture, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]

[mass of 1.0 cm3 of mixture = 1.0 g]
(3)
iii) The student uses 0.020 mol of potassium hydroxide in his experiment. Calculate the enthalpy change (ΔH) in kJ/mol,
for 1.0 mol of potassium hydroxide. Include a sign in your answer.
(3)
[8 marks]
Page 14 of 18
Question 5a
A student investigates the temperature change during the reaction between zinc metal and copper(II) sulfate solution.
The student considers two different methods.
Method 1
Pour 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution into the polystyrene cup

Record the temperature of the solution
Add 3 g of zinc powder
Stir using the thermometer and record the highest temperature reached
Method 2
Record the temperature of 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution

Pour the 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution into the glass bottle
Add 3 g of zinc powder
Push the bung and thermometer into the bottle and record the highest temperature reached
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method.
Page 15 of 18
[6 marks]
Question 5b
The equation for the reaction is
Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) → ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu (s)
50cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution contains 0.025 mol CuSO4
A mass of 3 g of zinc is used.
Show that the zinc is in excess.
[Ar of zinc = 65]

[2 marks]
Page 16 of 18
Question 5c
The student reacts a solution containing 0.025 mol CuSO4 with an excess of zinc.
These are the student’s results.
Temperature of 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution = 21.1 °C
Highest temperature reached = 40.6 °C
i) Show that the energy change Q for this reaction is about 4000 J
[mass of 1 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g]
[for the solution, c = 4.2 J / g / °C]
(3)
ii) Calculate the molar enthalpy change (ΔH), in kJ / mol, for the reaction.
(3)
ΔH = .............................. kJ / mol
[6 marks]
Page 17 of 18
Question 5d
The ionic equation for the reaction is
Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)
Explain what is oxidised and what is reduced in this reaction.
[2 marks]
Question 6
Separate: Chemistry Only
How much energy is needed to break all the bonds in 0.025 g of nitrogen gas?
The relative atomic mass, Ar, of N is 14.
Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

N≡ N 945
☐ A 1701 J
☐ B 1701 kJ
☐ C 844 J
☐ D 844 kJ
[1 mark]
Page 18 of 18

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Course Edexcel IGCSE Chemistry

This is the student’s method:

Complete the table to show:

thermometer reading at end / °C 26.8

This is the student’s graph.

The point where the lines cross represents complete neutralisation.

i) Identify the maximum temperature reached during the experiment.

maximum temperature = .............................................................. °C

volume = .............................................................. cm3

volume of aqueous potassium hydroxide = 20.0 cm3

Calculate the heat energy released in this experiment.

magnesium + hydrochloric acid → ......................... + ...........................

temperature of the acid at the start in °C

[mass of 1.0 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g]

[for the solution, c = 4.2 J / g / °C]

iii) The mass of magnesium used by the student was 0.12 g.

Include a sign in your answer.

i) Calculate the heat energy change, in joules, for the reaction.

heat energy change = .............................................................. J

i) A mass of 0.500 g of zinc is reacted with an excess of copper(II) sulfate solution.

Zn (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

This is her method.

potassium hydroxide solution 17.8 °C

Calculate the mean (average) temperature of the two solutions.

[for the mixture, c = 4.2 J/g/°C]

Pour 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution into the polystyrene cup

Record the temperature of 50 cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution

50cm3 of copper(II) sulfate solution contains 0.025 mol CuSO4

A mass of 3 g of zinc is used.

Show that the zinc is in excess.

[Ar of zinc = 65]

[mass of 1 cm3 of solution = 1.0 g]

[for the solution, c = 4.2 J / g / °C]

Explain what is oxidised and what is reduced in this reaction.

Bond Bond energy in kJ/mol

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