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Reference(s) : ACI 318-08/PCA EB708, PCI Design Handbook, 7th
Date: April 21, 2013 Pages

Precast/Prestressed Piling: Design Criteria and Input

Design Criteria
1) Service Load Design.
2) Allowable Compressive Stress = 0.45f'c for SUSTAINED LOADS.
3) Allowable Tension Stress = 0 for SUSTAINED LOADS.
4) For TEMPORARY LOADS, Allowable Compressive Stress = 0.60f'c.
5) For TEMPORARY LOADS, Allowable Tension Stress = 0.
6) Assume a sustained compression service load equal to: 1112 kN
7) Use PCI method for estimating prestress losses.
8) Bending is about principle axes AND only one axis at a time.
9) Slenderness is not considered.
10) Ultimate capacity must be checked to ensure the required factor of
safety is achieved in accordance with ACI 318.

Design Input
Section Size:
Rectangular Piles Design Length:

h= 450 mm. L= 30 m. (Casting Length)

b= 450 mm. Lu = 15 m. (Unsupported Length)

Section Area (accounting for chamfers, radii, etc.): Moment of Inertia (gross):
4
Ag = 202500 square mm. Ig = 3417187500 mm

Prestressing Strand:
Type = 1862 mPa Low-relaxation Strand
Size = 12.7 mm. Seven Wire Prestressing Strand (Standard Strand)
Qty. = 10
Area = 98.71 square mm. per strand
Pull = 75% (initial jacking force)

Concrete:
wc = 22.78 kN/m3 (concrete weight)
f'c = 27.58 mPa (28‐day Concrete Compressive Strength)
f'ci = 19.31 mPa (Required Concrete Release Strength)
Ec = 24,857 mPa (concrete modulus of elasticity at 28‐days)
Eci = 17,400 mPa (concrete modulus of elasticity at transfer of prestress)

Loadings:
Number of Load Cases (Maximum =8) = 8

Pu Mux
 Case 1 900 23
Case 2 800 40
Case 3 700 50
Case 4 600 60
Case 5 500 80
Case 6 400 80
Case 7 300 80
Case 8 200 0

Service Load Interaction Diagram

2500

2000
Sustained Loads Temporary Loads
P M P M
1500
P1 ### 0 P1 ### 0
Service Axial Load (kN)

P2 ### 23 P2 ### 37
1000 P3 45 94 P3 464 126
P4 ### 0 P4 ### 0
500 P2 ### 0.00 P5 ### 0.00
P2 ### 23 P6 ### 47
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
-500

-1000

-1500
Service Bending Moment (kN-m)

Sustained Loads Allowed (ACI) Temporary Loads 5% Eccentricity

Effective Force in Strand, Feff Effective Prestress in Pile, σeff

Feff = 121.14 kN fpc = 5.98 mPa

For Sustained Loads For Temporary Loads

Point 1 ‐ @ Pure Compression

P1/A + M1/S + fpc = 0.45f'c P1/A + M1/S + fpc = 0.60f'c

A= 202,500 square mm. A= 202,500 square mm.

M1 = 0 kN-m. M1 = 0 kN-m.
S= 15,187,500 cu.mm. S= 15,187,500 cu.mm.

P1 = 1,302 kN P1 = 2,140 kN

Point 2 ‐ Compression with Minimum Eccentricity (5%)

P2/A + M2/S + fpc = 0.45f'c P2/A + M2/S + fpc = 0.60f'c

emin = 23 mm. (min. eccentricity) emin = 23 mm. (min. eccentricity)

M2 = 0.023 P2 kN-m M2 = 0.023 P2 kN-m
P2 = 1,001 kN P2 = 1,646 kN
 M2 = 23 kN-m M2 = 37 kN-m

Point 3 ‐ Crossover From Compression to Tension Controls

Part A: P3/A + M3/S + fpc = 0.45f'c Part A: P3/A + M3/S + fpc = 0.60f'c
Part B: P3/A ‐ M3/S + fpc = 0 or P3 = A[(M3/S) ‐ fpc] Part B: P3/A ‐ M3/S + fpc = 0 or P3 = A[(M3/S) ‐ fpc]

Rewrite Part A: A[(M3/S) ‐ fpc]/A + M3/S + fpc = 0.45f'c Rewrite Part A: A[(M3/S) ‐ fpc]/A + M3/S + fpc = 0.60f'c
Solve for M3: Solve for M3:
M3 = 94 kN-m M3 = 126 kN-m

Solve for P3: Solve for P3:

P3 = 45 kN P3 = 464 kN

Point 4 ‐ Tension Controls and M = 0

P4/A ‐ 0/S + fpc = 0 P4/A ‐ 0/S + fpc = 0

P4 = -1,211 kN P4 = -1,211 kN

Ultimate Axial Load

Pu = (0.85f'c ‐ 0.6fpc)Ag
Pu = 4,020 kN

Allowable Axial Load (ACI CODE)

Pmax = (0.33f'c ‐ 0.27fpc)Ag
Pmax = 1,516 kN

Diagram Points ‐ Sustained Loads Diagram Points ‐ Sustained + Temp. Loads

Prestress Losses

TL = ES + CR + SH + RE TL = Total Losses (mPa) PCI Eq. 4.7.3.1

ES = Elastic Shortening (mPa)
CR = Creep of Concrete (mPa)
SH = Shrinkage of Concrete (mPa)
RE = Relaxation of Tendons (mPa)

ELASTIC SHORTENING OF CONCRETE (ES) IMMEDIATE LOSSES

ES = KesEpsfcs / Eci PCI Eq. 4.7.3.2

Kes = 1.0 (pretensioned)

Eps = 196500 mPa
Eci = 17400 mPa ###
2
fcs = Kcir*[Pi/Ag + Pi*e /Ig] ‐ Mg*e/Ig (PCI Eq. 4.7.3.3) see pci 6th ed. Page 306
Kcir = 0.9
Pi = 1378 kN
Ag = 202500 mm2
e = 0 mm
4
Ig = 3417187500 mm
 Mg = 0 kN-m
fcs = 6.13 mPa

ES = 69.19 mPa

Creep of Concrete (CR) TIME-DEPENDENT

CR = Kcr(Eps/Ec)(fcs - fcsd) PCI Eq. 4.7.3.4

Kcr = 2
Ec = 24857 mPa ###
fcsd = Pd/Ag + Msd(e)/Ig (PCI Eq. 4.7.3.5)
Msd = 0 kN-m
fcsd = 0.15 mPa

CR = 94.56 mPa

Shrinkage of Concrete (SH) TIME-DEPENDENT

SH = (8.2 x 10‐6)KshEps(1 ‐ 0.0024V/S)(100 ‐ R.H.)

PCI Eq. 4.7.3.6

Ksh = 1.0 for pretensioned members

V/S = 113 mm
R.H. = 70% PCI Fig. 3.10.12

SH = 35.50 mPa

Relaxation of Tendons (RE) TIME-DEPENDENT

RE = [Kre ‐ J(SH + CR + ES)]C PCI Eq. 4.7.3.7

Kre = 34.47 mPa PCI Table 4.7.3.1

J = 0.04 PCI Table 4.7.3.1
fpi/fpu = 6
C = 1.00

RE = 26.50 mPa

Total Losses, TL

TL = 226 mPa

Check for Slenderness Effect:

Det. Point of Fixity from Ground Surface, Ls = 2.25 m

Sidesway = Braced

Compute Radius of Gyration, r = 130 mm

Effective Length Factor, k = 0.75

Unsupported Length, lu = 17.25 m
klu/r ≤ 34 -12(M1/M2) ≤ 40 = 100

Slenderness Effect Must Be Consider

Since 100 < 150 , PCI Procedure is Applicable

Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete, Ec = 0 mPa

Modulus of Elasticity of Steel, Es = 196500 mPa

Modulus of Rupture, fr = 3.272 mPa

4
Moment of Inertia, I = 2392031250 mm

Modification Factor, h = 9.65

Modification Factor, q = 0.221103605

Modification Factor, l = 3.2

The Load Ratio bd Due Sustained Load is = #DIV/0!

EI' = #DIV/0! N-mm2

Pcr = π2 EI' / (klu)2 = #DIV/0! ###

Cm
δ = Pu ≥ 1 = #DIV/0!
1-
0.75Pcr

Pallow, =
tension 0.1fpuAps = 184 kN

Mcr = δMu = #DIV/0!