SOCIETY AND LITERATURE
Elegy- meditative lyric poem lamenting the
Literature- defined as an oral or written work in
prose or verse.
Amador Daguio- the Beautiful Expression of
man’s interpretation of some aspect of human
life.
Roger Don Cerda- liberates people from
political, oppression, social injustice, economic
inequality, emotional inhibition as reflected in
short stories, novel, drama, essays, and other
literary genres.
LITERARY TYPES &FORMS
Prose Fiction- presents a story that is invented
and not true.
1. Myth- is often a story of origins, attempts to
explain the origins and nature of the world as
well as certain addresses oneself to the
innermost depths of the psyche.
2. Legend- refers to an unverified story handed
down from earlier times, especially once
popularly believed to be historical.
3. Parable- simple story illustrating a moral or
religious lesson.
4. Fable- short narrative making an edifying or
cautionary point often employing as characters
animals that speak and act like humans.
5. Fairy Tale- kind of folktale or fable.
Marvelous and magical things happen to the
characters in fairy tales.
6. Short Story- piece of prose fiction marked by
relative shortness and density, organized into a
plot and with some kind of denouement at the
end.
7. Novel- fictional prose narrative of
considerable length, typically having a plot that
is unfolded by the actions, speech, and thoughts
of numerous characters placed in several
different situations.
8. Novella- Fictional prose narrative that is
longer than a short story, but shorter than a
novel.
POETRY- piece of art written by a poet in meter
or verse expressing various emotions which are
expressed by the use of a variety of techniques
including metaphors, similes, and
onomatopoeia.
1. Lyric Poetry- comparatively short, non-
narrative poem in which a single speaker
presents a state of mind or an emotional state.
2. Song- musical work, an abstract entity that
serves as an umbrella for many versions
renditions
3. Sonnet- fourteen-line poem in lambic
pentamer
4.
death of a public personage or a friend or love
one.
5. Ode- long lyric poem with a serious subject
written in an elevated style and formal stanzaic
NARRATIVE POETRY- gives a verbal
representation, in verse of a sequence of
connected events
1. Ballad- a song, originally transmitted orally,
which tells a story.
2. Metrical Romance- poem that tells a story
that ends happily, whether love is involved or
not
3. Epic- extended narrative poem that operates
on a large scale, both in length and topic
DRAMATIC POETRY- like narrative poetry, tells
stories but the poet lets one or more of the
story’s characters act out of the story
 Dramatic Monologue- combination of the
words dramatic and monologue
 Soliloquy- long speech in which a
character who is alone on a stage
expresses his or her private thoughts or
feelings
DRAMA- Greek word “dran” which means “to
do” or “to act”
1. Tragedy- which a heroic protagonist meets an
unhappy or calamitous end, brought about by
some fatal flaw of character
 Tragicomedy- refers to fictional works
that blend aspects of the genres of tragedy
and comedy
 Melodrama- uses music to increase the
spectator’s emotional response or to
suggest character types.
2. Comedy- depicts humorous incidents in
which protagonist are faced with moderate
difficulties but overcome them and play ends
happily
 Satirical Comedy- generally ridicules
human folly and associated political, social,
or moral problems.
 Romantic Comedy- involves idealized
romantic love as in romance
 Black Comedy- induces laughter as kind of
defense mechanism when a situation
dispassionately considered, would be
simply horrifying
 Farce- depends upon the ridiculous
situations, exaggerated character types,
coarse humor and horseplay for its comic
effects
NONFICTION PROSE
1. Autobiography- is a biography written by the
person himself/herself
2. Biography- is a personal account of a
person’s life written by another person.
3. Character Sketch- abbreviated portrayal of a
particular characteristic of people
4. Diary or Journal- is a daily record of events in
a person’s life
5. Editorial- is a statement or an article by a
news organization,newspaper, or magazine that
expresses the opinion of the editor, editorial
board or publisher
6. Essay- brief work of nonfiction that offers an
opinion on a subject
LITERATURE HAS DIFFERENT TYPES AND
FORMS
1. Prose Fiction- pertains to the collection of
literary text written or spoken imaginatively
2. Poetry- is an art written in rhythmically and
figuratively to conceal meaning
3. Drama- literary piece meant to be performed
or acted out
4. Nonfiction Prose- presents factual
information rather than fictional ideas.
APPROACHES TO LITERARY CRITICISM
- Is the comparison analysis, interpretation and
evaluation of works of literature
 HISTORICAL APPROACH- it deals with the
relation of the history and culture of the
text with it production
 BIOGRAPHICAL APPROACH- focuses on
the author and the text
 SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACH- concentrates
on the social, economic, and political
issues associated with the text.
 READERS RESPONSE APPROACH- gives
importance to reader’s- your
interpretation of the literary piece.
 FORMALIST APPROACH- analyzes te
literary work intrinsically
 PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH- deals with
literature as a fictional expression of the
author’s mind, emotions, hopes, and more.
 FEMINIST APPROACH- concerns the
portrayal of females in literature
LITERATURE MAY BE BROAD, BUT IT ALSO
BROADENS WHO WE ARE
GROUP 1 “Why Filipinos are poor”
Historical Approach
Philippine Economy- past 5 and half decades
experienced episodes of strong growth in real
gross domestic product (GDP)
50’s & 60’s- the phillipines was the most envied
country in Southeast Asia
Korean War (1953)- battered, poor
Taipei (50’s)- the traffic was composed of
bicycles and army trucks, streets flanked by tile-
roofed low buildings
Jakarta- was a giant village & Kuala Lumpur was
surrounded by jungle and rubber plantations.
Bangkok- was crisscrossed with canals
1949- Indonesia got the Independence
James Fallows- wrote about the damaged
culture which he asserted impeded our
development.
 We are poor because we are poor- the
culture of poverty is self perpetuating.
People are lazy and look the Japanese and
how they save in spite of the fact that the
interest given them by their banks is so
little and work extremely hard.
Yabang- that is what we are, and all that money
expended on status symbols on yabang
 We are poor because of our nationalism -
under its guise we protect inefficient
industries and monopolies
Claro M. Recto & Lorenzo Tanada- opposed the
agrarian reform. Both of them were merely anti-
american
 We are poor because we have lost our
ethical moorings- we condone cronyism
and corruption and we don’t ostracize our
punish the crooks in our midst.
2 DISTINCT WAY IN POVERTY
1. Nationalist Revolution - EDSA
2. Education- perhaps a longer and more
complex process.
Arsenio Lacson- mayor of manila
Ramon Magsaysay- president
- brought a clean government.
HISTORY
 First asia to rise against Western
Colonialism
 First to established a republic
 Battle of Tirad Pass and Glory of Gregorio
Del Pilar and 48 filipinos who died but
stopped the texas rangers
80 million- mass market in any language, a mass
market that should absorb our increased
productin in goods and services.
GROUP 2- “FOONOTE TO YOUTH”
PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
Dodong- Farmer’s Son
Teang- Wife of Dodong
Blas- Son of dodong and Teang
Tona- Wife of Blas
“Dodong tells his father plainly that he plans to
marry teang.”
“Dodong feels that at the age of 17 he is already
sufficiently mature.”
“Blas tells his father dodong plainly that he
plans to marry tona.”
“Blas feels that at the age of 18 he is already
sufficiently mature.”
The Story Highlights the problem in the
Philippine Society- the practice of marrying too
young and suffering through the rest of the
marriage.
GROUP 5 “RICE AND BULLETS”
 Hernando R. Ocampo
 1911-1978 (67 yrs old)
 Filipino Artist
 Author of Rice and Bullets
 Poverty Oppression- societal struggles
 April 28 1911- December 28 1978
 National Artist of the Philippine for visual
arts
Characters
 Tura- protagonist struggle and
desperation
 Struggle of poverty
LESSONS
 Realities of poverty & desperation
 The power of social commentary
 Critique of social implicity
 Sack of rice
 3 biggest island luzon, visayas, mindanao
 Salabat
Character
 Mr Remulla- chinese business man
 Totoy-tura’s son
 Clara and Ine- daughters of tura
 Marta (asawa)
 Tura- the head of the family