Dictionary of

Civil Engineering

All Terms of civil Engineering,

construction and Surveying.
Introduction

This is Dictionary of Civil Engineering. It have all

the terms used in the Civil Engineering, designing,
architecture Surveying and Construction
It will help to find and understand the meaning of
terms used in Different branches of civil
engineering.
It helps Students, teachers and Professional in
Research work.
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 Contents
It include the terms related to every branch of
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Civil engineering basics
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Civil engineering-basics
The civil acts
Basic Introduction of Hydraulic Structures of
Storage (Only Dams),
Bearing
Assuring instruments
Remote sensors
Role of Civil Engineers
Role of Transportation
Sand
Seminar
Water Requirements and its Conservation
Water Resources and Irrigation
Watershed development
Yog and Meditation

And so many
1: United States President is on board
1200: VFR flight
4000: Military IFR/VFR
7500: Hijack
7600: Loss of radio (NORDO). Pilot tunes 7700 for 1 minute, then 7600 for
15 seconds.
7700: Emergency situation
7777: Military interception operations
"c" section: A structural member cold-formed from sheet steel in the shape
of a block "C" which can be used by itself or back to back with another C
Section.
"z" section: A structural section in the shape of a "Z" cold formed from a
steel sheet.
A Coatings: Coatings on hot dipped galvanized steels processed to convert
the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in appearance, have no
spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for painting.
A Elevation: The top level of the boiler firebox where four oil guns are
located. The oil guns are used to produce steam and maintain pressure while
the boiler is on oil fire.
A.G.C. Systems: (Automatic Gauge Control) Hydraulic or electric system
that supplies the force to the A.G.C. roll force cylinders.
A/c: An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning.
A/c condenser: The outside fan unit of the Air Conditioning system. It
removes the heat from the freon gas and "turns" the gas back into a liquid and
pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace.
A/c disconnect: The main electrical ON-OFF switch near the A/C
Condenser.
A/F: Air/fuel ratio.
Aaib: Air Accident Investigation Branch of the Department of
Transportation of the United Kingdom. Its role is to investigate air accidents.
The letters AAIB also refer to equivalent organizations in Iceland, Singapore
and Switzerland, among others. In the United States, the NTSB plays that
role.
AAR: Association of American Railroads.
Aashto (american association of state highway and transportation
officials): A regulatory organization which governs the design and
specifications of highway bridges.
Aashto : American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials
Ab: Air Base. More often used when describing a military airport.
AB Screws: Sheet metal screws with pointed ends similar to Type-A screws
and thread dimensions similar to Type-B. Type AB screws are seldom used
in stainless.
Abfjv: American Bridge/ Joint Venture. JV is building the new San
Francisco Bay Bridge for California Department of Transportation
(CALTRANS).
Ability: A bodily or mental power to perform an action
Abma: American Boiler Manufacturers Association.
Abrasion: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles from a
surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing solids, fluids or gases.
The process of rubbing, grinding or wearing away by friction.
Abrasion : The process of wearing away by friction
Abrasion Resistance: Degree of resistance of a material to abrasion or wear
Abrasion resistance : The ability of a material to resist surface wear.
Abrasion Resistant Coating: An abrasion resistant coating is applied to
mechanical parts to resist the abrasion and resulting wearing away of
components due to friction in moving parts. Coating options vary widely
from hard chrome to polymer-based composite coatings and are applied to
materials based on the level of bonding and dimensional tolerance that can be
achieved.
Abrasion Resistant Steels: A family of steel products developed for those
applications involved in sliding and/or impact abrasion.
Abrasion : The wearing away of a surface by rubbing, as with sandpaper on
wood.
Abrasion-resistance : the ability of the galvanized coating to resist damage
caused by contact with hard, rough, or coarse media or objects
Abrasion-Resistant Steels: A family of steel products developed for those
applications involved in sliding and/or impact abrasion.
Abrasive: Material for grinding, polishing, blasting, either in loose form or
bonded to form wheels, bricks, or files, or applied to paper and cloth by glue
or resin. Natural abrasives include emery, corundum, garnet, sand, flint, etc.
Metallic shot and grit are also used as abrasives in cleaning castings.
Abrasive: Natural – sandstone, emery, corundum, diamonds, or Artificial –
silicon carbide, aluminum oxide – material used for making grinding wheels,
and paper, abrasive and lapping compounds.
Abrasive Blasting: A process for cleaning or finishing by means of an
abrasive directed at high velocity against the workplace.
Abrasive blasting : the process of using a forceful stream of particles,
available in varying hardness, to remove residue and contaminants from steel
surfaces to prepare for galvanizing and/or to profile steel surfaces for paint
application
Abrasive Disk: 1. A grinding wheel that is mounted on a steel plate, with the
exposed flat side being used for grinding. 2. A disk-shaped, coated abrasive
product.
Abrasive erosion : Erosive wear caused by the relative motion of solid
particles which are entrained in a fluid, moving nearly parallel to a solid
surface.
Abrasive Wear: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles
from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing fluids or gases.
Abrasive Wear: The displacement and / or detachment of metallic particles
from a surface as a consequence of being exposed to flowing fluids or gases.
Abrasive Wheels: Wheels of a hard abrasive, such as Carborundum used for
grinding.
Abrasive Wheels: Wheels of a hard abrasive, such as Carborundum used for
grinding.
Absolute humidity: Amount of moisture in the air, indicated in kg/kg of dry
air.
Absolute Pressure: The sum of hydraulic system pressure and gauge
pressure. (see Pressure)
Absolute Pressure: The indicated value of the weight of the earth's
atmosphere. At sea level, this value is approximately 14.65 psi (pounds per
square inch).
Absolute pressure: Air at standard conditions (70°F air at sea level with a
barometric pressure of 29.92 in Hg) exerts a pressure of 14.696 psi. This is
the pressure in a system when the pressure gauge reads zero. So the absolute
pressure of a system is the gauge pressure in pounds per square inch added to
the atmospheric pressure of 14.696 psi (use 14.7 psi in environmental system
work) and the symbol is "psia".
Absolute pressure: Total pressure measured from an absolute vacuum. It
equals the sum of the gauge pressure and the atmospheric pressure
corresponding to the barometer.
Absolute Shaft Encoders: A shaft encoder is an electro-mechanical device
used to measure the rotation angle of mechanical shafts. Absolute shaft
encoders can use mechanical contacts or optical sensors to measure the
rotation angle and return a unique digital value for each angular position of
the shaft. As opposed to incremental (or relative) shaft encoders, absolute
shaft encoders always retain the absolute position of the shaft, even if the
machine in use exeriences a power shutdown or other operational
interruption.
Absolute Temperature: The temperature reckoned from the absolute zero
temperature.
Absolute temperature scale : A scale of temperature measurement in which
zero degrees is absolute zero.
Absolute velocity: The vector sum of the velocity of a fluid parcel relative to
the earth and the velocity of the parcel due to the earth's rotation; the east-
west component is the only one affected.
Absolute Viscosity: Term used interchangeably with viscosity to distinguish
it from kinematic viscosity and/or commercial viscosity; occasionally,
dynamic viscosity.
Absolute zero: A hypothetical temperature at which there is total absence of
heat. Since heat is a result of energy caused by molecular motion, there is no
motion of molecules with respect to each other at absolute zero. It is
theoretically the coldest possible temperature.
Absolute zero temperature: Temperature measured from absolute zero
(-459.67°F, or -273.16°C).
Absorbent: A material which, due to an affinity for certain substances,
extracts one or more such substances from a liquid or gaseous medium with
which it contacts and which changes physically or chemically, or both, during
the process. Calcium chloride is an example of a solid absorbent, while
solutions of lithium chloride, lithium bromide, and ethylene glycols are liquid
absorbents.
Absorbent (Wash Oil): An oil that selectively strips heavier hydrocarbons
from a gas, as in coke oven gas; byproduct plants subsequently remove the
hydrocarbons.
Absorber : That part of the low side of an absorption system, used for
absorbing vapor refrigerant.
Absorption: Act or process of absorbing.
Absorption refrigeration system: One in which the refrigerant, as it is
absorbed in another liquid, maintains the pressure difference needed for
successful operation of the system.
Absorption refrigerator: Refrigerator that creates low temperatures by
using the cooling effect formed when a refrigerant is absorbed by chemical
substance.
Absorption system: A refrigeration system in which the refrigerant gas
evolved in the evaporator is taken up in an absorber and released in a
generator upon the application of heat.
Absorption tower: A tower or column, which effects contact between a
rising gas and a falling liquid, so that part of the gas may be taken up by the
liquid.
Absorption : A process whereby a material extracts one or more substances
present in an atmosphere or mixture of gases or liquids accompanied by the
material's physical and/or chemical changes.
Abutment : A concrete support wall constructed at both ends of a bridge or
an arch, in order to resist the horizontal force from the bridge or the arch,
support the ends of the bridge span and to prevent the bank from sliding
under
Abutment : the outermost end supports on a bridge, which carry
the load from the deck
Ac Dc Inverters: Power inverters convert direct current to alternating current
for the purpose of operating AC-driven devices from a DC power source such
as a low voltage battery. In the DC power source, voltage travels
continuously from the negative terminal, through the load, to the positive
terminal. A power inverter increases the voltage from the DC source, then
converts it to an alternating current using oscillator circuits. Because these
oscillator circuits deliver a square wave output, a series of filters, inductors,
and capacitors is commonly used to smooth the square wave into a smooth
sine wave characteristic of AC power.
Acars: Aircraft Communication Adressing and Reporting System
Accelerated Corrosion Test: Method designed to approximate, in a short
time, the deteriorating effect obtained under normal long-term service
conditions.
Accelerated Testing: A test performed on materials or assemblies that is
meant to produce failures caused by the same failure mechanism as expected
in field operation but in significantly shorter time. The failure mechanism is
accelerated by changing one or more of the controlling test parameters.
Accelerated-Life Test: A method designed to approximate, in a short time,
the deteriorating effect obtained under normal long-term service
conditions. (see Artificial Aging)
Acceleration due to gravity: The rate of increase in velocity of a body
falling freely in a vacuum. Its value varies with latitude and elevation. The
International Standard is 32.174 ft. per second per second.
Acceleration period: In cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, the stage
following the incubation period, during which the erosion rate increases from
near zero to a maximum value.
Acceleration : The rate of change of velocity, as a function of time.
Expressed in m/s.
Acceleration : The time rate of change of velocity; i.e., the derivative of
velocity; with respect to time.
Accelerator: A substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a catalyst;
as used in sand additive resins.
Accelerator: A substance that hastens a reaction usually acting as a catalyst;
as used in sand additive resins.
Accelerator : A substance such as calcium chloride (CaCl2), added in small
quantities (max. 0.03% of the cement) to plain concrete to hasten its
hardening rate, its set or both.
Acceptable weld: A weld that meets all of the requirements and the
acceptance criteria prescribed by the welding specifications.
Access: Approach or way in.
Access chamber: Underground chamber enabling access to drains or other
underground services.
Access Control Systems: Access control systems define the wide range of
security solutions used to provide an individual or corporate authority access
control over it's facilities and/or computer systems. Access control systems
can be small home security systems or large corporate-wide computer
systems. Access is granted via an electronic key, or passcode, or a
combination of hardware and software keys.
Access door: Door which allows access to concealed space or equipment.
Accessible hermetic : An assembly of motor and compressor, inside a single
bolted housing unit.
Accessories: Are extra items that can be furnished in addition to the base
joist or joist girder. They include: headers, top chord extensions, extended
ends, ceiling extensions, bottom chord extensions, sloped end bearings,
bridging, bridging anchors, joist girder bottom chord bracing, or angle units
(joist substitutes).
Accm: In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite goes into
complete solution with austenite.
ACCM: In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which cementite goes
into complete solution with austenite.
Accordion Reed Steel: Hardened, tempered, polished and blued or yellow
flat steel with dressed edges. Carbon content about 1.00%. Material has to
possess good flatness, uniform hardness and high elasticity.
Accreditation of programmes (programme accreditation) : Recognition
given to a programmer as meeting applicable criteria as a result of an
evaluation process.
Accredited [engineering] educational qualification : A qualification
awarded on successful completion of an accredited programmer.
Accredited programme: A programmer that has been evaluated and
recognized by an accrediting body as meeting stated criteria.
Accumulator: A vessel, normally cylindrical, which is used to store fluid
and gas for future release of the energy in the compressed fluid and gas.
Normally contains a diaphragm or piston between the fluid (liquid) and gas
chambers. Fluid is normally introduced at one end and the gas at the opposite
end.
Accumulator: Storage tank which receives liquid refrigerant from evaporator
and prevents it from flowing into suction line before vaporizing.
Accumulator (Hydraulics): A device in which hydraulic fluid is stored
under pressure in a system to be used as a source of fluid power.
Acetone: A filler added to acetylene cylinders, capable of absorbing 25 times
its own volume of acetylene.
Acetyl Tributyl Citrate: One of the lubricating oils generally applied on tin
mill products (tin plate, TFS-chrome/chrome oxide coated steel, and
blackplate).
Acetyl Tributyl Citrate: One of the lubricating oils generally applied on tin
Mill Products (tin plate, TFS chrome/chrome oxide coated steel, and
blackplate).
Acicular Ferrite: A highly substructured non-equiaxed ferrite that forms
upon continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode of
transformation that begins at a temperature slightly higher than the
temperature transformation range for upper bainite. It is distinguished from
bainite in that it has a limited amount of carbon available; thus, there is only a
small amount of carbide present.
Acicular Ferrite: A highly substructured nonequiaxed ferrite formed upon
continuous cooling by a mixed diffusion and shear mode of transformation
that begins at a temperature slightly higher than the transformation
temperature range for upper bainite. It is distinguished from bainite in that it
has a limited amount of carbon available; thus, there is only a small amount
of carbide present.
Acicular Ferrite Steels: Ultralow-carbon (<0.08%) steels having a
microstructure consisting of either acicular ferrite (low-carbon bainite) or a
mixture of acicular and equiaxed ferrite.
Acid: substance with pH less than 7.0; acidity is caused by high
concentrations of hydrogen ions
Acid: 1. A chemical substance that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when
dissolved in water. Compare with base. 2. A term applied to slags,
refractories and minerals containing a high percentage of silica.
Acid: 1) A solution or liquid with a pH less than 7, 2) term applied to slags,
refractors, and minerals containing a high percentage of silica.
Acid attack: Caused by an incomplete flushing after an acid cleaning process
of boilers or similar equipment.
Acid Bottom and Lining: The inner bottom and lining of a melting furnace,
consisting of materials like sand, siliceous rock or silica brick that give an
acid reaction at the operating temperature.
Acid Brittleness : Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid; hydrogen,
formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the
metal, causing acid brittleness.
Acid cleaning: The process of cleaning the interior surfaces of steam
generating units by filling the unit with dilute acid accompanied by an
inhibitor to prevent corrosion and by subsequently draining, washing, and
neutralizing the acid by a further wash of alkaline water.
Acid condition in system : Condition in which refrigerant or oil in a system,
is mixed with vapor and fluids that are acidic in nature.
Acid Copper: 1. Copper electrodeposited from an acid solution of a copper
salt, usually copper sulfate. 2. The solution referred to in 1.
Acid Embrittlement: A form of hydrogen embrittlement that may be
induced in some metals by acid.
Acid Embrittlement: Embrittlement during pickling due to absorption of
hydrogen.
Acid embrittlement: A form of hydrogen EMBRITTLEMENT that may be
induced in some metals by an acid.
Acid gas: A gas that that forms an acid when mixed with water. In petroleum
processing, the most common acid gases are hydrogen sulfide and carbon
dioxide.
Acid Number: The mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that
is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance.(see Acidity) (see
Strong acid/strong base numbers)
Acid Process: A process of making steel, either bessemer, open-hearth, or
electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for
which low phosphorous pig iron is required as this element is not removed.
Acid Process: A process of making steel, either Bessemer, open hearth or
electric, in which the furnace is lined with a siliceous refractory and for
which low phosphorus pig iron is required as this element is not removed.
Acid rain: rainwater carrying acidic atmospheric pollutants (nitrous or
sulfuric oxides)
Acid Rain: Atmospheric precipitation with a pH below 5.6 to 5.7. Burning of
fossil fuels for heat and power is the major factor in the generation of oxides
of nitrogen and sulfur, which are converted into nitric and sulfuric acids
washed down in the rain. (see Atmospheric Corrosion)
Acid rain : Atmospheric precipitation with an pH below 5.6 to 5.7.
Acid Refractory: Siliceous ceramic materials of a high melting temperature,
such as silica brick, used for metallurgic furnace linings.(see Basic
Refractories)
Acid soak: A method of acid cleaning, in which the acid is pumped into the
boiler and rests there for a period of time.
Acid Steel: Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and
under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica.
Acid Steel: Steel melted in a furnace with an acid bottom and lining and
under a slag containing an excess of an acid substance such as silica.
Acid : Literally hitter, but chemically the state of a water solution containing
a high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Acid-Brittleness: Brittleness resulting from pickling steel in acid; hydrogen,
formed by the interaction between iron and acid, is partially absorbed by the
metal, causing acid brittleness.
Acidic: The reaction of a substance with water resulting in an increase in
concentration of hydrogen ions in solution (see acid).
Acidified: The addition of an acid (usually nitric or sulfuric) to a sample to
lower the pH below 2.0. The purpose of the acidification is to "fix" a sample
so it will not change until it is analyzed.
Acidity: In lubricants, acidity denotes the presence of acid-type constituents.
The concentration of acid is expressed as an acid number or neutralization
number.
Acidity: Represents the amount of free carbon dioxide, mineral acids, and
salts (especially sulfates of iron and aluminum) which hydrolyze to give
hydrogen ions in the water. The acidity is reported as millie equivalents per
liter of acid, or ppm acidity as calcium carbonate, or pH, the measure of
hydrogen ion concentration.
Acme Thread: A screw thread having a 29° included angle. Used largely for
feed and adjusting screws on machine tools.
Acoustic: A term pertaining to sound, or the science of sound.
Acoustic Emission Acoustic Emission: A measure of integrity of a material,
as determined by sound emission when a material is stressed. Ideally,
emissions can be correlated with defects and/or incipient failure.
Acquisition : The process of obtaining Right-of-Way.
Acre: Unit of land area in the Imperial system; 4840 square yards, or the
equivalent of a rectangular field one chain wide and one furlong long,
approximately 4047 square metres or 0.4047 hectares.
Across the line: A method of motor starting, which connects the motor
directly to the supply line on starting or running.
Acrow: A telescopic prop much used as a temporary support in construction.
Named after the American manufacturer who first introduced them to the
UK.
Acrylic Displays: Acrylic is a transparent thermoplastic that can be
manufactured to various shapes and thicknesses. Because of its transparency
and plastic properties, acrylic is a popular substitute for glass. One of the
most popular commercial examples of acrylic is Plexiglas. Acrylic displays
are cases and shelving units manufactured from acrylic and widely used in
stores to display merchandise.
Acrylic Podiums: Acrylic is a transparent thermoplastic that can be
manufactured to various shapes and thicknesses. Because of its transparency
and plastic properties, acrylic is a popular substitute for glass. One of the
most popular commercial examples of acrylic is Plexiglas. Acrylic is also
used to manufacture podiums and lecterns - the stand used to support books
or materials for speakers standing in front of an audience.
ACS: American Chemical Society.
Actinide Metals: The group of radioactive elements of atomic numbers 89
through 103 of the periodic system—namely, actinium, thorium,
protactinium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium, curium,
berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and
lawrencium.
Action: Refers to the action of a controller. It defines what is done to regulate
the final control element to effect control.
Action : A court process between opposing parties whereby the initiating
party seeks to enforce a right, prevent or compensate a wrong, or punish a
criminal offence through the formal legal system.
Activated alumina: Chemical which is a form of aluminum oxide. It is used
as a drier or desiccant.
Activated carbon: Is a specially processed carbon, used as a filter drier.
Commonly used to clean air.
Activated Rosin Flux: A rosin-base flux containing an additive that
increases wetting by the solder.
Activated sludge: An aerobic biological process for conversion of soluble
organic matter to solid biomass, removable by gravity or filtration.
Activation: The changing of the passive surface of a metal to a chemically
active state. Contrast with passivation.
Activation: The changing of the passive surface of a metal to a chemically
active state. Contrast with passivation.
Activation Energy: The energy required for initiating a metallurgical
reaction—for example, plastic flow, diffusion, chemical reaction. The
activation energy may be calculated from the slope of the line obtained by
plotting the natural log of the reaction rate versus the reciprocal of the
absolute temperature.
Active: The negative direction of electrode potential. Also used to describe
corrosion and its associated potential range when an electrode potential is
more negative than an adjacent depressed corrosion rate (passive) range.
Active earth pressure : The horizontal push from earth onto a wall. The
active earth force from sand on to a free retaining wall is equivalent to that
from a fluid of density 0.25 to 0.30 times that of the sand. The force from
sand on to a fixed retaining wall is very much more.
Active Metal: A metal ready to corrode or being corroded.
Active storage pile : A method of stockpiling coal, sometimes called live
storage. The pile is located outside the plant but adjacent to it, and usually
contains four or five days of operating supply. The pile is not compacted, as
it is not stored long enough to be exposed to the hazard of spontaneous
combustion.
Activity: A measure of the chemical potential of a substance, where the
chemical potential is not equal to concentration, that allows mathematical
relations equivalent to those for ideal systems to be used to correlate changes
in an experimentally measured quantity with changes in chemical potential.
Actuator: A mechanical device, like a cylinder or hydraulic motor, used to
convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy.
Actuator: A device for converting hydraulic energy into mechanical energy,
i.e., a motor or cylinder.
Actuator: The portion of a regulating valve, which converts mechanical,
fluid, thermal, or electrical energy; into mechanical motion to open or close
the valve seats or other such devices.
Acute Angle: An angle that is less than 90°.
Acute Angle: An angle that is less than 90 degrees.
Adapter: A mechanical device used to align the shaft of an electric motor (or
other rotary device) with the shaft of a hydraulic pump to maintain radial and
parallel shaft alignment.
Adapter Bolt (Lube Systems): A part used to connect an injector to a
manifold block.
Adapters: Steel segments that are bolted to the reel mandrel to increase their
diameter so that large (24" I.D.) coils can be run.
Addendum (Gears): Distance between the pitch circle and the tooth crest.
Addendum or addenda : : Written instruments or documents issued prior to
the execution of a contract to modify or revise the bidding documents
Addition Agent: 1. A substance added to a solution for the purpose of
altering or controlling a process. Examples: wetting agents in acid pickles;
brighteners or antipitting agents in plating solutions; inhibitors. 2. Any
material added to a charge of molten metal in a bath or ladle to bring the alloy
to specification.
Addition Agent: 1) Any material added to a charge of molten metal in bath
or ladle to bring alloy to specifications, 2) reagent added to plating bath.
Additions: Materials, typically alloy elements, added to molten steel to
produce the chemical specifications for the desired steel grade.
Additive: Chemicals added to cement based products (concrete, mortar,
render, screed etc) to impart various desirable properties such as to increase
or reduce curing time, increase strength, enhance workability and so on. The
amount of additives should be watched carefully since in excess or
combination they can have undesirable effects.
Additive: A chemical compound or compounds added to a lubricant or
hydraulic fluid to impart new properties or enhance inherent properties.
Adf: Automatic Direction Finder. Radio compass giving a relative bearing to
aNDB.
Adherence: the act, action, or quality of zinc bonding to steel, measured in
pounds per square inch (psi) or mega pascals (MPa)
Adhesion: The property of a lubricant that causes it to cling or adhere to a
solid surface.
Adhesion or bond : The sticking together of structural parts by mechanical
or chemical bonding using a cement or glue.
Adhesive: A substance capable of holding materials together by surface
attachment. Adhesive is a general term and includes, among others, cement,
glue, mucilage and paste.
Adhesive Bonding: A materials joining process in which an adhesive, placed
between the faying surface (adherends), solidifies to produce an adhesive
bond.
Adhesive Wear: 1. Wear by transference of material from one surface to
another during relative motion due to a process of solid-phase welding.
Particles that are removed from one surface are either permanently or
temporarily attached to the other surface. 2. Wear due to localized bonding
between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer between the
two surfaces or loss from either surface. (see Abrasive Wear)
Adi: Attitude Deviation Indicator. Enhanced artificial horizon with pitch and
roll information. It is part of a flight director system.
Adiabatic: Occurring with no addition or loss of heat from the system under
consideration.
Adiabatic change : A change in the volume, pressure, or temperature of a
gas, occurring without a gain of heat or loss of heat.
Adiabatic compression: Compressing a gas without removing or adding
heat.
Adiabatic cooling : A method in which paramagnetic salts are pre-cooled,
and then demagnetized, thereby producing further cooling.
Adiabatic efficiency: The ratio of actual work output of a heat engine to the
ideal output.
Adiabatic expansion: The expansion of a gas, vapor, or liquid stream from a
higher pressure to a lower pressure, with no change in enthalpy.
Adiabatic process: A thermo-dynamic process in which no heat is extracted
from or added to the system of the process.
Adiabatic saturation process: A process to determine absolute or relative
humidity.
Adit : A horizontal or nearly horizontal entrance to atunnel or mine (as
opposed to a vertical shaft).
Adjustable Bed: Bed of a press designed so that the die space height can be
varied conveniently.
Adjustable differential: A means of changing the difference between the
control cut-in and cutout points.
Adjustable or Variable Voltage: A method of bridge crane control by
which the motor supply voltage can be adjusted.
Adjustable resistor : A resistor whose value can be mechanically changed,
usually by the use of a sliding contact.
Adjusting Assembly (Lube Systems): A device used to control the length of
the piston stroke.
Adl: Abbrevation for 'After Dead Load is Applied'.
Administrative agency: Any board, tribunal or commission created under
federal or provincial legislation to implement government policies (for
example, (for example, the Immigration and Refugee Board, the Alberta
Human Rights Commission or Tribunal).
Administrative law: The area of law dealing with the rules and
procedures followed by government agencies as they relate to the public.
These agencies often take the form of boards, commissions, and tribunals
(see Administrative Agency below).
Admixture or additive : A substance other than aggregate, cement or water,
added in small quantities to the concrete mix to alter its properties or those of
the hard concrete. The most important admixtures for concrete are
accelerators, air-entraining agents, plasticizers and retarders.
Admixtures: Materials added to mortar or concrete to achieve particular
modifications to the normal properties of the basic material.
Adsorbent: A material which has the ability to cause molecules of gases,
liquids or solids to adhere to its internal surfaces without changing the
adsorbent physically or chemically. In water treatment, a synthetic resin
possessing the ability to attract and to hold charged particles.
Adsorption: Assimilation of gas, vapor, or dissolved matter by the surface of
a solid or liquid.
Adsorption: The adhesion of the molecules of gases, dissolved substances,
or liquids in more or less concentrated form, to the surface of solids or liquids
with which they are in contact. Commercial adsorbent materials have
enormous internal surfaces.
Adsorption inhibitors : They are materials which caused them to be
adsorbed on to the metal surface due to their polar properties.
Adt: Approved Departure Time
Adu: Atmospheric Distillation Unit
Advanced Ceramics: Produced with tightly controlled chemical
compositions through special processing. They exhibit superior properties
and reliability and often perform in severe environments and emerging
applications.
Advection: The transfer of heat by horizontal movement of air.
Ae boiler code: Standard rules for the construction of boilers and pressure
vessels divided into sections which establish design formulas, material
selection, allowable stress values, methods of construction, inspection, and
nondestructive examination procedures for pressure containment vessel.
Aec: Atomic Energy Commission
Aeration: Making contact between air and a liquid by spraying liquid into
the air or by agitating the liquid to promote absorption of air. Also act of
fluffing molding sand.
Aeration: Air trapped in the hydraulic fluid. Excessive aeration causes the
fluid to appear milky and components to operate erratically.
Aeration: Exposing to the action of air, like blowing air through water before
discharging to a river.
Aeration cell : (see oxygen cell)
Aerator: The round screened screw-on tip of a sink spout. It mixes water and
air for a smooth flow.
Aerator: The round screened screw-on tip of a sink spout. It mixes water and
air for a smooth flow.
Aerators: Any device used to introduce air into another medium. In fluid
flow applications, such as a water faucet, an aerator is created with a screen
to break the fluid stream into a stream of individual droplets. In landscaping,
an aerator is a piece of machinery that uses tubes or tines to remove dirt from
the ground, thereby created air pockets in the dirt and reducing compaction.
Aerial Bundle: Aerial Bundle Conductor is the term used to describe
conductor bundles such as overhead power lines. The bundle is made up of
multiple individual phase conductors bundled tightly together with a bare
neutral conductor. Aerial bundle conductors are typically used in low voltage
applications - less than 1000 volts. The tight spacing of the conductors and
the absence of air pockets results in reduced transmission losses.
Aerobic: A condition in which "free" or dissolved oxygen is present in water.
Aerodynamic noise: Also called generated noise, self-generated noise; is
noise of aerodynamic origin in a moving fluid arising from flow instabilities.
In duct systems, aerodynamic noise is caused by airflow through elbows,
dampers, branch wyes, pressure reduction devices, silencers and other duct
components.
Aesthetic: Having the sense of beauty or pleasing to the eye.
Afb: Air Force Base
Afcs: Automatic Flight Control System. It is an advanced autopilot.
Afds: Autopilot and Flight Director System
Aff: Abbrevation for 'Above Finish Floor'.
Affidavit of non-collusion : A sworn statement, by bidders for the same
work, that their proposal prices were arrived at independently without
consultation or a secret agreement or cooperation for a fraudulent or deceitful
purpose between or among them.
Affidavit : A written statement of a person who signs and swears to the truth
of the statement. Affidavits are a very common mechanism by which
evidence is put before the Court, especially in civil cases.
AFS Tests: A number of standard tests determined by American
Foundrymen's Society to evaluate molding and core sands.
Aga (american galvanizers association): A non-profit association
representing the post-fabrication hot-dip galvanizing industry.
AGC System (Automatic Gauge Control): System for controlling the
thickness of the product being rolled by computer control of the gap between
the rolls with force and/or thickness measurement feedback loop.
Agca (associated general contractors of america): Is a national trade
organization of qualified construction contractors and and industry related
companies dedicated to skill, integrity, an responsibility. The AGCA is the
voice of the construction industry and is dedicated to improving the quality of
construction and protecting the public.
Age Hardening: A process of aging that increases hardness and strength and
ordinarily decreases ductility. Age hardening usually follows rapid cooling or
cold working.
Age Softening: Spontaneous decrease of strength and hardness that takes
place at room temperature in certain strain hardened alloys, especially those
of aluminum.
Agent : The person who legally represents the contractor and acts for him on
all occasions. He is often a Civil Engineer
Agglomerate: The clustering together of a few or many particles into a larger
solid mass.
Agglomerating Processes: Fine particles of limestone (flux) and iron ore are
difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition, so the
powdery material usually is processed into larger pieces. The raw material's
properties determine the technique that is used by mills.
Agglomerating Processes: Fine particles of limestone (flux) and iron ore are
difficult to handle and transport because of dusting and decomposition, so the
powdery material usually is processed into larger pieces. The raw material's
properties determine the technique that is used by mills. 1) SINTER Baked
particles that stick together in roughly one inch chunks. Normally used for
iron ore dust collected from the blast furnaces. 2) PELLETS Iron ore or
limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling drum and hardened
by heat. 3) BRIQUETTES Small lumps are formed by pressing material
together. Hot Iron Briquetting (HBI) is a concentrated iron ore substitute for
scrap for use in electric furnaces.
Aggrade: to increase channel elevation by sediment accumulation.
Aggregate: A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete.
Aggregate: The stones and sand (coarse and fine aggregate respectively)
used as a filler in concrete, asphalt etc.
Aggregate: sand, gravel etcmixed with cement to form concrete.
Aggregate: Composed of mineral fragments.
Aging: A change in the properties of certain metal and alloys, (such as steel),
that occurs at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after a hot
working heat treatment or cold working operation. Typical properties
impacted are: hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, impact
value, formability, magnetic properties, etc. (see Non-aging)
Agitator: A device used to cause motion in confined fluids.
Agitators: A mechanical device used to mix, stir, or shake a mixture of
components. Agitators can be used in small-scale devices such as washing
machines or at much larger scales in industrial mixing tanks. The agitator
motion is typically rotational or oscillatory.
Agl: Above Ground Level
AGMA: American Gear Manufacturers Association, www.agma.org.
Agreement: A contract between two or more parties, either written or verbal.
Aia (american institute of architects): An organization to unite in
fellowship the members of the architectural profession in the United States.
AIChE: American Institute of Chemical Engineers.
Air: A substance containing by volume approximately 7879% nitrogen;
20.95% oxygen, .94% argon, traces of carbon dioxide, helium, etc.
Air Acetylene Welding: A fuel gas welding process in which coalescence is
produced by heating with a gas flame or flames obtained from the
combustion of acetylene with air, without the application of pressure and
with or without the use of filler metal.
Air Bend Die: Angle-forming dies in which the metal is formed without
striking the bottom of the die. Metal contact is made at only three points in
the cross-section: the nose of the male die and the two edges of a v-shape die
opening.
Air blast transformer: A transformer cooled by forcing a circulation of air
around its windings.
Air brick: Ventilation built into brickwork to provide ventilation through the
wall.
Air capacitor: Is a capacitor, which uses air as the dielectric between the
plates.
Air Carbon Arc Cutting: An arc cutting process in which metals to be cut
are melted by the heat of a carbon arc and the molten metal is removed by a
blast of air.
Air changes: A method of expressing the amount of air leakage into or out of
a building or room in terms of the number of building volumes or room
volumes exchanged.
Air Classification: The separation of metal powder into particle-size
fractions by means of an air stream of controlled velocity; an application of
the principle of elutriation.
Air cleaner : A devise used to remove air borne impurities.
Air coil: Coil on some types of heat pumps used either as an evaporator or a
condenser.
Air conditioner : They are basically refrigeration devices cooling air and
rooms rather then food compartments.
Air conditioner, unitary: An evaporator, compressor, and condenser
combination; designed in one or more assemblies, the separate parts designed
to be assembled together.
Air conditioning: Originally, a system by which fresh air is drawn from
outside the building and brought to an acceptable condition in terms of
temperature and humidity before being introduced into the building. The
name is often also applied to chillers with no air handling, drying or heating
capacity.
Air conditioning: The process of treating air to simultaneously control its
temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the requirements
of the conditioned space.
Air conditioning unit : An assembly of equipment for the treatment of air so
as to control, simultaneously, its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and
distribution to meet the requirements of a conditioned space.
Air conditioning, comfort: The process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness and distribution to meet
the comfort requirements of the occupants of the conditioned space.
Air cooler: A factory-encased assembly of elements whereby the
temperature of air passing through the device is reduced.
Air Cooling: Cooling of the heated metal, intermediate in rapidity between
slow furnace cooling and quenching, in which the metal is permitted to stand
in the open air.
Air Core Inductor: An inductor is an electrical component used to store the
energy resulting from current passing through it in a magnetic field. An
inductor is made by wrapping a conducting wire into a coil around a central
core, with each turn of the wire termed a winding. The number of windings in
the coil is directly related to the inductance. Air core inductors use either non-
magnetic coils or no coil at all instead of a ferromagnetic coil. The use of an
air core ensures a lower peak inductance, but also reduces the energy losses
associated with ferrite inductors. The lack of core losses allows air core
inductors to be operated at high frequencies.
Air Cylinder: An air cylinder is the housing component of what is also
referred to as a piston assembly or pneumatic cylinder. In this device,
compressed gas is injected into the air cylinder, causing a piston to move as a
result of the pressure on the face of the piston. The piston then delivers a
force through the piston rod to the object being controlled.
Air Diffuser:
Air diffuser: A circular, square, or rectangular air distribution outlet,
generally located in the ceiling and comprised of deflecting members
discharging supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged to
promote mixing of primary air with secondary room air.
Air Diffusion Aerators: Air driers are a general class of devices used to
extract moisture from compressed air lines. The purpose of these devices is to
prevent condensation in the air lines and to deliver dry compressed air for
applications where moisture is problematic. Air driers work by lowering the
pressure dew point of the compressed air to a lower temperature than will be
seen by the air compressor equipment.
Air diffusion aerators: They are aerators into which air is pumped into the
water through perforated pipes, plates, or any other method.
Air Driers: Air driers are a general class of devices used to extract moisture
from compressed air lines. The purpose of these devices is to prevent
condensation in the air lines and to deliver dry compressed air for
applications where moisture is problematic. Air driers work by lowering the
pressure dew point of the compressed air to a lower temperature than will be
seen by the air compressor equipment.
Air Driven Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a fluid or
gas from one place to another. Air driven pumps use a reservoir of air,
usually in a tank, and a hydraulic system to operate the pump. Air driven
pumps come in many different designs and are used across many different
industries. Air driven pumps are positive displacement pumps, such as a
piston and diaphragm pumps.
Air duct : A tube or conduit for conveying air from one place to another.
Air Entrainment: The presence of air bubbles throughout an oil as a result
of agitation and/or the release of dissolved air because of a sudden change in
environment. Air entrainment is visible, as the oil becomes opaque and
bubbly. (see Foam Test)
Air flotation : A process of accelerating sedimentation, by introducing air
into the water, this lowers the density of the water, and increases the
differences in the densities of the water and the suspended particles. (DAF),
Dissolved Air Flotation.
Air Furnace: Reverbatory-type furnace in which metal is melted by heat
from fuel burning at one end of the hearth, passing over the bath toward the
stack at the other end. Heat also is reflected from the roof and side walls.
Air gap: The space between magnetic poles, or between the rotating and
stationary assemblies in a motor or generator.
Air Hammer: Air hammers are pneumatic-driven versions of a hammer
device in which compressed air is used to deliver the hammer blow to the
surface of interest. Air hammers often deliver several thousand blows per
second with delivered pressure on the order of tens of pounds per square inch
(psi). Air hammers also come with a variety of hammer and chisel tips,
enabling the tool to be used for various shaping or cutting operations.
Air handler: The fan blower, heat transfer coil, filter, and housing parts, of a
system.
Air Heaters: Bank of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas ductwork which
preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the exhaust
gases passing through them to the incoming air passing around them.
Preheating the air reduces boiler fuel requirements.
Air Heaters: Bank of boiler tubes located in the exhaust gas ductwork which
preheats the incoming combustion air by transferring heat from the exhaust
gases passing through them to the incoming air passing around them.
Preheating the air reduces boiler fuel requirements.
Air infiltration : The leakage of air into a room through cracks in doors,
windows, and other openings.
Air Knife: An air knife is a pneumatic device that delivers a high-speed sheet
of air through a line of exit holes. Air knives are often used in industrial
operations for the purpose of air cleaning a surface and can be stationary or
moving. Depending on the speed and pressure of the air sheet, air knives can
be used for gentle applications such as hand drying to more aggressive
applications such as air blasting.
Air Lift Hammer: A type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is raised
for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke can be controlled,
ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the workpiece can be varied.
Air Lift Pumps: This type of pump can lift 20 to 2000 gallons per minute,
up to about 750 feet. The discharge pipe must be placed deep into the water,
from 70% of the height of the pipe above the water level (for lifts to 20 feet)
down to 40 percent for higher lifts.
Air Line Lubricator: An oil reservoir attached to an air line that provides
automatic airborne lubrication to air operated power consuming equipment
by means of venturi action.
Air Oil Separator: A mechanical device that defoams oil, using a centrifugal
oil trap (a defoamer), or any oil condensing device in an air line.
Air Pressure Meters: Air pressure meters are measurement devices used to
report absolute and/or differential air pressure. The output of the meters are
typically delivered in a number of standard units including psi, mm HG,
inches of H2O, millibars, and bars. Air pressure meters almost always
include two ports - one to measure the air pressure of interest and one to
provide a reference pressure, whether ambient air pressure or otherwise.
Air Pressure Relief Valve: An air pressure relieve valve is a safety device
used to protect compressed air lines from building up pressure to failure
levels. The relief valve is designed with a seal that automatically releases
when a pre-determined pressure is achieved. This valve allows an air system
to self-regulate any pressure build-up in the system and is used in nearly all
compressed air systems and pneumatic tools.
Air Pressure Switch: An air pressure switch is an automatic switching
mechanishm often found in compressed air systems and pneumatic tools. The
switch is designed such that when a predetermined pressure is reached, the
switch is displaced and the electrical circuit is open or closed. This type of
switch is utilized in air compressors to automatically start the compression
cycle whenever the tank pressure drops below the set pressure of the
compressor.
Air Purge:
Air purge: The removal of undesired matter by replacement with air.
Air Quenching: Accelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from
temperatures above the Ac3 temperature.
Air Quenching: Accelerated cooling of alloy in an air stream from
temperatures above the Ac3 temperature.
Air Receivers: An air receiver is a component of air compression systems
used to help regulate the impact of the compression process on the delivered
air. The air receiver is essentially a tank which allows for the free expansion
of the compressed air prior to it's release through the pressure valve and to
the delivery system. The use of an air receiver helps to regulate the process
by equalizing the pressure variation caused by on/off compression cycles.
Air saturated: Moist air in which the partial pressure of the water vapor is
equal to the vapor pressure of water at the existing temperature. This occurs
when dry air and saturated water vapor coexist at the same dry-bulb
temperature.
Air Scale: Scale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from heating in
presence of air.
Air Scale: Scale left on ferrous metal in processing, usually from heating in
presence of air.
Air Scrubbers: Air scrubbers cover a wide range of devices used to regulate
air quality in a given area. An air scrubber typically uses multiple filtration
processes and cycles to remove dust, pollutants, allergens, and other micro-
particles from the air. Depending on the design, air scrubbers can also be
used to remove potentially harmful gases from the air prior to returning it to
the controlled environment.
Air sensing thermostat: A thermostat unit, in which the sensing element is
located in the refrigerated space.
Air Separator: An air separator is a device used to remove air from a fluid
piping system. The separator is placed inline with the piping system and can
be used to trap and remove bubbles and pockets of free air, delivering out of
the exit a more uniform fluid. Use of an air separator typicaly improves the
efficiency of the system and helps to extend the life of the system
components.
Air space : The area between insulation facing and interior of exterior wall
coverings. Normally a 1" air gap.
Air space : The area between insulation facing and interior of exterior wall
coverings. Normally a 1″ air gap.
Air standard: Air having a temperature of (20°C), a relative humidity of 36
percent, and under a pressure of 14.70 PSIA. The gas industry usually
considers (16°C) as the temperature of standard air.
Air Valve : An air flow control valve is a mechanical device used to regulate
the flow of air through a system. The control valve can be used to regulate
the volume of air moving through the system. It can also be used to split or
divert the air into one or more paths. The design and specifications of air flow
control valves vary widely based on the application.
Air Velocity Meters: Air velocity meters are measurement devices used to
report the speed of the air connected to the device. Air velocity meters are
typically of two types - vane anemometers or pressure-based measurement
systems. In vane anemometers the airflow spins a fan wheel and the resulting
rotational speed is converted to an airflow measurement. The airflow
measurement can be volumetric, such as cubic feet per minute (CFM), or can
be converted to an air speed based on the known flow area. In a pressure-
based measurment system, the pressure and temperature of the airflow is
measured by the device and the ideal gas law is used to convert these
parameters to a corresponding air speed.
Air vent: Valve, either manual or automatic, to remove air from the highest
point of a coil or piping assembly.
Air washer: A water spray system or device for cleaning, humidifying, or
dehumidifying the air.
Air, ambient: Generally the air surrounding the object.
Air, dry : Air without contained water vapor.
Air, outdoor: Air taken from outdoors and, therefore, not previously
circulated through the system.
Air, re-circulated : Return air passed through the conditioner before being
again supplied to the conditioned space.
Air, return: Air returned from conditioned or refrigerated space.
Airblasting: A cleaning operation, as cleaning sand from molds.
Airborne sound: Sound which reaches the point of interest by radiation
through the air.
Air-cooled condenser: Heat of compression is transferred from condensing
coils to surrounding air. This may be done either by convection or by a fan or
blower.
Aircraft Quality: Denotes stock of sufficient quality to be forged into highly
stressed parts for aircraft or other critical applications. Such materials are of
extremely high quality, requiring closely controlled, restrictive practices in
their manufacture in order that they may pass rigid requirements, such as
magnetic particle inspection (Ref: Aerospace Material Specification 2301).
Aircrete: A lightweight aerated cement-based material from which easily
handled high insulating building-blocks are made. (Trade name.)
Air-entrained concrete : A concrete used for constructing roads. It has about
5% air and is therefore less dense than ordinary good concrete, but it has
excellent freeze-thaw resistance. The strength loss is roughly 5% for each 1%
air entrained. Air entrained concrete produced by adding an admixture to
concrete or cement, which drags small bubbles of air (Smaller than 1 mm in
diameter) into the concrete mix. The bubbles increase the workability and
allowing both sand and water contents to be reduced.
Air-Hardening Steel: A steel containing sufficient carbon and other alloying
elements to harden fully during cooling in air or other gaseous mediums from
a temperature above its transformation range. The term should be restricted to
steels that are capable of being hardened by cooling in air in fairly large
sections, about 2 inches or more in diameter.
Air-Lift Hammer: A type of gravity drop hammer where the ram is raised
for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke can be controlled,
ram velocity and thus energy delivered to the workpiece can be varied.
Air-Lift Hammer: A type of gravity-drop hammer in which the ram is raised
for each stroke by an air cylinder. Because length of stroke can be controlled,
ram velocity and therefore the energy delivered to the workpiece can be
varied. (see Drop Hammer) (see Gravity Hammer)
Airmet: Aircraft’s Meteorological Information. A type of weather advisory
regarding certain weather conditions (turbulence, icing, low visiblity) which
could pose a threat to only smaller types of aircraft. SIGMET is a more
inclusive type of advisory.
Air-Oil Lubrication: A system of lubrication in which small quantities of oil
are injected into an air line that terminates at a bearing or other lubrication
point. The velocity of the air moves the oil, which remains in droplet form,
along the periphery of the fluid conductor to the point of need; the clean, dry
air, being unheated, helps cool the lubrication point. Since the lubricant does
not return to a reservoir, these systems are classified as all-loss systems.
Air-sensing thermostat: A thermostat unit, in which the sensing element is
located in the refrigerated space.
Aisc (american institute of steel construction, inc.): Is a non-profit
technical specifying and trade organization for the fabricated structural steel
industry in the United States. It was founded in 1921 with headquarters
located in Chicago. One of their best known manuals is the Manual of Steel
Construction.
AISE: Association of Iron and Steel Engineers
AISE: Association of Iron and Steel Engineers (now AIST, Association for
Iron & Steel Technology), www.aist.org.
Aise (association of iron and steel engineers): Abbreviation.
AISI: American Iron and Steel Institute
AISI: www.steel.org. (see American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI))
Aisi (american iron and steel institute): An institute to promote the
interests of the iron and steel industry.
AISI Steels: Steels of the American Iron and Steel Institute. Common and
alloy steels have been numbered in a system essentially the same as the SAE.
The AISI system is more elaborate than the SAE in that all numbers are
preceded by letters: A represents basic open-hearth alloy steel, B acid
Bessemer carbon steel, C basic open-hearth carbon steel, CB either acid
Bessemer or basic open-hearth carbon steel, E electric furnace alloy steel.
AIST Acronym: APB: AIST Process Benchmarker
AIST Acronym: CATC: Computer Applications Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: CMTC: Cokemaking Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: CSRTC: Cold Sheet Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: CTC: Cranes Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: EATC: Electrical Applications Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: ESTC: Electric Steelmaking Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: ETC: Environmental Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: EUTC: Energy and Utilities Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: FAT: Factory Acceptance Test
AIST Acronym: GTC: Galvanizing Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: HSRTC: Hot Sheet Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: I&ST: Iron and Steel Technology
AIST Acronym: IMTC: Ironmaking Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: ISA: International Steel Alliance
AIST Acronym: LHTC: Lubrication and Hydraulics Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: LSRTC: Ladle and Secondary Refining Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: MHTC: Material Handling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: MRPTC: Metallurgy - Processing, Products and
Applications Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: MRTC: Maintenance and Reliability Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: MSCTC: Metallurgy - Steelmaking and Casting
Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: MSTS: The Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel
AIST Acronym: OSTC: Oxygen Steelmaking Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: PCMTC: Project and Construction Management
Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: PRTC: Plate Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: PTTC: Pipe and Tube Technology Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: RBRTC: Rod and Bar Rolling Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: RSTC: Refractory Systems Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: RTC: Rolls Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: SAFTC: Specialty Alloy and Foundry Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: SHTC: Safety and Health Technology Committee
AIST Acronym: TETC: Tinplate and Electrogalvanizing Technology
Committee
AIST Acronym: TLTC: Packaging, Shipping and Transportation Methods
Technology Committee
Al clad: Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion resistant
aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally
stronger aluminum alloy. The coatings are anodic to the core so they protect
exposed areas of the core electrolytically during exposure to corrosive
environment.
Alberta court of queen’s bench: The superior Alberta Trial Court. The
Queen's Bench hears trials in civil and criminal matters and appeals from
decisions of the Provincial Court. It has inherent jurisdiction to settle a full
range of legal disputes.
Alberta human rights commission: An administrative agency established
by the Alberta Human Rights Act to receive and investigate discrimination
complaints pursuant to the Alberta Human Rights Act. The Alberta Human
Rights Commission investigates discrimination complaints against the
Provincial government and private businesses operating in Alberta. If
necessary, it will refer a complaint to the Alberta Human Rights Tribunal.
Alberta human rights tribunal : The Alberta Human Rights Tribunal is the
administrative agency authorized to legally determine if discrimination
occurred within the meaning of the Alberta Human Rights Act. It conducts
formal hearings on human rights complaints that have been referred to it from
the Alberta Human Rights Commission.
Alclad: Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant
aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal of structurally
stronger aluminum alloy. The coatings are anodic to the core so they protect
exposed areas of the core electrolytically during exposure to corrosive
environment.
Alcohol brine : A water and alcohol solution, which remains as a liquid
below 0°C.
Alevin: newly hatched fish with yolk sac attached, larva
Algae: A minute fresh water plant growth which forms a scum on the
surfaces of re-circulated water apparatus, interfering with fluid flow and heat
transfer. Lower form of plant life, usually green and blue green algae appear
in cooling water systems. They are responsible for copious amounts of
stringy green slime masses.
Align: To adjust or set to a line or center.
Alignment : (1) The fixing of points on the ground in the correct lines for
setting out a road, railway, wall, transmission line, canal, etc. (2) A ground
plan showing a route, as opposed to a profile or section, which shows levels
and elevations.
Alignment chart for columns: A nomograph for estimating the effective
length factor, K, of columns in an unbraced frame. Note that the chart is
based upon assumptions of idealized conditions which seldom exist in real
structures.
Alignment Key: A guide in the mill base which acts as the main location
reference for both driven and idle forming stands.
Aliphatic: One of three types of hydrocarbons found in fuels or lubricants.
Typically, aliphatics are visualized as linear molecules with no reactive
chemical sites. (see Hydrocarbon)
Alive: A term referring to a circuit in which a current is flowing. Also
referred to as live.
Alkali: A substance having marked basic properties. Applying to hydroxides
of potassium, sodium, lithium, and ammonium. They turn red litmus to blue.
Includes hydroxides of the alkaline earth metals of barium, strontium, and
calcium.
Alkali Metal: A metal in group IA of the periodic system—namely, lithium,
sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and francium. They form strongly
alkaline hydroxides, hence the name.
Alkalies: Any of various bases like hydroxides of sodium, potassium and
lithium which neutralize acids.
Alkaline: substance with pH greater than 7.0; alkalinity is caused by high
concentrations of hydroxyl ions; basic
Alkaline: Having a pH greater than 7.
Alkaline boil-out : Employed to remove oil and grease deposits from heating
surfaces.
Alkaline Cleaner: A material blended from alkali hydroxides and such
alkaline salts as borates, carbonates, phosphates or silicates. The cleaning
action may be enhanced by the addition of surface-active agents and special
solvents.
Alkaline Derusting: An electrical process for derusting steel, cast-iron and
other ferrous alloys without using heat.
Alkaline Derusting: An electrical process for derusting steel, cast iron and
other ferrous alloys without using heat.
Alkaline Earth Metal: A metal in group IIA of the periodic system—
namely, beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium and radium—so
called because the oxides or "earths" of calcium, stronthium and barium were
found by the early chemists to be alkaline in reaction.
Alkalinity: An expression of the total basic anions (hydroxyl groups) present
in a solution. It also represents, particularly in water analysis, the bi-
carbonate, carbonate, and occasionally, the borate, silicate, and phosphate
salts which will react with water to produce the hydroxyl groups.
Alkyd: A type of resin made from a polyhydroxy alcohol combined
chemically with the acids of various oils. They are particularly adapted for
use where hardness and high gloss are required. Used largely for outside
decoration.
Alkyd: A type of resin made from a polyhydroxy alcohol combined
chemically with the acids of various oils. They are particularly adapted for
use where hardness and high gloss are required. Used largely for outside
decoration.
Allen type screw : A screw with a recessed hex shaped head.
Alligatoring: 1. Pronounced wide cracking over the entire surface of a
coating having the appearance of alligator hide. 2. The longitudinal splitting
of flat slabs in a plane parallel to the rolled surface. Also called fish-
mouthing.
All-in ballast: Ballast suitable for making into concrete without the addition
of any other aggregate.
Allotment: A building site
Allotriomorphic Crystal: A crystal whose lattice structure is normal but
whose external surfaces are not bounded by regular crystal faces; rather, the
external surfaces are impressed by contact with other crystals or another
surface such as mold wall, or are irregularly shaped because of nonuniform
growth. (see Idiomorphic Crystal)
Allotropy: 1. A near synonym for polymorphism. Allotropy is generally
restricted to describing polymorphic behavior in elements, terminal phases,
and alloys whose behavior closely parallels that of the predominant
constituent element. 2. The existence of a substance, especially an element, in
two or more physical states (for example, crystals).
Allowance: 1. The specified difference in limiting sizes (minimum clearance
or maximum interference) between mating parts, as computed arithmetically
from the specified dimensions and tolerances of each part. 2. In a foundry,
the specified clearance. The difference in limiting sizes, such as minimum
clearance or maximum interference between mating parts, as computed
arithmetically.(see Tolerance)
Allowance(s): A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for
items which have not been selected and specified in the construction contract.
For example, selection of tile as a flooring may require an allowance for an
underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside an amount
of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.
Alloy: A substance that has metallic properties and is comprised of two or
more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal.
Alloy: A substance having metal properties and being composed of two or
more chemical elements of which at least one is a metal.
Alloy Cast Iron: Highly alloyed cast irons containing more than 3% alloy
content. Alloy cast irons may be a type of white iron, gray iron or ductile
iron.
Alloy layers : the interior layers of the galvanized coating comprised of
iron/zinc intermetallics formed when molten zinc reacts with iron in the steel
Alloy Powder, Alloyed Powder: A metal powder consisting of at least two
constituents that are partially or completely alloyed with each other.
Alloy Scrap: Scrap which contains one or more alloying metals, such as
nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum. Such scrap must be very carefully
classified according to composition and kept separate from other kinds of
scrap.
Alloy Steel: A steel in which a deliberate addition of one or more alloying
elements, e.g. Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, etc. has been made during steelmaking to
enhance the properties of the steel. The amounts of each element that must be
present in steel before it is classified as an alloy steel are given in Table 1 in
EN 10020:2000. At low levels of addition, the steels may be classified as low
alloy. The same standard classifies steels which do not meet the minimum
requirements as 'non-alloy' steels.
Alloy steel: Steel containing specific quantities of alloying elements (other
than carbon) and commonly accepted amounts of manganese, copper, silicon,
sulfur, and phosphorus).
Alloy Surcharge: The addition to the producer's selling price included in
order to offset raw material cost increases caused by higher alloy prices.
Alloy Surcharge: The producer's selling price plus a surcharge added to
offset the increasing costs of raw materials caused by increasing alloy prices.
Alloying Element: Any metallic element added during the making of steel
for the purpose of increasing corrosion resistance, hardness or strength. The
metals used most commonly as alloying elements in stainless steel include
chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
Alloying Elements: Chemical elements added for improving the properties
of the finished products. Some alloying elements are nickel, chromium,
manganese, molybdenum and silicon.
Alluvial: native aggregates deposited by water flow
All-Weld-Metal Test Specimen: A test specimen wherein the portion being
tested is composed wholly of weld metal.
Alpha – Ferrite: Body-centered cubic type of pure iron stable below 1,670°F
(910°C).
Alpha Brass: A solid-solution phase of one or more alloying elements in
copper having the same crystal lattice as copper.
Alpha Brass: A copper zinc alloy containing up to 38% of zinc. Used mainly
for cold working.
Alpha Bronze: A copper-tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin
in copper. Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin. This alloy is used in
coinage, springs, turbine, blades, etc.
Alpha Bronze: A copper tin alloy consisting of the alpha solid solution of tin
in copper. Commercial forms contain 4 or 5% of tin. This alloy is used in
coinage,springs,turbine,blades,etc,
Alpha Ferrite: Body centered cubic type of pure iron stable below 1670F
(910C).
Alpha Martensite: A form or stage of martensite of somewhat arbitrary
distinction, probably representing the least developed and most distorted
stage in the transformation of austenite to martensite at ordinary
temperatures.
Alpha Martensite: A form or stage of martensite of somewhat arbitrary
distinction, probably representing the least developed and most distorted
stage in the transformation of austenite to martensite at ordinary
temperatures.
Alpha Process: A shell molding and core-making method in which a thin
resin-bonded shell is baked with a less expensive, highly permeable material.
Alpha Process: A shell molding and core making method in which a thin
resin bonded shell is baked with a less expensive, highly permeable material.
Alpha-Iron: The form of iron (also referred to as ferrite) which exists
naturally below 910°C in which the iron atoms are arranged in a body-
centered cubic (bcc) crystalline pattern, i.e., an iron atom at each corner of a
cube and a single one right in the middle of the cube.
Alternate: Airport indicated on a flight plan where it is possible to divert the
aircraft from its scheduled destination (in case of bad weather or any other
major situation).
Alternate Immersion Test: A corrosion test in which the specimens are
intermittently exposed to a liquid medium at definite time intervals.
Alternating Blanking: A method of blanking parts. This method involves
having one part blanked in one direction and another part blanked in another
direction utilizing the unused material from the previous part. This method is
used as a cost-cutting measure.
Alternating current (ac) : Electric current in which the direction of the
current alternates or reverses. In a 60 Hertz (cycle) current, the direction of
current flow reverses in 1/120th of a second; most commonly used current.
Alternating Stress: Stress produced in a material by forces acting alternating
in opposite directions.
Alternating Stress: Stress produced in a material by forces acting alternating
in opposite directions.
Alternator: A device which converts mechanical energy, into alternating
current.
Altimeter: An instrument used to measure the height above a reference point,
such as ground or sea level.
Altimeter setting: barometric pressure reading in millibars (for example
1015), or inches of mercury (for example 29.80) used to set a pressure
altimeter’s sub-scale to QFE or QNH.
Alum: Is an aluminum sulfate or filter alum. Acts in the range of 5.0 to 8.0
pH.
Alumel: A nickel-base alloy containing about 2.5% Mn, 2% Al, and 1% Si
used chiefly as a component of pyrometric thermocouples.
Alumina: An oxide of aluminum.
Alumina: Aluminum oxide produced fron bauxite by a complicated chemical
process. It is a material that looks like granulated sugar. Alumina is an
intermediate step in the production of aluminum from bauxite, and is also a
valuable chemical on its own.
Alumina: Aluminum oxide occasionally found as an impurity in water in
very small amounts.
Aluminium oxide: Synthetic abrasive made into stones, wheels or abrasive
paper for sharpening tools.
Aluminized Sheet: This is sheet steel to which a thin, hot-dip, aluminum-
silicon alloy coating has been applied. It is primarily used in applications that
must withstand or reflect heat and resist corrosion at temperatures that are
higher than galvanized coatings can cope with. The silicon content is usually
5-11% and this promotes adherence of the coating to the substrate. Although
most aluminized coatings are applied to cold rolled carbon steel, they are also
used on some ferritic stainless steels in order to give car exhausts life-of-
vehicle durability. Aluminized steel is very formable, and typical applications
are vehicle exhaust pipes, ovens, furnaces, heat exchangers and bakeware.
The coating is said to be particularly good at resisting salt spray and exhaust
condensate corrosion.
Aluminizing: Forming of an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal
by hot dipping, hot spraying or diffusion.
Aluminizing: Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal
by hot dipping, hot spraying, or diffusion.
Aluminum: killed steel steel treated with aluminum as an oxidizing agent in
order to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs
between carbon and oxygen during solidification
Aluminum: A silver-white soft metal, noted for its lightness, high
reflectivity, high thermal conductivity, non-toxicity and corrosion resistance.
It is the most abundant metallic element, comprising about 1/12th of the
earth's crust. It is never found in nature as an elemental metal, but only in
combination with oxygen and other elements. In ordinary commercial and
industrial use, the word "aluminum" is often understood to mean aluminum
alloy, rather than the pure metal.
Aluminum Bus bars: An aluminum busbar is a component in electrical
power distribution used to carry large currents and distribute power to
multiple components. Busbars can be made from aluminum or copper and are
typically rectangular plates.
Aluminum Killed Steel (Special Killed): Steel deoxidized with aluminum in
order to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so that no reaction occurs
between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
Aluminum Oxide: A chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen, which
forms immediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air. Unlike iron
oxide, (the rust that forms on steel) aluminum oxide does not flake off, but
forms a protective layer that blocks further oxidation and so protects the
integrity of the metal. It is transparent and does not alter the appearance of
the aluminum surface.
Aluminum Oxide: A chemical compound of aluminum with oxygen, which
forms immediately on an unprotected surface exposed to air. Unlike iron
oxide (the rust that forms on steel) aluminum oxide does not flake off, but
forms a protective layer that blocks further oxidation and so protects the
integrity of the metal. It is transparent and does not alter the appearance of
the aluminum surface.
Aluminum : element found in the galvanizing bath (added to molten zinc
through a product commonly called “brightener bar”) that gives the hot-dip
galvanized coating a shiny appearance
Aluminum : a lightweight chemical element (Al); the most abundant
metallic element in the Earth's crust
Aluminum-Base, Aluminum Complex Grease: A grease prepared from a
lubricating oil and an aluminum soap. Such greases are made with more than
one acid, often benzoic and stearic acids, and liquefy at higher temperatures
than simple soaps.
Amalgam: A dental alloy produced by combining mercury with alloy
particles of silver, tin, copper and sometimes zinc.
Ambient: The current condition of temperature, humidity and atmospheric
pressure.
Ambient Air Temperature: Temperature of the surrounding air.
Ambient air temperature: Temperature of fluid (usually air) which
surrounds object on all sides.
Ambient conditions: The conditions of temperature, pressure, and humidity,
existing around an instrument.
Ambient Noise: The noise level in the area surrounding the machine or
component to be tested with machine being tested not operating.
Ambient noise: The normal sound in a room or other location.
Ambient Temperature: The temperature of the surrounding atmosphere.
AMC Refractory: Refractory composed of alumina (Al2O3), magnesia
(MgO) and carbon. Used primarily in the working lining (steel contact areas)
of steel ladles.
Ameco: s equipment subsidiary is a leader in providing integrated mobile
equipment, tool, and fleet management solutions to construction, mining,
government, and industrial markets around the world.
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI): A non-profit association of
North American producers, suppliers to and users of steel. It's mission is to
promote steel as the material of choice and to enhance the competitiveness of
its members and the North American steel industry. www.steel.org
American Standard Beam: Common name for an S-shape steel beam.
American standard pipe thread: A type of screw or thread, commonly used
on pipe fittings to assure a tight seal.
American wire gauge (awg): A system used in the United States for
measuring the size of solid wires.
Amine: A specific type of organic compound containing nitrogen, used to
absorb acids or as an antioxidant. Common amines include aromatic amines,
MEA (monoethanol amine) and DEA (diethanol amine).
Amine: A chemical use in water treatment as a filming or neutralizing agent
to protect the metal parts.
Ammeter: An instrument for measuring the magnitude of electric current
flow.
Ammeter shunt: A low-resistance conductor, placed in parallel (shunt) with
an ammeter movement, so that most of the current flows through the shunt,
and only a small portion flows through the ammeter. This extends the useful
range of the meter.
Ammonia: Chemical combination of nitrogen and hydrogen (NH3).
Ammonia is a very efficient refrigerant and identified as R-117.
Amorphous: Non-crystalline.
Amorphous: Non crystalline.
Amorphous: A solid not having a repetitive three-dimensional pattern of
atoms.
Amorphous Solid: A rigid material whose structure lacks crystalline
periodicity; that is, the pattern of its constituent atoms or molecules does not
repeat periodically in three dimensions. (see Metallic Glass)
Amortization: A payment plan by which a loan is reduced through monthly
payments of principal and interest.
Ampacity: The current carrying capacity expressed in amperes.
Ampacity: A wire's ability to carry current safely, without undue heating.
The term formerly used to describe this characteristic was current capacity of
the wire.
Amperage: An electron or current flow of one coulomb per second, past a
given point in a circuit.
Ampere: The ampere (SI unit symbol: A; SI dimension symbol: I), often
shortened to amp, is the SI unit of electric current.
Ampere: The unit used for measuring the quantity of an electrical current
flow. One ampere represent a flow of one coulomb per second.
Ampere hour -: A term used for rating battery capacity. As stated, an
ampere for an hour; ex5 amperes for 20 hours = 100 amp hour on a 20 hr
rating.
Ampere turns: A term used to measure magnetic force. It represents the
product of amperes, times the number of turns of the coil, in an
electromagnet.
Amphoteric : having the characteristics of an acid and a base and capable of
reacting chemically either as an acid or a base
Amplification: The process of obtaining an output signal greater than the
input signal, through auxiliary power controlled by the input signal. The
process of increasing the strength, current, power, or voltage, of the signal.
Amplification factor: A multiplier of the value of moment or deflection in
the unbraced length of an axially loaded member to reflect secondary values
generated by the eccentricity of the load.
Amplitude: A measure of floor vibration. It is the magnitude or total distance
traveled by each oscillation of the vibration.
Amplitude: The maximum instantaneous value of alternating current or
voltage. It can be in either a positive or negative direction. The greatest
distance through which an oscillating body moves from the mid point.
Anadromous fish: fish that migrate from salt water to fresh water for
spawning
Anaerobic : A condition in which "free" or dissolved oxygen is not present
in the water.
Analog Device: An electronic device that requires or produces an infinitely
variable signal, usually voltage or current, in response to a state change
within the device.
Analog Hygrometers: An analog hygrometer measures relative humidity -
the amount of moisture in the air relative to the amount of moisture the air
can hold. The analog feature means that the hygrometer measures the relative
humidity using mechanical components and reports the relative humidity on a
calibrated dial gauge.
Analog Multimeters: A multimeter is an electrical measurement device used
to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. In an
analog multimeter, motion of the needle is directly proportional to the
physical quantity being measured over within a preselected range. The output
value is reported using a needle that moves over a calibrated scale with units
for each measurement type. Multimeters are usually handheld devices though
bench-top units with very high accuracy also exist.
Analog Output Plc: A PLC is a programmable-logic controller - a computer-
based electronic system often used to control other devices including
machines, hardware components, or other control modules. The PLC system
receives input in digital or analog form, processes the input signal based on
needs of the device, then transmits the signal to control the output device. In
an analog output PLC, the controller outputs voltage or current in order to
control equipment. This type of controller is frequently used in industrial
environments to control motors, actuators, valves, and pumps.
Analyse : Breaking material into its constituent parts and detecting how the
parts relate to one another and to an overall structure or purpose - involving
differentiating, organizing and attributing. See Problem analysis, Solution
synthesis
Analysis: The process of determining the composition of a substance, by
chemical or physical methods.
Anchor: A ceramic or metal fitting designed to hold refractories in place.
Anchor bolt: A long 'L' shaped bolt which is set in concrete and used to
anchor columns or other members to a foundation or other support.
Anchor Bolt: An anchor bolt is a specialized bolt used to attach items to hard
surfaces such as concrete, asphalt, brick or stone. Anchor bolts are made up
of a threaded end that is turned into the surface of interest and a washer and
nut used to carry the load on the bolt. Anchor bolts come in many shapes,
sizes, and materials depending on the application and the load requirements.
Anchor bolt plan: A plan view showing the size, location, and projection of
all anchor bolts.
Anchor bolts: Bolts to secure a wooden sill plate to concrete , or masonry
floor or wall.
Anchor bolts: Bolts imbedded in concrete foundation and bolted to vessels
to anchor bolt chairs.
Anchor bolts: Bolts to secure a wooden sill plate to concrete , or masonry
floor or wall.
Anchorage: The process of fastening a joist or joist girder to a masonry,
concrete, or steel support by either bolting or welding.
Anchorage : a secure fixing, usually made of reinforced concrete to which
the cables are fastened
Anchors/rock anchors : Rock anchors resistforces by means of corrosion
protected steel bars embedded into bedrock. Geotechnical structures need
anchors to counteract the uplift and other forces acting on foundations.
Ancillary building : Buildings used for equipmentstorage or support
machinery.
Andalusite: A mineral consisting of alumina and silica.
Anelastic Deformation: Any portion of the total deformation of a body that
occurs as a function of time when load is applied and which disappears
completely after a period of time when the load is removed.
Anelasticity: The property of solids by virtue of which strain is not a single-
value function of stress in the low-stress range where no permanent set
occurs.
Anemometer: An Anemometer is used to measure wind speed and wind
pressure. There are several different types of anemometers. These include
cup, windmill, hot wire, laser doppler, and ultrasonic anemometers.
Anemometer: An instrument for measuring the velocity of a fluid.
Angle: A hot rolled shape called an Angle with symbol L which has equal
legs or unequal legs.
Angle: Steel angle a steel section whose cross-section is L-shaped. If the
vertical and horizontal legs of the 'L' are the same length it is called an equal
angle, if different, an unequal or odd leg angle. Angles are also available in
other metals.
Angle: A very common structural or bar shape with two legs of equal or
unequal length intersecting at 90°.
Angle Iron: An iron or steel structural member that has been cast, rolled or
bent (folded) so that its cross-section is I-shaped.
Angle Iron: An iron or steel structural member that has been cast,rolled or
bent (folded) so that its cross section is l shaped.
Angle of Bite: In the rolling of metals, the location where all of the force is
transmitted through the rolls; the maximum attainable angle between the roll
radius at the first contact and the line of roll centers. Operating angles less
than the angle of bite are termed contact angles or rolling angles.
Angle of lag or lead: The phase angle difference, between two sinusoidal
wave forms having the same frequency.
Angle of Nip: In rolling, the angle of bite. In roll, jaw or gyratory crushing,
the entrance angle formed by the tangents at the two points of contact
between the working surfaces and the (assumed) spherical particles to be
crushed.
Angle Plate: A precision holding fisture made of cast-iron, steel or granite.
The two principle faces are at right angles and may be slotted for holding the
work or clamping to a table.
Angle Plate: A precision holding fisture made of cast iron,steel or granite.
The two principal faces are at right angles and may be slotted for holding the
work or clamping to a table.
Angle unit: A member used as a joist substitute which is intended for use at
very short spans (10 feet or less) where open web steel joists are impractical.
They are usually used for short spans in skewed bays, over corridors, or for
outriggers. It can be made up of two or four angles to form channel sections
or box sections. Tube and channel sections are also used. See Joist Substitute.
Angle valve: A type of globe valve design, having pipe openings at right
angles to each other. Usually one opening on the horizontal plane and one on
the vertical plane.
Angles, Shapes & Section: Hot rolled Structural Sections obtained by hot
rolling of blooms/billets. They include angles, channels, girders, joist, I
beams, H beams etc used in civil/mechanical construction.
Angstrom Units: (A) A unit of linear measure equal to 10( 10)m, or 0.1 nm;
not an accepted Si unit, but still sometimes used for small distances such as
interatomic distances and some wavelengths.
Angstrom units: A unit of wave length, equal in length to one ten billionth.
Angtrom (Unit): A unit of linear measure equal to 10-10 m, or 0.1 nm
(nanometer), sometimes used to express small distances such as interatomic
distances and some wavelengths.
Angular Speed (Gears): Rotational speed at the pitch line, measured in
rad/s.
Angularity: The conformity to or deviation from specified angular
dimensions in the cross-section of a shape.
Anhydrous calcium sulfate: A dry chemical, made of calcium, sulfur, and
oxygen.
Aniline Point: For a petroleum fluid, the lowest temperature at which the
product is completely miscible with an equal volume of freshly distilled
aniline. It serves as a measure of the solvent or “grease-cutting” power of a
hydrocarbon; generally, the lower the aniline point, the more effective the
solvent.
Anion: A negatively charged ion that migrates through the electrolyte toward
the anode under the influence of a potential gradient.(see Cation) (see Ion)
Anion interchange : The displacement of one negatively charged particle by
another on an anion-exchange material. This principle is used with water
treatment.
Anion : a negatively charged ion, especially the ion that migrates to an anode
in electrolysis
Anion : A negatively charged ion such as the chloride ion (Cl-).
Anisotropy: Anistropy is the word used to describe the fact materials in
general, and steels in particular, are characterized by mechanical properties
which differ depending upon the direction in which they are assessed.
Particular use is made of this in cold reduced formable steels intended for
deep drawing applications; the production process route is such as to enhance
this particular property, which is given a numerical value by a parameter
known as the 'r' value.
Anisotropy: The characteristics of exhibiting different values of a property in
different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material.
Anneal: A process, consisting of heating to and holding at a suitable
temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate, used primarily to soften
metallic materials, such as steel. This process also simultaneously produces
desired changes in microstructure, as in other properties, such as
improvement of mechanical or electrical properties, increase in stability in
dimensions, facilitation of cold work, etc.(see Batch Anneal) (see Continuous
Anneal)
Anneal: To heat a metal to a temperature slightly below its melting point,
then cool it gradually so as to soften it thoroughly. Fully annealed aluminum
is said to be in the ?O? temper.
Anneal: To soften by heating and allowing to cool slowly.
Anneal Cycle Code: Steel heat specification unique to the annealing base
being charged.
Anneal to Temper: A final partial anneal that softens a cold worked non-
ferrous alloy to a specified level of hardness or tensile strength.
Annealing: 1. Heating and then cooling metals in a controlled atmosphere to
soften them. 2. A process involving heating and cooling usually applied to
induce softening. In box annealing, the material to be annealed is enclosed in
a metal container with, or without packing material to minimize oxidation.
The charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature just below the
transformation range, but sometimes just above, or within it, and cooled
slowly.
Annealing Carbon: Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in
white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called
temper carbon.
Annealing Carbon: Fine, apparently amorphous carbon particles formed in
white cast iron and certain steels during prolonged annealing. Also called
temper carbon.
Annealing Twin: A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization.
Annealing Twin: A twin formed in a metal during an annealing heat
treatment.
Annealing : A process of heat treating metal, to get the desired properties of
softness and ductility, (easy to form).
Annual percentage rate (apr): Annual cost of credit over the life of a loan,
including interest, service charges, points, loan fees, mortgage insurance, and
other items.
Annual percentage rate (apr): Annual cost of credit over the life of a loan,
including interest, service charges, points, loan fees, mortgage insurance, and
other items.
Annular Area: A ring shaped area often refers to the net effective area of the
rod side of a cylinder piston, i.e., the piston area of the rod.
Annulus: A ring-like part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which
extruded metal flows from the press.
Annulus: A ring like part or, the orifice of a hollow die, through which
extruded metal flows from the press.
Annunciators: An annunciator is an electronically-controlled board,
typically using light emitting diodes (LED) to indicate the state of an
electronic component. Annunciators come in many design styles and are
often customized to a specific application. An alarm annunciator is typically
designed to specifically monitor sensors for fault conditions and safety
concerns.
Anode: 1. The electrode of an electrolyte cell at which oxidation occurs.
Electrons flow away from the anode in the external circuit. It is usually at the
electrode that corrosion occurs and metal ions enter solution. 2. The positive
(electron-deficient) electrode in an electrochemical circuit. Contrast with
cathode.
Anode: In electrolysis or electrochemical corrosion, a site where metal goes
into solution as a cation leaving behind an equivalent of electrons to be
transferred to the opposite electron, called the cathode.
Anode Copper: Special-shaped copper slabs, resulting from the refinement
of blister copper in a reverberatory furnace, used as anodes in electrolytic
refinement.
Anode Effect: The effect produced by polarization of the anode in
electrolysis. It is characterized by a sudden increase in voltage and a
corresponding decrease in amperage due to the anode becoming virtually
separated from the electrolyte by a gas film.
Anode Film: 1. The portion of solution in immediate contact with the anode,
especially if the concentration gradient is steep. 2. The outer layer of the
anode itself.
Anode Furnaces: An anode furnace is a specialized fire-furnace used to
refine blister copper into anode copper. Blister copper is 98% pure copper
created during the smelting process when sulfur is removed. The anode
furnace is used to further refine the blister copper by removing any remaining
oxygen in the copper. The result is copper that is about 99% pure.
Anode : the electrode of an electrolytic cell at which corrosion (oxidation)
occurs, positive current flows from the anode through the electrolyte to the
cathode; with respect to hot-dip galvanizing, anode refers to zinc, which
corrodes sacrificially to protect steel
Anodic Cleaning: Electrolytic cleaning in which the work is the anode. Also
called reverse-current cleaning.
Anodic Protection: Polarization to a more oxidizing potential to achieve a
reduced corrosion rate by the promotion of passivity.
Anodic Reaction: Electrode reaction equivalent to a transfer of positive
charge from the electronic to the ionic conductor. An anodic reaction is an
oxidation process. An example common in corrosion is M(s) – M(aq)2+ +
2e-.
Anodic : exhibiting the properties of an anode; zinc is anodic to steel
Anodizing: Forming a conversion coating on a metal surface by anodic
oxidation; most frequently applied to aluminum.
Anodizing: The treatment of a metal surface whereby the metal is made
anodic.
Anolyte: The electrolyte adjacent to the anode in an electrolytic cell.
Ansi: American National Standards Institute.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute
ANSI: American National Standards Institute (a member of the ISO). Among
other things, ANSI standards are used to evaluate load ratings for ball and
roller bearings. www.ansi.org
Ansi: American National Standard Institute, which is an organization
defining standards for computer language.
Ansi (american national standards institute): A nonprofit organization
which promotes the use of U.S. standards internationally
ANSI Flange: A mechanical device that is used to connect two pieces of pipe
together to form a pressure tight joint. ANSI flanges are round, use through
bolts and/or nuts to attach two matched flanges together or to a valve or other
mechanical device. See ANSI standards for pressure and temperature ratings.
Ansi-b.31.1 : Power Piping.
Ansi-b.31.5: Refrigeration Piping.
Ant capping: Termite barrier (shield), usually of galvanised iron, placed over
piers and dwarf walls to control the entry of termites.
Anti Condensation Heaters: Anti condensation heaters are a type of space
heater used to maintain temperature in a small enclosure in order to eliminate
moisture and prevent condensation. These heaters are typically used in
electrical components where condensation would be damaging to the system.
Anti knock value -: A premature explosive combustion, as the detonation of
the fuel air mixture in an internal combustion engine, produces a
characteristic knock. The Anti Knock Value is the measure of its resistance to
the condition which tends to produce this knock.
Anti Skid Flooring Systems: Anti-skid flooring systems provide a means to
applying a non-slip surface to flooring surfaces, typically in industrial
environments. Anti-skid systems can be epoxy-based coatings applied
directly to the surface with a non-skid additive or the system can be a
installed and removable non-skid matting such as a textured rubber flooring.
Anti Vibration Mountings: Anti-vibration mountings are typically used to
reduce the transfer of machine vibration into adjacent surfaces or the air.
Reduction of machine vibration is an important process because excessive
vibration can lead to component failure due to stress and fatigue and high
levels of radiated noise from the vibrating surface. Anti-vibration mountings
are typically made of a resilient compound such as rubber.
Anticipating control : One which, by artificial means, is activated sooner
than it would be without such means, to produce a smaller differential of the
controlled property. Heat and cool anticipators are commonly used in
thermostats.
Anticipators: A small heater element in two-position temperature controllers
which deliberately cause false indications of temperature in the controller in
an at tempt to minimize the override of the differential and smooth out the
temperature variation in the controlled space.
Anti-corrosive additive : A lubricant additive to reduce corrosion.
Anti-foam additive: (FOAM INHIBITOR) An additive used to reduce or
prevent foaming.
Antifoam agents: The reduction of carry over by the addition of polymerized
esters, alcohol’s, and amides. The antifoam agent is absorbed on the steam
generating surface resulting in a hydrophobic condition, causing fewer but
larger steam bubbles, which readily coalesce. These agents also weaken the
wall of the bubble formed, causing them to quickly burst on the water
surface.
Antifoulants: Are materials which prevent fouling from depositing on heat
transfer equipment. Materials that prevent deposits forming; include
antioxidants, metal coordinators, and corrosion inhibitors. Compounds that
prevent deposition are surfactants. They act as detergents or dispersants.
Antifreeze: Compounds of glycol’s or alcohol’s, that lower the freezing
point of cooling water systems.
Antifriction Material: A material that exhibits low-friction or self-
lubricating properties.
Antimony: Chemical symbol Sb. Silvery white and lusteous, it exhibits poor
heat and electrical conductivity. It is used primarily in compounds such as
antimony trioxide for flame-retardants. Other applications include storage
battery components.
Antioxidant: An additive to retard oxygen-related deterioration, especially
oxidation of lubricants.. (see Inhibitor)
Antioxidant: A substance which when added in small amounts to petroleum
products, will delay or inhibit undesirable changes; such as the formation of
gum, sludge, and acidity, which are brought about by oxidation.
Anti-oxidant : An additive for the purpose of reducing the rate of oxidation
and subsequent deterioration of the material.
Antipitting Agent: An addition agent for electroplating solutions to prevent
the formation of pits or large pores in the electrodeposit.
Anti-scuffing lubricant: A lubricant that is formulated to avoid scuffing.
Anti-Seize Compounds (Pipe Dope): Grease-like substances with graphite,
molybdenum disulfide and metallic particles dispersed throughout, primarily
to prevent seizure on threaded joints.
Anti-seizure property: The ability of the bearing material to resist seizure
during momentary lubrication failure.
Anti-Skid Flooring Systems: Anti skid flooring systems provide a means to
applying a non slip surface to flooring surfaces, typically in industrial
environments. Anti skid systems can be epoxy based coatings applied directly
to the surface with a non skid additive or the system can be a installed and
removable non skid matting such as a textured rubber flooring.
Anti-two-block device (A-2-B): A device that when activated, disengages all
crane functions which can cause two-blocking.
Anti-wear additive : A lubricant additive to reduce wear.
Anvil: A heavy iron or steel block upon which metal is forged or hammered.
Also the fixed jaw on a micrometer against which parts are measured.
AOD: Argon Oxygen Decarburization
AOD Process: AOD stands for argon Argon Oxygen Decarburization, a
refining process associated with the production of stainless steel. Most
stainless steel is initially produced in an electric arc furnace before being
transferred to a separate ladle furnace for refining to achieve the precise
metallurgical content required – a process known as secondary metallurgy or
secondary refining. In the AOD process, a mixture of argon and oxygen is
blown through the molten steel in the ladle furnace, and the oxygen achieves
the main objective of oxidizing unwanted carbon in the steel melt. But
because the vital and expensive chromium contained in all stainless steels is
also prone to oxidation and subsequent loss with the process slag, the argon is
introduced to inhibit this reaction.
Aor: Area of Responsibility
APB: AIST Process Benchmarker. The AIST Process Benchmarker (APB) is
an online analytical tool for tracking performance metrics between iron, steel
and coke-producing companies. This service allows producer members to
compare specific operating parameters in a multitude of ways. The user-
friendly, subscriber-only database system gives producers the ability to
generate many different reports, charts, tables and even raw data, all of which
can be exported to a variety of standard formats for use in presentations,
status reports and technical papers.
Aperature: In an extrusion die, the shaped opening through which the heat-
softened metal is forced and which gives the extruded product its cross-
sectional shape. Also called the “orifice”.
Aperture: In an extrusion die, the shaped opening through which the heat
softened metal is forced and which gives the extruded product its cross
sectional shape. Also called the ?orifice?.
Apex: The highest point of a gable.
Apex: The highest point on a joist or joist girder where the sloped chords
meet. See also Peak.
Api: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient
API: American Petroleum Institute, the trade association of the oil industry.
www.api.org
Api: American Petroleum Institute.
API Gravity: A gravity scale established by the API, in general use in the
petroleum industry. This unit is defined in terms of specific gravity at 60°F
(SPG 60°F) as follows: Degrees API = 141.5/SPG 60°F - 131.5.
Api gravity : (API DEGREE)A measure of density used in the US petroleum
industry.
API Separator (Lube Systems): A tank with baffles, used to separate oil
from water: the water is removed by the underflow and the oil by the baffle
overflow.
API Standards: The American Petroleum Institue (API) has been
developing standards for the industry since 1924. The API now maintains
over 500 standards of practice covering the entire oil and gas industry. These
standards include recommended practices and procedures, specifications,
regulatory codes, and technical reports and documentation.
App: Approach control
Apparent (emf): The apparent voltage, as measured by the drop in pressure
due to a current flowing through a resistance.
Apparent Consumption: This is a stastically-derived figure for national or
regional steel consumption during a given period. It is based on the sum of
reported mill shipments of finished steel plus steel imports into the
country/region, minus steel exports. While a useful indicator, it does not
necessarily accurately reflect real steel demand. This is because stock
building or stock depletion in the supply chain (by distributors and/or steel
users) can result in apparent consumption either exaggerating or under
estimating true steel demand.
Apparent Contraction: The net contraction of a casting dimension due to
true metal contraction, mold wall movement and restraint during
solidification and cooling.
Apparent Density: 1. The weight per unit volume of a powder, in contrast to
the weight per unit volume of the individual particles. 2. The weight per unit
volume of a porous solid, where the unit volume is determined from external
dimensions of the mass. Apparent density is always less than the true density
of the material itself.
Apparent Viscosity: A term characterizing the resistance to flow of liquids
whose viscosities vary with the rate of shear. It can be evaluated in a
capillary-type instrument where it is defined as the shear stress at the
capillary wall divided by the mean rate of shear as computed from the
Poiseuille equation; it is expressed in fundamental viscosity units at a given
rate of shear.
Apparent watts : The product of volts times amperes, in an alternating
current circuit.
Appeal: An official challenge to a lower court decision or (when permitted
by a tribunal's enabling legislation) a tribunal’s decision.
Application : The ability to use comprehended knowledge in a new situation
involving the use of rules, laws, methods, theories, strategies, heuristics; the
production of useful artifacts as a result of using engineering knowledge and
skills.
Application : the act of putting to use; specifically, the use to which
galvanized steel will be put
Apply : Carrying out or using a procedure in a given situation, executing or
implementing. (Anderson-Krathwohl form)
Appraisal : An expert valuation of property.
Approval plans: Plans sent by the joist manufacturer to the buyer, engineer,
architect, contractor or other person for approval. The plans may include a
framing plan, elevations, sections, and a material list.
Appurtenance : An item which belong with, or is designed to complement
something else (For example, a manhole is a sewer appurtenance.)
Apron: A trim board that is installed beneath a window sill
Apron: a smooth (generally concrete) surface that is placed between culvert
and channel to improve capacity and reduce erosion.
Apron: Device that the molten slag flows across on its way from the spout to
the doughnut. It is cooled by water spray.
Apron : A floor constructed along the channel bottom to prevent scour.
Aprons are almost always extension of culverts
Apron Conveyors: An apron conveyor is a specialized conveyer system
used to carry granular or lumpy material. The conveyer is made up of a series
of individual apron plates that are overlapped and connected on their
underside by hinges. The overlapping aprons provide strength for heavy duty
loads and the lack of gaps helps to eliminate loss of material for granular
loads. The apron construction also makes it easy to vary the length of the
conveyor by adding or removing apron plates.
Apu: Auxiliary Power Unit. Device (usually a small turbine) that provides
power for engine-starting and other systems while on the ground. Such
device is present on large aircraft and some business jets, and replaces
the GPU.
Aquatic: refers to water aquatic insectinsect species whose larval stages live
in water
Aqueduct : a bridge or channel for conveying water, usually over long
distances
Aqueous: Watery. A substance containing water.
Aqueous Cleaning: A common method of removing lubricants which
consists of three stages: washing, rinsing, and drying.
Aqueous : relating to, similar to, containing, or dissolved in water; watery
Aquifer: A porous, subsurface geological structure carrying or holding
water.
Aquifer : An underground source of water capable of supplying a well.
Arbor: A shaft or spindle for holding cutting tools; most usually on a milling
machine.
Arbor Press: A machine used for forcing arbors or mandrels into drilled or
bored parts preparatory to turning or grinding. Also used for forcing
bushings, shafts or pins into or out of holes.
Arbor-Type Cutter: A cutter having a hole for mounting on an arbor and
usually having a keyway for a driving key.
Arc: A luminous discharge of electrical current crossing the gap between two
electrodes.
Arc: A flash, caused by an electric current ionizing a gas or vapor.
Arc Blow: The deflection of an electric arc from its normal path because of
magnetic forces.
Arc Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is obtained from
an electric arc. (see Carbon Arc Brazing)
Arc brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is obtained from
an electric arc.
Arc Cutting: A group of cutting processes that melt the metals to be cut with
the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base metal. See Carbon Arc
Cutting, Metal Arc Cutting, Gas Metal Arc Cutting, Gas Tungsten Arc
Cutting, Plasma Arc Cutting and Air Carbon Arc Cutting. Compare with
Oxygen Arc Cutting.
Arc Furnace: A melting unit in which the heat is generated by striking an arc
between graphite electrodes and the metal charge, which is usually in the
form of solid scrap.
Arc Furnace: A steel melting furnace in which heat is generated by an arc
between graphite electrodes and the metal. Both carbon and alloy steels are
produced in electric arc furnaces and scrap,rather than molten metal,is used
as the base material. Furnaces with capacities up to 200 tonnes are now in
use.
Arc furnace : An electric furnace, in which heat is produced by an arc
between two electrodes.
Arc Gouging: An arc cutting process variation used to form a bevel or
groove.
Arc of Approach (Gears): Short distance of sliding contact between the
dedendum of the driving tooth and the addendum of the driven tooth.
Arc Plasma Cutters: An arc plasma cutter is a specialized tool used to cut
steel and other metals by creating a plasma torch. In an arc plasma cutter, an
inert gas such as ejected from a high-speed nozzle and an electrical arc is
created from the nozzle to the surface. The arc causes some of the gas to
ignite, allowing for the removal of the material as a result of melting from the
plasma.
Arc Seam Weld: A seam weld made by an arc welding process.
Arc Spot Weld: A spot weld made by an arc welding process.
Arc Spraying (ASP): A thermal spraying process using an arc between two
consumable electrodes of surfacing materials as a heat source and a
compressed gas to atomize and propel the surfacing material to the substrate.
Arc Strike: A discontinuity consisting of any localized remelted metal, heat-
affected metal, or change in the surface profile of any part of a weld or base
metal resulting from an arc.
Arc Welding: A group of welding processes that produce coalescence of
metals by heating them with an arc, with or without the application of
pressure, and with or without the use of filler metal.
Arc Welding Machines: Arc welding machines are comprised of a power
supply and a welding torch for the purpose of arc welding metal components.
These machines can come in 1-phase or 3-phase units for use in either
residential or industrial settings.
Arc welding : A group of welding processes which produce coalescence of
metals by heating them with an arc, with or without the application of
pressure, and with or without the use of a filler metal.
Arc welding : A process where coalescence is obtained by heating with an
electric arc.
Arcair Torch: An electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to the
electrode, used to remove metal and surface defects from ferrous castings.
Arcair Torch: An electric arc torch with air ducts running parallel to the
electrode, used to remove metal and surface defects from ferrous castings.
Arch: A structure of wedged shaped blocks, or square blocks with wedge
shaped joints, over an opening so disposed as to hold together when
supported from the sides, and capable of carrying a load over the opening
Arch: A basic form of masonry construction dating back millenia. Brick
arches are found spanning over window and door openings in Victorian and
older buildings; their disadvantage is that they exert horizontal thrust at their
bearings, which sometimes leads to distortion in poorly designed or
maintained arches.
Arch bar: A structural member or beam carrying loads over an opening.
Arch bridge : a curved structure that converts the downward force of its
own weight, and of any weight pressing down on top of it, into an outward
force along its sides and base
Arch dam : a dam with an arched shape that resists the force of
waterpressure; requires less material than a gravity dam for the same distance
Arched joist: A non-standard type of joist where both the top chord and
bottom chord are curved parallel with each other.
Archimedes principal : States that an upward force acting on a body wholly
or partly submerged in a fluid, is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced,
and acts through the center of gravity of the fluid displaced, or the center of
buoyancy.
Archimedes screw: type of pump that looks like an angled corkscrew.
Archimedes Screw Pumps: This pump is at least 2,000 years old. The
Archimedes Screw (also called an Archimedes Snail) was used for irrigation
and powered by horses, people, mules, etc. This pump is even used today,
although rarely! The helix revolves inside a tube (only the bottom of the tube
is shown) and the water rises accordingly. Whether or not it was actually
invented by Archimedes is certainly debatable, though his overall brilliance is
not.
Architect: A person who is qualified to design buildings and supervise their
construction
Architect: A person who designs buildings or other structures and has
completed schooling in building design or similar subjects and is licensed by
the state as an architect.
Architect : One who has completed a course of study in building and design,
and is licensed by the state as an architect. One who draws up plans.
Architect : One who has completed a course of study in building and design,
and is licensed by the state as an architect. One who draws up plans.
Architect : a person who designs all kinds of structures; must also have the
ability to conceptualize and communicate ideas effectively both in words and
on paper to clients, engineers, government officials, and construction crews
Architectural Finish: An architectural finish is a standard finish
characterized by a uniformly good appearance. This finish is most often
specified for "exposed" surfaces.
Architectural Finish: An architectural finish is a standard finish
characterized by a uniformly good appearance. This finish is most often
specified for ?exposed? surfaces.
Architecture: Art and science of building.
Architrave: A moulded section covering the joint between window and door
frames and the wall lining.
Architrave: Timber moulding around a door frame or similar.
Area: The measure of a plane surface within defined boundaries, e.g. land,
buildings.
Area: Unit of measure of length times width expressed in square inches.
Area wells: Corrugated metal or concrete barrier walls installed around a
basement window to hold back the earth
Argon: Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble or inert gas. Argon is the
third most common gas in the Earth's atmosphere, at 0.93% (9,300 ppm).
Argon Oxygen Decarburization (AOD): A secondary refining process for
the controlled oxidation of carbon in a steel melt. In the AOD process,
oxygen, argon and nitrogen are injected into a molten metal bath through
submerged, side-mounted tuyeres.
Argon Oxygen Decarburization (Aod): WHAT A process for further
refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. WHY The
amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or
lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). While
electric arc furnaces (EAF) are the conventional means of melting and
refining stainless steel, AOD is an economical supplement, as operating time
is shorter and temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally,
using AOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF
for melting purposes. HOW Molten, unrefined steel is transferred from the
EAF into a separate vessel. A mixture of argon and oxygen is blown from the
bottom of the vessel through the melted steel. Cleaning agents are added to
the vessel along with these gases to eliminate impurities, while the oxygen
combines with carbon in the unrefined steel to reduce the carbon level. The
presence of argon enhances the affinity of carbon for oxygen and thus
facilitates the removal of carbon.
Argon Shroud: A procedure using argon gas to shield molten steel from
oxygen as it is teemed from the ladle.
Argon Stirring: An inert gas introduced through a nozzle to stir molten steel
to promote chemical and temperature homogenization and float out
inclusions.
Arithmetic mean : The average value which is defined as the sum of all of
the observations divided by the number of observations
Armature: the rotating part of an electric motor or generator. The moving
part of a relay or vibrator.
Armature air gap : The air space between the stationary and rotating parts
of a motor or generator, through which magnetic lines of force pass.
Armature back ampere turns : The magnetic field produced by current
flowing in the armature winding, that opposes and reduces the number of
magnetic lines of force, produced by the field magnets of a motor or
generator.
Armature bar -: Copper bars used in place of wire windings, in large
armatures, generators, or motors.
Armature circuit: The path that the current takes, in flowing through the
windings from one brush to another.
Armature coil: The loop or coil of copper wire, placed on the armature core,
and forming part of the winding.
Armature core: The laminated iron part of the armature, formed from thin
sheets or disks of steel, on which the windings are placed.
Armature current : The current flowing from the armature of a generator, to
the armature of a motor. Not including the current taken by the shunt field.
Armature demagnetization : The reduction in the effective magnetic lines
of force, produced by the armature current.
Armature reaction: The effect, that the magnetic field produced by the
current flowing in the armature, has on the magnetic field produced by the
field coils.
Armature regulating resistors : Are resistors, designed to regulate the
speed or torque of a loaded motor, by placing a resistance in the armature or
power circuit.
Armature resistance: The resistance of the wire used in the windings of the
armature, measured between the rings or brushes, or from positive to negative
terminals.
Armature slot: The groove or slot in the armature core, into which the coils
or windings are placed.
Armature tester: Any device used for locating faults or defects in the
armature winding.
Armature varnish: Is a liquid put on the field and armature windings, to
improve the insulation of the cotton covering on the wires.
Armature winding: All of the copper wire placed on the armature, and
through which the current flows.
Armor Plate: A protective plate used on battleships, tanks, airplanes, etc.
These plates must be very hard, very tough, and thick enough for the
protection required. Armor plate varies from 1/4 to 18 in. in thickness.
Armoured Hose: An armoured hose is a specialized hose in which a metal
jacket is applied to the exterior of the hose to add strength and durability. The
metal jacket is typically a braided jacket of metal fibers in order to minimize
the impact of the armour on hose flexibility.
Arnolds Fatigue Test: A test for fractures using 850 cyclic stress reverses
per min., recording the number of cycles required to produce fracture. Named
after John Arnold, British Metallurgist)
Aromatics: Ring-structured hydrocarbons found in petroleum that contain
unsaturated double bonds. Benzene is the simplest aromatic. (see
Benzene) (see Hydrocarbon)
Aromatics: A group of hydrocarbons of which benzene is the parent. They
are called "aromatics" because many of their derivatives have sweet or
aromatic odorous.
Arris: A sharp corner formed by the join of two surfaces along a length of
timber or brick.
Arris: A sharp corner at the junction of two planes or surfaces.
Arris rail: Timber of triangular cross section (made by cutting a square
section diagonally), used for fence rails and forming fillets at the junctions of
flat roofs and walls.
Artcc: Air Route Traffic Control Centre
Arterial highway : A general term denoting a highway primarily for through
traffic usually on a continuous route
Artesion well : A spring which water flows naturally out of the earth's
surface due to pressure placed on the water by an impervious overburden and
hydro-static head.
Articulated rock truck: a four-wheel drive dump truck with heavy duty
tapered box and pivoting connection between cab and box.
Artifact: A feature of artificial character, such as a scratch or a piece of dust
on a metallographic specimen, that can be erroneously interpreted as a real
feature.
Artificial Aging: Aging above room temperature. Compare with Natural
Aging. (see Aging (Heat Treatment))
Artificial Aging: Aging above room temperature. Compare with Natural
Aging. (see Aging)
Artificial Aging: An aging treatment above room temperature.
Artificial magnet : Is a manufactured magnet, which is distinguished from a
natural occurring magnet.
As Rolled: The condition the material is in when it comes off the sizing
rollers, cooling as it’s being processed. As rolled tends to result in hard spots
and higher as-shipped hardness.
As-built drawings or record drawings : Construction drawings revised to
show significant changes made during the construction process, usually based
on marked-up prints, drawings and other data furnished by the contractor or
the Engineer.
As-Cast Condition: Castings as removed from the mold without subsequent
heat treatment.
Asce (american society of civil engineers): Founded in 1852, is the oldest
national professional engineering society in the United States. It is dedicated
to the advancement of the individual civil engineer and the civil engineering
profession through education.
ASD: Aluminum Standards and Data, published by the Aluminum
Association.
ASD: Aluminum Standards and Data published by the Aluminum
Association.
Asd (allowable stress design): A structural design method whereby a
structural element is designed so that the unit stresses computed under the
action of working or service loads do not exceed specified allowable values.
See Working Stress Design and Elastic Design.
Ash Box: Brick-lined collection point for slag and ash.
Ash Box: Brick lined collection point for slag and ash.
Ash Content: Percentage of non-combustible residue of a lubricating oil or
fuel, as determined by ASTM D 482 or D 874. Ash reveals the presence of
metals, including the calcium, magnesium and zinc introduced by additives.
The heavy metals formerly used also appeared in the ash.
Ash inclusions : ash or skimmings carried out of the kettle on parts; ash
inclusions remain solidified in the coating
Ash Tank: Holding tank for ashes. The tank is located outside the boiler
house. The ashes are dumped once or twice a week, depending on the ash
accumulation.
Ash Tank: Holding tank for ashes. The tank is located outside the boiler
house. The ashes are dumped once or twice a week, depending on the ash
accumulation.
Ash : solid byproduct formed in the galvanizing process, consisting primarily
of zinc oxides, that remains on the surface of the kettle; commonly referred to
as “skimmings”
Ashlar: Smooth sawn stonework used in a wall.
Ashrae: The American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
Asi: Airspeed Indicator
Askania: 1. A strip-centering device consisting of two electric eyes to ensure
that the strip will stay centered during recoiling. 2. Device with an electronic
eye which is associated with tracking of strip going through the side
trimmers.
Askania: 1.) A strip centering device consisting of two electric eyes to
ensure that the strip will stay centered during re coiling. 2) Device with an
electronic eye which is associated with tracking of strip going through the
side trimmers.
ASLE: American Society of Lubrication Engineers
ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. www.asme.org
Asme: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Asme appendix section i: Explains matter which is mandatory, unless
specifically referred to in the rules of the code, including formulas.
Asme boiler code: The boiler code listing standards, specified by the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, for the construction of boilers.
Asme part peb section i: Requirements for electric boilers.
Asme part pfh section i : Requirements for feed water heaters.
Asme part pft section i: Requirements for fire tube boilers.
Asme part pg section i: General requirements for all methods of
construction.
Asme part pmb section i : Requirements for miniature boilers.
Asme part pvg section : IRequirements for organic fluid vaporizer
generators.
Asme part pw section i: Requirements for boilers fabricated by welding.
Asme part pwt section i : Requirements for watertube boilers.
Asme section i: Power Boilers.
Asme section ii: Material specifications.
Asme section iii: Nuclear Power Plant Components.
Asme section iv: Heating boilers ASME SECTION IX ASME SECTION
VNondestructive examination.
Asme section vi: Recommended rules for the care and operation of heating
boilers.
Asme section vii: Recommended rules for the care and operation of power
boilers.
Asme section vii appendix : Consists of conversion factors for converting
Imperial units to SI Units.
Asme section vii subsection c1: Rules for routine operation of power
boilers.
Asme section vii subsection c2 : Operating and maintaining boiler
appliances.
Asme section vii subsection c3: Rules for inspection.
Asme section vii subsection c4: Prevention of direct causes of boiler failure.
Asme section vii subsection c5: Is partial rules for the design of
installations.
Asme section vii subsection c6 : Operation of boiler auxiliaries.
Asme section vii subsection c7 : Control of internal chemical conditions.
Asme section viii: Pressure vessels.
Asme section x : Fiberglass reinforced plastic pressure vessels.
Asme section xi: Rules for in-service inspection of Nuclear Power Plant
components.
Aspect ratio: For any rectangular configuration, the ratio of the lengths of
the sides.
Aspect ratio : The ratio of the length to the width, of a rectangular air grille
or duct.
Asperities: Microscopic projections on metal surfaces, invisible to the naked
eye, that create peaks and valleys, even after grinding or machining. When
two surfaces are in sliding contact, these imperfections cause interference that
results in friction; without proper lubrication, wear, scoring or welding will
follow.
Asphalt rubber (ar) : A mixture of asphalt cement and rubber used as a
crack sealant, binder, or membrane.
Asphalt/Bitumen: A soft black or dark brown tacky residual material
containing asphaltenes, compound of sulfur, nitrogen and tar. Asphalt,
derived from petroleum, is solid at normal temperatures; as an adjective,
“asphalt” is often used to describe viscous open gear compounds or black,
tacky greases.
Asphaltenes: Asphaltic materials soluble in aromatic solvents but insoluble
in naphtha.
Asphaltic: Similar in color and tackiness to asphalt.
Asphaltic concrete (asphalt rubber) : A hot mixture of asphalt cement,
rubber, fine and coarse aggregate and mineral admixture mixed together and
placed as an asphaltic concrete pavement surface layer. The advantages of
this mix are: It stops cracks from reflecting through pavement layers, reduce
the riding tires noise and is a useful way to dispose of the used rubber tires.
Asphaltic concrete friction course (acfc) : A hot mixture of asphalt cement
with an open-graded aggregate (20% to 25% air voids) of a maximum size of
3/8 inch used as a surface (Wearing) course.
Aspirating psychrometer : A device which draws sample of air through it to
measure humidity.
Aspiration: Production of movement in a fluid by suction created by fluid
velocity.
Assay: A chemical test performed on a mineral sample to determine the
concentration of valuable metal contained.
Assemblies : the fitting together of manufactured parts into a complete
structure, machine, or unit of a machine; assemblies sometimes require
specific design features in order to be optimally galvanized
Assembly: he fitting together of manufactured parts into a complete machine,
structure or component.
Assembly Fit: Refers to two parts designed for mating assembly and
requiring exact dimensions and contours to assure a proper fit.
Assembly Fit: Refers to two parts designed for mating assembly and
requiring exact dimensions and contours to assure a proper fit.
Assessment: A tax levied on a property, or a value placed on the worth of a
property.
Assessment: A tax levied on a property, or a value placed on the worth of a
property.
Association for Iron & Steel Technology (AIST): An international non-
profit association of producers, suppliers and users of steel and iron. The
organization’s goal is the advancement of technical development, production,
processing and applications of iron and steel.
Assumption: Allows a buyer to assume responsibility for an existing loan
instead of getting a new loan.
Assumption: Allows a buyer to assume responsibility for an existing loan
instead of getting a new loan.
ASTM: American Standard of Testing and Materials
ASTM: American Standard of Testing and Materials. A non-profit
organization that provides a forum for producers, users, ultimate consumers,
and those having a general interest (representatives of government and
academia) to meet on common ground and write standards for materials,
products, systems, and services. Www.astm.org
Astm: American Society for Testing and Materials.
Astm : American Society of Testing and Materials
Astm (american society for testing and materials): An organization which
has developed over 10,000 technical standards which are used by industries
worldwide.
ASTM Standards: A series of documents, approved and published by
ASTM, that include specifications or requirements, practices, guides, test
methods, etc., covering various materials, products, systems or services. In
the steel industry, the steel related ASTM standards are used by both the
producers and users to ensure that a steel product or service meets all
intended requirements. (see American Society for Testing and Materials)
ASTM Standards: A series of documents, approved and published by
ASTM, that include specifications or requirements, practices, guides, test
methods, etc., covering various materials, products, systems or services. In
the steel industry, the steel related ASTM standards are used by both the
producers and users to ensure that a steel product or service meets all
intended requirements. See American Society for Testing and Materials.
Astragal: A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging double doors,
against which the other door strikes.
Astragal: A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging double doors,
against which the other door strikes.
As-Welded: The condition of weld metal, welded joints and weldments after
welding, but prior to any subsequent thermal, mechanical or chemical
treatments.
Asynchronous: Not having the same frequency. Out of step, or phase.
Asynchronous generator: An induction generator.
Asynchronous motor : An induction motor, whose speed is not synchronous
with the frequency of the supply line.
At grade: at the local ground elevation.
Ata: Actual Time of Arrival
ATBC: Acetyl Tributyl Citrate.
Atc: Air Traffic Control
Atcc: Air Traffic Control Centre
Athermal Transformation: A reaction that proceeds without benefit of
thermal fluctuations; that is, thermal activation is not required. Such reactions
are diffusionless and can take place with great speed when the driving force
is sufficiently high. For example, many martensitic transformations occur
athermally on cooling, even at relatively low temperatures, because of the
progressively increasing driving force. In contrast, a reaction that occurs at
constant temperature is an isothermal transformation; thermal activation is
necessary in this case and the reaction proceeds as a function of time.
Atis: Automatic Terminal Information Service. Automatically recorded
message transmitted on a particular frequency, containing current weather
conditions, QNHsetting, active runways, etc., provided at the major airports.
Atmosphere: A measure of pressure equal to about 14.7 psi.
Atmosphere: Is the mixture of gases and water vapor surrounding the earth.
Atmosphere Valve: A valve that is located in the exhaust line of a turbine
and is designed to open up and get a positive pressure in the exhaust line.
Atmosphere Valve: A valve that is located in the exhaust line of a turbine
and is designed to open and get a positive pressure in the exhaust line.
Atmosphere : a surrounding influence or environment that affects the rate of
corrosion; frequency and amount of moisture, humidity, chlorides, sulfides,
and wind are some of the atmospheric components affecting corrosion rates
Atmosphere, Furnace: Gases with which metal is in contact during melting
or heat treating.
Atmosphere, Furnace: Gases with which metal is in contact during melting
or heat treating.
Atmosphere, Neutral: Furnace atmosphere which is neither oxidizing nor
reducing can be made up of an inert gas, e.g., argon, or the products of
combustion.
Atmosphere, Neutral: Furnace atmosphere which is neither oxidizing nor
reducing can be made up of an inert gas e.g. argon, or the products of
combustion.
Atmosphere, Oxidizing: Furnace atmosphere which gives off oxygen under
certain conditions or where there is an excess of oxygen in the product of
combustion, or the products of combustion are oxidizing to the metal being
heated.
Atmosphere, Oxidizing: Furnace atmosphere which gives off oxygen under
certain conditions or where there is an excess of oxygen in the product of
combustion, or the products of combustion are oxidizing to the metal being
heated.
Atmosphere, Reducing: Furnace atmosphere which absorbs oxygen under
suitable conditions or in which there is insufficient air to completely burn the
fuel, or the product of combustion is reducing to the metal being heated.
Atmosphere, Reducing: Furnace atmosphere which absorbs oxygen under
suitable conditions or in which there is insufficient air to completely burn the
fuel, or the product of combustion is reducing to the metal being heated.
Atmospheric Corrosion: The gradual degradation or alteration of a material
by contact with substances present in the atmosphere, such as oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and sulfur and chlorine compounds.
Atmospheric electricity : Is static electricity, produced between cloud fronts
in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric pressure : Pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere;
standard atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa or 1.01325 bars or 14.696 psia
or 29.921 inches of mercury at sea level.
Atmospheric Riser: Atmospheric Riser
Atom: The smallest complete particle of an element, which can be obtained,
yet which retains all physical and chemical properties of the element.
Atomic Hydrogen Weld: Arc welding with heat from an arc between two
tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. The use of
pressure and filler metal is optional.
Atomic Number (Z): A riser that uses atmospheric pressure to aid feeding.
Essentially, a blind riser into which a small core or rod protrudes; the
function of the core or rod is to provide an open passage so that the molten
interior of the riser will not be under a partial vacuum when metal is
withdrawn to feed the casting, but will always be under atmospheric
pressure.
Atomic number : The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom, of
an element.
Atomic Percent: The number of protons in an atomic nucleus, which
determines the individuality of the atom as a chemical element.
Atomic weight: The weight of an elementary atom, in relation to the weight
of an atom of hydrogen. A hydrogen atom being taken as 1.00g.
Atomic-Hydrogen Weld: The number of atoms of an element in a total of
100 representative atoms of a substance.
Atomization: Arc welding with heat from an arc between two tungsten or
other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. The use of pressure and
filler material is optional.
Atomize: Process of changing a liquid to minute particles or a fine spray.
Atomizing Steam: The disintegration of a molten metal into particles by a
rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or by other means.
Atomizing Steam: Low pressure steam which is introduced to the oil gun to
help atomize the oil, to assist the burning process, and to keep the oil gun
from plugging.
Atrium: An opening or skylighted lobby through two or more floor levels
other than an enclosed stairway, elevator, etc.
Attemperating water impurity: Refers to turbine deposits caused by
impurities in the water used for attemperators. (Chemicals used with
attemperating water should be of the volatile type).
Attemperator: Low pressure steam which is introduced to the oil gun to help
atomize the oil, to assist the burning process, and to keep the oil gun from
plugging.
Attemperator: Header connecting the primary and finishing superheaters
into which feed water is sprayed to control the final temperature of the steam
leaving the boiler.
Attemperator: An apparatus for reducing and controlling the temperature of
a superheater vapor or a fluid.
Attenuation: Header connecting the primary and finishing superheaters into
which feedwater is sprayed to control the final temperature of the steam
leaving the boiler.
Attenuation: Opposite of gain
Attenuation: The sound reduction process in which sound energy is
absorbed or diminished in intensity as the result of energy conversion from
sound to motion or heat.
Attic access: An opening that is placed in the drywalled ceiling of a home
providing access to the attic.
Attic access: An opening that is placed in the drywalled ceiling of a home
providing access to the attic.
Attic ventilators: In houses, screened openings provided to ventilate an attic
space.
Attrition: A natural redcution in work force as a result of resignations,
retirements or death. Most unionized companies cannot unilaterally reduce
their employment levels to cut costs, so management must rely on attrition to
provide openings that they, in turn, do not fill. Because the median ages of
work forces at the integrated mills may be more than 50, an increasing
number of retirments may provide these companies with added flexibility to
improve their competitiveness.
Attrition: The rubbing of one particle against another in a resin bed;
frictional wear that will affect the site of resin particles.
Attritious Wear: A reduction in intensity, usually of a waveform, measured
in decibels or as a percentage of fraction of loss.
Attritor: The intensive grinding or alloying in an attritor. Examples: milling
of carbides and binder metal powders and mechanical alloying of hard
dispersoid particles with softer metal or alloy powders. (see Mechanical
Alloying)
Attritor Grinding: Wear of abrasive grains in grinding such that the sharp
edges gradually become rounded. A grinding wheel that has undergone such
wear usually has a glazed appearance.
Auc: American University in Cairo. provided project and construction
management services on this project.
Audio Amplifiers: An audio amplifier is an electronic device that amplifies,
or increases, low power audio signals before delivering them to the speaker
outlet. Amplifiers contain componets to adjust the frequency and amplitude
of the signal and to filter out distortion and provide a clean and clear output.
Audio Attenuators: An audio attenuator is an electronic component used to
reduce the amplitude of the signal, thereby reducing the volume of the signal.
The attenuator works by using electrical resistance in the circuit to reduce the
signal strenth without affecting the waveform and resulting clarity of the
audio signal.
Auger Conveyor: An auger conveyor, also known as a screw conveyor,
moves solid or liquid material by moving it on the threads of the auger. The
auger is usually located in either a trough or tube and is oriented at a slight
incline or vertically. As the auger rotates, material clings to the augur surface
and is transported up the shaft. The pitch of the auger - the linear distance is
takes to complete one complete revolution around the shaft - determines how
slowly or quickly the material progresses from one end to the next at a given
shaft speed.
Auger Electron: A technique for chemical analysis of surface layers that
identifies the atoms present in a layer by measuring the characteristic
energies of their Auger electrons.
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES): A high-intensity ball mill whose
drum is stationary and whose balls are agitated by rotating baffles, paddles or
rods at right angle to the drum axis.
Ausenitic Grain Size: The size of the grains in steel heated into the
austenitic region.
Ausforming: An electron emitted from an atom with a vacancy in an inner
shell. Auger electrons have a characteristic energy detected as peaks in the
energy spectra of the secondary electrons generated.
Austempered Ductile Iron: Hot deformation of metastable austenite within
controlled ranges of temperature and time that avoids formation of non-
martensitic transformation products.
Austempering: A moderately alloyed ductile iron that is austempered for
high-strength with appreciable ductility. (see Austempering)
Austenite: Heat treatment involving quenching a steel object from a
temperature above the transformation range in a medium maintained at a
temperature above the Martensitic range sufficiently fast to avoid the
formation of high temperature transformation products, and then holding it at
that temperature until transformation is complete.
Austenitic: Phase in certain steels, characterized as a solid solution, usually
of carbon or iron carbide, in the hamma form of iron. Such steels are known
as austenitic. Austenite is stable only above 1333 (degrees) F. in a plain
carbon steel, but the presence of certain alloying elements, such as nickel and
manganese, stabilizes the austenitec form, even at normal temperatures.
Austenitic Grain Size: High-temperature solid form of steel with face-
centered cubic crystal structure.
Austenitic Manganese Steel: Size attained by the grains in steel when
heated to the austenitic region.
Austenitic Steel: Steel which, because of the presence of alloying elements,
such as manganese, nickel, chromium, etc., shows stability of Austenite at
normal temperatures.
Austenitic Steels: A wear-resistant material containing about 1.2% C and
12% Mn. Used primarily in the fields of earthmoving, mining, quarrying,
railroading, ore processing, lumbering, and in the manufacture of cement and
clay products. (see Hadfield Manganese Steel)
Austenitizing: Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the
transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range
(complete austenitizing).
Austenizing: These are steels which contain sufficient austenite stabilizing
elements, such as Mn, Ni and N, so that the microstructure of the steel is
austenitic at room temperature. Such steels cannot be quench or air hardened,
but will work harden rapidly; they are non-magnetic. Important examples of
austenitic steels are 18/8 (18% Cr, 8% Ni) stainless steel and Hadfield's
Manganese (14% Mn) steel.
Austentite: A solid solution of one or more elements in face centered cubic
iron.
Australian standard: Approved standard for material, equipment, technique
or procedure as set down by the Standards Association of Australia (SAA).
Auto Stamping Plant: A facility that presses a steel blank into the desired
form of a car door or hood, for example, with a powerful die (pattern). The
steel used must be ductile (malleable) enough to bend into shape without
breaking.
Autocad: The world's most popular computer-aided drafting software
product for the personal computer in both DOS and windows by Autodesk,
Inc. Anything that can be drawn on a drawing board can be drawn by
AutoCAD.
Autocad Software: AutoCAD software is a computer aided design (CAD)
package developed and maintained by AutoDesk, Inc. AutoCAD enables the
user to create 2D and 3D drawings and models, provide dimensions, and
export model information to formats consistent with engineering analysis
software and manufacturing processes. AutoCAD also supports
customization through an Application Programming Interface (API) that is
written in C++ and allows the user to create custom modeling functions.
Autoclaves: An autoclave is any device used to create a customized
environment, changing pressure and/or temperature, for the purpose of
accomplishing a task. Autoclaves are used in the places like the medical
industry to sterilize equipment and in the materials industry to assist in the
curing of composite material components.
Autofrettage: Pre stressing a hollow metal cylinder by the use of momentary
internal pressure exceeding the yield strength.
Autogenous Mills: An autogenous mill is a type of mill used to break and
and grind rocks. The rocks are placed in a large cylinder, or drum, and the
mill is rotated so that the rocks continously tumble and fall to the bottom of
the drum. As this process is repeated, the rocks are broken and eventually
ground due to the impact load of the falling rocks.
Autogenous Weld: Forming austenite by heating a steel object above the
transformation range.
Autoignition Temperature: A fusion weld made without the addition of
filler metal.
Automated Gantry Systems: An Automated Gantry System is a computer
controlled positioning system integrated for supporting a robot, cutting head,
welder, crane, or other device overhead of the work area.
Automatic: Describes the status of the operation when the O2 pulpit has
control and the boiler logic has control.
Automatic: Self-acting. Operating by its own mechanism, when activated by
some triggering signal.
Automatic control: The process of using the differences, between the actual
value, and desired value, of any variable, to take corrective action, without
human intervention.
Automatic controller : A device that measures the value of a measured
variable, and operates to correct or limit the deviation from a selected
reference. Both measuring and control applications.
Automatic Crane: The minimum combustion temperature for a vapor-air
mixture without an open flame. It permits evaluation of the fire hazards of
vapors.
Automatic defrost: System of removing ice and frost from evaporators
automatically.
Automatic expansion valve (aev) -: A type of metering device that senses
low-side pressure and modulates in order to maintain low-side pressure
constant.
Automatic extraction unit turbine: Bleeds off part of the main steam flow
at one, two, or three points. Valved partitions between selected stages control
the extracted steam pressure at the desired level. When extracted steam
flowing through the unit does not produce enough shaft power to meet the
demand, more steam flows through the turbine to exhaust. Located between
steam supply and process steam headers.
Automatic frost control: Control which automatically cycles refrigerating
system to remove frost formation on evaporator.
Automatic Gauge Control: A crane which when activated operates through
a preset cycle or cycles.
Automatic Gauge Control: Using hydraulic roll force systems, steelmakers
have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet's gauge (thickness) while
it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the cold mill. Using
feedback or feed forward systems, a computer's gap sensor adjusts the
distance between the reduction rolls of the mill 50 60 times per second. These
adjustments prevent the processing of any off gauge steel sheet.
Automatic governing system: A system which correlates steam flow,
pressure, shaft speed, and shaft output, for any one turbine unit.
Automatic ice cube maker: Refrigerating mechanism designed to
automatically produce ice cubes in quantity.
Automatic Particle Counters: Using hydraulic roll force systems,
steelmakers have the ability to control precisely their steel sheet’s gauge
(thickness) while it is traveling at more than 50 miles per hour through the
cold mill. Using feedback or feed-forward systems, a computer's gap sensor
adjusts the distance between the reduction rolls of the mill 50-60 times per
second. These adjustments prevent the processing of any off-gauge steel
sheet.
Automatic Press: Electronic devices that measure the contamination level of
fluid by the counting of the particles in the fluid, more commonly by light
blockage or light scattering. Typically, the particles are measured in several
size ranges and the near instantaneous results are provided in the number of
particles per unit volume of the fluid.
Automatic reset (integration) : Is a type of control, in which the controller
output, changes at a rate proportional to the deviation or error. The output
will continue to change as long as any deviation or error exists.
Automatic Stop: A press in which the work is fed mechanically through the
press in synchronism with the press action. An automation press is an
automatic press that, in addition, is provided with built-in electrical and
pneumatic control equipment.
Automatic Stop: A device which may be attached to any of several parts of a
machine tool to stop the operation of the machine at any predetermined point.
Automatic welding: A welding procedure using a machine to make a weld.
Automatic Welding: A device which may be attached to any of several parts
of a machine tool to stop the operation of the machine at any predetermined
point.
Automation: The employment of devices, which automatically control one
or more functions.
Automation Engineering: Automation describes the use of computer
systems and control hardware such as sensors and programmable logic
controllers in order to automate a process, thereby reducing or removing the
need for human operators. Automation has become very common and is
found to some extent in almost every industry. Automation engineering is the
act of designing, implementing and testing automation controls for specific
systems. Depending on the industry, automation engineering may require the
use of specific components and procedures in order to meet regulatory
requirements.
Autoradiograph: Welding with equipment that performs the welding
operation without adjustment of the controls by a welding operator. The
equipment may or may not load and unload the workpieces. Contrast with
Machine Welding.
Autoradiograph: A radiograph recorded photographically by radiation
spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced in, or added to the
material. This technique identifies the location of the radioisotopes.
Autoreclosers: An autorecloser is a component used in electrical power
generation. The autorecloser is a specialized type of circuit breaker that has
the ability to reclose itself after a fault causes the circuit breaker to trip.
Unlike in household wiring where a fault would indicate a problem,
autoreclosers are used in the monitoring of overhead power lines, where
small faults can be transient in nature and insufficient to warrant shutdown of
the entire system.
Autotransformer : A transformer in which both primary and secondary
coils, have turns in common. The step up or step down of voltage, is
accomplished by taps in common windings.
Auxiliary Air: A controller for auxiliary air dampers on boilers. For proper
combustion on oil fire.
Auxiliary Anode: A radiograph recorded photographically by radiation
spontaneously emitted by radioisotopes that are produced in or added to the
material. This technique identifies the location of the radioisotopes.
Auxiliary contacts: A set of contacts that perform a secondary function,
usually in relation to the operation of a set of primary contacts.
Auxiliary Electrode: In electroplating, a supplementary anode positioned so
as to raise the current density on a certain area of the cathode and thus obtain
better distribution of plating.
Auxiliary Hoist: A secondary rope system usually of lighter load capacity
than that provided by the main rope system.
Auxiliary hoist line (whipline): An electrode commonly used in polarization
studies to pass current to or from a test electrode. It is usually made from a
noncorroding material.
Auxiliary Hydraulic system: A supplemental hoisting unit, usually designed
to handle lighter loads at a higher speed than the main host.
Auxiliary Hydraulic System: Hydraulic system that supplies the force to
run the various hydraulic cylinders associated with the finishing mill which
are not taken care of by the A.G.C. or C.V.C hydraulic system.
Auxiliary lane : The portion of a roadway adjoining the travelled way for
truck climbing, speed change or for other purposes supplementary to through
traffic movement.
Auxiliary load: Any dynamic live loads such as cranes, monorails, and
material handling systems.
Auxiliary Oil Pump: Hydraulic system that supplies the force to run the
various hydraulic cylinders associated with the finishing mill which are not
taken care of by the AGC or CVC hydraulic systems.
Auxiliary Oil Pump: A steam or electric pump that maintains oil pressure on
the controls and the bearings of a turbo blower when it is not up to maximum
speed.
Auxiliary Operations: A steam or electric pump that maintains oil pressure
on the controls and the bearings of a turbo blower when it is not up to
maximum speed.
Auxiliary Pump: Additional processing steps performed on forgings to
obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the
regular processing operation.
Auxiliary Pump: Pump on the auxiliary system which supplies the pressure
for the system.
Auxilliary Air: Pump on the auxiliary system which supplies the pressure for
the system.
Auxilliary Operations: Additional processing steps performed on forgings
to obtain properties, such as surface conditions or shapes, not obtained in the
regular processing operation.
Avgas: Aviation Gasoline. Usually followed by the octane rating. Used by
piston-engined aircraft.
Avogadro's averaging element: A thermostat sensing element which will
respond to the average duct temperature.
Avogadro's hypothesis: States that equal volumes of different gases, at the
same temperature and pressure, will contain equal numbers of molecules.
Avtur: Aviation Turbine fuel (kerosene). Used by turboprops and jet
aircraft.
Awareness : In general, knowledgeable being conscious; cognizant,
informed alert; specifically in engineering context being alert to identify
conditions or situations that require action.
AWG (American Wire Gauge): A controller for auxiliary air dampers on
boilers. For proper combustion on oil fire.
Awi (american welding institute): An organization established in 1984 to
bridge the gap between the findings of basic welding research and the needs
of the industry.
Aws (american welding society): A non-profit organization whose major
goal is to advance the science, technology, and application of welding and
related joining disciplines.
Axed arch: A brick arch in which the bricks are cut (traditionally with an
axe) to a wedge shape. The mortar joints are of even thickness. As opposed to
arough arch.
Axial compression: An axial force causing compression in a member.
Axial Compressors: An axial compressor is a vaned-type compressor in
which stationary and rotating blade rows are used to move a fluid in an axial
direction aligned with the shaft of rotation. In an axial compressor, the fluid
is decelerated as it moves through the blade rows, resulting in a large increase
in pressure at the compressor exit. Axial compressors may contain one or
more stages of stationary and rotating blade rows depending on the operating
conditions, the desired pressure rise, and the required performance
characteristics such as efficiency.
Axial Fan: An axial fan is essentially single-stage compressor resulting in a
low pressure rise across the blade rows as the air is moved parallel to the
shaft. Axial fans are characterized by the amount of air they move, the
rotational speed at which they spin, and the fan static pressure rise. Fan
designs are described by a fan characteristic curve which defines the fan
performance at a given speed in terms of volume flow and pressure rise.
Axial fan: Consists of a propeller or disc type of wheel within a cylinder that
discharges air parallel to the axis of the wheel.
Axial flow: type of pump that acts like an outboard motor in a casing.
Axial flow compressor: Uses rotor blades shaped like airfoils, to bite into
the air, speed it up, and push it into the subsequent stationary blade passages.
These passages are shaped to form diffusers, that slow up the incoming air,
and make it pressurize itself by catching up with the air ahead of it.
Axial Flow Pumps: An axial flow pump is a pump in which a blade row is
installed inside an axial pipe for the purpose of moving an incompressible
fluid through the pipe, parallel to the pump shaft. The pump will include one
or more blade rows designed to increase the pressure of the fluid and move it
through the pipe. The performance of the pump will be dictated by the
rotational speed of the pump, the frictional losses through the blade rows, and
the pressure rise achieved.
Axial force: A force tending to elongate or shorten a member.
Axial Impellers: An axial impeller is the rotating component in an axial flow
pump. Also known as the rotor, the impeller contains multiple blades to
convert the mechanical energy of the shaft into fluid acceleration and
pressure rise as the fluid moves through the pump.
Axial load: A load whose line of action passes through the centroid of the
member's cross-sectional area and is perpendicular to the plane of the section.
Axial Load Bearing: A system of conventional designations of standard
wire diameters. For example, “10-gauge” denotes wire of 0.135-inch
diameter. In the AWG system, higher numbers designate smaller diameters
and lower numbers designate larger diameters.
Axial Piston Motors: An axial piston motor is one type of hydraulic motor
in which hydraulic pressure is converted into motor rotation and torque. In an
axial piston motor, hydraulic pressure is used to drive a series of pistons. A
gearbox is then used to transfer the axial piston motion into the rotational
motion that drives the motor.
Axial Piston Pumps: An axial piston pump is one type of hydraulic pump in
which pressure is used to pump a fluid from one location to another. In an
axial piston pump, a shaft is attached to a cam plate that may or may not be
directly attached to the pistons. As the shaft rotates, the cam plate causes the
pistons to move towards or away from the valve plate, thereby pumping fluid
as a result of the displacement of the piston. A piston pump is also referred to
as a positive displacment pump.
Axial Rolls: A bearing that supports an axial thrust (a load exerted in line
with the length or the axis of a shaft).
Axial strut load: A structural member designed to transfer a axial tension or
compression load only.
Axial tension: An axial force causing tension in a member.
Axil Rolls: In ring rolling, vertically displaceable frame opposite from but on
the same centerline as the main roll and rolling mandrel. The axial rolls
control the ring height during the rolling process.
Axis: The vertical axis around which the cranes upperworks (superstructure)
rotates.
Axis of Rotation (center of rotation): In ring rolling, vertically displaceable
frame opposite from but on the same centerline as the main roll and rolling
mandrel. The axial rolls control the ring height during the rolling process.
Axle Weigh Bridges: An axle weigh bridge is a large measurement device
used to weight complete vehicles such as trucks and tractor trailers. Weight
bridges are usually mounted over a concrete slab, though they can also be
mounted over an open pit with support at the edges of the bridge. The weight
measurement is accomplished by a collection of load cells distributed under
the bridge according to the type and maximum weight of the vehicles to be
weighed.
Axle, Fixed: The line, real or imaginary, passing through the center of an
object about which it could rotate; a point of reference.
Axle, Rotating: A shaft which is fixed in the end truck and about which the
wheel revolves.
Aza : American Zinc Association
Azeotrope: Having constant maximum and minimum boiling points.
Azeotropic mixture : Example of azeotropic mixturerefrigerant R-502 is
mixture consisting of 48.8 percent refrigerant R-22 and 51.2% R-115. The
refrigerants do not combine chemically, yet azeotropic mixture provides
refrigerant characteristics desired.
B Elevation: The bottom level of the boiler firebox where two oil guns are
located. The oil guns are used if the boiler needs extra steam while on oil fire.
B-10 Bearing Life: A shaft which is fixed in the wheel and which rotates on
bearings fixed in the end truck.
BA: The B-10 bearing life of an anti-friction bearing is the minimum
expected life, in hours, of 90% of a group of bearings which are operated at a
given speed and loading.
Ba: Batch Anneal
Babbitt: A nonferrous bearing alloy originated by Isaac Babbitt in 1839.
Currently, the term includes several tin-base alloys consisting mainly of
various amounts of copper, antimony, tin and lead. Lead-base Babbitt metals
are also used.
Babbitt: An antifriction metal alloy used for bearing inserts;made of
tin,antimony,lead and copper.
Babbitt Metal: (see Batch anneal)
Back addition: Traditional terraced housing originally comprised rooms
between the front and rear external walls. When 'indoor plumbing' became
the rage, extensions were built at the back of the house to contain the
bathroom, wc, kitchen and scullery. The rear wing of a house is still called
the back addition, even if it was built at the same time as the rest of the
house.
Back charge: Billings for work performed or costs incurred by one party
that, in accordance with the agreement, should have been performed or
incurred by the party to whom billed. Owners bill back charges to general
contractors, and general contractors bill back charges to subcontractors.
Examples of back charges include charges for cleanup work or to repair
something damaged by another subcontractor, such as a tub chip or broken
window.
Back Draft: A soft alloy of tin, copper and antimony used for plain
bearings.
Back Draft: Reverse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern from a
mold or a core from a corebox.
Back Draft: A highly pressurized flow of oxygen or air in a loosed vessel or
root or container due to the internal pressure or substance
Back End: Reverse taper which would prevent removal of a pattern from a
mold or a core from a corebox.
Back Gears: 1. Usually refers to the entry end of process lines. 2. The
outside lap of the produced coil, or the inside lap of the consumed coil.
Back Gears: Back gear is mounted on lathe machine at backside of
headstock to provide a continuous power to lathe to increase the turning
power
Back Gouging: Gears fitted to a machine to increase the number of spindle
speeds obtainable with a cone or step pulley belt drive.
Back Pressure: When some Bessel or container is filled with extra pressure
of substance than the substance tends to flow backward bemuse of over
pressure of substance
Back pressure: Pressure in low side of refrigerating system; also called
suction pressure or low-side pressure.
Back Rake: The removal of weld metal and base metal from the other side of
a partially welded joint to facilitate complete fusion and complete joint
penetration upon subsequent welding from that side.
Back Rake: It is a shelf provide in car truck or any vehicle ate back side to
kept some luggage or things but in some case it provide as a safety guards in
trucks
Back seating: Fluid opening/closing such as a gauge opening or to seal the
joint where the valve stem goes through the valve body.
Back Up Balance: Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the back up
rolls up in place.
Back Up Ring: Back up ring is generously used as a sealing purpose. It is
highly strength materials that hold the back pressure of substance these rings
are commonly used in seals and reciprocating shafts
Back Up Roll: Its is a preventive rolls which control the flow of work and
increase the working of rolling mills
Back work ratio: Is the fraction of the gas turbine work used to drive the
compressor.
Backer (Back Up Plate): Fill the back flowed materials aging in the vessel
by some external force is called the backfilled process
Backer (Backup Plate): The angular surface ground back from the cutting
edge of cutting tools. On lathe cutting tools. The rake is positive if the face
slopes down from the cutting edge toward the shank, and negative if the face
slopes upward toward the shank.
Backfill: The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against
a basement /crawl space foundationwall.
Backfill: To fill the earth, any remaining space after placing concrete,
brickwork, timber, pipes etc. in an excavation.
Backfill : The dirt and sand used to fill in a streetaround underground utilities
and below the concrete base.
Backfire: A “tool” or reinforcing part, which presses against the outer
surface of an extrusion die, supporting it against the pressure of the extruding
metal. The backer has an opening larger than the die aperture, allowing the
extruded product to emerge without marring its soft surface.
Backflow: When some vessel or container is filled with extra pressure of
substance than the substance tends to flow backward because of over pressure
of substance
Backflow Preventer: A preventer is that which control the flow of substance
and reduce the pressure of substance or liquid and the back flow preventer is
used for prevent the back flow of substance
Background Noise: The noise which is coming from behind the main voice
or volume is called background noise
Background noise: Sound other than the wanted signal. In room acoustics,
the irreducible noise level measured in the absence of any building
occupants.
Backhoe: a rubber tired vehicle with loader bucket in front and small
excavator bucket at back.
Backhoe Loaders: A backhoe loader is a type of construction equipment
often used in excavating and grading land. A backhoe loader has a central
control cabinet with either a large shovel or bucket attachment on the front
and an excavating scoop, or digger, on the back end. Backhoe loaders are
often equipped with hydraulic supports at the back end of the vehicle in order
to provide stability during digging or dumping operations.
Backing: Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional
support for drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets,
cabinets, and towel bars. In this way, items are screwed and mounted into
solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the item to break loose
from the wall.Carpet backing holds the pile fabric in place.
Backing: Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional
support for drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail brackets,
cabinets, and towel bars. In this way, items are screwed and mounted into
solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the item to break loose
from the wall.Carpet backing holds the pile fabric in place.
Backing: The bulk of the sand in the flask. The sand compacted on top of the
facing sand that covers the pattern.
Backing bar: A welding aid used to prevent melting through of a joint when
preforming, for example, a complete-joint penetration groove weld.
Backing Board (Backing Plate): The momentary recession of the flame into
the welding tip or cutting tip followed by immediate reappearance or
complete extinction of the flame. (see Flashback)
Backing Board (Backing Plate): A second bottom board on which molds
are opened.
Backing ring: Backing in a form of a ring, generally used in welding of
piping.
Backing Sand: A second bottom board on which molds are opened.
Backing Sand: The sand is used for heating the main sand which is used in
mould for backing sand mould
Backlash (Gears): 1. In grinding, the material (paper, cloth or fiber) that
serves as the base for coated abrasives. 2. In welding, a material placed under
or behind a joint to enhance the quality of the weld at the root. It may be a
metal backing ring or strip; a pass of weld metal; or a nonmetal such as
carbon, granular flux or a protective gas. 3. In plain bearings, that part of the
bearing to which the bearing alloy is attached, normally by a metallurgical
bond.
Backlash (Gears): Loose motion or play between the non-driving surfaces of
adjacent gear teeth, arising from necessary clearance, wear or incorrect
adjustment.
Backoff: Loose motion or play between the nondriving surfaces of adjacent
gear teeth, arising from necessary clearance, wear or incorrect adjustment.
Backout: A transformer that steps up the voltage in a florescent lamp.
Backout: Work the framing contractor does after the mechanical
subcontractors (Heating-Plumbing-Electrical) finish their phase of work at
the Rough (before insulation) stage to get the home ready for a municipal
frame inspection. Generally, the framing contractor repairs anything
disturbed by others and completes all framing necessary to pass a Rough
Frame Inspection.
Back-puttying: The application of glazier’s putty under glass on which it is
bedded.
Backup Balance: Removal of part of coil from entry end of unit; may be
necessitated by a defect in coil or by a wreck in the mill, etc. Backoff weight
is the part of the coil that is removed and not finished/produced.
Backup Roll: Special sleeve bearings of the Morgoil design, with very large
projected areas to reduce unit pressure. These large-diameter oil-film
bearings support backup rolls in rolling mills by means of a hydrodynamic
film.
Backup Roll Bearings (Morgan or Mesta Design): Cylinders that supply
the force used to hold the backup rolls up in place.
Backward Extrusion: 1. Roll used as a support roll mainly for plater rolls. 2.
Two rolls, one on top and one on bottom of the two work rolls which apply
pressure and reduce the flexing of the work rolls.
Backward Extrusion: The extrusion of materials is in the opposite direction
of poring face is called as backward extrusion
Backwardation: Market condition where the spot, or current price for a
metal is higher than the three month delivery price. This usually indicates
immediate demand is perceived to be stronger than long term demand. Not
considered to be a normal market state (See Contango).
Backwash: The counter-current flow of water through a resin bed (that is, in
at the bottom of the exchange unit, out at the top) to clean and regenerate the
bed after exhaustion (water treatment). Also, the process whereby a filtering
mechanism is cleaned by reversing the flow through the filter.
Backwater: to place a culvert or use a weir such that there will always be
some depth of water within the culvert.
Bacteria: Bacteria is the smallest form of any substance and plants
Bacteria: Microscopic unicellular living organisms.
Bactericide: Forcing metal to flow in a direction opposite to the motion of a
punch or die.
Baffle: Plate or vane used to direct or control movement of fluid or air within
confined area.
Bag Dump Stations: Bag dump station is a automatically dust controller
which control the flow of dust particle in the air it reverse back the dust
particle into the container
Bag Fillers : It a machine which is used for packing of bags. The material
automatically poured in the bags by bag filler
Bag Filling Equipment: The equipment which is used on bag filling
machine
Bag Handling Conveyors: The conveyer is used to transfer or handle the
filled bag. From machine to storage area
Bag house: It’s a type of air pollution controller which remove the hazard
particle from air released by some chemical or commercial process
Bag house -: A chamber containing bags for filtering solids out of gases.
Bagging: A masonry process in which thin mortar is applied to the face of
the work with some coarse material.
Bagging Machines: It a machine which is used for packing of bags. The
material automatically poured in the bags by bag filler
Baghouse: Additive used with water-soluble cutting fluids to inhibit bacterial
growth and unpleasant odors.
Bainite: A term for the dust capture system used in steelworks and foundries.
Such installations usually comprise a dust separation and filtering
arrangement involving an array of cloth filter bags, and are a very efficient
way of preventing the emission of particles to the environment.
Bainitic Hardening: An acicular aggregate of ferrite and carbide particles
formed when austenite is transformed on cooling at temperatures in the
intermediate (200-450°C) range, i.e., above the martensite and below the
pearlite range.
Bake: A cold rolled, low-carbon sheet steel used for automotive body panel
applications. Because of the steel's special processing, it has good stamping
and strength characteristics and after paint is baken on, improved dent
resistance.
Bake: To cook something is called backing. Cook in open and make the
material hard by heating
Bake Hardenable Steel: Quench-hardening treatment resulting principally in
the formation of bainite.
Bake Hardenable Steel: It’s steel used for making automobile bodies.
Because it having the properties of highly strength and highly formability.
Both is required for a car outer panel
Baked Core: Heat in an oven to a low controlled temperature to remove
gases or to harden a binder.
Baked Core: To produce the core a desired property which is required for
process bake the core at some temperature
Baked Strength: A core which has been heated through sufficient time and
temperature to produce the desired physical properties attainable from its
oxidizing or thermal-setting binders.
Baked Strength: Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength of a mold
sand mixture when baked at a temperature above 231 B0F (111 B0C) and
then cooled to room temperature.
Balanced Steel: Compressive, shear, tensile or transverse strength of a mold
sand mixture when baked at a temperature above 231°F (111°C) and then
cooled to room temperature.
Balanced Steel: Steels in which the deoxidisation is controlled to produce an
intermediate structure between a rimmed and killed steel, Sometimes referred
to as semi killed steels, they possess uniform properties throughout the ingot
and amongst their applications are boiler plate and structural sections.
Balcony: A platform, enclosed by a railing or balustrade, projecting from the
face of either an inside or outside wall of a building (e.g. a gallery in a
theatre).
Balcony: An elevated platform or seating space of an assembly room
projecting from a wall of a building.
Ball & burlap: packaging method for field grown trees – root balls are
wrapped in burlap and bound with string, wire etc.
Ball And Roller Bearings: Ball and roller bearings are types of roller-
element bearings used to carry a load with very little frictional resistance
between two components. This is accomplished by placing rolling elements -
the balls or rollers - between the two elements. Ball bearings use spherical
balls between the bearing surfaces and are capable of carrrying load in both
the radial and axial directions. Roller bearings use cylindrical roller elements
and, as a result, are still strong in the radial direction but less so for axial
loads.
Ball Bearing: Steels in which the deoxidization is controlled to produce an
intermediate structure between a rimmed and killed steel, sometimes referred
to as semi-killed steels, they possess uniform properties throughout the ingot
and amongst their applications are boiler plate and structural sections.
Ball Bearing: Bearing having no. Of balls in between two cylinder shaped
plates which is used for smooth running of any assembly
Ball Bearing Slewing Rings: The ring use to hold the balls of ball bearing
Ball Burnishing: A roller bearing whose rolling elements are balls.
Ball Burnishing: It is a surface finishing process, which increase surface
accuracy. It consist of balls that are used in the holes for surface finishing
Ball Check Valve: A ball check valve is a valve that permits one-way of
fluid flow. A spherical ball is used to block flow through the valve. If the
flow is opposite the direction of the valve, the ball is forced into a tapered
constriction of the valve body, and flow is not permitted. Conversely, flow in
the direction of the valve forces the ball out of the constriction and allows
fluid to pass through the valve.
Ball Mill: A method of obtaining a high luster on small parts by rotating
them in a wooden-lined barrel with water, burnishing soap and stainless steel
shot.
Ball Milling: A machine consisting of a rotating hollow cylinder partly filled
with metal balls (usually hardened steel or white cast iron) or sometimes
pebbles; used to pulverize crushed ores or other substances such as pigments
or ceramics.
Ball Mills: It’s a roller type of grinding machine, which is mainly used for
grinding or surface finishing of balls. Thousand of balls are grind by mill.
Ball Piston Pumps: It’s a simple pump having one rotor and round the rotor
a separate cylinder for each ball.
Ball Sizing: A method of grinding and mixing material, with or without
liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical mill partially filled with grinding
media such as balls or pebbles.
Ball Transfer Tables: The table is having the no of balls on it. The table is
mainly used for manually transfer the product by rolling on balls
Ball Transfer Units: The ball is placed in a single vertical cylinder and fix it
on the table for transferring the product the unit of these cylinder and ball on
table is called ball transfer unit
Ball Valve: The ball valve is a one-way valve, which control the flow of
substance by open and closed pressure on ball.
Ball Vibrator: The ball vibrator provide the pneumatic power through
rotational force of balls
Ballast: Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical
length from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need
for a gable end truss.
Ballast: A transformer that steps up the voltage in a florescent lamp.
Ballast: Mixed size aggregate.
Ballast : Course stone or hard clinker, sand or slag carried by a moving unit
to keep it held down or to keep equilibrium steady.
Ballast gas: Are the nonflammable portion of the gas, such as carbon
dioxide.
Ballast roof: A roof which has selected material, such as crushed stone,
placed on its surface to hold down the roof from wind forces.
Ballast/Transformer: It’s a type of transformer which is provide in a
fluorescent lighting system to regulate the current to lamp and to provide
sufficient voltage to lamp
Baller Stick: Sizing and finishing a hole by forcing a ball of suitable size,
finish and hardness through the hole or by using a burnishing bar or broach
consisting of a series of spherical lands of gradually increasing size coaxially
arranged. (see Ball Burnishing) (see Ball Broaching)
Baller Stick: It’s a stick, which is used for uniformed shaped cutting or
pouring. It is mainly used by ice-cream vendor for pouring the ice-cream
Balling Drum: Octagon-shaped wooden stick approximately 5 feet long.
This stick is used in the baller area, to change burr mashers, to start a coil
with a large I.D., etc.
Balling Drum: It is a rotating drum which is used for mixer of material for
ballast furnace
Balloon: Vertical members in a railing used between a top rail and bottom
rail or the stair treads. Sometimes referred to as 'pickets' or 'spindles'.
Balloon: Framed walls (generally over 10′ tall) that run the entire vertical
length from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need
for a gable end truss.
Balloon framed wall: A loan that has a series of monthly payments with the
remaining balance due in a large lump sum payment at the end.
Balloon framed wall: A loan that has a series of monthly payments with the
remaining balance due in a large lump sum payment at the end.
Balloon Framing: Its is the designing style of wood house building that
used\s some vertical and horizontal walls
Baluster: A small post used to support a hand-rail.
Balusters: The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway
or elevated walkway.
Balusters: Vertical members in a railing used between a top rail and bottom
rail or the stair treads. Sometimes referred to as ‘pickets’ or ‘spindles’.
Balustrade: A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of
the gable end. At the cornice, this member is a fascia board.
Balustrade: A series of balusters supporting a hand-rail.
Balustrade: The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway
or elevated walkway.
Bamboo Grain Structure: A rotating drum that is used for adding moisture
to the sinter mix in the blast furnace. Also, it enhances a balling action where
the smaller sized materials adhere to larger materials.
Bamboo Grain Structure: A structure in wire or sheet in which the
boundaries of the grains tend to be aligned normal to the long axis and to
extend completely through the thickness.
Band: A hardened, tempered, bright polished high-carbon cold rolled spring
steel strip, produced especially for use in the manufacture of band saws for
sawing wood, non-ferrous metals and plastics. Usually carries some nickel
and with a Rockwell value of approximately C40/45.
Band Dispenser: Device that holds that roll of steel banding.
Band Mark: A structure in wire or sheet in which the boundaries of the
grains tend to be aligned normal to the long axis and to extend completely
through the thickness.
Band saw: Band saw is a material cutting tool, which consists of a blade with
teeth on it. It cut the material in two pieces from one.
Band Saw Steel (Wood): An indentation in carbon steel or strip caused by
external pressure on the packaging band around cut lengths or coils; it may
occur in handling, transit or storage.
Band Saw Steel (Wood): A hardened tempered bright polished high carbon
cold rolled spring steel strip produced especially for use in the manufacture
of band saws for sawing wood, non ferrous metals, and plastics. Usually
carries some nickel and with a Rockwell value of approximately C40/45.
Band Wareroom: Wareroom is a storage room (warehouse) where hot bands
are kept. (Hot coils)
Banded Structure: Refers to metal strap band that is 1/2 in. wide. This band
is used to wrap a coil, either around the circumference (belly band) or
through the coil eye (eye band).
Banded Structure: Appearance of a metal showing parallel bands in the
direction of rolling or working.
Bander: Appearance of a metal showing parallel bands in the direction of
rolling or working.
Bander: Machine located at each delivery reel to automatically place
circumference bands around completed coils.
Banding: Tool used to tighten a steel band around a coil.
Banding: The internal picture or internal view of a metal with black and
white parallel.
Banding Tool: Machine located at each delivery reel to automatically place
circumference bands around completed coils.
Banding Tool: Bending tool is used to bend some metal. It consists of a jaw
and screw on it. The rod kept in the jaw and to bend it tighten the screw
Bands: Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements or phases aligned in
filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working.(see Banded
Structure) (see Ferrite-Pearlite Banding) (see Segregation Banding)
Bandsaw: Hot rolled steel strip, usually produced for rerolling into thinner
sheet or strip. (see Hot Bands) (see Band Steel)
Bang-Bang Valve: A power saw, the blade of which is a continuous, narrow,
steel band having teeth on one edge and passing over two large pulley
wheels.
Bank : A mass of soil rising above a digging level.
Bar: A square or round piece of solid steel which is usually 6 inches or less
in width.
Bar: A shear for cutting bars to lengths for shipping.
Bar: Bar is called as a rod some length having hard material
Bar Code: It’s a code which is print on a manufactured items which includes
pries manufacturing date and weights. Its in the form of some bars and some
niddle
Bar Code Generator: The bar ode generator is a program which generate the
bar code for a manufacturing items which after used for selling and other
purpose
Bar Code Reader: To scan the bar code a scanner is used which san the bar
code and the details of the items is shown on your screen having the detail of
items like pries date and weight
Bar Code Scanner: To scan the bar code a scanner is used which san the bar
code and the details of the items is shown on your screen having the detail of
items like pries date and weight
Bar Code System: Bar code system is combination of hardware and software
used to build a bar code. It consist computer, bar code scanner or reader
Bar Coding: It’s a code which is print on a manufactured items which
includes pries manufacturing date and weights. Its in the form of some bars
and some niddle
Bar Cutters: It is used to cut the bar (Road) in two or more pieces. It
consists of one rotary blade and table for rode placement.
Bar Folder: Conventional hydraulic or pneumatic valves operated by
solenoids with either two or three distinct positions.
Bar scalping/skimming: to remove a thin layer (1-5’) from the top of gravel
bars.
Bar Shear: A machine in which a folding bar or wing is used to bend a metal
sheet whose edge is clamped between the upper folding leaf and the lower
stationary jaw into a narrow, sharp, close and accurate fold along the edge. It
is also capable of making rounded folds such as those used in wiring. A
universal folder is more versatile in that it is limited to width only by the
dimensions of the sheet.
Bare Electrode: 1. A section hot rolled from a billet to a form, such as
round, hexagonal, octagonal, square or rectangular, with sharp or rounded
corners or edges and a cross-sectional area of less than 105 cm2 (16 in.2) 2.
A solid section that is long in relationship to its cross-sectional dimensions,
having a completely symmetrical cross-section and a width or greatest
distance between parallel faces of 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) or more. 3. An obsolete
unit of pressure equal to 100 kPa.
Bare Spot: A filler metal electrode consisting of a single metal or alloy that
has been produced into a wire, strip or bar form and that has had no coating
or covering applied to it other than that which was incidental to its
manufacture or preservation.
Bare Spot: A location on the strip where coating did not adhere.
Barge: A trim board placed against the wall around the room next to the
floor.
Barge: A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of the
gable end. At the cornice, this member is a fascia board.
Barge board: Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters.
Barge board: The board covering the roof timbers on the gable or skillion
end of a roof, fixed parallel to the roof slope.
Barge board: Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters.
Barium/Barium Complex Grease: A location on the strip where coating did
not adhere.
Bark: A grease thickened with either barium soap or a complex barium
soap.
Bark: Outer most part of tree. Or the shell of a tree is called bark
Barkhausen Effect: Surface of metal, under the oxide-scale layer, resulting
from heating in an oxidizing environment. In the case of steel, such bark
always suffers from decarburization.
Barometer: To check the atmospheric pressure a device is used called
barometer
Barometer: Instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. It may be
calibrated in pounds per square inch, in inches of mercury in a column in
millimeters or kPa.
Barometric Pressure Transmitters: A Barometric Pressure Transmitter is
used to determine pressure of a gas or liquid. There are many types of
technologies employed for pressure sensing. Technologies that use a
piezoresistor are most widespread in use. In a piezoresitive pressure
transmitter, a thin layer of semiconductor exhibits differential resistivity due
to the change in mechanical strain caused by pressure change. Other
barometric pressure transmitters correlate changes in capacitance; or
electromagnetic or piezoelectric properties.
Barrel (Drum): The sequence of abrupt changes in magnetic induction
occurring when the magnetizing force acting on a ferromagnetic specimen is
varied.
Barrel Cleaning: A standard container size, depending on context, e.g.,: a
400-lb open top container (gear lubes and greases are sold by the pound), a
55-gal liquid container (most liquid lubricants) or a 42-gal charge (standard
for crude oils).
Barrel Finishing: Mechanical or electrolytic cleaning of metal in rotating
equipment.
Barrel Plating: Improving the surface finish of workpieces by processing
them in rotating equipment along with abrasive particles that may be
suspended in a liquid. The barrel is normally loaded about 60% full with a
mixture of parts, media, compound and water.
Barreling: Plating articles in a rotating container, usually a perforated
cylinder that operates at least partially submerged in a solution.
Barrier protection : the protection provided by inhibiting oxidation (rust) by
an insoluble top-coating such as zinc, which isolates steel from any
electrolytes that would assist the corrosion process
Bars: Convexity of the surfaces of cylindrical or conical bodies, often
produced unintentionally during upsetting or as a natural consequence during
compression testing. (see Compression Test)
Barstock: Long steel products that are rolled from billets. Merchant bar and
reinforcing bar (rebar) are two common categories of bars. Merchants include
rounds, flats, angles, squares and channels that are used by fabricators to
manufacture a wide variety of products such as furniture, stair railings and
farm equipment. Rebar is used to strengthen concrete structures.
Base: Tin Mill term; Thickness divided by 0.00011. Also weight in pounds
of one Base Box of Tin plate. In finished inventory base weight is specified
instead of decimal thickness.
Base: An alkaline substance.
Base Box: (see Bar)
Base Box: Unit of area of 112 sheets of tin mil products (tin plate, tin free
steel or black plate) 14 by 20 inches, or 31,360 square inches. Tin Plate is
sold, and carried in finished inventory, on a weight per unit area rather than
on a thickness basis.
Base Circle (Gears): Unit of area of 112 sheets of tin mill products (tin
plate, tin free steel or black plate) 14 by 20 inches, or 31,360 square inches.
Tin plate is sold, and carried in finished inventory, on a weight per unit area
rather than on a thickness basis.
Base course : One or more layers of specified materials of designed
thickness (Usually asphaltic concrete course), placed on a sub base course or
a subgrade to support a surface course.
Base metal: The metal to be welded or cut.
Base Metal: Dirt or other impurities in the steel strip.
Base Metal: An inexpensive metal which is commonly available as a
resource called as base metal
Base metal: The metal present in the largest proportion in an alloy. (Copper
is the base metal in brass)
Base Metal Contamination: The circle from which the involute tooth profile
is derived.
Base Metal Contamination: (1) The metal present in the largest proportion
in an alloy; (2) the metal to be brazed, cut or welded; (3) after welding the
part of the metal that was not melted during the process.
Base or baseboard: Molding used next to the floor on interior base board.
Sometimes called a carpet strip.
Base or baseboard: A trim board placed against the wall around the room
next to the floor.
Base or Deck Mounted (Hoist): 1. The metal present in the largest
proportion in an alloy; 2. The metal to be brazed, cut or welded; 3. After
welding the part of the metal that was not melted during the process.
Base plate: A steel plate welded to the base of a column which distributes
the column loads over an area of foundation large enough to prevent crushing
of the concrete and usually secured by anchor bolts.
Base Plate: A type of mounting where the hoist is mounted to the top side of
a horizontal supporting surface.
Base Plate: A plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached and to which
a flask is subsequently attached to form the mold container.
Base ply: Is one layer of felt fastened to the deck over which a built-up roof
is applied.
Base shoe: The window frame and glass unit that is installed in the window
buck.
Base shoe: Molding used next to the floor on interior base board. Sometimes
called a carpet strip.
Base Type: A plate to which the pattern assemblies are attached and to which
a flask is subsequently attached to form the mold container.
Base Type: Highly strength, solid flat piece of metal which is used as a base
for some part is called as base plate
Base Weight: Type of base used for cooling; i.e., water or fan. Tin mill term;
thickness divided by 0.00011. Also weight in pounds of one base box of tin
plate. In finished inventory, base weight is specified instead of decimal
thickness.
Baseline centric: work process that centers and defines 's activities around
the project baseline, and then delivers to that baseline to meet commitment to
clients.
Basement: A room or rooms of a building, in part or wholly below ground
level.
Basement: Any floor below the first story in a building.
Basement material : The material in excavation or embankment underlying
the lowest layer of sub base, base, pavement, surfacing or other specified
layer which is to be placed on.
Basement window inserts: A half-brick.
Basement window inserts: The window frame and glass unit that is installed
in the window buck.
Basic: alkaline
Basic Bearing Number: 1. A chemical substance that yields hydroxyl ions
(OH) when dissolved in water. Compare with acid. 2. The surface on which a
single-point tool rests when held in a tool post. 3. In forging, see anvil. (see
Heel)
Basic Bottom and Lining: For purposes of identification, antifriction
bearings are assigned numbers, referred to as basic bearing numbers. In most
cases, they have four digits: the first indicates the TYPE of bearing, the
second the bearing SERIES and the third and fourth the BORE SIZE of the
bearing. Some manufacturers replace the first digit with letters of the alphabet
to identify their bearings, others use numbers and letters.
Basic Dynamic Capacity: The inner bottom and lining of a melting furnace,
consisting of materials such as crushed burned dolomite, magnesite,
magnesite bricks or basic slag that give a basic reaction at the operating
temperature.
Basic Geometric Commands : Common auto cad command for making
some geometrical shapes like line, circle, arc, rectangle etc.
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF): The radial load that 90% of identical
bearings will bear for 1,000,000 revolutions before the first evidence of
fatigue; also known as basic load rating.
Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF): The oxygen furnace is used to make steel
from rich carbon molten pig iron.
Basic Oxygen Process: It is a steelmaking process. In this steel is made from
rich carbon molten pig iron.
Basic Oxygen Process (BOP): A pear-shaped furnace, lined with refractory
bricks, which refines molten pig iron from the blast furnace and scrap into
steel. Scrap is charged into the furnace vessel, followed by the hot metal from
the blast furnace. A lance is lowered from above, through which blows a
high-pressure stream of oxygen to cause chemical reactions that separate
impurities into fumes or slag.
Basic Refractories: A process in which molten steel is produced in a furnace
by blowing oxygen into molten iron, scrap and flux materials. The furnace is
known as Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF).
Basic Static Capacity: Refractories whose major constituent is lime,
magnesia or both and which may react chemically with acid refractories, acid
slags or acid fluxes at high temperatures. Basic refractories are used for
furnace linings. Compare with acid refractory.(see Acid Refractory)
Basic Steel: The static load endured by a bearing before the most heavily
loaded ball or roller experiences sufficient stress to cause a permanent
deformation of the element or race equal to 0.0001 in. of the ball or roller
diameter.
Basic Steel: Steel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining and
under a slag containing an excess of a basic substance such as magnesia or
lime.
Basicity: The ability of a substance to boost the pH after neutralizing all the
acid species.
Basin : A receptacle for runoff (Storm) water.
Basket Screen: Steel melted in a furnace that has a basic bottom and lining,
and under a slag that is dominantly basic.
Basket Screen: A first stage in line water filter for water delivered from the
New Blowing Room Pump Room to the Blast Furnace. The strainer contains
an electric driven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them
from entering the water system.
Bastard: A first stage in-line water filter for water delivered from the pump
room to the blast furnace. The strainer contains an electric-driven rotary sieve
that catches particulates and prevents them from entering the water system.
Bastard: Threads,parts,tools and sizes that are not standard, such as, Bastard
Nuts Bastard Plus bastaard fittings and so forth. The term also refers to a
standard coarse cut file.
Bat : A section of fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation measuring 15 or 23
inches wide by four to eight feet long and various thickness'. Sometimes
"faced" (meaning to have a paper covering on one side) or "unfaced" (without
paper).
Bat : A half-brick.
Batch: Oven used to bake a number of cores at one time.
Batch: Amount or quantity of core or mold sand or other material prepared at
one time.
Batch Anneal: Threads, parts, tools and sizes that are not standard, such as
“bastard nuts”, “bastard plus”, “bastard fittings”, etc. The term also refers to a
standard coarse cut file.
Batch Anneal: The process by which a large, stationary stack of steel coils
(4 coils high) is subjected to a long heat treating cycle. This process enables
the cold rolled sheet to fully recrystallize into the softest possible product
conforming to customer specifications. Controlling the recrystallization
process makes a fine grained microstructure easy to obtain, and minimizes
the tendencies for retention of directional properties of the rolled steel which
could produce undesirable shapes in the stamping of a cylindrical part such as
a can. Also see Anneal and Continuous Anneal.
Batch Furnace: The process by which a large, stationary stack of steel coils
is subjected to a long heat-treating cycle. This process enables the cold rolled
sheet to fully recrystallize into the softest possible product conforming to
customer specifications. Controlling the recrystallization process makes a
fine-grained micro-structure easy to obtain, and minimizes the tendencies for
retention of directional properties of the rolled steel which could produce
undesirable shapes in the stamping of a cylindrical part such as a can. (see
Anneal)(see Continuous Anneal)
Batch operation: The utilization of ion-exchange resins to treat a solution in
a container wherein the removal of ions is accomplished by agitation of the
solution and subsequent decanting of the treated liquid.
Batch Oven: A furnace used to heat treat a single load at a time. Batch-type
furnaces are necessary for large pans such as heavy forgings and are preferred
for complex alloy grades requiring long cycles.
Batch Oven: This is also a type of furnace. Where various thermal processes
are processing like aging, drying, curing.
Batch plant: local facility for preparation and distribution of concrete.
Batch Weighing: Batch Weighing is an industrial process that is used to
distribute bulk loose material into discrete amounts for packaging. It typically
consists of a computer controlled bin and hopper system which carefully
meters feedrates and a scale for accurately determining weight.
Batching: Amount or quantity of core or mold sand or other material
prepared at one time.
Batching Plants: A batching plant is an installation of equipment for mixing
bulk components. It typically refers to a remote installation set up for the
purpose of mixing concrete on site.
Bath: Immersion in a liquid bath (such as molten lead or fused salts) held at
an assigned temperature. When a lead bath is used, the process is known as
lead annealing.
Bath: Molten metal on the hearth of a furnace, in a crucible, or in a ladle.
Bath Annealing: The grouping together of parts to achieve an economic use
of the process.
Bath Annealing: Is immersion is a liquid bath (such as molten lead or fused
salts) held at an assigned temperature when a lead bath is used, the process is
known as lead annealing.
Batt: Any portion of a full brick.
Batt : Narrow strips of wood used to cover joints or as decorative vertical
members over plywood or wide boards.
Batt : A section of fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation measuring 15 or 23
inches wide by four to eight feet long and various thickness’. Sometimes
“faced” (meaning to have a paper covering on one side) or “unfaced”
(without paper).
Batten: Any window space projecting outward from the walls of a building,
either square or polygonal in plan.
Batten: A small piece of angle or plate welded to the heels of a two angle
web member or any two parallel components to tie them together and usually
located at the middle of the member.
Batten: Narrow strips of wood used to cover joints or as decorative vertical
members over plywood or wide boards.
Batten: A small timber such as those used to support roof tiles.
Batten: Molten metal on the hearth of a furnace, in a crucible or in a ladle.
Batter : Inward slope from bottom to top of a wall face.
Battery limits: Geographic boundaries, imaginary or real, enclosing a plant
or unit being engineered and/or erected, established for the purpose of
providing a means of specifically identifying certain portions or work.
Generally refers to process area only unless specified to the contrary.
Battery System (Backup Crane): A wooden bar or strip fastened to bottom
or follow board for rigidity or to prevent distortion during ramming of the
mold.
Baudelot cooler: Heat exchanger in which water flows by gravity over the
outside of the tubes or plates.
Bauxite: Batteries used to guard against inadvertent load release due to loss
of primary power to magnet system.
Bauxite: The only commercial ore of aluminum, corresponding essentially to
the formula Al2O3xH2O.
Bay: The distance between the main frames of a building.
Bay window: A structural member transversely supporting a load. A
structural member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to
another. Sometimes called a "girder".
Bay window: A window of varying shapes, projecting outward from the wall
of a building, forming a recess in a room.
Bay window: Any window space projecting outward from the walls of a
building, either square or polygonal in plan.
Bayer Process: A rock consisting of hydrous aluminum oxide with various
impurities; the principal ore of aluminum, and raw material for mullite and
high-alumina refractories.
Bazooka: A process for extracting alumina from bauxite ore before the
electrolytic reduction. The bauxite is digested in a solution of sodium
hydroxide, which converts the alumina to soluble aluminate. After the "red
mud" residue has been filtered out, aluminum hydroxide is precipitated,
filtered out and calcined to alumina.
Bazooka: Performs functions of Galvanneal Furnace; set of torches on
wheels used to shoot flames onto a strip to further heat it.
Bbc (basic building code): A minimum model regulatory code for the
protection of public health, safety, welfare and property by regulating and
controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy,
location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within a jurisdiction.
BE: Performs functions of galvanneal furnace; set of torches on wheels used
to shoot flames onto a strip to further heat it.
Beach Marks: Chemical symbol for Beryllium.
Bead: A moulding, generally of small size in cross section.
Bead: See preferred term surfacing weld.
Bead Weld: Macroscopic progression marks on a fatigue fracture or stress-
corrosion cracking surface that indicate successive positions of the advancing
crack front. The classic appearance is of irregular elliptical or semielliplical
rings radiating outward from one or more origins. Beach marks (also known
as clamshell marks or arrest marks) are typically found on service fractures
where the part is loaded randomly, intermittently, or with periodic variations
in mean stress or alternating stress. See also striation.
Beaded Flange: 1. Half-round cavity in a mold, or half-round projection or
molding on a casting, 2. A single deposit of weld metal produced by fusion.
Beading: A flange reinforced by a low ridge, used mostly around a hole.
Beading: Raising a ridge on sheet metal.
Beam: (a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are
nailed in framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A wood
lintel. (c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example
over a door or window).
Beam: A structural member, usually horizontal, whose main function is to
carry loads transverse to its longitudinal axis. These loads usually cause
bending of the beam member. Some types of beams are simple, continuous,
and cantilever.
Beam: A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural
member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to another.
Sometimes called a “girder”.
Beam: A horizontal member that carries vertical loads along its length. It
would traditionally have been timber (the word originally meaning "tree
trunk") but a modern beam might more often be reinforced concrete or steel.
(Fr. poutre, f)
Beam: Capability of a gear tooth to withstand repeated bending that occurs
whenever it is under load.
Beam : A horizontal structural member designed to resist loads which bend
it.
Beam And Sling: Tackle used in conjunction with a crane for turning over
the cope or drag of a mold prior to assembly.
Beam bridge : a simple type of bridge, composed of
horizontal beams supported by vertical posts
Beam Diameter: Raising a ridge or projection on sheet metal.
Beam Divergence: The portion of the laser beam that contains 86 percent of
the energy.
Beam Strength (Gears): The angle away from the source at which a laser
beam increases in diameter; usually measured in milliradians.
Beam : a rigid, usually horizontal, structural element
Beam-column: A structural member whose main function is to carry loads
both parallel and transverse to its longitudinal axis.
Bearer: A member of floor framing, spanning piers and supporting joists.
Bearing: 1) The distance that the bearing shoe or seat of a joist or joist girder
extends over its masonry, concrete, or steel support 2) A structural support,
usually a beam or wall, that is designed by the specifying professional to
carry reactions to the foundation
Bearing: An antifriction bearing which is provided with seals and a high-
stability oxidation-resistant grease to permit operation of the bearing without
relubrication for not less than the specified B-10 life.
Bearing : (1) The supporting section of a beam length or area. (2) The
compressive stress between a beam and its support (bearing pressure),
particularly on foundations. (3) The horizontal angle turned between a datum
direction such as true north and a given line.
Bearing Bush: Bearing Bushes support a cylindrical shaft in a housing. They
permit axial rotation while constraining lateral motion. The simplest bearing
bushing is a cylindrical sleeve. The inner surface of the bearing bushing is in
sliding contact relative to the outer surface of the shaft. Bearing bushings can
incorporate low friction materials and coatings, as well as lubrication, to
reduce friction, improve efficiency and extend service life.
Bearing Chock: An important member of the structural steel family. There
are three varieties — the standard H, I, and the wide flange used for the
weight supporting purposes.
Bearing Crush: The housing that provides the mounting surfaces for the
rolling bearings that support the roll shaft.
Bearing Guides: A bearing guide is a mechanical device used to provide a
smooth, controlled surface to guide the movement of another component such
as a tool bit. The guide is often a set of concentric cylindrical shells with ball
or roller element bearings between the two surfaces. An example of a bearing
guide is the small guide often used with router bits in woodworking.
Bearing header: A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its
own weight.
Bearing header: (a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which
joists are nailed in framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A
wood lintel. (c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for
example over a door or window).
Bearing Housings: A Bearing Housing is a structural component designed to
support a bearing. Bearing housings typically feature a recess designed for a
close tolerance or press fit of the bearing. A common type of bearing housing
is referred to as a pillow block. This is used to mount a bearing offset to a
structural support, such as a beam.
Bearing Life: The height by which half of the bearing exceeds the half
diameter of the bore into which it is assembled.
Bearing Load: The L-10 life of an antifriction bearing is the minimum
expected life, hours, of 90% of a group of bearings which are operating — at
a given speed and loading. The average expected life of the bearings is
approximately five times the L-10 life.
Bearing Load: A compressive load supported by a member, usually a tube or
collar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet, axle, or shaft.
Bearing partition: A point where a bearing or structural weight is
concentrated and transferred to the foundation
Bearing partition: A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to
its own weight.
Bearing plate: The steel plate used for a joist or joist girder to bear on when
they are supported by masonry or concrete supports. This plate transfers the
joist reaction to the supporting structure and must be sized accordingly.
Bearing point: A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own
weight.
Bearing point: A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated
and transferred to the foundation
Bearing Quality: A compressive load supported by a member, usually a tube
or collar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet, axle or shaft.
Bearing Slide: Bearing slides are mechanical devices used to enable and
restrict the linear translation of an object. The slide mechanism uses bearings,
typically ball bearings or roller element bearings, to allow a smooth, low
friction translation. A common example of bearing slides are the sliding
mechanisms used on cabinet drawers.
Bearing Strength: Alloy steels intended for antifriction bearing components,
generally produced with chemistry ranges, which are designed for case-
hardening. Test requirements include inclusion ratings, decarb, hardness, and
macroetch.
Bearing Strength: The maximum bearing load at failure divided by the
effective bearing area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the iffective area is
calculated as the product of the diameter of the hole and the thickness of the
bearing member.
Bearing Stress: The maximum bearing load at failure divided by the
effective bearing area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the effective area is
calculated as the product of the diameter of the hole and the thickness of the
bearing member.
Bearing Test: The shear load on a mechanical joint (such as a pinned or
riveted joint) divided by the effective bearing area. The effective bearing area
of a riveted joint, for example, is the sum of the diameters of all rivets times
the thickness of the loaded member.
Bearing wall: A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a
structure.
Bearing wall: A wall which is supporting any vertical loads i2n addition to
its own weight.
Bearing wall: A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own
weight.
Bearing, air: A bearing using air as a lubricant.
Bearing, aligning: A bearing with an external spherical seat surface that
provides a compensation for shaft or housing deflection or misalignment.
Bearing, annular: Usually a rolling bearing of short cylindrical form
supporting a shaft carrying a radial load.
Bearing, anti-friction : A bearing containing a solid lubricant.
Bearing, axial load: (see bearing, thrust)
Bearing, babbitt : A bearing metal of non-ferrous material, containing
several tin-based alloys, mainly copper, antimony, tin and lead.
Bearing, ball: A rolling element bearing in which the rolling elements are
spherical.
Bearing, big end: A bearing at the larger (crankshaft) end of a connecting
rod in an engine.
Bearing, bimetal: A bearing consisting of two layers.
Bearing, bottom end : (see bearing, big end)
Bearing, bush: A plain bearing in which the lining is closely fitted into the
housing in the form of a bush, usually surfaced with a bearing alloy.
Bearing, circular step: A flat circular hydrostatic bearing with a central
circular recess.
Bearing, fixed pad : An axial or radial load bearing equipped with fixed
pads, the surface of which a are contoured to promote hydrodynamic
lubrication.
Bearing, floating: A bearing designed or mounted to permit axial
displacement between shaft and housing.
Bearing, floating ring : A type of journal bearing that includes a thin ring
between the journal and the bearing. The ring floats and rotates at a fraction
of the journal rotational speed.
Bearing, fluid: (see hydrostatic bearing)
Bearing, full journal : A journal bearing that surrounds the journal by a full
360°.
Bearing, gas: A journal or thrust bearing lubricated with gas.
Bearing, half journal : A bearing extending 180° around a journal.
Bearing, journal: A machine part in which a rotating shaft revolves or
slides.
Bearing, kingsbury trust : The predominant thrust bearing used in
hydroelectric generators is the Kingsbury thrust bearing. It consist of a
annular arrangement of babbit covered, pie shaped, stationary, shoes. The
shoes form a circle around the rotating shaft. A cylindrical thrust block with a
highly polished end is pressed onto the shaft and held to the shaft with half
moon collars. The polished end of the shaft rests on the surfaces of the
babbitted, stationary shoes. The shoes are mounted on spherical studs that
allows them to tilt. As the hydraulic turbine spins the shaft, the collar turns on
the shoes.
Bearing, Lifetime Lubricated: A method of determining the response to
stress (load) of sheet products that are subjected to riveting, bolting or a
similar fastening procedure. The purpose of the test is to determine the
bearing strength of the material and to measure the bearing stress versus the
deformation of the hole created by a pin or rod of circular cross section that
pierces the sheet perpendicular to the surface.
Bearing, magnetic : A type of bearing in which the force that separates the
relatively moving surfaces is produced be a magnetic field.
Bearing, main : A bearing supporting the main power-transmitting shaft.
Bearing, mitchell: (see tilting pad bearing).
Bearing, needle : A bearing in which the relatively moving parts are
separated by long thin rollers that have a length-to-diameter ratio exceeding
5.0.
Bearing, noncontact -: A bearing in which no solid contact occurs between
relatively moving surfaces.
Bearing, pedestal: A bearing that is supported on a column or pedestal rather
than on the main body of the machine.
Bearing, pivot: An axial load bearing, radial-load-type bearing which
supports the end of a shaft or pivot.
Bearing, porous : Made from porous material, such as compressed metal
powders, the pores acting either as reservoirs for holding or passages for
supplied lubricant.
Bearing, roller: A bearing in which the relatively moving parts are separated
by rollers.
Bearing, rubbing : A bearing in which the relatively moving parts slide
without deliberate lubrication.
Bearing, self-aligning: A roller-element bearing with one spherical raceway
that automatically provides compensation for shaft or housing deflection or
misalignment.
Bearing, self-lubricating : A bearing independent of external lubrication.
These bearings may be sealed for life after packing with grease or may
contain self-lubricating material.
Bearing, sleeve : A cylindrical plain bearing used to provide radial location
for a shat, which moves axially. Sleeve bearings consist of one or more layers
of bearing alloys, bonded to a steel backing.
Bearing, slide: A bearing used or positioning a slide or for axial alignment of
a long rotating shaft.
Bearing, step : A plane surface bearing that supports the lower end of a
vertical shaft.
Bearing, thrust: A bearing in which the load acts in the direction of the axis
of rotation.
Bearing, tilting pad : A pad bearing in which the pads are free to take up a
position at an angle to the opposing surface according to the hydrodynamic
pressure distribution over its surface.
Bearing, trunnion: A bearing used as a pivot to swivel or turn an assembly.
Bed: Method whereby drag may be rammed in the pit or flask without
necessity of rolling over. Process used in production of heavy castings.
Bed: One of the principal parts of a machine tool having accurately machined
ways or bearing surfaces for supporting and aligning other parts of the
machine. Stationary platen of a press to which the lower die assembly is
attached.
Bed: A mass of ion-exchange resin particles contained in a column.
Bed depth : The height of the resinous material in the column after the ion
exchanger has been properly conditioned for effective operation.
Bed expansion : The effect produced during backwashing when the resin
particles become separated and rise in the column. The expansion of the bed
due to the increase in the space between resin particles may be controlled by
regulating backwash flow (typical with water treatment).
Bed In: Method whereby drag may be rammed in the pit or flask without
necessity of rolling over. Process used in production of heavy castings.
Bed joint: Horizontal joint in brickwork.
Bedding: fine gravel or crushed rock placed around culverts to evenly
distribute load.
Bedding: Resting an irregularly shaped core on a bed of sand for drying.
Bedding: Sinking a pattern down into the sand to the desired position and
ramming the sand around it.
Bedding a Core: One of the principle parts of a machine tool having
accurately machined ways or bearing surfaces for supporting and aligning
other parts of the machine. Stationary platen of a press to which the lower die
assembly is attached.
Bedding A Core: Resting an irregularly shaped core on a bed of sand for
drying.
Bed-In: Machine element designed to support or position loads and, properly
lubricated, to reduce friction between them. There are two basic designs,
rolling element bearings and plain (sliding) types.
Bedload: coarse aggregates carried by flowing water (rolled or bounced, but
not suspended)
Bedrock: A formal offer by a contractor, in accordance with specifications
for a project, to do all or a phase of the work at a certain price in accordance
with the terms and conditions stated in the offer.
Bedrock: A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.
Bedrock : the solid rock layer beneath sand or silt
Beilby Layer: Sinking a pattern down into the sand to the desired position
and ramming the sand around it.
Bell Mouth: A layer of metal disturbed by mechanical working, wear or
mechanical polishing presumed to be without regular crystalline structure
(amorphous); originally applied to grain boundaries.
Bell Mouth: The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually made at the
entrance end because of misalignment or spring of the cutting tool.
Bellows seal : A type of mechanical seal that utilizes a bellows for providing
secondary sealing.
Bellows : Corrugated cylindrical container which moves as pressures change,
or provides a seal during movement of parts.
Belly Roll: The flaring or tapering of a machined hole, usually made at the
entrance end because of misalignment or spring of the cutting tool.
Belly Roll: Roll used on the line to steady plate.
Belt Conveyors: A belt conveyor is a common way to transport material in a
factory or industrial environment. A wide belt is stretched between two or
more pulleys and serves as the conveying surface. Rotational movement of
the pulleys creates linear belt movement. The powered pulley is called the
drive pulley, while the unpowered pulleys are known as idlers.
Belt Driven Actuation: Belt driven actuation describes the use of a linear
actuator driven by a belt. The use of belt allows for equal force applied in
both the push and pull directions. The belt is driven by servo or stepper
motors to enable small, precise movement of the belt and actuator.
Belt Furnace: Roll used on the line to steady plate.
Belt Ground: A continuous-type furnace that uses a mesh·type or cast-link
belt to carry parts through the furnace.
Belt Scrapers: A belt scraper is a component used in conveyor belt systems
to clean or remove material from the conveyor belt. Belt scraper blades are
often rubber in order to avoid damaging the belt and replaced when they are
no longer scraping the belt properly.
Belt Tensioning Winches: A Belt Tensioning Winch is used to maintain
proper tension on a conveyor system in response to variable loading. They
adjust belt tension by repositioning an idler pulley relative to the drive pulley
using a winching system.
Belt Wrapper: A dull surface achieved by mechanically scratching the
surface with abrasives.
Belt Wrapper: Line equipment used in the Tin Mill for starting coils on
prime or reject reels. The belt wrapper ensures a proper start.
Bench Blower: A small core blowing machine, utilizing a removable sand
magazine and blow heat.
Bench Grinder: Line equipment used in the tin mill for starting coils on
prime or reject reels. The belt wrapper ensures a proper start.
Bench Grinder: A small grinding machine for shaping and sharpening the
cutting edges of tools.
Bench Lathe: A small grinding machine for shaping and sharpening the
cutting edges of tools.
Bench mark: an elevation reference point.
Bench mark : A relatively fixed point whose elevation is known and used as
a datum for levelling.
Bench Molding: A small lathe mounted on a bench or table.
Bench Rammer: Casting sand molds by hand tamping loose or production
patterns at a bench without the assistance of air or hydraulic action.
Bench Rammer: A short rammer used by bench molders.
Bench Test: A short rammer used by bench molders.
Bench Work: Work done primarily at a bench with hand tools. Occasionlly
suplemented by small power driven tools.
Bench-Blower: A modified service test in which the service conditions are
approximated in the laboratory.
Bench-mark: A levelling base point of known level. The Ordnance Survey
has set up bench marks around the UK. Contractors often establish
'temporary bench marks' ('TBM') at convenient points around the site.
Benchmark (bm): A fixed point of reference, the elevation of which is
known and referred to during levelling operations.
Benchwork: A small core-blowing machine, utilizing a removable sand
magazine and blow heat.
Bend Allowance: Work done primarily at a bench with hand tools.
Occasionally supplemented by small power-driven tools.
Bend Die: The length of the arc of the neutral axis between the tangent points
of a bend.
Bend or Twist (Defect): A wheel-shaped die with a groove in the outer
circumference that conforms to half the pipe circumference. It will most often
have a straight section used as half of the clamp set for holding the pipe
against the die. This type of die is used in rotary draw or compression
bending to generate the bend radius.
Bend radius: Distortion similar to warpage generally caused during forging
or trimming operations. When the distortion is along the length of the part, it
is termed bend; when across the width, it is termed twist. When bend or twist
exceeds tolerance, it is considered a defect. Corrective action consists of hand
straightening, machine straightening or cold restriking.
Bend Radius: The inside radius of a bent section,
Bend Tangent: The inside radius of a bent section.
Bend Test: Various tests which is used to ascertain the toughness and
ductility of a metal product, in which the material is bent around its axis and/
or around an outside radius. A complete test might specify such a bend to be
both with and against the direction of grain. For testing, samples should be
edge filed to remove burrs and any edgewise cracks resulting from slitting or
shearing. If a vice is to be employed, then you must line the jaws with some
soft metal, to permit a flow of the metal in the piece being tested.
Bend Tests: A tangent point at which a bending arc ceases or changes.
Bend : (v.) to curve; bending occurs when a straight material becomes
curved; one side squeezes together in compression, and the other side
stretches apart in tension
Bending: Upper limit of normal stress of a beam at which fracture or
excessive plastic deformation occurs.
Bending Angle: Various tests used to assess the ductility of steel when
subjected to bending. Tests may include determination of the minimum
radius or diameter required to make a satisfactory bend and the number of
repeated bends that the material can withstand without failure when it is bent
through a given angle and over a definite radius.
Bending Angle: A 'V shaped' piece of angle iron attached to the rear of the
coil car in the Strip Steel, which is used to help the operator put bends into
the front end of a coil.
Bending Brake: A 'v-shaped' piece of angle iron attached to the rear of the
coil car in the strip steel, which is used to help the operator put bends into the
front-end of a coil.
Bending Dies: A form of open-frame single-action press that is
comparatively wide between the housings, with a bed designed for holding
long, narrow forming edges or dies. Used for bending and forming strip, plate
and sheet (into boxes, panels, roof decks and so on). Also known as press
brake.
Bending formula : Formula for beams of any homogeneous material.
Moment (M)= Stress X Modulus of Section or (M)= Force X Arm
Bending moment: The condition in the analysis of the internal stresses
across the cross section of a member when it is subjected to forces which
cause it to bend.
Bending moment: The bending force in, for example, a beam. The units of
bending moment are those of force x distance, for example, kiloNewton-
metres.
Bending moment: The algebraic sum of the couples or the moments of the
external forces, or both, to the left or right of any section on a member
subjected to bending by couples or transverse forces, or both.
Bending Rolls: Dies used in presses for bending sheet metal or wire parts
into various shapes. The work is done by the punch pushing the stock into
cavities or depressions of similar shape in the die or by auxiliary attachments
operated by the descending punch.
Bending Strength: Various types of machinery equipped with two or more
rolls to form curved sheet and sections.
Bending Strength: Upper limit of normal stress of a beam at which fracture
or excessive plastic deformation occurs.
Bending stress: Is zero at the neutral axis and assumed to increase linearly to
a maximum at the outer fibers of the section.
Bends : (n.) see caisson disease
Beneficiation: A preliminary forging operation to give the piece
approximately the correct shape for subsequent forming.
Benefits for you: Benefits for You is a name and logo used by Human
Resources in communication materials regarding benefits.
Bent: The plane of beam or joist girder members which support loads and the
columns which support these members.
Bent Axis Pumps: In this pump, the pistons are at an angle to the drive shaft
and Thrust Plate. The piston block shaft is connected to the drive shaft by a
universal joint, not shown. The drive shaft, thrust plate, piston block shaft,
and piston block all revolve.
Benthic: refers to the bottom of a body of water benthic
macroinvertebratesspineless animals that inhabit the bottom of streams and
lakes; visible to the eye; aquatic worms, snails, clams, immature stages of
aquatic insects
Bentonite: A colloidal clay derived from volcanic ash and employed as a
binder in connection with synthetic sands, or added to ordinary natural (clay
bonded) sands where extra strength is required.
Bentonite Thickener: Concentration or other preparation of ore for
smelting.
Benzene: Clay, composed mainly of silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide,
used to thicken greases. Such greases have no dropping points because the
bentonite does not melt.
Berm: An earth bank left against a retaining wall during excavation, until it
is propped.
Berm : An artificial horizontal ledge in an earth bank or cutting to ensure the
stability of a steep side slopes of roadbed (Shoulder). Also berms are built to
hold water on land that is to be flood irrigated
Bernoulli equation : Is an Energy equation for two points along the bottom
of an open channel experiencing uniform flow.
Bernoulli's Theorem: The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon (C6H6) used in
petrochemical processes and as a solvent. It must be used with caution
because of its toxicity. For safety considerations, laboratories have
substituted other solvents like toluene in its place.
Bernoulli's theorem: In stream of liquid, the sum of elevation head, pressure
head and velocity remains constant along any line of flow provided no work
is done by or upon liquid in course of its flow, and decreases in proportion to
energy lost in flow.
Beryllium Copper: Theory developed by Daniel Bernoulli, 18th century
Swiss scientist, one implication of which is that any rise in hydraulic fluid
velocity is accompanied by a drop in static pressure and vice versa.
Beryllium Copper: An alloy of copper and 2 3% beryllium with optionally
fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this series show
remarkable age hardening properties and an ultimate hardness of about 400
Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such hardness and good electrical
conductivity, beryllium copper is used in electrical switches, springs, etc.
Bessemer converter: A kind of steel-making plant, no longer in use.
Bessemer Process: An alloy of copper and 2-3% beryllium with optionally
fractional percentages of nickel or cobalt. Alloys of this series show
remarkable age-hardening properties and an ultimate hardness of about 400
Brinell (Rockwell C43). Because of such hardness and good electrical
conductivity, beryllium-copper is used in electrical switches, springs, etc.
Bessemer Process: A process for making steel by blowing air through
molten pig iron contained in a refractory lined vessel so that the impurities
are thus removed by oxidation.
Beta: A steelmaking process in which air is blown through the molten iron so
that the impurities are thus removed by oxidation. Sir Henry Bessemer (1813-
1898) was an English inventor who patented the first inexpensive industrial
process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron.
Beta Ratio: The amount, expressed as a ratio, of particles in a fluid stream
upstream of a filter, after the fluid posses through a filter, divided by the
amount of particles downstream, for a particular size particle.
Bevel: An angle formed between two straight lines meeting at an angle other
than 90°.
Bevel: Gears, conical in form, that operate on intersecting axes, usually at
right angles.
Bevel cut: A single cut made at an angle to the member length. See Miter
Cut.
Bevel Gear Unit: A Bevel Gear Unit transfers input shaft rotation to an
output shaft oriented at an angle to the input, typically 90 degrees. Power
transfer is accomplished by bevel gears inside a gear box.
Bevel Geared Motors: A Beveled Geared Motor refers to an electric motor
where the output shaft is oriented 90 degrees to the motor shaft. This is
accomplished with the use of bevel gears for power transfer. They are used in
applications where space limitations prevent the use of an inline motor shaft.
Bevel Gears: In titanium, this body-centered cubic crystal structure exists at
higher temperatures.
Bevel Helical Gearbox: Bevel helical gearboxes are most often found in the
power transmission industry. In this gearbox, the face of the gear on which
the teeth sit is conical and the two axes of rotation intersect. The gear teeth
are also not aligned with the axis of rotation, tracing a helical path. As a
result of these two characteristics, the bevel helical gearbox allows the gears
to mesh even when the shafts are not aligned. The shaft angle at which the
gears can operate depends on the bevel and gear tooth angles.
Bevel Helical Gearmotors: A Bevel Helical Gearmotor is an integrated
motor and gearbox that can outputs rotation at an angle to the rotation of the
motor shaft. Power is transmitted via a set of helical bevel gears, which
makes these motors quieter in operation than a similar motor with straight
bevel gearing.
Bg-type joist girder: A type of Joist Girder where joists are located at all
panel points where vertical webs and diagonal webs intersect the top chord.
BHN: Angle formed between the prepared edge of the end of tube and a
plane perpendicular to the surface. Standard pipe bevel is 30°.
BHN: Brinell Hardness Number
BI: Also By-coil. Tin mill term. Customers buy "by coil" or "bi-coil" rather
than cut sheets.
Bi: Chemical symbol for Bismuth
Bi Coil: Also BY COIL. Tin Mill term. Customers buy by coil or bi coil
rather than cut sheets.
Biaxial bending: Bending of a structural member about two perpendicular
axes at the same time.
Biaxial Stress: Chemical symbol for Bismuth.
Bicarbonate: An ion or salt of carbonic acid, containing hydrogen, carbon,
and oxygen (HC03), such as sodium bicarbonate, NaHC03.
Bicarbonate alkalinity : The presence in a solution of hydroxyl (OH-) ions
resulting from the hydrolysis of carbonates or bicarbonates. When these salts
react with water, a strong base and a weak acid are produced, and the solution
is alkaline.
Bi-Coil: Brinell hardness number, measurement of material hardness.
Bid: A bond issued by a surety on behalf of a contractor that provides
assurance to the recipient of the contractor's bid that, if the bid is accepted,
the contractor will execute a contract and provide a performance bond. Under
the bond, the surety is obligated to pay the recipient of the bid the difference
between the contractor's bid and the bid of the next lowest responsible bidder
if the bid is accepted and the contractor fails to execute a contract or to
provide a performance bond.
Bid: A formal offer by a contractor, in accordance with specifications for a
project, to do all or a phase of the work at a certain price in accordance with
the terms and conditions stated in the offer.
Bid bond: Funds or a bid bond submitted with a bid as a guarantee to the
recipient of the bid that the contractor, if awarded the contract, will execute
the contract in accordance with the bidding requirements of the contract
documents.
Bid bond: A bond issued by a surety on behalf of a contractor that provides
assurance to the recipient of the contractor’s bid that, if the bid is accepted,
the contractor will execute a contract and provide a performance bond. Under
the bond, the surety is obligated to pay the recipient of the bid the difference
between the contractor’s bid and the bid of the next lowest responsible bidder
if the bid is accepted and the contractor fails to execute a contract or to
provide a performance bond.
Bid security : A practice by which contractors, both before and after their
bids are submitted, attempt to obtain prices from potential subcontractors and
material suppliers that are lower than the contractors' original estimates on
which their bids are based, or after a contract is awarded, seek to induce
subcontractors to reduce the subcontract price included in the bid.
Bid security : Funds or a bid bond submitted with a bid as a guarantee to the
recipient of the bid that the contractor, if awarded the contract, will execute
the contract in accordance with the bidding requirements of the contract
documents.
Bid shopping: The procedures and conditions for the submission of bids.
The requirements are included ion documents, such as the notice to bidders,
advertisements for bids, instructions to bidders, invitations to bid, and sample
bid forms.
Bidder : Any individual, firm, partnership, corporation, or combination
thereof, submitting a proposal for the work contemplated, acting directly or
through a duly authorized representative.
Bidding requirements: Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a
smaller area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
Bidding requirements: The procedures and conditions for the submission of
bids. The requirements are included ion documents, such as the notice to
bidders, advertisements for bids, instructions to bidders, invitations to bid,
and sample bid forms.
Bifluoride Feeder: A state of stress in which only one of the principal
stresses is zero, the other two usually being in tension.
Bifluoride Feeder: A machine in the Tin Mill that automatically puts
bifluoride into the plater bath.
Bifold door: A receipt for a deposit to secure the right to purchase a home at
an agreed terms by a buyer and seller.
Bifold door: Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller
area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
Bifurcation: The phenomenon whereby a perfectly straight member may
either assume a deflected position, deflect then twist out of plane, or may
remain in an undeflected configuration.
Big Winch: A machine in the tin mill that automatically puts bifluoride into
the plater bath.
Big Winch: The tool used to spot (or position) the rail cars for unloading. It
is located on the north end of the unloading area.
Bill of lading: A list that gives each part or mark number, quantity, length of
material, total weight, or other description of each piece of material that is
shipped to a jobsite. The receiver compares each item on this list to what is
on the truck and signs the statement. See also Shipping List.
Bill of Lading: The tool used to spot (or position) the rail cars for unloading.
It is located on the north end of the unloading area.
Bill of materials: A list of items or components used for fabrication and
accounting purposes. See Cut-List.
Bill of quantities (boq): A list of all the quantities of each component and
operation required in a construction project. The BOQ enables all the
tenderers to price exactly the same work, and makes it simple to work out the
value of the work done at any time during the job. For small jobs the benefit
of a BOQ may be outweighed by the cost of producing it.
Billet: This is a document used in seaborne trading to indicate the ownership,
quantity, condition and destination of goods, and to act as a receipt for them.
A bill of lading (B/L) is issued by the carrier (ship's master or ship's owner's
office) to the owner or person organizing the movement of the goods (the
shipper), and provides proof that they have been loaded. The value of a B/L
as a statement of condition is more debatable, for the reality and economics
of loading a vessel may make it impractical for a carrier to verify the precise
condition of every item of cargo – if for no other reason than packaging may
prevent this. However, if on arrival the quantity and/or condition of the goods
is not as stated on the B/L, it is the carrier who is liable for any discrepancy,
even though the bill may have been prepared by the shipper. Normally, the
recipient of the goods has to show the B/L to take delivery at the destination.
Billet Container: The part of the extrusion press into which the billet to be
extruded is placed.
Bimetal: A semi-finished steel product with a square cross-section up to 150
mm x 150 mm. This product is either rolled or continuously cast and is
further processed by rolling to produce finished long products. The range of
semi-finished products above 150 mm x 150 mm are called blooms.
Bimetal Circuit Breaker: A Bimetal Circuit Breaker is a circuit protection
device that is appropriate for low voltage applications. The active element of
the breaker is a strip of 2 different metals bonded together, known as a
bimetal strip. Under normal operation, the strip spans a distance between two
contactors, completing the circuit. When the circuit is thermally overloaded,
the strip bends as a result of the difference in the linear thermal expansion
coefficients between the two metals in the bimetal strip. When this happens,
contact is broken and the circuit is open, preventing damage to the circuit.
Bimetal strip : Temperature regulating or indicating device which works on
principle that two dissimilar metals with unequal expansion rates, welded
together, will bend as temperatures change.
Bimetallic couple : A joint or union of two dissimilar metals.
Bin Vibrators: A Bin Vibrator is a device that is used to apply a controlled
vibration to a bin, hopper, chute, or other similar bulk material transfer
system. The vibration breaks the friction between granules and also prevents
the material from sticking to the walls of the bin. This prevents blockages and
allows material to flow more freely through the bin.
Bin Weighing Systems: A Bin Weighing System is any system used to
accurately measure weight of bulk materials. Typically, bin weighing systems
are non-contact and can be mounted to an existing hopper or bin. This makes
them adaptable to a wide variety of industrial situations.
Binary Alloy: Casting, usually centrifugal, made of two different metals,
fused together.
Binary Alloy: An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor
impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc.
Binary System: An alloy containing two elements, apart from minor
impurities, as brass containing the two elements copper and zinc.
Binder: Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet doors.
Binder: A receipt for a deposit to secure the right to purchase a home at an
agreed terms by a buyer and seller.
Binder: A metal used as a binder. An example would be cobalt in cemented
carbides.
Binder : (1) A material such as cement, tar, bitumen, gypsum plaster, lime,
or similar material, when mixed with other material, it causes uniformity,
consistency, solidification or cohesion. (2) The clay or silt in hogging or the
cement rock. (3) A stirrup or steel rod usually about 6 to 10 mm diameter
used for holding together the main steel in a reinforced-concrete beam or
column.
Binder Metal: The complete series of compositions produced by mixing a
pair of components in all proportions.
Biochemical oxygen demand: (BOD) the amount of oxygen used up in
biological decomposition and chemical oxidation of sediment, water, or
effluent
Biocide: A substance added to a granular material to give it workability and
green or dry strength.
Biocide: A chemical used to control the population of troublesome microbes.
Biodegradable: An additive used in lubricants. The additive kills bacteria
that grows on oil products found in recirculated lubricant systems.
Biomass: Capable of decaying through the action of living organisms.
Bioreductant: Renewable energy source. Biomass is biological material
derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to
plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic
biomass. As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via
combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms
of biofuel.
Biotoxic: A terminology that defines charcoal role as power fuel and iron
reductant in steelmaking operations. The charcoal from planted forests is a
natural renewable resource: a ton of pig iron produced from this raw material
prevents the emission of three tons of CO2, as compared to the same volume
produced with metallurgic coke.
Bipass doors: Fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation that comes in long rolls 15
or 23 inches wide.
Bipass doors: Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet
doors.
Bipolar Electrode: Toxic to the environment.
Bipolar Field: An electrode in an electrolytic cell that is not mechanically
connected to the power supply, but is so placed in the electrolyte, between the
anode and cathode, that the part nearer the anode becomes cathodic and the
part nearer the cathodic becomes anodic. Also called intermediate electrode.
Birdsmouth: A notch cut out of roof rafters to secure a firm bearing on top
plates.
Bismuth: A longitudinal magnetic field that creates two magnetic poles
within a piece of material. Compare with circular field.
Bismuth: Chemical symbol Bi. A soft, course cystalline heavy metal with a
silvery white color and pinkish tinge; usually produced as a by product of
copper,leaad and other metals. Has a thermal conductivity lower than all
other metals except mercury. Used as alloying agent but leading use is in
pharmaceuticals.
Bit: An interchangeable cutting tool inserted into chuck of drilling machine.
Bit, Tool (Cutter): Chemical symbol Bi. A soft, coarse crystalline heavy
metal with a silvery white color and pinkish tinge; usually produced as a
byproduct of copper, lead and other metals. Has a thermal conductivity lower
than all other metals except mercury. Used as an alloying agent, but leading
use is in pharmaceuticals.
Bit, Tool (Cutter): A hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped accordidng to
the operation to be performed and the material to be machined.
Bite Angle: A hardened steel bar or plate that is shaped according to the
operation to be performed and the material to be machined.
Bituminous seal coat : A thin bituminous application to a surface or wearing
course to seal and waterproof small voids and to embed sand or chips to
provide better traction.
Black Annealing: The point at which the steel touches the pass.
Black Annealing: A process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy
sheet, strip or wire after hot working and pickling.
Black box: Popular name given to either the CVR or the FDR used to
investigate an accident.
Black Iron: A process of box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet,
strip or wire after hot working and pickling.
Black Iron: Uncoated steel product.
Black liquor : The liquid material remaining from pulpwood cooking in the
soda or sulfate papermaking process.
Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel Strip (Scaleless Blue): Uncoated steel
product.
Black Oil Tempered Spring Steel Strip (Scaleless Blue): A flat cold rolled
usually .70/.80 medium high carbon steel strip, blue black in color, which has
been quenched in oil and drawn to desired hardness. While it looks and acts
much like blue tempered spring steel and carries a Rockwell hardness of
C44/47, it has not been polished and is lower in carbon content. Used for less
exacting requirements than clock spring steel, such as snaps, lock springs,
hold down springs, trap springs, etc. It will take a more severe bend before
fracture than will clock spring, but it does not have the same degree of spring
back.
Black Oils: A flat cold rolled, usually 0.70/0.80 medium high carbon steel
strip, blue-black in color, which has been quenched in oil and drawn to
desired hardness. While it looks and acts much like blue tempered spring
steel and carries a Rockwell hardness of C44/47, it has not been polished and
is lower in carbon content. Used for less exacting requirements than clock
spring steel, such as snaps, lock springs, hold down springs, trap springs, etc.
It will take a more severe bend before fracture than a clock spring, but it does
not have the same degree of spring-back.
Black Oxide: Dark-colored lubricants containing asphaltic materials, with
medium flash points and medium to high viscosity, used in heavy-duty
applications requiring adhesiveness under exposed conditions.
Black Oxide: A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot
oxidizing salts or salt solutions.
Black Plate: A black finish on a metal produced by immersing it in hot
oxidizing salts or salt solutions.
Black Plate: A light weight or a thin uncoated steel sheet or strip so called
because of its dark oxide coloring prior to pickling. It is manufactured by two
different processes. (1) Form sheet bar on single stand sheet mills or sheet
mills in tandem. This method is now almost obsolete. (2) On modern, high
speed continuous tandem cold reduction mills from coiled hot rolled pickled
wide strip into ribbon wound coils to finished gage. Sizes range from 12 to 32
in width, and in thicknesses from 55 lbs. to 275 lbs. base box weight. It is
used either as is for stampings, or may be enameled or painted or tin or terne
coated.
Blackening Scab: 1. Any steel that has not been coated — usually has gone
through Tandem mill (cold rolled). Also defines a product, uncoated material
in tin plate gauges. 2. 128 lb. (0.0141 in) and lighter tin mill product which
has not received any additional metallic coating during production. 3. A low
carbon cold reduced steel intended for use in the uncoated state or for coating
with tin and chromium.
Blackening Scab: A form of casting defect related to an improper coating
rather than to the sand.
Blacking: Irregular-shaped surface cavities in a casting containing
carbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the blacking from the mold
surface.
Blacking Hole: A form of casting defect related to an improper coating
rather than to the sand.
Blacking Hole: Irregular shaped surface cavities in a casting containing
carbonaceous matter. Caused by spilling off of the blacking from the mold
surface.
Bladder: A separator or diaphragm usually found in a chamber to facilitate
separation of two (2) fluids or gases.
Blade clearance (steam turbine): Reaction turbinethe gap between blade
and casing. Impulse turbinethe gap between the stationary and moving
blades.
Blank: Simulating the nitriding operation without introducing nitrogen. This
is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of the nitriding
agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to the ferrous alloy.
Blank: Solid metal disk or plate inserted into a line to prevent the flow of
gases or liquids through the line.
Blank Carburizing: Carbonaceous materials, such as graphite or powdered
carbon, usually mixed with a binder and frequently carried in suspension in
water or other liquid used as a thin facing applied to surfaces of molds or
cores to improve casting finish.
Blank Carburizing: Simulating the carburizing operation without
introducing carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in
place of the carburizing agent or by applying a suitable protective coating to
the ferrous alloy.
Blank Nitriding: Simulating the carburizing operation without introducing
carbon. This is usually accomplished by using an inert material in place of
the carburizing agent, or by applying a suitable protective coating to the
ferrous alloy.
Blankets: To install a box or barrier within a foundation wall to prevent the
concrete from entering an area. For example, foundation walls are sometimes
"blocked" in order for mechanical pipes to pass through the wall, to install a
crawl space door, and to depress the concrete at a garage door location.
Blankets: Fiber-glass or rock-wool insulation that comes in long rolls 15 or
23 inches wide.
Blankholder: Steel sheet of high dimensional precision, in simple or
complex form, sometimes multi-thickness, constituting principally
automobile body parts.
Blanking: (1) The part of a drawing or forming die that holds the workpiece
against the draw ring to control metal flow. (2) The part of a drawing or
forming die that restrains the movement of the workpiece to avoid wrinkling
or tearing of the metal.
Blast Cleaning (Blasting): An early step in preparing flat-rolled steel for use
by an end-user. A blank is a section of sheet that has the same outer
dimensions as a specified part (such as a car door or hood) but that has not
yet been stamped. Steel processors may offer blanking for their customers to
reduce their labor and transportation costs; excess steel can be trimmed prior
to shipment.
Blast Cleaning (Blasting): A process for cleaning or finishing metal objects
by use of an air jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive particles (grit,
sand, or shot) against the surfaces of the workpiece at high velocity.
Blast freezer: Low-temperature evaporator which uses a fan to force air
rapidly over the evaporator surface.
Blast Furnace: Measured in terms of tonnes of hot metal produced, per cubic
meter of blast furnace volume, per day (T/cubic met/day).
Blast Furnace Coke: A process for cleaning or finishing metal objects by
use of an air jet or centrifugal wheel that propels abrasive particles (grit, sand
or shot) against the surfaces of the workpiece at high velocity.
Blast Furnace Gas: By product gas created by the iron making process
which is used as fuel for the boilers.
Blast furnace gas : Is the waste product from furnaces used to smelt iron
ores.
Blast Furnace Productivity: The term is used to refer to such Met Coke
which are used for iron making in BF. BF coke fulfills 3 main functions in
the blast furnace operation: a) It acts as a fuel providing heat for all reactions,
b) it acts as a reductant providing carbon dioxide gas and carbon for
readuction of iron ore, and c) It provides the required permeability for
movement of gases through the bed of iron ore, coke and limestone inside the
blast furnace.
Blast Gate Valve: Blast gate valves are mechanical devices used to restrict
or shut-off the flow of a fluid or gas in a pressurized piping system. Blast
gate valves are commonly used in dust collection systems to prevent the
backflow of dust particles when the vacuum suction is stopped. Blast gate
valves are also found in other high pressure applications such as furnaces,
boilers, and incinerators.
Blast mat: a large heavy mat made from rubber tires used to confine debris
during rock blasting.
Blasting: A method of cleaning or of roughening a surface by a forceable
stream of sharp angular abrasive.
Blasting (Blast Cleaning): A process for cleaning or finishing metal objects
by use of an air blast or centrifugal wheel that throws abrasive particles
against the surface of the work pieces. Small, irregular particles of steel or
iron are used as the abrasive in grit blasting, and steel or iron balls in shot
blasting.
Bleed air: Hot compressed air taken from turbine engines.
Bleed Off: To divert a specific, controllable portion of pump delivery
directly to reservoir.
Bleeder: A defect wherein a casting lacks completeness due to moltn metal
draining or leaking out of some part of the mold cavity after pouraing has
stopped.
Bleeder valve : A valve designed to slowly relief a liquid or gas form
system.
Bleeding: The tendency of a liquid component to separate from a liquid-solid
or liquid-semisolid mixture, as oil may separate from a grease.
Bleeding: Slowly reducing the pressure of liquid or gas from a system or
cylinder by slightly opening a valve.
Bleeding (Grease): A furnace used in the integrated metallurgical process in
which iron ore in the form of sinter is melted down under a hot air flow
(enriched with oxygen), using coal in the form of coke as a heating and
reducing agent in the chemical process. As a result, a liquid hot metal is
produced, also called pig iron.
Bleeding or flushing : (1) Separation of clear water from the cement paste of
mortar or concrete. Two types are known, the first beneficial, the second
harmful to concrete strength, but they may co-exist. The first occurs during
compaction, water can flow out of concrete, lie on its surface, and thus
encourage good curing for the first few hours during hot weather. The second
type of bleeding occurs after compaction, water segregates beside or under
the steel or larger stones, weakening the bond between them and the body of
the concrete. A plasticizer should enable the water to cement ratio to be
lowered to reduce this type of bleeding. (2) Upward migration of bituminous
material resulting in a film of asphalt on the surface.
Bleedoff rate: The rate at which water is continuously removed from a
system.
Bleedoff : The continuous removal of water from a re-circulating water
system.
Blemish : Any imperfection which mars the appearance of wood, concrete,
paint or other finished surface.
Blended Sand: A coating defect consisting of the migration of an ingredient
to the surface of a coating, or a migration, which stains in an adjacent area.
The term blooming is also a form of bleeding — usually associated with
lubricants rather than pigments.
Blending: A mixture of sands of different grain size and clay content that
provides suitable characteristics for foundry use.
Blind Bole: A hole made in a workpiece that does not pass through it.
Blind Riser: The process of combining fluid and/or solid components into a
finished mixture, particularly with liquid lubricants. Though compounding is
similar, the purpose of compounding is to obtain properties not usually
attainable with blending.
Blinding: A layer of concrete covering the ground so that
steel reinforcementcan be laid out without becoming contaminated.
Blister: High-carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought iron. The bar,
originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when removed from the
cementation (carburizing) furnace.
Blister: 1) Coating defect consisting of the formation of bubbles in a coating,
which appear as hemispherical elevations. The blisters are hollow, and are
usually caused by entrapped air or solvent. 2) A raised spot on the surface on
the surface of metal due to expansion of gas which causes a subsurface metal
separation such as inclusions and small laminations.
Blister Copper: A riser that does not extend through the top of the mold.
Blister Steel: A partially refined form of copper, having a blistered surface
after smelting due to the gases generated during solidification.
Blister Steel: High carbon steel produced by carburizing wrought iron. The
bar, originally smooth, is covered with small blisters when removed from the
cementation (carburizing) furnace.
Block: Building unit of a regular size usually made of solid or aerated
("aircrete") concrete.
Block: A fixed assembly of sheaves, bearings, pins and frame, located on the
trolley cross members, and which supports the load block and its load by
means of the ropes.
Block and Finish: 1. Coating defect consisting of the formation of bubbles in
a coating, which appear as hemispherical elevations. The blisters are hollow,
and are usually caused by entrapped air or solvent. 2. A raised spot on the
surface on the surface of metal due to expansion of gas which causes a
subsurface metal separation such as inclusions and small laminations.
Block Brazing: The forging operation in which a pan to be forged is blocked
and finished in one heat through the use of tooling having both a block
impression and a finish impression in the same die block.
Block crack : Mat or mattress or sealing coat. A layer of lean concrete
usually 2 to 4 inches thick, put down on soil such as clay to seal it and
provide a clean bed for reinforcement to be laid on.
Block Off: 1) Wooden separators which are used at both the bottom of a lift
and between IPM's (bundles) of a lift. 2) The act of placing 4x4s between the
lifts in the piler's box.
Block out: Wood shims used between the door frame and the vertical
structural wall framing members.
Block out: To install a box or barrier within a foundation wall to prevent the
concrete from entering an area. For example, foundation walls are sometimes
“blocked” in order for mechanical pipes to pass through the wall, to install a
crawl space door, and to depress the concrete at a garage door location.
Block, Load: An obsolete brazing process in which the joint was heated
using hot blocks.
Block, Upper: The assembly of hook, swivel, bearings, sheaves, pins and
frame suspended from the hoisting ropes. In a “short type” block, the hook
and the sheaves are mounted on the same member, called the swivel. In a
“long type” block, the hook and the sheaves are mounted on separate
members. (The supporting member for the sheaves is called the sheave pin
and the supporting member for the hook is called the trunnion.
Block/Brick Grease: A preliminary forging operation that roughly
distributes metal preparatory for finish.
Blocked (door blocking): Short "2 by 4's" used to keep rafters from twisting,
and installed at the ends and at mid-span.
Blocked (door blocking): Wood shims used between the door frame and the
vertical structural wall framing members.
Blocked (rafters): Small wood pieces to brace framing members or to
provide a nailing base for gypsum board or paneling.
Blocked (rafters): Short “2 by 4’s” used to keep rafters from twisting, and
installed at the ends and at mid-span.
Blocked Chute Detector: A Blocked Chute Detector is a device that is used
to determine the presence of a blockage and subsequently issue a stop
command to the conveyor system. While simple systems might use a
mechanical flap, sophisticated blocked chute detectors use microwave
transmitters and receivers to detect blockages via changes absorption and/or
reflection of microwaves in the presence of solids.
Blocker: A forging that approximates the general shape of the final part with
relatively generous finish allowance and radii. Such forgings are sometimes
specified to reduce die costs where only a small number of forgings are
described and the cost of machining each part to its final shape is not
excessive.
Blocker: Preform die or impression, used when part cannot be made in a
single operation.
Blocker Dies: A grease of moderate dropping point, NLGI grade 5 or 6, firm
to the touch at normal temperatures, that can be handled in block or stick
form. The penetrating powers of such greases are measured at 77°F; grade 6
grease has a penetration range of 85–115.
Blocker-type Forging: Forging dies having generous contours, large radii,
draft angles of 7° or more and liberal finish allowances. See also finish
allowance.
Blocking: Fiber insulation in loose form and used to insulate attics and
existing walls where framing members are not exposed.
Blocking: Small wood pieces to brace framing members or to provide a
nailing base for gypsum board or paneling.
Blocking: Perform die or impression, used when part cannot be made in a
single operation.
Blockwork: Built with blocks.
Bloom: A shear used to cut a rolled ingot into shorter bloom lengths or to cut
off the ends of a bloom.
Bloom: (1) Ancient Definition: iron produced in a solid condition directly by
the reduction of ore in a primitive furnace. The carbon content is variable but
usually low. Also known as bloomery iron. The earliest iron making process,
but still used in underdeveloped countries. (2) Modern Definition: a semi
finished hot rolled steel product, rectangular in section, usually produced on a
blooming mill but sometimes made by forging.
Bloom Shear: A coating defect consisting of the adhesion of two adjoining
coatings or materials. Usually this term refers to the coating on one side of
coated plate being tacky or sticky and adhering to the adjacent sheet.
Bloomery: A semifinished steel form whose rectangular cross-section is
more than eight inches. This large cast steel shape is broken down in the mill
to produce the familiar I-beams, H-beams and sheet piling. Blooms are also
part of the high-quality bar manufacturing process: Reduction of a bloom to a
much smaller cross-section can improve the quality of the metal.
Bloomery: A primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to iron.
Blooming Mill: A primitive furnace used for direct reduction of ore to iron.
Blooming Mill: A mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, billets slabs, sheet
bar etc.,
Blotter : Absorbent material (i.g., sand) to dry freshly wet surfaces.
Blow Back: A coating defect consisting of a lower coating film weight on the
bottom of the coated sheet caused by high velocity air in the oven. Blow back
usually occurs with high solids coatings which have little solvent to evaporate
and set the film.
Blow Down: Process that rids boiler feed water of solids and maintains the
proper chemical balance of the feed water. Blow down can also be used to rid
drum(s) of excess water.
Blow insulation: A type of copying method often used for architectural
drawings. Usually used to describe the drawing of a structure which is
prepared by an architect or designer for the purpose of design and planning,
estimating, securing permits and actual construction.
Blow insulation: Fiber insulation in loose form and used to insulate attics
and existing walls where framing members are not exposed.
Blow out: rupture of concrete forms.
Blowback: Rolling of an ingot into a slab shape prior to surface conditioning
and hot rolling.
Blowdown: A coating defect consisting of a lower coating film weight on the
bottom of the coated sheet caused by high velocity air in the oven. Blowback
usually occurs with high solids coatings which have little solvent to evaporate
and "set" the film.
Blowdown Tanks: A Blowdown Tank is a tank incorporated into a boiler
system to safely discharge blowdown. Blowdown refers to boiler water which
has an elevated level of dissolved solids. Over time, makeup feedwater is
introduced to the boiler to maintain an appropriate water level as water vapor
leaves the system through steam leaks, etc. This is the source of additional
dissolved solids into the system. These dissolved solids must be periodically
removed from the boiler system as they adversely effect efficiency and
service life of the boiler. A Blowdown Tank allows the blowdown to be
safely brought down to appropriate pressure and temperature before disposal.
Blowdown : In connection with boilers or cooling towers, the process of
discharging a significant portion of the aqueous solution in order to remove
accumulated salts, deposits and other impurities.
Blowhole: Process that rids boiler feed water of solids and maintains the
proper chemical balance of the feed water. Blowdown can also be used to rid
drum(s) of excess water.
Blowhole 2: A cavity which was produced during the solidification of metal
by evolved gas, which in failing to escape is held in pockets.
Blown Oils: An internal cavity in steel produced by gases during the
solidification of the metal.
Blue Annealing: Natural fatty oils, of animal or vegetable origin, are
artificially oxidized and thickened by blowing air through them. They are
used primarily for compounding petroleum oils, to give them a strong affinity
for metal surfaces.
Blue Annealing: Heating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a
temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order
to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is
incidental.
Blue Brittleness: Heating hot rolled ferrous sheet in an open furnace to a
temperature within the transformation range and then cooling in air, in order
to soften the metal. The formation of a bluish oxide on the surface is
incidental.
Blue Dust: Reduced ductility occurring as a result of strain aging, when
certain ferrous alloys are worked between 300 and 700°F. This phenomenon
may be observed at the working temperature or subsequently at lower
temperatures.
Blue print: Also called a blue line. Is a copy of an architectural or other
drawing made by a special machine usually on white paper with the lines and
text being a blue color.
Blue Print: A pen or ink line drawing reproduced (printed) on sensitized
paper by direct exposure.
Blue print(s): Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility
company (telephone, gas, electric, cable TV, sewer and water, etc) comes to
the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or installs little flags
to show where their service is located underground.
Blue print(s): A type of copying method often used for architectural
drawings. Usually used to describe the drawing of a structure which is
prepared by an architect or designer for the purpose of design and planning,
estimating, securing permits and actual construction.
Blue stake: A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches
wide by 12 inches long. Examples: 1" x 12" x 16' = 16 board feet, 2" x 12" x
16' = 32 board feet
Blue stake: Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility
company (telephone, gas, electric, cable TV, sewer and water, etc) comes to
the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or installs little flags
to show where their service is located underground.
Blue Vitriol Copper Sulfate: Blue Dust is the name given to naturally
occurring, extremely friable, high grade Haematite Iron Ore powder.
Blue Vitriol Copper Sulfate: A layout solution which turns a copper color
when applied to a clean,polished metal surface.
Bluing: A layout solution which turns a copper color when applied to a
clean, polished metal surface.
Bluing: Subjecting the scale free surface of a ferrous alloy to the action of
air, steam, or other agents at a suitable temperature, thus forming a thin blue
film of oxide and improving the appearance and resistance to corrosion.
NOTE: This term is ordinarily applied to sheet, strip, or finished parts, It is
used also to denote the heating of springs after fabrication in order to improve
their properties.
Blush: Subjecting the scale-free surface of a ferrous alloy to the action of air,
steam, or other agents at a suitable temperature, thus forming a thin blue film
of oxide and improving the appearance and resistance to corrosion. Note:
This term is ordinarily applied to sheet, strip or finished parts. It is used also
to denote the heating of springs after fabrication in order to improve their
properties.
Blush: A coating defect consisting of the whitening of a cured film which
results in a translucent or opaque appearance with accompanying loss of
gloss. Blushing usually occurs during the pasteurization or steam processing
of films which are undercured or water sensitive.
Board foot: An amount of money (usually $5,000-$10,000) which must be
on deposit with a governmental agency in order to secure a contractor's
license. The bond may be used to pay for the unpaid bills or disputed work of
the contractor. Not to be confused with a 'performance bond'. Such bonds are
rarely used in residential construction, they are an insurance policy which
guarantees proper completion of a project.
Board foot: A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches
wide by 12 inches long. Examples: 1″ x 12″ x 16′ = 16 board feet, 2″ x 12″ x
16′ = 32 board feet
Board Hammer: A coating defect consisting of the whitening of a cured
film which results in a translucent or opaque appearance with accompanying
loss of gloss. Blushing usually occurs during the pasteurization or steam
processing of films which are undercured or water sensitive.
Bob-cat: trade name for a four wheeled skid steer loader.
Boca (building officials and code administrators international, inc.): A
minimum model regulatory code for the protection of public health, safety,
welfare and property by regulating and controlling the design, construction,
quality of materials, use, occupancy, location and maintenance of all
buildings and structures within a jurisdiction. Its serves primarily the North
Central and Northeast United States.
Body Centered: Having the equivalent lattice points at the corners of the unit
cell, and at its center; sometimes called centered, or space centered.
Bogie: A short end truck which is rigidly connected to one girder. A flexible
end tie is used between the girders to permit equalization of the wheel loads
by torsional deflection of the girders and flexing of the end tie.
Bogie, Equalizing: A type of forging hammer in which the upper die and
ram are attached to "boards" that are raised to the striking position by power-
driven rollers and let fall by gravity. See also gravity hammer.
Bogie, Fixed: A short end truck which is flexibly connected to one girder (or
connecting member) by means of a pin upon which the truck can oscillate to
equalize the loading on the two truck wheels. This construction uses a very
rigid end tie between the girders.
Boil: A short end truck attached to the end of one girder (or to a connecting
member if more than one bogie is used per girder). This type of end truck is
used when more than four wheels are required on a crane due to the design of
the runway.
Boil: Agitation of a bath of metal caused by the liberation of a gas beneath its
surface. May be deliberately induced by the addition of oxidizing material to
a bath containing excess carbon. In the later case it is called a carbon boil and
CO or CO2 are liberated.
Boiler: Tubes which form part of the heating surface of a boiler, as distinct
from superheater tubes. The tubes may contain water and be surrounded by
the furnace gases as in a water tube boiler, or they may act as flues and be
surrounded by water as in smoke tube boiler.
Boiler Feed Pumps: A boiler feed pump controls the volume of water fed
into a boiler system. A boiler loses water at a certain rate to evaporation from
steam leaks, etc. The feed pump adds water to the system to maintain an
appropriate water level. Feed pumps can either be intermittent (float switch
activated) or continuous in operation.
Boiler feed water : The total water fed to a boiler producing steam. This
water is the mixture of return steam condensate and makeup water.
Boiler horsepower : The work required to evaporate 34.5 lb of water per
hour into steam from and at 100°C.
Boiler lay-up : Storing and protecting the boiler when not in use.
Boiler Safety Valves: A Boiler safety valve relieves pressure from a steam
boiler system if the pressure inside the tank reaches a critical level. This
prevents catastrophic failure of the boiler.
Boiler Tubes: Boiler tubes carry hot water or steam from a boiler and
function as a heat exchanger, transferring heat from the closed boiler system
to area to be heated.
Boiler Tubes (Smoke Tubes): Agitation of a bath of metal caused by the
liberation of a gas beneath its surface. May be deliberately induced by the
addition of oxidizing material to a bath containing excess carbon. In the later
case, it is called a carbon boil and CO or CO2 are liberated.
Boiler : Closed container in which a liquid may be heated and vaporized.
Boiling out : The boiling of high alkaline water in boiler pressure parts for
the removal of oil, greases, prior to normal operation or after major repairs.
Boiling point : The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid
equals the absolute external pressure at the liquid-vapor interface.
Boiling temperature : Temperature at which a fluid changes from a liquid to
a gas.
Bolster (Die Block): A closed vessel in which water, which is transformed
into steam at a given pressure and temperature under controlled conditions.
Bolster (Die Block): A tool or reinforcing part which supports the backer
which, in turn, supports an extruding die against the pressure of extrusion.
Bolt: Threaded fastener used (with a nut and washers) for connecting
building components, particularly steel and/or timber.
Bolt Kit: A set of bolts or screws that ore selected to suit a particular
application, i.e. pre selected length, threads and strength to match the
mounted component.
Bolted splice: The connection between two structural members joined at
their ends by bolting to form a single, longer member.
Bomb: Resistance of oils and greases to oxidation when subjected to
accelerated oxidation in a sealed unit filled with pure oxygen under pressure
and at elevated temperatures. As the lubricant absorbs oxygen, the pressure
drops to indicate oxidation resistance. ASTM test D 2272, the Rotary Bomb
Oxidation Test, rotates the container during the test.
Bomb Oxidation Stability: A "tool" or reinforcing part which supports the
backer, which, in turn, supports an extruding die against the pressure of
extrusion.
Bona fide occupational requirement: This term arises in human rights law
when discussing an employer's defence to a discrimination complaint. A bona
fide occupational requirement describes a requirement that may be or may
appear discriminatory on its face, but is genuinely necessary to perform that
job and therefore is permitted to continue. For example, for positions in
heavy manual labour, it may be a bona fide occupational requirement to be
able to lift heavy objects, despite the fact that this may disqualify persons
with physical disabilities.
Bond: Pattern for laying bricks so that none of the perpends are in line in
adjacent courses.
Bond: The arrangement or pattern of bricks (or other masonry units) in a
wall. Each unit should overlap the unit below by at least one quarter of a
unit's length, and sufficient bonding bricks should be provided to prevent the
wall splitting apart. Common bond patterns
are Flemish,Stretcher, English and English Garden Wall.
Bond: In lubrication terminology, a closed container used for conducting
tests under elevated pressures.
Bond beam: The top course of block of a masonry wall filled with concrete
and reinforcing steel and used to support roof loads.
Bond or bonding: A truck used to hoist heavy material up and into place. To
put trusses on a home or to set a heavy beam into place.
Bond or bonding: An amount of money (usually $5,000-$10,000) which
must be on deposit with a governmental agency in order to secure a
contractor’s license. The bond may be used to pay for the unpaid bills or
disputed work of the contractor. Not to be confused with a ‘‘. Such bonds are
rarely used in residential construction, they are an insurance policy which
guarantees proper completion of a project.
Bond strength : the strength with which two or more items are joined; the
resistance that must be overcome in order to separate the joined materials,
e.g. steel and zinc-iron alloy layers of the galvanized coating, or galvanized
reinforcing steel and concrete
Bonderized Coating: The material that holds the abrasive grains together to
form a grinding wheel.
Bonderized Coating: A thin film of phosphate pretreatment applied to a
steel surface (bare or zinc coated) to enhance paintability.
Bonderizing: A thin film of phosphate pretreatment applied to a steel surface
(bare or zinc coated) to enhance paintability.
Bonderizing: The coating of steel with a film composed largely of zinc
phosphate in order to develop a better bonding surface for paint or lacquer.
Bonding Clay (Bonderise): Any clay suitable for use as a bonding material.
Bonding plaster: A proprietary type of plaster with good adhesive
properties. It must be used with care as it is hygroscopic, i.e. it will readily
absorb atmospheric or rising moisture.
Boning rods: Three rods with tee heads used to sight a straight line between
two given points.
Bonnet (Lube Systems): Treating cold rolled or galvanized steel surfaces
with phosphate to improve paint-adherence.
Boom: The lower or bottom horizontal member of a truss.
Boom: A truck used to hoist heavy material up and into place. To put trusses
on a home or to set a heavy beam into place.
Boom Angle: An accessory that measures the angle of the boom to the
horizontal.
Boom Angle Indicator: Upper portion of packing gland assembly that serves
as a viewer for movement of indicator.
Bore: Diameter of centre hole in circular saw blade.
Bore: The angle above or below the horizontal axis of the base boom
section.
Bore : Inside diameter of a cylinder.
Borers: Several species of insects and larvae that tunnel into timber.
Borescope: To enlarge and finish the surface of a cylindrical hole by the
action of a rotating boring bar (cutting tool) or by the action of a stationary
tool pressed (fed) against the surface as the part is rotated.
Boriding: An optical device used for inspecting under low magnification the
inside surface of tubes.
Boring: A cutting tool in which the tool bit, the boring bar and in some cases,
the tool holders are incorporated.
Boring : A drilling into the earth to bring up samples of the soil.
Boring Bar (Cuffer Bar): Thermochemical treatment involving the
enrichment of the surface layer of an object with borides. This surface-
hardening process is performed below the Ac1 temperature. Also referred to
as boronizing.
Boring Bar (Cuffer Bar): A combination tool holder and shank.
Boring Mills: A Boring Mill is a machine tool that is designed primarily for
boring. Boring describes a process that is used to open up machined hole to a
finished size with a single point cutting tool. Boring Mills are typically used
to produce highly accurate diameters on machined components and are
especially appropriate for large diametric features.
Boring Tool: A combination tool holder and shank.
Boron ( Chemical Symbol B): Element N. 5 of the periodic system. Atomic
weight 10.82. It is gray in color, ignites at about 1112 (degrees) F. and burns
with a brilliant green flame, but its melting point in a non oxidizing
atmosphere is about 4000 (degrees) F. Boron is used in steel in minute
quantities for one purpose only to increase the hardenability as in case
hardening and to increase strength and hardness penetration.
Boron (Chemical Symbol B): Enlarging a hole by removing metal with a
single- or occasionally a multiple-point cutting tool moving parallel to the
axis of rotation of the work or tool.
Boron Steels: Element N.5 of the periodic system. Atomic weight 10.82. It is
gray in color, ignites at about 1,112°F, and burns with a brilliant green flame,
but its melting point in a non-oxidizing atmosphere is about 4,000°F. Boron
is used in steel in minute quantities for one purpose only – to increase the
hardenability as in case hardening and to increase strength and hardness
penetration.
Boron Steels: The addition of boron in the range 0.0005 0.005% to certain
steels increases the hardenability. A range of boron steels is now listed in the
current BS 970 and are widely used for the production of cold headed
fastenings.
Borrow : Suitable material excavated from sources outside the roadway
prism (i.g., Borrow Pit), to provide fill elsewhere, primarily for embankment.
Bort: Steels that contain additions of boron, generally between 0.002-
0.003%, which is added to increase the hardenability of the steel.
Bosh: (I) Natural diamond of a quality not suitable for gem use. (2) Industrial
diamond.
Boss: The section of a blast furnace beneath the hearth and the stack, where
iron ore is reduced to iron metal.
Boss: A projection or an enlarged section of a casting through which a hole
may be machine.
Bottle Top Mold: A relatively short protrusion or projection from the surface
of a forging or casting, often cylindrical in shape. Usually intended for
drilling and tapping for attaching pans.
Bottle Top Mold: Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the
manufacture of capped steel, the metal in the constriction being covered with
a cap fitting into the bottle neck, which stops rimming action by trapping
escaping gases.
Bottom bearing: A bearing condition where the joist or joist girder bears on
its bottom chord and not at an underslung condition.
Bottom Board: Ingot mold, with the top constricted; used in the manufacture
of capped steel, the metal in the constriction being covered with a cap fitting
into the bottleneck, which stops rimming action by trapping escaping gases.
Bottom chord: The "2 by 4's or 6's" that lay on the subfloor upon which the
vertical studs are installed. Also called the 'sole plate'.
Bottom chord: The bottom members of a joist or joist girder.
Bottom chord: The lower or bottom horizontal member of a truss.
Bottom chord extension (bcx): The two angle extended part of a joist
bottom chord from the first bottom chord panel point towards the end of the
joist.
Bottom chord strut: A bottom chord of a joist or joist girder designed to
transfer a axial tension or compression load.
Bottom Die: In casting, a flat base for holding the flask in making sand
molds.
Bottom Die: The stationary half die.
Bottom Drill: The stationary half-die.
Bottom Pipe: A flat-ended twist drill used to convert a cone at the bottom of
a drilled hole into a cylinder.
Bottom plate: An inclined piece of framing lumber applied to wall or floor
to strengthen the structure. Often used on walls as temporary bracing until
framing has been completed.
Bottom plate: The “2 by 4’s or 6’s” that lay on the subfloor upon which the
vertical studs are installed. Also called the ‘sole plate’.
Bottom Pouring: An oxide-lined fold or cavity at the butt-end of a slab,
bloom, or billet; formed by folding the end of an ingot over on itself during
primary rolling. Bottom pipe is not pipe in that it is not a shrinkage cavity
and in that sense, the term is a misnomer. Bottom pipe is similar to extrusion
pipe. It is normally discarded when the slab, bloom or billet is cropped
following primary reduction.
Bottom Roll: The process of pouring ingots using a refractory runner system
to fill them from the bottom of the ingot molds.
Bottom Roll: Submerged roll in the pot used to keep the strip submerged in
the pot.
Bottom Up: Submerged roll in the pot used to keep the strip submerged in
the pot.
Bottom Up: Reversing the wrap of a coil putting the top surface on the
bottom.
Bottoming Tap: Reversing the wrap of a coil putting the top surface on the
bottom.
Bottoming Tap: A tap with a chamfer of 1 to 1.5 threads in length.
Bottomless: a culvert consisting of an arch with an open bottom such that
native streambed is exposed.
Bottoms (Residuum): A tap with a chamfer of 1 to 1.5 threads in length.
Boulder: pieces of rock larger than 200mm
Boulder : A rock which is too heavy to be lifted readily by hand.
Boulders: rocks larger than 30 an (12 inches) in diameter
Boulevard : A wide city street usually planted with shade-trees
(Landscaped).
Boundary condition: An idealization to model how a structure is attached to
its "external" points of support, for example, pin, fixed, roller, or shear
release.
Boundary Lubrication: The liquid that collects at the bottom of the
distillation column, consisting of high-boiling residual liquids like heavy
fuels and asphaltic materials.
Bourdon tube : Thin-walled tube of elastic metal flattened and bent into
circular shape, which tends to straighten as pressure inside is increased. Used
in pressure gauges.
Bow: The lateral deviation from straightness
Bow string joist: A non-standard type of joist where the top chord is curved
and the bottom chord is straight or level.
Bowing: Deformation of timber at right angles to its face.
Bowing: A condition of lubrication in which the friction between two
surfaces in relative motion is determined by the properties of the surfaces and
by properties of the lubricant other than viscosity. This occurs when the
lubricant film is not thick enough to separate the two surfaces.
Bow's notation: Used in a graphical analysis of a joist or joist girder. It is a
notation for denoting truss joints, members, loads, and forces. Capital letters
are placed in the spaces between truss members and between forces. Each
member and load is then designated by the letters on opposite sides of it.
Box: Interanl (female) threaded end.
Box Annealing: Deviation from flatness.
Box Annealing: A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a closed metal
container, with or without packing materials, in order to minimize the effects
of oxidation. The charge is normally heated slowly to a temperature below
the transformation range, but occasionally above or within it, and then is
slowly cooled.
Box culvert: culvert of rectangular cross section, commonly of precast
concrete.
Box gutter: A timber gutter lined with lead or some other waterproof
material. (Fr. chèneau (m) encaissé).
Box Section: A process of annealing a ferrous alloy in a suitable closed metal
container, with or without packing material, in order to minimize oxidation.
The charge is usually heated slowly to a temperature below the
transformation range, but sometimes above or within it, and is then cooled
slowly.
Boyles' law : If the temperature on a gas is constant, the volume is inversely
proportional to the pressure. By formulaVP = V1P1
Bpsd or b/sd: Barrels per standard day.
Brace: The electrical box that distributes electric power entering the home to
each branch circuit (each plug and switch) and composed of circuit breakers.
Brace: A member, usually a diagonal, which resists lateral loads and/or
movements of a structure.
Brace: An inclined piece of framing lumber applied to wall or floor to
strengthen the structure. Often used on walls as temporary bracing until
framing has been completed.
Brace : (n.) a structural support; (v.) to strengthen and stiffen a structure to
resist loads
Brace, bracing: Diagonal members (or rigid membranes) providing rigidity
to a structure.
Braced frame: A frame which resists lateral loads by the use of diagonal
bracing, K-braces, or other system of bracing.
Bracing : metal that is attached to a fabrication prior to galvanizing in order
to provide support so that the steel does not change shape during heating and
cooling; can be temporary or permanent
Bracket: A structural support attached to a column or wall on which to fasten
another structural member.
Brake: A brake for bridge or trolley used by the operator, during normal
operation, to apply a retarding force.
Brake Press Bending: The rectangular cross section of girders, trucks or
other members enclosed on four sides.
Brake Press Bending: An operation which produces various degree bends
when fabricating parts from steel.
Brake Slide: An operation which produces various degree bends when
fabricating parts from steel.
Brake Valve: The method of landing bars from the roll line onto the cooling
bed (bar rolling).
Brake, Bridge Crane Control: A device that permits a machine component
driven by a hydraulic rotary motor to revolve unimpeded during operation but
restrains the motor return line fluid to slow the machine when it is desired to
stop.
Brake, Countertorque: A method of bridge crane controlling speed by
removing energy from the moving body or by imparting energy in the
opposite direction.
Brake, Drag: A method of bridge crane control by which the power to the
motor is reversed to develop torque in the direction opposite to the rotation of
the motor using the motor as a generator, with the energy being dissipated by
resistance. Sometimes known as “plugging”.
Brake, Dynamic: A friction brake that provides a continuous retarding force
having no external bridge crane control.
Brake, Eddy Current: A method of bridge crane controlling speed by block,
load the assembly of hook or shackle, swivel bearing, sheaves, sprockets.
pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope or load chain. This shall
include any appurtenances reeved in the hoisting rope or load chain.
Brake, Emergency: A method of bridge crane controlling or reducing speed
by means of a bridge crane electrical induction load brake.
Brake, Holding: A method of decelerating a drive when power is not
available. The braking effort may be established as a result of action by the
operator, or automatically when power to the drive is interrupted.
Brake, Hydraulic: A friction brake for a hoist that is automatically applied
and prevents motion when power to the brake is off.
Brake, Mechanical: An automatic type of friction brake used for bridge
crane controlling loads in a lowering direction. This unidirectional device
requires torque from the motor or hand chain wheel to lower a load but does
not impose any additional load on the motor or hand chain wheel when lifting
a load.
Brake, Mechanical Load: A method of bridge crane controlling or reducing
speed by means of displacement of a liquid.
Brake, Parking: A method of bridge crane controlling or reducing speed by
friction.
Brake, Pneumatic: A brake for bridge and trolley that may be automatically
or manually applied to impede horizontal motion by restraining wheel
rotation.
Brake, Regenerative: A method of bridge crane controlling or powering a
drive or brake by means of compressed gas.
Brake, Service: A method of bridge crane controlling speed in which the
electrical energy generated by the motor is fed back into the power system.
Brale: A conical 120° diamond indenter with a conical tip (a 0.2 mm tip
radius is typical) used in certain types of Rockwell and scratch hardness
tests.
Brale: A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a Rockwell
hardness tester for hard metals.
Brale Indenter: A device, other than a motor, used for retarding or stopping
motion by friction or power means.
Branch Circuit: A diamond penetrator, conical in shape, used with a
Rockwell hardness tester for hard metals.
Branch circuit: Wiring between the last over current device and the branch
circuit outlets.
Branch of engineering: A generally-recognized, major subdivision of
engineering such as the traditional disciplines of Chemical, Civil, or
Electrical Engineering, or a cross-disciplinary field of comparable breadth
including combinations of engineering fields, for example Mechatronics, and
the application of engineering in other fields, for example Bio-Medical
Engineering.
Brass: The circuit conductors between the final overcurrent device protecting
the circuit and the outlet(s).
Brass: An alloy that is 70% copper,30% zinc. One of the most widely used
of the copper zinc alloys; malleable and ductile; excellent cold working but
poor hot working and machining properties; excellent for soft soldering; good
for silver alloy brazing or oxyacetylene welding, but fair for resistance or
carbon arc welding. Used for drawn cartridges, tubes, eyelets machine items
and snap fasteners.
Brass Plating: Brass Plating is a process in which brass alloy is deposited on
the surface of another metal via electroplating. A voltage potential is applied
to a brass anode and a suitable metal cathode submerged in an electrolytic
solution. Metal ions from the brass anode dissolve in the electrolytic solution
and plate the cathode.
Brass Rigid Waveguides: A Brass Rigid Waveguide is typically used to
guide microwaves for telecommunication applications. Brass is chosen for its
low bulk resistivity and relative affordability.
Brass Screws: Brass Screws are used as fasteners in corrosive environments
as an alternative to steel screws.
Brass : A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 40% zinc and some smaller
amounts of other metals.
Brasses: A non-ferrous alloy consisting of varying proportions of tin, zinc
and copper; lead is added to attain higher machining speed. Brasses may or
may not be lined with babbitt metal. (see Bronze)
Brasses: Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principal alloying element.
Brass is harder and mechanically stronger than either of its alloying elements
copper or zinc. It is formable and ductile; develops high tensile strength with
cold working and is not heat treatable.
Brayton cycle : (also referred to as the Joule Cycle)A rotating machine in
which compression and expansion take place. Gas turbine are such an
example.
Braze: A family of welding procedures where metals are joined by filler
metal that has a melting temperature below the solidus of the parent metal,
but above 840°F (450°C).
Braze: A weld produced by heating an assembly to suitable temperatures and
by using a filler metal having a liquid us above 450°C. The filler metal is
distributed between the closely fitted facing surface of the joint by capillary
action.
Braze Welding: Copper base alloys in which zinc is the principle alloying
element. Brass is harder and mechanically stronger than either of its alloying
elements copper or zinc. It is formable and ductile; develops high tensile
strength with cold working and is not heat treatable.
Brazed Tube: Brazing Alloys, also known as fillers, are used to join
materials together during the brazing process. Selection of an appropriate
brazing alloy depends on its wetting properties with respect to the base
metals being joined, its melting point, and its structural properties. Brazing
alloys are available in a variety of forms including rod, wire, and paste.
Brazing: Brazing filler metal in sheet form or flat rolled metal clad with
brazing filler metal on one or both sides.
Brazing Filler Metal: A weld produced by heating an assembly to suitable
temperatures and by using a filler metal having a liquidus above 450°C
(840°F) and below the solidus of the base metal. The filler metal is
distributed between the closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint by capillary
action.
Brazing Filler Metal: (1) The metal that fills the capillary gap and has a
liquidus above 450°C (840°F) but below the solidus of the base materials. (2)
A nonferrous filler metal used in brazing and braze welding.
Brazing Fluxes: Brazing Flux is used to suppress oxidation of the brazing
filler when it is heated to its flow temperature. This is critical for proper
adhesion for the filler to the base metal.
Brazing Sheet: A non-ferrous filler metal used in brazing and braze
welding.
Brazing, block : A brazing process in which the heat required is obtained
from heated blocks applied to the parts to be joined.
Break Test (for Tempered Steel): Brazing and soldering are techniques for
joining metals in the solid state by means of a fusible filler metal with a
melting point well below that of the base metal.
Break Test (For Tempered Steel): A method of testing hardened and
tempered high carbon spring steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent
across the grain in a vice like calibrated testing machine. Pressure is applied
until the metal fractures at which point a reading is taken and compared with
a standard chart of brake limitations for various thickness ranges.
Breakage: A method of testing hardened and tempered high-carbon spring
steel strip wherein the specimen is held and bent across the grain in a vice-
like calibrated testing machine. Pressure is applied until the metal fractures,
at which point a reading is taken and compared with a standard chart of brake
limitations for various thickness ranges.
Breakage: Cracks or separation of the steel.
Breakaway Force: Cracks or separation of the steel which occur during the
forming operation.
Breakdown: The external force that is required to separate the vacuum pad
or vacuum lifting device from the load when applied perpendicular to the
attachment surface.
Breaker: hydraulic jackhammer, often mounted on an excavator.
Breaker: (1) An initial rolling or drawing operation or a series of such
operations for the purpose of reducing a casting or extruded shape prior to the
finish reduction to desired size. (2) A preliminary press-forging operation.
Breaker panel: Part of the foundation wall where brick (veneer) will rest.
Breaker panel: The electrical box that distributes electric power entering the
home to each branch circuit (each plug and switch) and composed of circuit
breakers.
Breaking Stress: Uncoiler rolls through which the strip passes; composed of
a mandrel and leveling rolls which unwind the strip prior to processing
through the Pickler. Breaker rolls assist in breaking up the Hot Mill surface
scale.
Breakout: Same as fracture stress (1).
Breakout: An accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth of the
furnace resulting in liquid iron or slag (or both) flowing uncontrolled out of
the blast furnace.
Breaks: An accident caused by the failure of the walls of the hearth of the
blast furnace, resulting in liquid iron or slag (or both) flowing uncontrolled
out of the blast furnace. A Caster breakout involves the solidification from
liquid steel to a cast product where the outer skin tears creating a casting
failure in the mold or a segment.
Breaks: Creases or ridges usually in "un tempered" or in aged material where
the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the breaks,
they may be tenned cross breaks, coil breaks, edge breaks or sticker breaks.
Breakthrough: A device which permits air to move in and out of a container
or component to maintain atmospheric pressure.
Breakthrough : The first appearance in the solution flowing from an ion-
exchange unit of unabsorbed ions similar to those which are depleting the
activity of the resin bed. Breakthrough is an indication that regeneration of
the resin is necessary.
Breather: Creases or ridges usually in "untempered" or in aged material
where the yield point has been exceeded. Depending on the origin of the
break, it may be termed a cross break, a coil break, an edge break, or a sticker
break.
Breather: In extrusion: the part of an extrusion ?bridge die? that supports a
void forming mandrel. During extrusion, the metal divides and flows around
the bridge, reuniting as it is extruded through the die orifice. The resulting
weld line can be detected upon microscopic examination, but the extrusion
appears functionally and visually seamless.
Bressemer, bresumer etc.: A timber lintel flush with the surface of the
brickwork above it.
Brewster's Angle: An air filtering device placed on top of a reservoir to
allow it to “breathe” as the oil level rises and falls. All incoming air is thereby
filtered to keep out airborne contaminants.
Brg: Bearing. Horizontal direction to/from a point, expressed in degrees (for
example 000 or 360 is North, 090 is East).
Brick: Building unit of a regular size usually made of baked clay. Can also
becalcium silicate or concrete. The standard size of metric bricks in the UK is
65 x 102.5 x 215mm, designed to be used with a 10mm mortar joint. The
equivalent theoretical size of imperial bricks, used with a 3/8inch joint, is
2 5/8 x 4 3/16 x 8 5/8 inches. Clay bricks are of course of great antiquity as
evidenced by archaeology and the bible. (Fr. brique, f).
Brick construction: A construction where the external and internal walls are
built of brick.
Brick guard: Steel mesh panel used on scaffolding to make sure that loose
bricks cannot fall off the scaffold.
Brick ledge: The metal angle iron that brick rests on, especially above a
window, door, or other opening.
Brick ledge: Part of the foundation wall where brick (veneer) will rest.
Brick lintel: Trim used around an exterior door jamb that siding butts to.
Brick lintel: The metal angle iron that brick rests on, especially above a
window, door, or other opening.
Brick mold: A small, corrugated metal strip @ 1" X 6"8" long nailed to wall
sheeting or studs. They are inserted into the grout mortar joint of the veneer
brick, and holds the veneer wall to the sheeted wall behind it.
Brick mold: Trim used around an exterior door jamb that siding butts to.
Brick tie: A vertical facing of brick laid against and fastened to sheathing of
a framed wall or tile wall construction.
Brick tie: A small, corrugated metal strip @ 1″ X 6″- 8″ long nailed to wall
sheeting or studs. They are inserted into the grout mortar joint of the veneer
brick, and holds the veneer wall to the sheeted wall behind it.
Brick tie: A metal or plastic component to tie together the two leaves of
a cavity wall. Older galvanized ties tend to rust away and have to be replaced.
Brick veneer: Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal
position between the floor joists or rafters at mid-span for the purpose of
bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.
Brick veneer: Framed construction with an outside skin of brickwork tied to
the frame.
Brick veneer: A vertical facing of brick laid against and fastened to
sheathing of a framed wall or tile wall construction.
Bricklayer: A skilled trade which requires years of training and practice. (Fr.
maçon, m).
Brickwork: Made of bricks. (Fr. maçonnerie, f).
Bridge: The crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane runway.
Bridge : A single or multiple span structure, including supports, erected over
a depression or an obstruction such as water, a highway or railway and
having a track or passageway for carrying traffic.
Bridge (Crane) Travel: The angle at which a surface does not reflect a beam
of linearly polarized light.
Bridge bearing : The support at the bridge pier or abutment, which carries
the weight of a bridge.
Bridge Conductors: Crane movement in a direction parallel to the crane
runway
Bridge crane: A lifting system which has a hoist that moves laterally on a
beam or other member which then in turn moves longitudinally on a runway
made of beams and rails.
Bridge Crane Control Actuator: The electrical conductors located along
the bridge structure of a crane to provide power to the trolley.
Bridge Crane Control Braking Means: A manual means at the operating
station by which hoist bridge crane controls are energized.
Bridge Crane Control Voltage: A method of bridge crane controlling speed
by removing energy from the moving body or by imparting energy in the
opposite direction.
Bridge Crane Control, Multi-speed: The voltage impressed on the bridge
crane control devices.
Bridge Crane Control, Single Speed: A drive bridge crane control system
providing more than one speed operation in either direction using multi-speed
squirrel cage motors.
Bridge Crane Control, Variable Speed: A drive bridge crane control
system providing one speed operation in either direction.
Bridge Crane Controller: A bridge crane controller that, when released, will
return automatically to a neutral (off) positioning, static, hydraulic,
pneumatic, etc.) that governs the flow of power to or from a motor or other
equipment in response to signals from a master switch, push-button station,
remote Bridge Crane Control, automatic program Bridge Crane Control, or
other similar device.
Bridge Crane Controller, Manual: A drive bridge crane control system
providing more than one speed operation in either direction using wound-
rotor motors.
Bridge Crane Controller, Spring Return: A bridge crane controller having
all of its basic functions performed by devices which are operated by hand.
Bridge deck : The load-bearing floor of a bridge that carries and spreads the
loads to the main beams.
Bridge Die Bridge Die: A device for regulating in a pre-determined way the
power delivered to the motor or other equipment.
Bridge Girder: A two-section extrusion die capable of producing tubing or
intricate hollow shapes without the use of a separate mandrel. Metal separates
into two streams as it is extruded past a bridge section that is attached to the
main die section and holds a stub mandrel in the die opening. The metal then
is rewelded by extrusion pressure before it enters the die opening.
Bridge length : The greater dimension of a structure measured along the
centre of the roadway between backs of abutment back walls or between ends
of the bridge floor.
Bridge Rail: Crane member on which carriers or trolleys travel, horizontally
mounted between and supported by the end trucks. Building Structure. The
structural members of a building which support the building loads and on
which the loads of crane or monorail equipment, and the material to be
moved, will be imposed. (see Crane girder)
Bridge Rectifiers: A bridge rectifier converts AC current to pulsating DC
current using an arrangement of diodes. In the case of a single phase wave,
the bridge rectifier consists of 4 diodes. Polyphase waves can also be rectified
with a bridge rectifier.
Bridge roadway width : The clear width of structure measured at right
angles to the centre of the roadway between the bottoms of curbs or between
the inner faces of parapet or railing.
Bridge Travel: The rail supported by the bridge girders on which the trolley
travels.
Bridging: Often used in reference to rough frame opening members. Door
bucks used in reference to metal door frame. See Window Bucks
Bridging: In general, is a member connected to a joist to brace it from lateral
movement. See Horizontal Bridging and Diagonal Bridging.
Bridging: Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal
position between the floor joists or rafters at mid-span for the purpose of
bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.
Bridging: That part of an overhead crane consisting of girders, trucks, end
ties, walkway and drive mechanism which carries the trolley and travels in a
direction parallel to the runway.
Bridging anchor: An angle or bent plate attached to a wall where the
bridging will be attached or anchored, either by welding or bolting. The ends
of all bridging lines terminating at walls or beams shall be anchored thereto.
Bridging clip: A small piece of angle or plate with a hole or slot that is
welded to the top and bottom chord angles so that bridging may be attached.
Bridging diagram: A diagram of the profile of a joist used to show the
number and location of the rows of bridging.
Bridle: A set of rolls used to maintain tension on the strip as it goes through
the line.
Bridle Rolls: (1) Premature solidification of metal across a mold section
before the metal below or beyond solidifies. (2) Solidification of slag within a
cupola at or just above the tuyeres. (3) Welding or mechanical locking of the
charge in a downfeed melting or smelting furnace. (4) In powder metallurgy,
the formation of arched cavities in a powder mass. (5) In soldering, an
unintended solder connection between two or more conductors, either
securely or by mere contact. Also called a crossed joint or solder short.
Bridle Rolls: A series of neoprene or steel rolls.
Bridle Snubber: A series of neoprene or steel rolls.
Bridle Snubber: The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the strip. Also
is used to steer the strip through the bridle.
Bridle Unit: The roll above the bridle rolls used to thread the strip. Also is
used to steer the strip through the bridle.
Bridle Unit: A three roll cluster used to control line tension at strategic
locations on the line.
Bridling: A three-roll cluster used to control line tension at strategic
locations on the line.
Bridling: The cold working of dead soft annealed strip metal immediately
prior to a forming, bending, or drawing operation. A process designed to
prevent the formulation of Luder's lines. Caution Bridled metal should be
used promptly and not permitted to (of itself) return to its pre bridled
condition.
Bright Annealed Wire: The cold working of dead soft annealed strip metal
immediately prior to a forming, bending or drawing operation. A process
designed to prevent the formation of Luder's lines. Caution: bridled metal
should be used promptly and not permitted to (of itself) return to its
prebridled condition.
Bright Annealed Wire: Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in controlled
non oxidizing atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum
and the surface remains relatively bright.
Bright Annealing: Steel wire bright drawn and annealed in a controlled non-
oxidizing atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and
the surface remains relatively bright.
Bright Annealing: An annealing heat treatment carried out using either a
specially controlled atmosphere or a vacuum, thus preventing oxidation and
so keeping the surface of the steel being heat-treated bright and shiny.
Bright Annealing: A process carried out usually in a controlled furnace
atmosphere, so surface does not oxidize, remaining bright.
Bright Annealing 2: The process of annealing in a protective atmosphere so
as to prevent discoloration of the bright surface desired.
Bright Bars: Bright cold-rolled, highly reflective finish retained by final
annealing in a controlled-atmosphere furnace.
Bright Basic Wire: These are cold drawn/ ground/ peeled plain bars
produced from hot rolled plain bars/wire rods. (Does not fall under the
purview of MOS but under D/o IP&P).
Bright Basic Wire: Bright steel wire, slightly softer than Bright Bessemer
Wire. Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric welded
chain, etc.
Bright Bessemer Wire: Bright steel wire, slightly softer than bright
Bessemer wire. Used for round head wood screws, bolts and rivets, electric
welded chain, etc.
Bright Bessemer Wire: Stiff bright wire of hard temper. Normally wire is
drawn down to size without annealing.
Bright Dip: Stiff bright wire of hard temper. Normally, wire is drawn down
to size without annealing.
Bright Dipping: A solution that produces, through chemical action, a bright
surface on an immersed metal.
Bright Dipping: Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment with a
mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror shiny (specular)
highly reflective surface. It is almost always followed by anodizing to protect
the surface and provide some choice of color.
Bright Drawing: Chemical polishing of aluminum, often by treatment with a
mixture of nitric acid and phosphoric acid, yielding a mirror-shiny (specular)
highly reflective surface. It is almost always followed by anodizing to protect
the surface and provide some choice of color.
Bright Drawing: The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die to
impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright scale free surface and improved
mechanical properties. The product is termed bright steel.
Bright Finish: The process of drawing hot rolled steel through a die to
impart close dimensional tolerances, a bright scale-free surface and improved
mechanical properties. The product is termed bright steel.
Bright Nitriding: A very reflective finish achieved on tinplate or stainless
steel by rolling between highly polished rolls with a minimal reduction in
gauge.
Bright Plate: Nitriding in a protective mediwn to prevent discoloration of the
bright surface. Compare with blank nitriding.
Bright Stock (for Lubricating Oils): An electrodeposil that is lustrous in the
as-plated condition.
Brightener: Describes high-viscosity lubricating oils that are refined to make
them clear products of good color. Bright stocks are made from residuals or
bottoms, solvent dewaxed and deasphalted; they may be used for blending.
Brine: A quench in which brine (salt waterchlorides, carbonates and
cyanides) is the quenching medium. The salt addition improves the efficiency
of water at the vapor phase or hot stage of the quenching process.
Brine : A saltwater solution for quenching or cooling when heat treating
steel.
Brine -: Water saturated with a chemical such as salt.
Brine Pumps: A Brine Pump refers to a pump used to remove water in a
boiler tank. It often works in conjunction with a feed pump, where the feed
pump supplies fresh water to the boiler tank while the brine pump removes an
equal amount of water from the tank. The brine pump is located in an area of
the tank so that it draws from water with elevated dissolved solids; the goal
being to purge dissolved solids from the boiler system.
Brine Quenching: An agent or combination of agents added to an
electroplating bath to produce a lustrous deposit.
Brinell Hardness Number: A saltwater solution for quenching or cooling
when heat treating steel.
Brinell Hardness Number: A common standard method of measuring the
hardness of materials. The smooth surface of the metal is subjected to
indentation by a hardened steel ball under pressure. The diameter of the
indentation, in the material surface, is then measured by a microscope and the
hardness value is read from a chart or determined by a prescribed formula.
Brinell Hardness Test: Method of determining the hardness of materials;
involves impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material
surface at a known pressure (10 mm ball, 500 kg load for aluminum alloys).
The Brinell hardness number results from calculations involving the load and
the spherical area of the ball impression. Direct reading testing are generally
used for routine inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function.
Brinell Hardness Testing: The value of hardness of a metal on an arbitrary
scale representing kg/mm2, determined by measuring the diameter of the
impression made by a ball of given diameter applied under a known load.
Values are expressed in Brinell Hardness Numbers, BHN.
Brinell Testing Machine: A Brinell Testing Machine is used to measure the
hardness of a material. It uses a round ball to indent the surface of the
material with a constant force. The depth of the indentation is correlated to a
Brinell Hardness Number (BHN) which is a comparative measure of material
hardness. The typical Brinell test uses a 10mm steel ball and 29kN of force.
For soft materials, less force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide
indenter is used.
Brinelling: Method of determining the hardness of materials; involves
impressing a hardened ball of specified diameter into the material surface at a
known pressure (10-mm ball, 500-kg load for aluminum alloys). The Brinell
hardness number results from calculations involving the load and the
spherical area of the ball impression. Direct-reading testing are generally
used for routine inspection of forgings, and as a heat treat control function.
Brinnel Hardness: (1) Indentation of the surface of a solid body by repeated
local impact or impacts or static overload. Brinelling may occur especially in
a rollingelement bearing. (2) Damage to a solid bearing surface characterized
by one or more plastically formed indentations brought about by overload.
See also false brinelling.
Brite: The hardness of a metal or part, as represented by the number obtained
from the ratio between the load applied on the spherical area of the
impression made by a steel ball forced into the surface of the material tested.
Brite: 1) Regular galvanize coating (not minimized spangle or JP). 2) Rolls
that have no grit; smooth finish on surface of steel.
British thermal unit, (btu): The Btu is defined as the heat required to raise
the temperature of a pound of water from 59° to 60°F.
Brittle Crack Propagation: 1. Regular galvanize coating (not minimized
spangle or JP). 2. Rolls that have no grit; smooth finish on surface of steel.
Brittle fracture: The tearing or splitting of a member with little or no prior
ductile deformation.
Brittle Fracture: A very sudden propagation of a crack with the absorption
of no energy except that stored elastically in the body. Microscopic
examination may reveal some deformation even though it is not noticeable to
the unaided eye. Contrast with ductile crack propagalion.
Brittle Fracture: Fracture with little or no plastic deformation.
Brittle Inter Metallic Layer: An iron zinc alloy layer formed between the
steel substrate and the free zinc of galvanized coatings.
Brittle Intermetallic Layer: Separation of a solid accompanied by little or
no macroscopic plastic deformation. Typically, brittle fracture occurs by
rapid crack propagation with less expenditure of energy than for ductile
fracture. Brittle tensile fractures have a bright, granular appearance and
exhibit little or no necking. A chevron pattern may be present on the fracture
surface pointing toward the origin of the crack especially in brittle fractures
in flat plate-like components. Examples of brittle fracture include
transgranular cracking (cleavage and quasi-cleavage fracture) and
intergranular cracking (decohesive rupture).
Brittle : characteristic of a material that fails without
warning; brittlematerials do not stretch or shorten before failing
Brittleness: An iron-zinc alloy layer formed between the steel substrate and
the free zinc of hot dipped galvanized coatings.
Brittleness : The tendency of a material to fracture without first undergoing
significant plastic deformation.
Broach: The tendency of a material to fracture without first undergoing
significant plastic deformation.Contrast with ductility.
Broach: A long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which,when forced
through a hole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or size.
Broaching: A long, tapered cutting tool with serrations which, when forced
through a hole or across a surface, cuts a desired shape or size.
Broadly-defined engineering activities : A class of activities with
characteristics defined in section 4.2 of the IEA Graduate Attributes and
Professional Competencies v2.
Broadly-defined engineering problems : A class of problem with
characteristics defined in section 4.1 of the IEA Graduate Attributes and
Professional Competencies v2.
Broken Surface: Smoothing machined holes or outside surfaces of castings
by drawing pushing on or more broaches (special cutting tools) through the
roughed out hole.
Bromine Number: Surface fracturing, generally most pronounced at sharp
corners, and minute cracks on the surface of a drawn product to the direction
of drawing.
Bronze: See iodine number. (see Iodine Number)
Bronze: An alloy containing 90% copper and 10% tin. Used for screws, wire,
hardware, wear plates, bushings and springs; it is somewhat stronger than
copper and brass and has equal or better ductility.
Bronze : A copper-rich copper tin alloy with or without small proportions of
other elements.
Bronzing: A non-ferrous alloy of copper and a metal other than zinc or
nickel. The family of bronzes includes: copper-tin, aluminum (for high
tensile strength), phosphor (for corrosion resistance and low friction), leaded
phosphor (for machinability) and silicon. ASTM distinguishes five grades of
bronze casting alloys.
Brown staining : reaction between exposed intermetallic layers (specifically
the iron portion of the layers) and oxygen, resulting in surface color changes
from gray to brown
Brownfield: Abandoned or underused industrial and commercial facilities
available for reuse.
Brownfield: (1) Applying a chemical finish to copper or copper-alloy
surfaces to alter the color. (2) Plating a copper-tin alloy on various materials.
Bruise: Brownfield developments are construction projects which take place
on land which has had prior industrial, commercial, retail or residential use.
In the steel industry, brownfield often applies to sites selected within urban
areas for new distribution facilities or additional steel capacity. Such capacity
is often located adjacent to, or within the perimeter of an existing
steelworks. (see Greenfield)
Bruise: A mark transferred to the strip surface from a defective process roll.
Similar to dent or punchmark.
Brush Anodizing: A mark transferred to the strip surface from a defective
process roll. Similar to dent or punchmark.
Brush Plating: An anodizing process similar to brush plating.
Brushed Finish: Plating with a concentrated solution or gel held in or fed to
an absorbing medium, pad or brush carrying the anode (usually insoluble).
The brush is moved back and forth over the area of the cathode to be plated.
Brushless Ac Motor: A brushless AC motor is also known as an induction
motor because the motor rotor is driven by electomagnetic induction rather
than by mechanical contact. In a brushless motor, the alternating current is
used to create a magnetic flux around the motor stator. This magnetic flux
then induces the motor of the rotor unit. The absence of brushes reduces the
mechanical friction in the motor an greatly increases the motor efficiency.
Brushless Servo System: A brushless servo system combines a servo drive,
brushless DC motor, and a motor feedback system in order to drive and
control mechanisms such as automation devices, rotary machines, or robotics.
The integration of the motor feedback allows the servo system to account for
unexpected disturbances and to improve the overall accuracy of the system.
BS&W: Finish generally produced by polishing; most common are no. 3
finish (approx. 100 grit) and a finer no. 4 finish (approx. 120 to 150 grit).
Brushed finish appearance can also be simulated by final gauge rolling with
ground rolls; reproducibility from lot to lot and even from beginning of
rolling to end of rolling has proven to be difficult to attain to date.
BSO: An acronym for the material that settles to the bottom of a storage tank,
namely bottoms, sediment and water. Laboratories sometimes quantify and
report this information when examining oil in service.
BTC: (see Butyl Stearate (BSO))
BTC: Buttress threaded and coupled
Btex: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, compounds that are some
of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in petroleum derivatives.
Btu: British Thermal Unit
BTU: Buttress threaded and coupled.
Btu (british thermal unit): The amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one pound of water by one degree farenheit.
Btu : British Thermal Unit. Is the measure of heat energy.
Buck: Insurance coverage on a construction project during construction,
including extended coverage that may be added for the contract for the
customer's protections.
Buck: Often used in reference to rough frame opening members. Door bucks
used in reference to metal door frame. See Window Bucks
Bucket-handle pointing: Recessed in the half-round shape of an old-
fashioned metal bucket handle.
Buckle : to bend under compression
Buckles: British thermal unit: the amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
Buckling: Appears like a series of waves and are created during rolling as a
result of mechanical misalignment or cross-section irregularities in supply
coil.
Buckling load: The load at which a straight member under compression
transfers to a deflected position.
Buff: (1) A mode of failure generally characterized by an unstable lateral
material deflection due to compressive action on the structural clement
involved. (2) In metal forming, a bulge, bend, kink or other wavy condition
of the workpiece caused by compressive stresses. See also compressive
stress.
Buff: To polish A smooth finish of high luster with a cloth or fabric wheel to
which a compund has been added.
Buffer: A solution that prevents drastic changes in pH values when moderate
amounts of acid or alkali are added.
Buffer Solution: To polish a smooth finish of high luster with a cloth or
fabric wheel to which a compound has been added.
Buffer : A substance used in solution, which accepts hydrogen ions or
hydroxyl ions, added to the solution as acids or alkali’s, minimizing a change
in pH.
Build Up Coil: A coil made by putting together two or more coils to make
one max coil or one shippable coil.
Builder: (1) A substance that by its addition or presence tends to minimize
the physical and chemical effects of one or more of the substances in a
mixture. Properties often buffered include pH, oxidation potential and flame
or plasma temperatures. (2) A substance whose purpose is to maintain a
constant hydrogenion concentration in water solutions even where acids or
alkalis are added. Each buffer has a characteristic limited range of pH over
which it is effective.
Builder’s risk insurance: Insurance coverage on a construction project
during construction, including extended coverage that may be added for the
contract for the customer’s protections.
Builder's risk insurance: Community ordinances governing the manner in
which a home may be constructed or modified.
Building: Any structure used for support or for shelter.
Building Automation: Building Automation refers to the use of a central
computerized control to monitor and regulate the operation of equipment
inside a factory, plant, or commercial building.
Building by-laws: Regulations by which local authorities control building
construction. No new building work or alteration of existing structures may
be carried out unless these regulations are observed.
Building code: Regulations established by a recognized agency describing
design loads, procedures, quality of materials, and construction details for
buildings for the protection of the public.
Building codes- : Insurance covering the structure of the building.
Building codes- : Community ordinances governing the manner in which a
home may be constructed or modified.
Building control: The first Building Control was introduced, in London,
after the Great Fire (1666) when District Surveyors were engaged to enforce
the Building Regulations which prevented the spread of fire from house to
house – the Regulations had existed before but had often been ignored. The
system now covers the whole UK and includes rules on most aspects of
building as it affects public safety and health, enforced by Building Control
Officers. See links for details. Not to be confused with Town Planning.
Building designer: A registered architect or registered engineer who is
responsible for the design of a structure. See Specifying Professional.
Building futures: s annual global volunteer program, providing backpacks
filled with school supplies to students.
Building insurance: A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet
materials used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses.
Generally comes in long rolls.
Building insurance: Insurance covering the structure of the building.
Building line: A line established by the local council which is the minimum
distance that must be maintained from the building to the street boundary.
Building line : The edge of a building, excluding thesidewalk.
Building official: The officer or other authority which has the duty of
administration and enforcement of a building code.
Building paper: A roofing composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt
laminated with coal tar, pitch, or asphalt. The top is finished with crushed
slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or low-pitched roofs.
Building paper: A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials
used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally
comes in long rolls.
Building services: Plumbing, electrical wiring, ventilation, gas supply and
other support systems in a building.
Building trades: All trades which have a part in the construction of a
building (e.g. carpentry, masonry, painting, plumbing, electricity, heating).
Buildup: A coil made by putting together by welding the end of one coil to
the beginning of second or more coils to make one larger coil.
Buildup Coil: Any substance that increases the effectiveness of a cleaner,
e.g., water-softening agents, buffer agents, alkalies.
Built Up Plate: (1) A weld surfacing variation in which surfacing metal is
deposited to achieve the required dimensions. See also buttering. (2)
Excessive electrodeposition that occurs on high-current-density areas such as
comers or edges.
Built-up Edge: A pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope pattern
mounted on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be attached to the
other side or to a separate mounting.
Builtup Plate: A pattern plate of suitable material, with the cope pattern
mounted on or attached to one side; the drag pattern may be attached to the
other side or to a separate mounting. See Matchplate
Built-up roof: Rounded drywall corners.
Built-up roof: A type of roof composed of two or more layers of alternating
felt, tar and asphalt.
Built-up roof: A roofing composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt
laminated with coal tar, pitch, or asphalt. The top is finished with crushed
slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or low-pitched roofs.
Built-up section: A structural member made up from individual flat plates
welded together or any structural metal elements that are welded or bolted
together.
Bulb: The name given to the temperature-sensing device located in the fluid
for which control or indication is provided. The bulb may be liquid-filled, gas
filled, or gas-and-liquid filled. Changes in temperature produce pressure
changes within the bulb which are transmitted to the controller.
Bulb Flats: (1) Chip material adhering to the tool face adjacent to the cutting
edge during cutting. (2) Material from the workpiece, especially in
machining, that is stationary with respect to the tool.
Bulge: A local distortion or swelling outward caused by internal pressure on
a tube wall or boiler shell due to overheating.
Bulging: Bulb flats, or Dutch profiles, are long, hot rolled flats with a
rounded bulb along one edge/side, which gives the flat section strength. The
main application is for stiffening plates in shipbuilding, but they are also used
in bridge construction. Bulb flats provide good resistance to buckling and can
offer a better strength-to-weight ratio than stiffeners such as steel bars and
asymmetric angles. The rounded profile of bulb flats offers and a good
surface for paints to adhere to – an important factor in highly corrosive
environments such as the ocean.
Bulk Appearance (Grease): (1) Expanding the walls of a cup, shell or tube
with an internally expanded segmented punch or a punch composed of air,
liquids or semiliquids such as waxes, rubber and other elastomers. (2) The
process of increasing the diameter of a cylindrical shell (usually to a spherical
shape) or of expanding the outer walls of any shell or box shape whose walls
were previously straight.
Bulk Bag Dischargers: Bulk bag dischargers are specialized industrial
machines used to handle bagged bulk material during production and
distribution operations. The design of these machines vary widely dependent
on the type and quantity of material being filled. Bulk bag dischargers are
used to load, unload, tie, and remove bulk bags, among other operations.
Dischargers are also referred to as unloaders and usually include a frame
support and hoist mechanism, such as a crane, to allow for the support and
movement of the bag.
Bulk Bag Filler: Bulk bag fillers are specialized industrial machines used to
package material into bags during production and distribution operations. The
design of these machines vary widely dependent on the type and quantity of
material being filled. Bulk bag fillers often include the ability to easily install
and support the bag, the ability to weight the contents of the bag, and the
ability to densely pack and seal the bag and prepare it for distribution.
Bulk Density: Visual appearance when the undisturbed surface is viewed in
an opaque container. Bulk appearance should be characterized in the
following terms: bleeding (free oil shows on surface or in cracks of a cracked
grease), cracked (showing surface cracks of appreciable magnitude), grainy
(a surface with small granules or lumps of constituent thickener particles),
rough (many small irregularities on the surface), smooth (surface relatively
free of irregularities).
Bulk Density: The ratio of the weight of a material to its over all volume
(including any inherent porosity).
Bulk Forming: The ratio of the weight of a material to its overall volume
(including any inherent porosity).
Bulk Material Handling Equipment: Bulk material handling equipment
encompasses a number of technologies used for movement, transport, and
storage of bulk materials, including conveyors, bins, hoppers, pumps, and
process control technologies.
Bulk Material Handling Systems: A bulk material handling system
integrates bins, conveyors, and process controls to efficiently and safely sort,
move and/or process bulk materials.
Bulk Modulus: Forming processes, such as extrusion Forging, rolling and
drawing, in which the input material is in billet rod or slab fonn and a
considerable increase in surface-to-volume ratio in the formed part occurs
under the action of largely compressive loading. Compare with sheet
forming.
Bulk Sample: The resistance to compressibility of a fluid or elastomer; the
reciprocal of its compressibility.
Bulk Storage Tanks: A bulk storage tank is used to hold bulk materials.
They not only have to be structurally sound, but also chemically inert to the
material being stored inside.
Bulk Transfer Food Hoses: Bulk Transfer Food Hoses are used for the
transfer of liquid foodstuffs. They are constructed of tasteless, odorless
materials and can be subject to approval by regulatory bodies such as the
USA FDA.
Bulkhead : A fixed structure used to divide twocompartments. These
structures can be found in ventilation tunnels or within the head of a TBM to
separate the working chamber or cutting head from the rest of the machine.
Bull Block: A large and representative sample of mineralized rock from an
ore body whose mineral content is being assessed for commercial
exploitation.
Bull dozer: tracked vehicle with front mounted blade.
Bull Gear: A machine with a power-driven revolving drum for cold drawing
wire through a drawing die as the wire winds around the drum.
Bull Gear: The large crank gear of a shaper.
Bull nose (drywall): A package of shingles. Normally, there are 3 bundles
per square and 27 shingles per bundle.
Bull nose (drywall): Rounded drywall corners.
Bulldozer: The microstructure of malleable or ductile cast iron when
graphite nodules are surrounded by a ferrite layer in a pearlitic matrix.
Bulldozers: A Bulldozer is a tractor equipped with a large plate used to push
rubble, dirt, or other materials. Generally, bulldozers use tracked wheels for
improved traction.
Bullet Terminals: Bullet terminals are a method for connecting two wires
together. The male end is shaped like a bullet and snaps into a corresponding
female receiving end.
Bullion: Slow-acting horizontal mechanical press with a large bed used for
bending and straightening. The work is done between dies and can be
performed hot or cold. The machine is closely allied to a forging machine.
Bull's-eye Structure: The large crank gear of a shaper.
Bump out : Location where a sidewalk is widenedinto a street’s parking
lane.
Bumper (Buffer): (1) A semirefined alloy containing sufficient precious
metal to make recovery profitable. (2) Refined gold or silver, uncoined.
Bumping: An energy absorbing device for reducing impact when a moving
crane or trolley reaches the end of its permitted travel, or when two moving
cranes or trolleys come into contact.
Buna-N/S: (1) Fonning a dish in metal by means of many repeated blows. (2)
Forming a head. (3) Setting the seams on sheet metal parts. (4) Ramming
sand in a flask by repeated jarring and jolting.
Bundle: Buna-N and Buna-S are types of synthetic rubber. Buna-N is a
copolymer of butadiene and acetonitrile; Buna-S is a copolymer of butadiene
and styrene.
Bundle : The lower edge of the shingle tabs.
Bundle : A package of shingles. Normally, there are 3 bundles per square
and 27 shingles per bundle.
Burn: Sand adhering to the surface of the casting that is extremely difficult
to remove.
Burn: 1) Process of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen, 2) to
permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient
melting or intergranular oxidation.
Burn On Sand: Sand adhering to the surface of the casting that is extremely
difficult to remove.
Burn Out: Firing a mold at a high temperature to remove pattern material
residue.
Burner Ignition Units: A Burner Ignition Unit generates a spark which is
used to ignite atomized fuel in an oil or gas burner system.
Burner Nozzles: A burner nozzle is used to atomize combustible fluid, such
as heating oil, prior to ignition. Nozzles are designed to control the droplet
size, rate and spray pattern.
Burning: 1. Process of cutting metal by a stream of fuel and oxygen, 2. To
permanently damage a metal or alloy by heating to cause either incipient
melting or intergranular oxidation.
Burning: Heating a metal beyond the temperature limits allowable for the
desired heat treatment, or beyond the point where serious oxidation or other
detrimental action begins.
Burnishing: (1) Permanently damaging a metal or alloy by heating to cause
either incipient melting or intergranular oxidation. See also overheating. (2)
During subcritical annealing, particularly in continuous annealing, production
of a severely decarburized and grain-coarsened surface layer that results from
excessively prolonged heating to an excessively high temperature. (3) In
grinding, getting the work hot enough to cause discoloration or to change the
microstructure by tempering or hardening. (4) In sliding contacts, the
oxidation of a surface due to local heating in an oxidizing environment.
Burnishing: Smoothing surfaces through friction between the material and
material such as hardened metal media.
Burnoff: Developing a smooth finish on a metal by tumbling or rubbing with
a polished hand tool.
Burn-on-Sand: Specific number of sheets which equals one unit of
production. Number is determined by multiplying sheets/packages/bundle.
For example, an order calls for 112 sheets/package, according to the
maximum height allowed for a lift. Therefore, multiplying 15 packages x 112
sheets 3D = 1680 sheets/bundle.
Burnt: A definition applying to material which has been permanently
damaged by over heating.
Burnt Rubber: (1) Unintentional removal of an autocatalytic deposit from a
nonconducting substrate during subsequent electroplating operations owing
to the application of excessive current or a poor contact area. (2) Removal of
volatile lubricants such as metallic stearates from metal powder compacts by
heating immediately prior to sintering.
Burnt Rubber: Small or large black spots that generally show up on surface
and are generally caused by pickling steel too hot.
Burnthrough: Small or large black spots that generally show up on surface
and are generally caused by pickling steel too hot.
Burnthrough: In shell molding, resin burned out too soon.
Burr: Devices used to remove build up on edge of strip after the slitting
process.
Burr: The very subtle ridge on the edge of strip steel left by cutting
operations such as slitting, trimming, shearing, or blanking. For example, as a
steel processor trims the sides of the sheet steel parallel or cuts a sheet of
steel into strips, its edges will bend with the direction of the cut.
Burr Mashers: In shell molding, resin burned out too soon.
Burr Mashers: Devices used to remove build up on edge of strip after the
slitting process.
Burst: Internal pressure at which a tube will yield often tested hydrostatically
Burst Pressure: Built-up edge or roughness on the bottom of the strip
resulting from slitting or shearing.
Burst Pressure: The level of pressure at which a component, pipe, tube, hose
or other fluid passage will burst during application of internal pressure.
Normally 2.5 4.0 times working pressure.
Bus bar: A heavy, rigid metallic conductor which carries a large current and
makes a common connection between several circuits. Bus bars are usually
uninsulated and located where the electrical service enters a building; that is,
in the main distribution cabinet.
Bus Conductor: The internal pressure that will cause a piece of tubing to fail
by exceeding the plastic limit and tensile strength of the material from which
the tube is fabricated.
Busbars: A busbar is used to distribute current to multiple devices in a
electrical system. For example, in a household circuit panel, the busbar
distributes incoming power to each individual circuit.
Busheling: A rigid electric conductor of any cross section (i.e., aluminum
bus conductor).
Busheling: A widely traded form of steel scrap consisting of sheet clips and
stampings from metal production. Bushel baskets were used to collect the
material through World War II, giving rise to the term.
Bushing: Steel scrap consisting of sheet clips and stampings from metal
production. This term arose from the practice of collecting the material in
bushel baskets through World War II.
Bust Coil: A sleeve or a lining for a bearing or a drill jig to guard against
wear.
Bust Coil: Coils removed from the off gauge reel. The BUST (build up side
trimmer) coil contains defects (gauge variation and quality defects) and off
spec widths.
Buster: Coils removed from the off-gauge reel. The BUST (build up side
trimmer) coil contains defects (gauge variation and quality defects) and off-
spec widths.
Bustle Pipe: A pair of shaped dies used to combine preliminary forging
operations, such as edging and blocking, or to loosen scale.
Butcher Saw Steel: Large refractory lined pipe which encircles a blast
furnace and supplies hot air (blast).
Butcher Saw Steel: A hardened, tempered, and polished high carbon spring
steel strip material (carbon content is generally higher than that of a material
used for wood band saw applications) with a Rockwell value of roughly
C47/49.
Butler Finish: A hardened, tempered and polished high-carbon spring steel
strip material (carbon content is generally higher than that of a material used
for wood band saw applications) with a Rockwell value of roughly C47/49.
Butt: Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other and welding
them.
Butt edge: The most common type. One leaf attaches to the door's edge, the
other to its jamb.
Butt edge: The lower edge of the shingle tabs.
Butt End: A semilustrous metal finish composed of fine, uniformly
distributed parallel lines, usually produced with a soft abrasive buffing wheel;
similar in appearance to the traditional hand-rubbed finish on silver.
Butt End: The residual portion of an extrusion billet that is not forced
through the die at the end of the extrusion cycle.
Butt hinge-: The junction where the ends of two timbers meet, and also
where sheets of drywall meet on the 4 foot edge. To place materials end-to-
end or end-to-edge without overlapping.
Butt hinge-: The most common type. One leaf attaches to the door’s edge,
the other to its jamb.
Butt joint: A subsidy (usually paid by a builder or developer) to reduce
monthly payments on a mortgage.
Butt joint: The junction where the ends of two timbers meet, and also where
sheets of drywall meet on the 4 foot edge. To place materials end-to-end or
end-to-edge without overlapping.
Butt Joint: The residual portion of an extrusion billet that is not forced
through the die at the end of the extrusion cycle.
Butt plate: The end plate of a structural member usually used to rest or butt
against a like plate of another member in forming a connection.
Butt Weld: The standard steel pipe used in plumbing. Heated skelp is passed
continuously through welding rolls, which form the tube and squeeze the hot
edges together to make a solid weld.
Butt Weld Pipe: A joint between two members lying or aligned
approximately in the same plane.
Butt Weld Pipe: Weld made to join two strip ends set against each other.
Butt Welded Tube: The standard steel pipe used in plumbing. Heated skelp
is passed continuously through welding rolls, which form the tube and
squeeze the hot edges together to make a solid weld.
Butt Welding: Weld made to join two strip ends set against each other.
Butt Welding: Joining two edges or ends by placing one against the other
and welding them.
Butterfly Valve: An unfinished or incomplete ingot.
Butterfly Valves: A butterfly valve is a flow control device that uses a
circular plate to regulate flow through the valve. When the valve is
completely closed, the axis of the plate is parallel to the direction of flow
through the valve, and no flow is possible. Conversely, when the valve is
completely open, the plate is positioned perpendicular to the direction of flow
and the fluid can move freely past either side of the plate.
Buttering: Rotating disc-type valve which moves 90° from the closed
position to the fully open position. Normally used to stop or control the flow
through a line, the butterfly regulates BOP steam and power house steam on
main plant service line.
Button: A form of surfacing in which one or more layers of weld metal are
deposited on the groove face of one member (for example, a high-alloy weld
deposit on steel base metal that is to be welded to a dissimilar base metal).
The buttering provides a suitable transition weld deposit for subsequent
completion of the butt weld (joint).
Buttress dam : a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports
Buttress : a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another
supporting structure
Buttweld Fittings: A Buttweld Fitting is any type of fitting designed to be
joined using a butt welding technique, which is typically used for end to end
joining of pipe, plate, and other geometries.
Butyl Rubber: Butyl Rubber is a type of synthetic rubber. It has excellent
impermeability and is used for air bladders, inner tubes, and water barriers,
Butyl Rubber Sheeting: Butyl Rubber Sheeting is synthetic rubber of
uniform thickness. Its impermeable to air, water, and many commonly
encountered gases or fluids.
Butyl Stearate: (BSO)A lubricant applied on electrolytic chromium coated
steel
Butyl Stearate (BSO): (1) A globule of metal remaining in an assaying
crucible or cupel after fusion has been completed. (2) That part of a weld that
tears out in destructive testing of a spot, seam or projection welded
specimen.
Buy down: Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller area
than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
Buy down: A subsidy (usually paid by a builder or developer) to reduce
monthly payments on a mortgage.
By coil: A lubricant applied on electrolytic chromium coated steel.
By Coil: Selling term which refers to product sold in the form of a coil vs.
cut plate. Bi Coil is also used in production to refer to coils vs. cut plate
By fold door: Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet
doors.
By fold door: Doors that are hinged in the middle for opening in a smaller
area than standard swing doors. Often used for closet doors.
By pass doors: A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and
embedded into bedrock 3 4 feet. The structural support for a type of
foundation wall, porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more
"sticks" of reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of
the hole and concrete is poured into the caisson hole
By pass doors: Doors that slide by each other and commonly used as closet
doors.
Bypass: Passage at one side of, or around, a regular passage.
Bypass : Road joining two parts of an older road to avoid a town or village.
Bypass feeder : A closed tank that is installed in a system in "bypass," that
is, in a side stream taken off the system and leading back to the system rather
than directly in-line.
Bypass Filters: A bypass filter is a secondary filter that is used to augment
the primary full-flow filter. The bypass filter takes a percentage of the output
flow diverted from the primary filter and further removes smaller particulates
that have passed through the coarser, primary filter before returning the fluid
to the main circulation channel. This process is often referred to as polishing.
Bypass Level Gauges: A bypass level gauge is used to determine the fill
level of a tank in lieu of a sight glass. The gauge is contained in a column that
is mounted outside of the fluid container. A float with a permanent magnet
contained inside the column rises with fluid level in the gauge and can
activate switches, transmitters, etc.
Bypass : A pipe or duct, usually controlled by valve or damper, for
conveying a fluid around an element of a system.
C: See gap-frame press. (see Gap-frame Press)
C shapes: A hot rolled shape called an American Standard Channel with
symbol C.
C.V.C. (Continuous Variable Crown): Chemical symbol for Carbon.
C/c: center to center – distance between plants.
CA: Hydraulic system that supplies the force to all the cylinders associated
with work roll balance and bending and back-up roll balance (also supplies
force for work roll shifting).
Ca: (see Continuous Anneal)
Ca: Chemical symbol for calcium
Caa: Civil Aviation Authority. An organization in charge of defining
aviation safety standards. The United Kingdom and New Zealand, among
others, have organizations with that exact name and role. In the United States,
CAA stood for the Civil Aeronautics Administration, a fore-runner of
today’s FAA.
Cab: Civil Aeronautics Board. Former government agency of the United
States responsible, among other things, of investigating air accidents (duties
taken over by the NTSB) and controlling which routes the airlines could fly
and what fares they could charge (prior to the Airline Deregulation Act).
Cab: Operator’s compartment used for occasional cab operation of,
normally, a floor- or remote-operated crane or carrier.
Cab, Normal: A crane Bridge Crane Controlled by an operator in a cab
located on the bridge or trolley.
Cab, Skeleton: Operator’s compartment used for Bridge Crane Controlling a
cab-operated crane.
Cabinets: Cabinet is called as a box. Where we can put some things by
arranging them at proper place In cabinet. Like computer cabinet is an almira
for process, motherboard and other hardware.
Cable : SHIELDEDSpecial cable used with equipment that generates a low
voltage output. Used to minimize the effects of frequency "noise" on the
output signal.
Cable And Wire Marker: Cable and wire marker is used for mark the
different cable according to its root. Or connection.
Cable Boxes: Where the all cables is joint together or from where cables is
transferred for different location mainly the cable box is hub for cables
Cable Coolant Hoses: The hose is providing cooling to wire. The coolant
hose made from rubber and fiber and than wire is placed in it absorb the heat
of wire
Cable Couplers: Coupler is used to join the two wire/cable.
Cable Cutters: Cable cutter is used to cut the cable in two pieces for wiring
purpose
Cable Glands: It is also a cable connector/coupler which is used for connect
the cable but in this one dome is there for protect the edge of cable.
Cable Heat Shrink: It’s a tube made with plastic and have the property of
high shrinkage. Used as a cover for cable/wire for sealing purpose
Cable Jointing Kit: Basically it’s a cable hub. Where the cables are joined
together. It’s a seal packed kit.
Cable Lugs: Cable lugs made of aluminum or copper. Which is used with
cable end for where earthling is required.
Cable Markers: it is a big in diameter and used where high load of current is
there. The wire is having good strength because it having the steel wires in its
cover.
Cable : a structural element formed from steel wire bound in strands; the
suspending element in a bridge; the supporting element in some dome roofs
Cables Fibre Optic Cable: Fibre Optic Cable is thin flexible cable made of
an engineered glass. Data is transmitted through the cable via light pulses.
The Optical Fibres act as wave guides; light inside the fiber is subject to total
internal reflection. Fibre Optic Cable is used for long distance and high speed
data transmission as signals as subject to less loss and higher transmission
rates than what is attainable with conductive wires.
Cables Flameproof Insulated Cable: Flameproof insulated cable is cable
that uses a flameproof insulator, such as PTFE or inorganic flame retardant
minerals like magnesium oxide.
Cables High Temperature Cable: High Temperature Cable is designed for
applications where service temperature exceeds 150 deg C. Insulators are
typically PTFE. Conductors are nickel or nickel coated copper. Applications
include ovens, furnaces, motors and high intensity lighting.
Cables Hv Cable: HV (High Voltage) Cable is used for high voltage power
transmission. Special considerations are made in the design of the insulator to
isolate the high voltage conductor. Insulator materials must not breakdown
due to voltage stress and also control leakage current. HV cable also often
utilizes a conductive layer between the insulator and outer jacket connected
to ground to equalize stress in the insulator.
Cables Mining Cable: Mining Cable is conductive cable designed for the
harsh conditions associated with mining. Both the conductor and insulator are
designed from maximum flexibility and performance over a wide temperature
range. The jacketing material is abrasion resistant and chemically inert.
Cables Overhead Line Cable: Overhead Line Cable is an non insulated
conductive cable suitable for overhead power transmission. Cable is
suspended overhead by towers and electrically isolated from the tower
structure by insulators. The majority of overhead line cable is aluminum
conductor steel reinforced (ACSR)construction. ACSR cable uses outer
aluminum conductor strands wrapped around a center steel strand for
strength.
Cables Pilc Insulated Cable: PILC (Paper Insulated, Lead Covered ) Cable
is used in power transmission. Conductors are wrapped in oil impregnated
paper which is surrounded by a lead jacket. This cable construction was
common for underground power transmission but has largely been replaced
by polymer insulated cabling in the last half century.
Cables Ptfe Cables: PTFE Cable uses PTFE, well known by the trade name
Teflon?, as the insulating jacket material. PTFE cable is appropriate for high
temperature applications, and is chemically inert, but is susceptible to
puncture and slice damage.
Cablestayed bridge : a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended
from cablesanchored to one or more towers
Cab-Operated Crane: Chemical symbol for Calcium.
Cad: Abbreviation for Computer-Aided Drafting.
Cad: Computer-aided Design
CAD: The operator’s compartment on a crane.
Cad Cam Design: CAD CAM Design is the process of using Computer
Aided Drafting (CAD) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
software's for component and process design. Although it is applicable to a
number of industries, it is commonly used in reference to CNC machine
components.
Cad Conversion: CAD conversion is an engineering service that provides
the input, transfer and export of 2D and 3D modeling data used in computer
aided drafting and design. Services may include the scanning of a product
and conversion to a CAD model, the transfer of old paper drawings to
computer models, the translation of CAD information from one software
package to another, or the transfer of information from the CAD system to
engineering analysis programs and fabrication processes.
CAD/CAM Machining: CAD/CAM Machining is a term used to refer to any
machining process that makes use of digital design software (CAD)and tool
path planning software (CAM) to program a CNC machine.
CAD/CAM Software: CAD/CAM Software is used for component design
and manufacture. CAD is an acronym for Computer-Aided Design and can
refer to any number of software tools used to produce detailed digital
drawings and models of components. CAM is an acronym for Computer-
Aided Manufacturing and typically refers to software used to graphically
design tool paths for a CNC (Computed Numerically Controlled) Machine.
While CAD and CAM are historically discrete software tools, modern
software often integrates the two functions into a single interface, referred to
as integrated CAD/CAM, or simply CAD/CAM.
Cadmium: Computer Assisted Design. The use of computer programs to
generate, analyze and modify designs. Extrusion dies and their supporting
tools, for example, may be designed with the aid of computers.
Cadmium: Chemical symbol Cd. Cadium is produced primarily as a by
product of zinc refining, but also is recovered during the benefication and
refining of some lead ores and complex copper zinc ores. Cadmium is bluish
white soft metal that can be cut with a knife. The principal use of cadmium,
which was discovered in Germany in 1817, has been in nickel cadmium
batteries for personal, portable communications, electronic and electrical
equipment. Other applications include pigments, coatings and plating,
stabilizers for plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers and solar cells.
Caisson: An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a
foundation wall. For example at a fireplace location or bay window
cantilever. Normally, not extending over 2 feet.
Caisson: A 10″ or 12″ diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into
bedrock 3 4 feet. The structural support for a type of foundation wall, porch,
patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more “sticks” of reinforcing bars
(rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the hole and concrete is
poured into the caisson hole
Caisson disease : an affliction developed by people moving in and out
of caissonsquickly; also called the bends and decompression sickness
Caisson : a watertight, dry chamber in which people can work underwater
Cake: Chemical symbol Cd. Cadmium is produced primarily as a byproduct
of zinc refining, but also is recovered during the benefication and refining of
some lead ores and complex copper-zinc ores. Cadmium is a bluish-white
soft metal that can be cut with a knife. The principle use of cadmium, which
was discovered in Germany in 1817, has been in nickel-cadmium batteries
for personal, portable communications, electronic and electrical equipment.
Other applications include pigments, coatings and plating, stabilizers for
plastics and similar synthetics, alloys, lasers and solar cells.
Cake: A copper ingot rectangular in cross section intended for rolling.
Calcareous coating or deposit : A layer consisting of a mixture of calcium
carbonate and magnesium hydroxide deposited on surfaces being
cathodically protected against corrosion, because of increased pH adjustment
to the protected surface.
Calcination: (1) A copper or copper alloy casting rectangular in cross
section, used for rolling into sheet or strip. (2) A coalesced mass of unpressed
metal powder.
Calcine, Calcines: Heating ores, concentrates, precipitates or residues to
decompose carbonates, hydrates or other compounds.
Calcined Bauxite: Refractory material, often fire clay, that has been heated
to eliminate volatile constituents and to produce desired physical changes.
Calcium: In the form of calcium silicide acts as a deoxidizer and degasifier
when added to steel. Recent developments have found that carbon and alloy
steels modified with small amounts of calcium show improved machinability
and longer tool life. Transverse ductility and toughness are also enhanced.
Calcium: A scale forming element found in boiler feed water.
Calcium (Ca): Bauxite fired to high temperatures.
Calcium chloride: A substance used to obtain calcium chloride brine.
Calcium Grease/Cup Grease: Aluminum-killed steel, while in the ladle
prior to being cast, often has calcium, in the form of calcium silicide, injected
into the liquid bath. The addition of calcium lowers the level of the remaining
oxygen and sulfur contents of the steel and modifies the residual inclusion
composition and shape. This has the effect of improving the cleanliness,
castability, machinability and of reducing the anisotropy of toughness and
ductility of the steel.
Calcium silicate bricks: Smooth bricks made by compressing and heating a
mixture of sand, or ground flint, and lime. Popular in the mid 20th century
but less used now, because of their tendency to shrink.
Calcium Silicide: An alloy of Calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28 35%
Ca, 60 65% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel
and cast iron; sometimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium Silicon: Oils thickened with calcium soap.
Calcium Silicon: An alloy of calcium, silicon, and iron containing 28 35%
Ca, 60 65% Si, and 6% Fe, max., used as a deoxidizer and degasser for steel
and cast iron; sometimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium Sulfate: Chemical formula is CAS04
Calcium sulfate: Chemical compound (CaSO4) which is used at a drying
agent or desiccant in liquid line dryers.
Calcium Sulfonate Grease: An alloy of calcium, silicon and iron containing
28-35% Ca, 60-65% Si, and 6% Fe, max. Used as a deoxidizer and degasser
for steel and cast-iron; somtimes called calcium silicide.
Calcium Wired Injection: A calcium neutralized grease thickened with
sulfonic acid and fatty acids. Sulfonate greases have inherent rust inhibition
Calcium Wired Injection: Wire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into
molten bath to provide favorable kinetics for inclusion modification.
Calendar day : Any day shown on the calendar, and the 24-hour period
thereof from 12:01 a.m. to midnight.
Calibration: AFTER some time machines and equipment measuring
equipment are showing some extra reading because of continuous uses so
after some time calibration is done to set the value of equipment to zero or
defaults
Calibration: A process of dividing and numbering the scale of an
instrument; also of correcting or determining the error of an existing scale, or
of evaluating one quantity in terms of readings of another.
Caliper: A special caliper used to measure both the “choral thickness” and
the depth of a gear tooth.
Caliper Disc Brake: in disc brake rotating disc is stop by putting pressure on
disc by pads and a caliper is used to puss the pad to disc.
Caliper, Gear Tooth: Wire feeding of steel clad calcium wire into a molten
bath to provide favorable kinetics for inclusion modification.
Calipers: A mechanical instrument usually having a pair of pivoted legs
adjustable to any distance and used to measure thichness, distances between
surfaces, and any internal or external diameter which is inaccessible with a
scale.
Calliper: diameter of nursery tree at the butt.
Calomel Electrode: A device used to measure inside or outside dimensions.
Calorie: it is a unit of energy. Symbol is for calorie is Cal
Calorie: It is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
one gram of water one degree Celsius.
Calorifiers: An vessel used for transfer heat to water in a vessel by indirect
means, the source of heat being contained in a pipe
Calorimeter: Calorimeter is an measuring device basically used for measure
the chemical or physical change in a reaction
Calorimeter: Device used to measure quantities of heat or determine specific
heats.
Calorizing: (1) An electrode widely used as a reference electrode of known
potential in electrometric measurement of acidity and alkalinity, corrosion
studies, voltammetry and measurement of the potentials of other electrodes.
(2) A secondary reference electrode of the composition.
Cam: A mechanical forming press in which one or more of the slides are
operated by cams; usually a double-action press in which the blankholder
slide is operated by cams through which the dwell is obtained.
CAM: A device for converting regular rotary motion to irregular rotary or
reciprocating motion. Sometimes the effect of off-center lathe operations.
Cam Grinder: Grinder is used to finish the surface of a rough surface and
cam grinder is specifically used to grind the surface of cam shaft for more
smoothness of surface
Cam Press: Imparting resistance to oxidation to an iron or steel surface by
heating in aluminum powder at 800 to 1,000°C (1,472 to 1,832°F).
Camber: Camber is an upward curvature of the chords of a joist or joist
girder induced during shop fabrication to compensate for deflection due to
loading conditions. Note, this is in addition to the pitch of the top chord.
Camber: The rise in the middle of a roadway for drainage, or the similar
shape given to a beam so that it will become level when loaded.
Camber: Camber is the deviation from edge straightness. Maximum
allowable tolerance of this deviation of a side edge from a straight line are
defined in ASTM Standards.
Camber : A slightly arched surface of a road to compensate for anticipated
deflection or to allow for drainage.
Camber Or Bow: Bow is an musical instrument which move or slide on
other musical instrument to get sound or music
Camber Tolerances: Computer-aided manufacturing; using data extracted
from a part CAD drawing to control a machine that produces the part.
Camber Tolerances: It is an minimum or maximum deviation in the edge of
metal sheet after manufacturing
Camber : the condition of having an arched surface
Camera Shutter Steel: 1. Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a
straight edge. Measurement is taken by placing a straight edge on the concave
side of a sheet and measuring the distance between the sheet edge and the
straight edge in the center of the arc. Camber is caused by one side being
elongated more than the other. 2. The hook or dogleg near the ends of a coil.
3. The slight upward vertical curve given to girders to compensate partially
for deflection due to hook load and weight of the Crane.
Camera Shutter Steel: It is a type of rolled steel having high hardness
toughness and having bright polishing
Campaign: Hardened, tempered and bright polished extra flat and extra
precision-rolled steel. Carbon content 1.25, Chromium 0.15.
Can: Can measurements are expressed in inches and sixteenths of inches in a
kind of shorthand. The standard 12-oz. beverage can, for example, is
described as 211 by 413, which translates to a 211/16 inches in diameter by
4-13/16 inched in height. When a two-piece can is described as 211/209/413,
this means 2-11/16 inches in diameter, necked in at the top to a 2-9/16 inches
by a 4-13/16 inches in height.
Can: It’s a aluminum vessel used for packed drink and other eatable things
mainly use and throw purpose
Can Dimensions: A life of anything. The length of a process unit’s lining
life.
Can Dimensions: It’s in cylindrical shape. Dimension of can is based on its
use. Dimension is contain the Height, Upper die, Lower die, and thickness of
sheet
Canadian human rights commission: An administrative
agency established by theCanadian Human Rights Act to receive and
investigate discrimination complaints pursuant to the Canadian Human
Rights Act. The Canadian Human Rights Commission investigates
discrimination complaints against entities within the legislative authority of
the Parliament of Canada (including federal government departments and
agencies, Crown corporations, banks, airlines, and other federally regulated
employers and service providers.) If necessary, it will refer a complaint to the
Canadian Human Rights Tribunal.
Canadian human rights tribunal: The Canadian Human Rights
Tribunal is the administrative agency authorized to legally determine if
discrimination occurred within the meaning of the Canadian Human Rights
Act. It conducts formal hearings on human rights complaints that have been
referred to it from the Canadian Human Rights Commission.
Canister: It is also in cylindrical shape. It is used in can as a protective layer.
Canning: A sheathing of soft metal that encloses a sintered metal billet for
the purpose of hot working (hot isostatic pressing, hot extrusion) without
undue oxidation.
Canning: To prevent the food from external environment generally kept in
vessel or jars, this process is called canning of foods
Cannon Plug: Cannon plug is also a jointer which is used to transfer heat
from one to another place it’s a high load having plugs having male and
female part
Canopy: A projecting member that is supported at one end only.
Canopy: upper layer formed by trees
Cant strip: A deck accessory which is a short piece of gage steel used at 45
degrees where a wall or parapet meets the end of deck.
Canted seat: A seat which is sloped perpendicular to the member which
most joist manufactures do not do. Usually the steel contractor furnishes a
bent plate shim to provide level bearing for the seat.
Cantilever: Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils
conditions. This void is "trapezoid" shaped and has vertical sides of 6" and 4"
respectively.
Cantilever: The part of a member that extends freely over a support which is
not supported at its end.
Cantilever: An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a
foundation wall. For example at a fireplace location or bay window
cantilever. Normally, not extending over 2 feet.
Cantilever: Overhanging beam, roof or floor.
Cantilever: (1) A dished distortion in a flat or nearly flat sheet metal surface,
sometimes referred to as oil canning. (2) Enclosing a highly reactive metal
within a relatively inert material for the purpose of hot working without
undue oxidation of the active metal.
Cantilever: Cantilever is a type of beam or plate, which hold from center or
one side and hanging from other side.
Cantilever : A beam which is securely supported at one end, and hangs
freely at the other; an overhanging beam.
Cantilever footing : A combined footing that supports an exterior wall or
exterior columns.
Cantilever : a projecting structure supported only at one end, like a shelf
bracket or a diving board
Cantilevered void: The portion of the flashing attached to a vertical surface
to prevent water from migrating behind the base flashing.
Cantilevered void: Foundation void material used in unusually expansive
soils conditions. This void is “trapezoid” shaped and has vertical sides of 6″
and 4″ respectively.
Cap: A repayment loan and the most conventional form of home loan. The
borrower pays an amount each month to cover the amount borrowed (or
capital or principal) plus the interest charged on capital.
Cap: The upper member of a column, pilaster, door cornice, molding, or
fireplace.
Cap flashing: The upper member of a column, pilaster, door cornice,
molding, or fireplace.
Cap flashing: The portion of the flashing attached to a vertical surface to
prevent water from migrating behind the base flashing.
Cap plate: A steel plate welded to the top of a column which a joist, joist
girder, or other structural member can bear on.
Cap Sheet: To cover the sheet by some insulated material to make the sheet
water resistance and water insulated
Capacitance : The property of an electric current that permits the storage of
electrical energy in an electrostatic field and the release of that energy at a
later time.
Capacitive Level Sensors: Its used to prevent the overflow in vessel. The
sensor read the max level and close the valve
Capacitive Proximity Switches: It is a type of sensor which is used as a
preventive device in any machine or equipment
Capacitor, (condenser): A device that can store an electric charge when
voltage is applied.
Capacity: The maximum rated load (in tons) which a cranes designed to
handle.
Capacity: Normal ability to produce steel in a given period. This rating
should include maintenance requirements, but because such service is
scheduled to match the machinery?s needs (not the calendar?s), a mill might
run at more than 100% of capacity one month and then fall well below rated
capacity as maintenance is performed. Engineered capacity. The theorectical
volume of a mill, given its constraints of raw material supply and normal
working speed ?True? Capacity. Volume at full utilization, allowing for the
maintenance of equipment and reflecting current material constraints.
(Bottlenecks of supply and distribution can change over time ? capacity will
expand or reduce.)
Capacity (Crane): Term used to describe an object's length from the edge of
the last support structure to the tip of the object. For example, the overhand
piece of a rolling bar (bar rolling).
Capacity : The adsorption activity possessed in varying degrees by ion-
exchange materials. This quality may be expressed as kilograms per cubic
foot, gram-milliequivalents per gram, pound-equivalents per pound, gram-
milliequivalents per milliliter, and so on, where the numerators of these ratios
represent the weight of the ions adsorbed and the denominators represent the
weight or volume of the adsorbent.
Cape Chisel: This chisel is having long cutting tip compare to general chisel.
It is used to cut keys and guides way.
Capesize, Panamax, Handymax: Normal ability to produce steel in a given
time period. This rating should include maintenance requirements, but
because such service is scheduled to match the needs of the machinery (not
those of the calendar), a mill might run at more than 100% of capacity one
month and then fall well below rated capacity as maintenance is performed.
Capillary: The name given to the thin tube attached to the bulb which
transmits the bulb pressure changes to the controller or indicator. The cross
sectional area of the capillary is extremely small compared to the cross
section of the bulb so that the capillary, which is usually outside of the
controlled fluid, will introduce the smallest possible error in the signal being
transmitted from the bulb.
Capillary Action: These are cargo vessel size categories. Capesize refers to
dry bulk carriers that are too big to pass through the Suez or Panama canals.
Consequently, they have to go round the Southern tip of Africa (Cape of
Good Hope) or South America (Cape Horn). They are usually around 80,000-
160,000 deadweight tons but can be larger, and typical cargoes are iron ore
and coal. Needless to say, they require deep berths or trans-shipment facilities
on arrival. Panamax cargo ships are the largest that can go through the
Panama Canal, and are usually about 65,000 dwt. Handymax vessels
typically carry dry bulk cargoes like steel, are in the 35,000-60,000 dwt
range, and are equipped with on-board cranes.
Capillary Attraction: The tendency of a liquid in contact with a small bore
(capillary) tube to rise above the level of the surrounding liquid.
Capillary pressure or seepage force : In ground which is being drained
from outside an excavation, capillary pressures help the excavated earth to
stand steeply. However, if the ground is being drained from inside and not
from outside the excavation, the capillary pressures will help the earth face to
collapse.
Capillary tube: The capillary tube is a metering device made from a thin
tube approximately 0.5 to 6 meter long and from 0.025 to 0.090 inches in
diameter which feeds liquid directly to the evaporator. Usually limited to
systems of 1 ton or less, it performs all of the functions of the thermal
expansion valve when properly sized.
Capillary water : Water just above the water table which is drawn up out of
an aquifer due to capillary action of the soil.
Capital: The mortgage interest rate will not exceed a specified value during a
certain period of time, but it will fluctuate up and down below that level.
Capital: The principal part of a loan, i.e. the original amount borrowed.
Capital and interest: The principal part of a loan, i.e. the original amount
borrowed.
Capital and interest: A repayment loan and the most conventional form of
home loan. The borrower pays an amount each month to cover the amount
borrowed (or capital or principal) plus the interest charged on capital.
Capped rate: Frames of wood or metal enclosing part (or all) of a window
sash. May be opened by means of hinges affixed to the vertical edges.
Capped rate: The mortgage interest rate will not exceed a specified value
during a certain period of time, but it will fluctuate up and down below that
level.
Capped Steel: (1) The phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid into
interconnected small voids, pores and channels in a solid, resulting from
surface tension. (2) The force by which liquid, in contact with a solid, is
distributed between closely fitted faying surfaces of the joint to be brazed or
soldered.
Capped Steel: it is also called deoxidized steel. When all oxygen is removed
during melting process of steel than capped steel is made
Capping: The uppermost part on top of a piece of work.
Capping: Semi-killed steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with a cap
fitting into the neck of the mold. The cap causes the top metal to solidify.
Pressure is built-up in the sealed-in molten metal and results in a surface
condition much like that of rimmed steel.
Capping brick: Bricks which are specially shaped for capping the exposed
top of a wall.
Capt: Captain
Carbide: Lathe cutting tools to which carbide tip inserts have been brazed to
provide cutting action on harder materials than the high-speed cutters are
capable of.
Carbide: Carbide is a compound of carbon and having less electronegative
elements
Carbide Bit: Bit is used to drill holes in metal. Carbide bit is a type of bit
having carbon on the cutting edge
Carbide Boring Tools: Tools are used to drill of bore holes in metal.
Carbide boring tool is a type of bit having carbon on the cutting edge
Carbide End Mills: It is also a cutting tool having cutting edge on the face at
some length
Carbide Precipitation: Partial or complete separation of a powder
metallurgy compact into two or more portions by cracks that originate near
the edges of the punch faces and that proceed diagonally into the compact.
Carbide Tool Bits: In 300 series stainless steel, Chromium reacts with
Carbon in the temperature range of 800° to 1500°F causing "sensitization".
This reaction is generally considered to be detrimental to corrosion resistance
because of the Chromium content decrease in the grain area adjacent to the
grain boundaries.
Carbide Tool Bits: Bit is used to cut the material. Lathe machine is best
example of cutting bit where bit is stable position and work is in rotating
motion
Carbon: This is a chemical element and shown by C. Graphite and diamond
having high carbon
Carbon (C): A compound of iron (or other element) and carbon in steel,
forming a very hard, non-metallic substance (Fe3C). Fe3C is also called
cementite.
Carbon Arc Cutting: An essential alloying addition in steel. As the carbon
content of steel increases, so does the strength and hardness. To optimize the
ductility and toughness for a given strength level the steel would be quenched
and tempered. The majority of carbon would then be in the form of fine
carbides. Carbon besides increasing the strength and hardness also increases
hardenability (q.v.). In general, the higher the carbon content, the greater the
care required in welding. (see Carbon Equivalent)
Carbon Arc Welding: An arc cutting process in which metals are severed by
melting them with the heat of an arc between a carbon electrode and the base
metal.
Carbon capture: The process of captured CO2 from flue gases produced by
fossil-fuel power plants, refineries, and chemical plants.
Carbon dioxide: Compound of carbon and oxygen (CO2) which is
sometimes used as a refrigerant. Refrigerant number is R-744.
carbon dioxide (CO2) laser: An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a carbon
electrode and the work. No shielding is used. Pressure and filler metal may or
may not be used.
Carbon Dioxide Process (Silicate Process, Schmidt Philip Process): A gas
laser that uses CO2 as the lasing medium, along with nitrogen and helium, to
increase the laser's effectiveness; operates at a wavelength of 10.6
micrometers (1 x 10-6 meters).
Carbon Edges: A process for hardening molds or cores in which carbon
dioxide gas is blown through dry clay-free silica sand to precipitate silica in
the form of a gel from the sodium silicate binder.
Carbon Electrode: Carbonaceous deposits in a wavy pattern along the edges
of a steel sheet or strip; also known as snaky edges.
Carbon Equivalent: A nonfiller material electrode used in arc welding or
cutting, consisting of a carbon or graphite rod, which may be coated with
copper or other coatings.
Carbon Equivalent: Referring to the rating of weld ability, this is a value
that takes into account the equivalent additive effects of carbon and other
alloying elements on a particular characteristic of a steel. For rating of weld
ability, a formula commonly used is: CE 3D C + (Mn/6) + [(Cr + Mo + V)/5]
+ [(Ni + Cu)/15].
Carbon Fiber Angles: The material is composite of carbon and fiber and
agles Is made by it at different places, angles are in the shape of L
Carbon Fiber Rods: Carbon fiber is also used in the shape of rods. Carbon
fiber rods are highly strength and stiffness
Carbon Fiber Sheet: The sheet is also made by carbon fiber, and used for
car body making. Because of its any shape made property. But currently it’s a
very costly so its used in car body for only concept or prototype
Carbon Fiber Tubing: Tubes are used of carbon fiber because of its high
strength and high stiffness
Carbon Filter: A key parameter (CEV) in assessing the weldability of a
steel. The higher the value, the greater the care needed, especially with regard
to pre- and post-heat treatment. Cev=C+Mn+Cr+Mo+V+Ni+Cu 6 5 15.
Carbon Filter: Carbon filters are used to remove the impurities of substance
Carbon filter : Air filter using activated carbon as air cleansing agent.
Carbon Free: Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.
Carbon Leakage: A unit containing a media of activated carbon to remove
organic impurities and residual chlorine from the water.
Carbon Potential: This is the shift of industrial activity from one country or
region to another because of the penalties associated with excessive carbon
emissions, resulting in no net reduction in global emissions. It is a
phenomenon more associated with basic industries like steel, cement and
chemicals than with the equally or more polluting power generation sector
(because of limitations on electricity transmission distances). The "leakage"
might occur because a polluting company decides to move its activities to
somewhere with weaker environmental regulation. Equally, it could happen
because the cost of environmental compliance results in a polluter in one
country reducing or closing activity, but another company or companies in a
less regulated part of the world starting, or increasing activity to fill the
supply gap. In the case of steelmaking in advanced industrial economies like
Europe, the likelihood of carbon leakage by companies moving elsewhere is
further enhanced by the inherently more favorable economics of basic steel
production in certain other countries anyway, irrespective of environmental
considerations.
Carbon Potential: A measure of the capacity of an environment containing
active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed conditions, the carbon
concentration in a steel.
Carbon Range: In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference
between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.
Carbon Refractory: A manufactured refractory comprised substantially of
calcined petroleum coke.
Carbon Refractory Petroleum- Coke-base: A measure of the ability of an
environment containing active carbon to alter or maintain, under prescribed
conditions, the carbon level of the steel. Note: In any particular environment,
the carbon level attained will depend on such factors as temperature, time and
steel composition.
Carbon Residue: A manufactured refractory comprised substantially or
entirely of carbon (including graphite).
Carbon Restoration: The residue remaining after the evaporation and
pyrolysis of a sample of oil under specified conditions. Tests that determine
carbon residue are the Ramsbottom and Conradson methods, ASTM D 524
and D 189, respectively.
Carbon Restoration: Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer during
previous processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original
carbon level.
Carbon rings : To minimize steam leakage, gland sealing arrangement
features an angle-type, carbon ring design with a packing case that is an
integral part of the turbine case. Inconel springs hold the rings in place.
Carbon Sand: Replacing the carbon lost in the surface layer from previous
processing by carburizing this layer to substantially the original carbon level.
Sometimes called recarburizing.
Carbon Sand: A molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon
(graphite) granules.
Carbon Steel: A molding aggregate consisting principally of carbon
(graphite) granules.
Carbon tetrachloride : Colorless nonflammable and very toxic liquid used
as a solvent. It should never be allowed to touch skin and fumes must not be
inhaled.
Carbon : naturally occurring element commonly found in steel
Carbonaceous exchanger: Ion-exchange materials of limited capacity
prepared by the sulfonation of coal, lignite, peat, and so on.
Carbonate: Carbonate is a acid used in chemical reactions. It is the
combination of carbonate group
Carbonate Hardness: The measurement of acidded water which was happen
by the presence of carbon in the water
Carbonate hardness: That hardness caused in water by bicarbonates and
carbonates of calcium, and magnesium.
Carbonate : An ion or salt of carbonic acid, containing carbon and oxygen
such as calcium carbonate. (CaC03)
Carbonate-polymer treatment : A treatment method using synthetic
polymers, generally used with high hardness (60-70) ppm and high alkalinity.
Carbon-Ceramic Refractory: A type of steel generally having only a slight
quantity of elements other than carbon, silicon, manganese, sulfur and
phosphorus, so it has no significant quantity of any alloying element.
Carbonitriding: A manufactured refractory comprised of carbon (including
graphite) and one or more ceramic materials such as fireclay and silicon
carbide.
Carbonitriding: A case-hardening process in which a suitable ferrous
material is heated above the lower transformation temperature in a gaseous
atmosphere of such composition as to cause simultaneous absorption of
carbon and nitrogen by the surface and, by diffusion, create a concentration
gradient. The heat-treating process is completed by cooling at a rate that
produces the desired properties in the workpiece.
Carbonitriding.: It is a surface modifications technique which Is used to
increase the hardness of the material by adding carbon,
Carbonization: A process of case hardening a ferrous material in a gaseous
atmosphere containing both carbon and nitrogen.
Carbonizing: Conversion of an organic substance into elemental carbon.
(Should not be confused with carburization).
Carbonizing: This is the technique to convert raw carbon to a pure carbon.it
is widely used in making coal gases from raw coal
Carbonyl Powder: The process of adding carbon to the outer surface of steel
to improve its quality by heat treating it in contact with carbonaceous
material.
Carborundum: Metal powders prepared by the thermal decomposition of a
metal carbonyl compound such as nickel tetracarbonyl or iron pentacarbonyl.
See also thermal decomposition. (see Thermal Decomposition)
Carborundum: A trade name for an abrasive compounded of silicon and
carbon (silicon carbide).
Carboxylic : A term describing a specific acidic group (COOH) that
contributes cat ion-exchange ability to some resins.
Carburizing: A gas flame that will introduce carbon into some heated
metals, as during a gas welding operation. A carburizing flame is a reducing
flame, but a reducing flame is not necessarily a carburizing flame.
Carburizing Flame: A trade name for an abrasive compounded of silicon
and carbon (silicon carbide).
Carburizing Furnaces: Carburizing furnace is used for metal forming
process where carbon is deposited to other material to increase the hardness
of the material.
Card Key Reader: This is an inbuilt sensor mounted device, which read the
specific card and act as a lock. The card data is feed in the device so that the
device can read the card,
Cardboard Drum: To introduce carbon: 1. While steel is molten by adding
carbonaceous material, coke, coal, electrode scrap, etc. 2. While steel is in the
solid state by heating it in contact with carbonaceous matter below its melting
point.
Cardboard Drum: This is a drum in cylindrical shape basically made from
cardboard. This is used where light material is kept by some period.it is
environment friendly.
cares: Cares is the new brand for ’s global community volunteer program.
Carnot cycle: The most efficient heat engine cycle is the Carnot cycle,
consisting of two isothermal processes and two adiabatic processes. The
Carnot cycle can be thought of as the most efficient heat engine cycle
allowed by physical laws
Carpentry: Trade of preparing, cutting and fixing timber in building
construction
Carriageway : The part of a highway which carrier vehicles.
Carrier (Trolley): Cardboard insert placed on the reel around which the coil
is wound. The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil.
Carrier Head: An assembly with wheels which will run on monorail track or
crane girders and which will support a load.
Carrying capacity: number of organisms a habitat can support throughout a
year without damaging organisms or habitat
Carryover: The part or something is transferred from previous one is called
as carryover. Or something is taken from previous version is a carryover
Carryover : The moisture and entrained solids forming the film of steam
bubbles, as a result of foaming in a boiler. This condition is caused by a
faulty boiler water condition. See also foaming.
Cars: Car is an automotive vehicle, which Is current four wheel or three
wheels and door according to need and runs on a engine. Engine is driven by
petrol, diesel or electricity.
Cartridge Brass: This is made with brass and used in Guns as a bullet, or
shell. Cartridge without a bullet mounted on a head is called a shell.
Cartridge Heater: This is a heating element with electrical resistivity and
used in heating process
Cas: Calibrated Airspeed. IAS corrected for air density and compressibility.
Cascade: Cascade is term used in chemical industry to define the series of
process.
Cascade -: A series of stages in which the output of one stage is the input of
the next stage.
Cascade Systems: To define the series of process a system is used called as
cascade system In this process are joint in manner that the series of recitation
is maintained
Cascade systems : Arrangement in which two or more refrigerating systems
are used in series; uses evaporator of one machine to cool condenser of other
machine. Produces ultra-low temperatures.
Case: The process of hardening steel surfaces by changing the structure of a
thin layer on its surface. Methods include carburizing, cyaniding, nitriding
and induction or flame hardening.
Case Crushing: The CAS-OB process (Composition Adjustment by Sealed
argon bubbling-Oxygen Blowing) benefits are high and predictable
recoveries of the added alloying materials, low aluminum consumption, low
content of total oxygen after treatment, decrease in tapping temperature at the
BOF, reduced reblows at the BOF, and a more stable casting speed caused by
better accuracy to hit the arrival time and temperature at the casters. One of
the major costs for the CAS-OB process is the refractory for the bell.
Case Drain Line: The drain pipe for remove slag or unused material from
chemical reaction or chemical case
Case-Hardening: A term used to denote longitudinal gouges arising from
fracture in case-hardened gears.
Casement: A window with hinges on one of the vertical sides and swings
open like a normal door
Casement: Frames of wood or metal enclosing part (or all) of a window
sash. May be opened by means of hinges affixed to the vertical edges.
Casement: A window which is hinged rather than sliding.
Casement window: Wood trim molding installed around a door or window
opening.
Casement window: A window with hinges on one of the vertical sides and
swings open like a normal door
Casing: (1) A flexible material used to seal a gap between two surfaces e.g.
between pieces of siding or the corners in tub walls. (2) To fill a joint with
mastic or asphalt plastic cement to prevent leaks.
Casing: Wood trim molding installed around a door or window opening.
Casing: The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been suitably
altered in composition and can be made substantially harder than the interior
or core by heat treatment.
Casing: Insert the stepped rods having different diameter at some length
inserted in predrilled hole to hold something or support something
CAS-OB: A two-wheel assembly used with load bars to form a carrier or end
truck.
CASS Test: Casing is the structural retainer for the walls of oil and gas
wells, and accounts for 75% (by weight) of OCTG shipments. Casing is used
to prevent contamination of both the surrounding water table and the well
itself. Casing lasts the life of a well and is not usually removed when a well is
closed.
Cassion : A cylindrical or rectangular rigged-wall for keeping water or soft
ground from flowing into an excavation while digging for foundations or
piles.
Cast: To place some plastic material in a previously constructed form.
Cast in-situ: Concrete cast or poured in its permanent position in prepared
forms (e.g. concrete steps, hearth slabs, floors, beams, lintels).
Cast iron: A brittle material no longer much used in structural engineering.
Cast Iron Fittings: The fitting component is made from cast iron. Cast iron
fitting is used in plumbing as T- unit, L-unit and other
Cast iron : a generic term for a large family of cast ferrous alloys
Cast iron : a brittle alloy with high carbon content; iron that has been
melted, then poured into a form and cooled; can be made into any shape
desired
Cast Rolling Phase: Abbreviation for copper-accelerated salt-spray test.
Cast Steel: Cast steel is the alloy with carbon having the carbon content of
1.7%. Having the properties better than cast iron. Any complicated shapes are
made in one part.
Cast steel : steel in the form of an object at or near finished shape, produced
by pouring molten steel into a mold
Cast Structure: The direct connection of casting and rolling, a patented
process phase of ISP/AST Technology.
Cast Welds: The metallographic structure of a casting evidenced by shape
and orientation of grains and by segregation of impurities.
Castability: The metallic product obtained by reducing iron ore with carbon
at a temperature sufficiently high to render the metal fluid and casting it in a
mold.
Castable: (1) A complex combination of liquid-metal properties and
solidification characteristics that promotes accurate and sound final castings.
(2) The relative ease with which a molten metal flows through a mold or
casting die.
Castigated Nut (Castle Nut): A combination of refractory grain and suitable
bonding agent that, after the addition of a proper liquid (usually water), is
poured or pumped into place to form a refractory shape or structure which
becomes rigid because of chemical action.
Castigated Nut (Castle Nut): This a joining device called as Nut. In this slot
is cut on the extended head of nut, used in deep hole threads having rods so
that nut can loose by T from top most grooves
Casting: The weight of a casting or castings divided by the total weight of
metal poured into the mold, expressed as a percent.
Casting Defect: A nut with grooves cut entirely across the top face.
Casting Drawing: Casting is made from cast iron and generally In one part.
And casting drawing is made to build a specific part from cast iron by casting
process
Casting Layout: To check the overall dimensions of casting a casting layout
is made,
Casting Powder: Any imperfection in a casting that does not satisfy one or
more of the required design or quality specifications. This term is often used
in a limited sense for those flaws formed by improper casting solidification.
Casting Shrinkage: A powder applied to the inside of a mold before teeming
to prevent the metal from sticking to the mold.
Casting Strains: The amount of dimensional change per unit length of the
casting as it solidifies in the mold or die and cools to room temperature after
removal from the mold or die. There are three distinct types of casting
shrinkage. Liquid shrinkage refers to the reduction in volume of liquid metal
as it cools to the liquidus. Solidification shrinkage is the reduction in volume
of metal from the beginning to the end of solidification. Solid shrinkage
involves the reduction in volume of metal from the solidus to room
temperature.
Casting Stresses: Strains in a casting caused by casting stresses that develop
as the casting cools.
Casting Yield: Residual stresses set up when the shape of a casting impedes
contraction of the solidified casting during cooling.
Casting Yield: The weight of casting divided by total poured metal for
casting is called as casting yield
Casting : an object at or near finished shape obtained by solidification of a
metal or alloy in a mold
Cast-in-place: construction of forms and filling with concrete at final
location.
Cast-in-place or cast-in-situ : Concrete deposited in its permanent place.
Cast-Iron: The process of using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), plasma
welding, laser welding, or electron beam welding to apply weld heat to melt
the edges of the material and allow them to flow together to form a joint.
Castor Wheel : Mechanical wheel made in different-2 material according to
use. But made in plastic. Used as cooler, fridge or TV stand wheel
Catalysis: Pouring molten metal into a mold, or the metal object (i.e., ingot)
produced by such pouring.
Catalyst: Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction of two or
more reactants due to the participation of an additional substance called
a catalyst.Unlike other reagents in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not
consumed by the reaction.
Catalyst: A material or agent that promotes or produces a chemical action
but does not itself participate in the chemical action.
Catalytic cracking: The process of breaking up heavier hydrocarbon
molecules into lighter hydrocarbon fractions by using heat and catalysts.
Catastrophic Failure: A substance which by its presence alters the rate of
reaction and itself remains unchanged at the end of the reaction.
Catch basin : An underground receptacle with asurface grating for street
drainage that connects to the sewer system.
Category of professional [registration] : Engineer, engineering technologist
and engineering technician or similarly named roles defined by their
distinctive competencies and level of responsibility to the public.
Cathead: Sudden failure of a component or assembly that frequently results
in extensive secondary damage to adjacent components or assemblies.
Cathead: This is a wooden beam used in ship. Its work is to support the
ship's anchor
Cathode: The portion of solution in immediate contact with the cathode
during electrolysis.
Cathode Copper: A collar or sleeve which fits loosely over a shaft to which
it is clamped by setscrews.
Cathode FiIm: Copper deposited at the cathode in electrolytic refining.
Cathode protection : A method of preventing corrosion by making the metal
a cathode in a conducting medium by means of a direct electrical current that
is galvanic.
Cathode : the electrode of an electrolytic cell at which reduction occurs;
positive current flows from the anode (zinc) through the electrolyte to the
cathode (steel)
Cathode : In electrolysis or electrochemical corrosion, a site on a surface
where actions in solution are neutralized by electrons to become elements
that either plate out on the surface or react with water to produce a secondary
reaction.
Cathodic Cleaning: Primary non-ferrous metal casting to be rolled or forged
into other shapes; usually copper or nickel.
Cathodic Corrosion: Electrolytic cleaning in which the work is the cathode.
Cathodic Inhibitor: Corrosion caused by a reaction of an amphoteric metal
with the alkaline products of electrolysis.
Cathodic Inhibitors : This a anti corrosion solution which is applied to
material to reduce the corrosion
Cathodic Pickling: A chemical substance that prevents or slows a cathodic
or reduction reaction.
Cathodic Polarization: Electrolytic pickling in which the work is the
cathode.
Cathodic Protection: The change of the electrode potential in the active
(negative) direction due to current flow. See also polarization. (see
Polarization)
Cathodic Protection: This is a protection technique used to prevent material
from corrosion. In this material or part is made as anode
Cathodic protection : reduction or prevention of corrosion of a metal
surface by making it a cathode in an electrolytic cell, using either a galvanic
or impressed current; zinc cathodically protects steel, i.e. sacrificially giving
up electrons to protect the steel from corrosive attack
Cathodic protection : Reduction of corrosion rate by shifting the corrosion
potential of the electrode towards less oxidizing potential by applying an
external electromotive force.
Cathodic Sodium Dichromate: Reducing the corrosion of a metal by
making the particular surface a cathode of an electrochemical cell.
Cathodic : exhibiting properties of a cathode; steel is cathodic in relation to
zinc
Catholyte: A common treatment applied to passivate the surface of
electroytic tin plate against the formation of tin oxides.
Cation: The electrolyte adjacent to the cathode of an electrolytic cell.
Cation: Having positive charge cation is known as ion
Cation : A positively charged ion that migrates through the electrolyte
toward the cathode under the influence of a potential gradient.
Cationexchange Softeners: To made soft water form hard water softeners
are used it extract the calcium and magnesium from water and made it soft
for further uses
Cation-exchange softeners : Ion exchange units are known primarily as
water softeners. But they can also remove nitrates, sulfates, and various toxic
metals from water. ion exchangers. PDF
Cationic: An group of ions having a positive charge moving toward the
negative electrode
Cationic : The condition of a polymer, colloid, or large particle having
exchangeable anions on its surface and an opposite, positive charge on the
substrata.
Catwalk: Suspended structural framing used to provide access to and
between areas below a roof and above a floor.
Caulking: A pesticide that is forced into wood under high pressure to protect
it from termites, other wood boring insects, and decay caused by fungus
Caulking: (1) A flexible material used to seal a gap between two surfaces
e.g. between pieces of siding or the corners in tub walls. (2) To fill a joint
with mastic or asphalt plastic cement to prevent leaks.
Caulking : Using pressure gun for filling of a crack, crevice, seam or joint to
make it air or water-tight
Caustic: Quenching with aqueous solutions of 5 to 10% sodium hydroxide
(NaOH).
Caustic cleaning : the cleaning of steel in a solution with high alkalinity; in
the hot-dip galvanizing process, organic residues are removed by immersing
steel in a tank of caustic solution
Caustic Cracking: A positively charged ion that migrates through the
electrolyte toward the cathode under the influence of a potential gradient. See
also anion and ion. (see Anion) (see Ion)
Caustic cracking -: A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently
encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromium-nickel alloys that are exposed
to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperature of 200 to 250°C.
Caustic Dip: A form of stress-corrosion cracking most frequently
encountered in carbon steels or iron-chromium-nickel alloys that are exposed
to concentrated hydroxide solutions at temperatures of 200 to 250°C (400 to
480 °F). Also known as caustic embrittlement.
Caustic Embrittlement: A strong alkaline solution into which metal is
immersed for etching, for neutralizing acid or for removing organic materials
such as greases or paints.
Caustic embrittlement: An obsolete term replaced by caustic cracking.
Caustic Quenching: An obsolete historical term denoting a form of stress-
corrosion cracking most frequently encountered in carbon steels or iron-
chromium-nickel alloys that are exposed to concentrated hydroxide solutions
at temperatures of 200 to 250°C (400 to 480°F).
Caustic soda : A common water treatment chemical, sodium hydroxide.
Cavitation: The process of filling the empty space by a solid object.
Cavitation -: The formation and collapse, within a liquid, of cavities or
bubbles that contain vapor or gas or both. In general, cavitation originates
from decreases in static pressure in the liquid. In order to erode a solid
surface by cavitation, it is necessary for the cavitation bubbles to collapse on
or close to that surface.
Cavitation (Hydraulics): An alkaline solution used to neutralize the acid in
the discharge water from the scrubbers when it goes to the sewer.
Cavitation Corrosion: When the absolute pressure in a pump intake line is
reduced below the vapor pressure of the fluid, the fluid may vaporize, or
“boil”, or the dissolved air in the fluid may separate. In either case, as the
bubbles go through the pump, they collapse or implode and damage the metal
of the pump.
Cavitation Damage: A process involving conjoint corrosion and cavitation.
Cavitation Damage: Some damage In the cavity due to having vapor fluids
that strike to the cavity while in process
Cavitation Erosion: The degradation of a solid body resulting from its
exposure to cavitation. This may include loss of material, surface deformation
or changes in properties or appearance.
Cavitation Erosion: This corrosion is due to vapor contact to cavitation.
Cavitation erosion : Progressive loss of original material from a solid
surface due to continuing exposure to cavitation.
Cavitations : The process of filling the empty space by a solid object.
Cavity: Progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to
continuing exposure to cavitation from a solid surface due to continuing
exposure to cavitation.
Cavity: Cavity is a female hole where a male part will be filled for joining
purpose. The male is called as dowel.
Cavity tie: See brick tie.
Cavity wall: A hollow wall, usually consisting of two brick walls erected 40
to 50mm apart and joined together with ties of metal.
Cavity wall: A wall consisting of two leaves or skins of masonry, seperated
by a cavity to enhance water resistance and thermal insulation. A form of
wall construction known but rarely used in Victorian times but which came
into common use in the 1930s. (Fr. mur (m) à double paroi).
Cb: The mold or die impression that gives a casting its external shape.
Cc: Cubic centimeters.
Cca: Copper chrome arsenic salts used in preservation of timber.
Cca (chromated copper arsenate): One of a series of parallel framing
members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams,
girders or bearing walls. Also called roof joists.
Cca (chromated copper arsenate): A pesticide that is forced into wood
under high pressure to protect it from termites, other wood boring insects,
and decay caused by fungus
CCT Diagram: Chemical symbol for Columbium.
CCTC: See continuous cooling transformation diagram. (see Continuous
Cooling Transformation Diagram)
CDC: Continuous Casting Technology Committee
Cdi: Course Deviation Indicator. The vertical needle of a VOR indicator
which shows the aircraft’s position relative to the selected RADIAL.
Ce: (see Cathhodic Sodium Dichromate)
Ceiling: Height above ground or water level of the base of the lowest layer
of cloud, below 20,000 feet, covering more than half of the sky. Service
ceiling also means an aircraft’s DENSITY ALTITUDE at which its
maximum rate of climb is lower or equal to 100 feet per minute. The absolute
celing is the highest altitude at which the aircraft can maintain level flight.
Ceiling extension: Is similar to a bottom chord extension except that only
one angle of the joist bottom chord is extended from the first bottom chord
panel point towards the end of the joist.
Ceiling joist: Black fibrous board that is used as exterior sheething.
Ceiling joist: One of a series of parallel framing members used to support
ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.
Also called roof joists.
Cell: Chemical symbol for Cerium.
Cells: In aluminum production, the electrolytic reduction cell commonly
called a “pot”, in which alumina dissolved in molten cryolite is reduced to
metallic aluminum. A series of cells connected electrically is called a "pot
line."
Cellular Manufacturing: Plastic tanks that contain anodes and plater
solution. The strip goes through the cells during the coating process.
Celotex : Black fibrous board that is used as exterior sheething.
Celotex ™: The gray powder that is the "glue" in concrete. Portland cement.
Also, any adhesive.
Celsius: A manufacturing philosophy that puts related processes together to
make a finished component in a continuous flow, as opposed to a series of
batch operations.
Celsius Temperature: Celsius is centigrade it’s a unit of measuring the
temperature in degree unit.
Celsius Temperature Scale: Temperature scale is device from where we get
the temperature in degree, on that scale degree is printed.
Celsius temperature scale : A thermometric scale in which the freezing
point of water is called 0°C and its boiling point 100°C at normal
atmospheric pressure.
CEMA: This is the term used for conversion of units, from Celsius to
Fahrenheit
Cement: A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor or
wall. Generally used in bathtub and shower enclosures and on counter tops.
Cement: The gray powder that is the “glue” in concrete. Portland cement.
Also, any adhesive.
Cement: A powder which when mixed with water forms a paste that hardens
with time. Portland Cement was first patented by Joseph Aspin in 1824 and is
known as hydraulic cement, because it will set under water. Cement is mixed
with sand to make mortar or render, and with larger stones added it is known
as concrete. The sand and stones are there to reduce the shrinkage to which
Portland cement is subject and to reduce the amount of cement needed. There
are various grades the usual one is called Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC);
others commonly used are rapid hardening and sulphate resisting.
Cement: aka Portland Cement - a dry powder consisting of burned
limestone, gypsum and other chemicals - used in the manufacture of concrete,
mortar, grout etc.
Cement : A mixture of silicates and aluminates of calcium that when mixed
with water it binds a stone-sand mixture into a strong concrete within a few
days.
Cement (portland): Obtained by crushing and burning limestone in kilns,
the resulting clinker being finely ground with gypsum and with the addition
of various aggregates is used for many purposes (e.g. concrete, mortar)
Cement Copper: International thermometric scale.
Cement mixer: Mechanical device consisting of a rotating drum with fixed
paddles inside, used for mixing cement with aggregate and water to produce
concrete, mortar, or any other cement-based mixture.
Cement mortar : Mortar usually composed of four parts sand to one of
cement, with a suitable amount of water.
Cement : a binding material, or glue, that helps concrete harden
Cementation: Impure copper recovered by chemical deposition when iron
(most often shredded steel scrap) is brought into prolonged comact with a
dilute copper sulfate solution.
Cemented Camide: 1. Introduction of one or more elements into the outer
layer of a metal object by means of diffusion at high temperature. 2. An
obsolete process used to convert wrought iron to blister steel by carburizing.
Wrought iron bars were packed in sealed chests with charcoal and heated at
about 2000°F (1100°C) for six to eight days. Cementation was the
predominant method of manufacturing steels, particularly high-carbon tool
steels, prior to the introduction of the Bessemer and open-hearth methods.
Cementite: A solid and coherent mass made by pressing and sintering a
mixture of powders of one or more metallic carbides, such as tungsten
carbide, and a much smaller amount of a metal, such as cobalt. To serve as a
binder.
Centane number: A measure of ignition quality of a fuel or petroleum with
reference to normal centane high-ignition quality fuel with an arbitrary
number of 100.
Centcom: U.S. Army Central Command.
Center: A pointed hand tool made of hardened steel and shaped somewhat
like a pencil.
Center Buckle: This is the name given to the compound of iron and carbon,
Fe3C (iron carbide) which is a microstructural constituent found in many
steels. It is very hard and brittle.
Center Buckle: The uniter which hold in center of ballet or rod is called as
center buckle
Center Drill: A condition in the band of steel where the center (in the
direction of rolling) is longer than the edges and has a wave or buckle.
Center Drill: drill is used to drill hole in metal of wood. Center drilled
having tip(cutting edge) on both side
Center Gage: Center gage is used to check the angle of cutting edge,
Center Gauge: A combined countersink and drill used to prepare work for
mounting centers.
Center Head: A small flat gauge having 60° angles that is used for grinding
and setting the thread cutting tools in a lathe. It may also be used to check the
pitch of threads and the points of center.
Center Head: It’s a measuring device, which is used to check the center of
cutting material. A scale is mounted In the center and clamp on the other end
Center line of highway : A line equidistant from the edges of the median
separating the main travelled ways on a divided highway, or the centre line of
the main travelled way on undivided highway.
Center, Dead: The distance between the theoretical or calculated centers of
two adjoining bends. Also used for diametric measurement between the
centerlines of two tangent points of a bend (i.e., 180-degree bend for which
the center-to-center distance will be equal to twice the centerline radius).
Center, Half Male: A center that does not rotate; commonly found on the
tailstock of a lathe. Also, an expression for the exact center of an object.
Center, Live: A dead center that has a portion of the 60° cone cut away.
Center, Punch: A center that revolves with the work. Generally this is the
headstock center; however, the ball bearing type tailstock center is also called
a live center.
Centering Arms: A point or axis around which anything revolves or rotates.
In the lathe, one of the parts upon which the work to be turned is placed. The
center in the headstock is referred to as the “live” center and the one mounted
in the tailstock as the "dead" center.
Centering Arms: The arm is used to locate the material to the position for
cutting process
Centering Marks: Marks are placed for accurate centering of job to machine
Centerless Grinding: In ring rolling, externally mounted rolls, adjusted to
the outside diameter of the ring during rolling. Maintains and guides the ring
in a centerline position to achieve alignment.
Centerline (Gears): An operation whereby the surface of a bar is ground
without using a lathe.
Centerline Diameter: Line that intersects the geometrical centers of the
pinion and gear.
Centerline Radius: The distance from the centerline axis of the tube or pipe
across to the other centerline of a 180-degree return bend.
Centerline span (or center-to-center): A theoretical span definition which
is the distance between the actual centerlines of a beam, column, joist, or joist
girder.
Center-to-Center: Part of a combination square set that is used to find the
center of or to bisect a round or square workpiece.
Centipoise: The distance from the center of curvature to the centerline (axis)
of the pipe, expressed as a number multiplied by the pipe or tube size. For
example, the bend radius of a 5 x D bend for a 2-inch nominal pipe size
(NPS) pipe or a 2-inch tube is 10 inches. Also called CLR.
Centistoke: A unit of absolute viscosity: one centipoise equals 0.01 poise. At
the same temperature, centipoises equals centistokes multiplied by specific
gravity (cp = cSt x sp.grav.).
Centralized Lubrication: A unit of kinematic viscosity, abbreviated as cSt:
one centistoke equals 0.01 stoke. At the same temperature, centistokes equals
centipoises divided by specific gravity (cSt = cp/sp.grav.).
Centrifugal: type of pump that "flings" water outwards and into an exit pipe.
Centrifugal Casting: A system of non-recirculating lubrication that supplies
a metered amount of lubricant from a central location to individual
lubrication points.
Centrifugal Compressor: The energy is transferred by impeller which is
driven by centrifugal motor,
Centrifugal compressor : Pump which compresses gaseous fluids by
centrifugal force.
Centrifugal Fans: The fan rotate from a centrifugal motor is called as
centrifugal fan.
Centrifugal Force: The force which is result of a centrifugal movement of
impeller
Centrifugal force: On a centrifugal pump, it is that force which throws water
from a spinning impeller.
Centrifugal force : is actually not a force but the experience of an inertial
force experienced in a rotating reference frame acting away from the center
of the rotation. It is equal in magnitude but opposite to the centripetal
force required to constrain the body to move in a circular motion. s actually
not a force but the experience of an inertial.
Centrifugal Mills: To mill or mix material centrifugal mill is used, a grinder
or juicer is an example of centrifugal mills
Centrifugal Polishing: To polish the surface of rough material by centrifugal
flow of polishing material to rough surface
Centrifugal Pump: The process of filling molds by (1) pouring metal into a
sand or permanent mold that is revolving about either its horizontal or its
vertical axis or (2) pouring metal into a mold that is subsequently revolved
before solidification of the metal is complete. See also centrifuge
casting. (see Centrifuge Casting)
Centrifugal Pump: The pump is used to Increase the pressure of fluid or
feed the fluid with high speed. Centrifugal pump is having one centrifugal
pump, impeller etc.
Centrifugal pump: Pump which produces fluid velocity and converts it to
pressure head.
Centrifugal pump : A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating
shaft and enclosed in a casing, having an inlet and a discharge connection.
The rotating impeller creates pressure in the liquid by the velocity derived
from centrifugal force.
Centrifuge: A casting technique in which mold cavities are spaced
synunetrically about a vertical axial common downgate. The entire assembly
is rotated about that axis during pouring and solidification.
Centrifuge Casting: A pump with a rotating element, shaft and impeller and
a stationary casing. In this pump, fluid is propelled at high velocity as
centrifugal force at the periphery of the impeller blades discharges
pressurized fluid into the system.
Centrifuging : the process of removing excess zinc from small hot-dip
galvanized parts by placing them in a perforated, rapidly spinning cylindrical
container
Centring: A temporary framework support under an arch during its
construction
Centring: Temporary supports used when building an arch.
Centripetal Force: The force makes a path from center to its periphery.
Direction is fixed and motion is toward the center
Centripetal force: is the force that causes an object to move in a circle,
acting towards the centre of the circle. In the case of a satellite the centripetal
force is gravity, in the case of an object at the end of a rope, the centripetal
force is the tension of the rope.
Centroid: The point in a member at the intersection of two perpendicular
axes so located that the moments of the areas on opposite sides of an axis
about that axis is zero.
Ceramic: Cutting tools made from sintered, hotpressed or hot isostatically
pressed alumina-base or silicon nitride-base ceramic materials.
Ceramic Insulation: This is high temperature insulation. Insulation material
is wool so that its called ceramic insulation
Ceramic tile- : A rating that expresses the amount of air a blower or fan can
move. The volume of air (measured in cubic feet) that can pass through an
opening in one minute.
Ceramic tile- : A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor
or wall. Generally used in bathtub and shower enclosures and on counter
tops.
Ceramic Tools: An instrument that employs centrifugal or rotating force to
separate substances of different densities, useful for precipitating solids from
a liquid or separating liquids of different densities.
Ceramic Tools: Tools are used by fine arts student or clay modeler made by
wood or ceramic.
Cermet: A broad term for products such as pottery and bricks from heat-
resistant non-metallic, inorganic materials such as clay, bauxite, alumina,
silica, magnesia, silicon carbide and the like.
Certified Emissions Reductions (CER): A powder metallurgy product
consisting of ceramic particles bonded with a metal.
Certified welder: A welder who has been certified by a competent
experienced welding inspector or a recognized testing facility in the field of
welding. The welder must be certified to make certain welds under qualified
procedures. The welder must be qualified for each position, type weld,
electrode, and thickness of base metal that is to be welded in the shop or
field.
Cesium: Certified Emissions Reductions are carbon credits, each with a
value of one tonne of greenhouse gas emissions which are allocated under the
UN Clean Development Mechanism. CERs are valid in a number of
voluntary emissions trading schemes. They can also be used in Europe's
Emissions Trading System (ETS), but only to account for a certain
percentage of a plant's emissions.
Cetac: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Transatlantic Programs Center.
Cetane Index: Chemical Cs. A silver-white metal refined from pollucite ore,
usually as a co-product in the processing of titanium, beryllium or lithium
minerals. Cesium ignites when exposed to air; has a 28.5°F melting point;
used in making specialized energy converters and electric generators.
Cetane Number: The theoretical cetane number calculated according to
ASTM D 976, using API gravity and mid-boiling point.
Cfb: Canadian Forces Base.
CF–Cremona Furnace (or Cremona Box): A number that expresses the
ignition quality of a diesel fuel, equal to the percent by volume of cetane
(C16H34) blended with methyl naphthalene that has the same ignition
performance as the test fuel. A CFR test engine is used to determine this
number.
Cfm: Cubic feet per minute.
Cfm (cubic feet per minute)-: Interior trim material installed about 3-4 feet
up the wall, horizontally.
Cfm (cubic feet per minute)-: A rating that expresses the amount of air a
blower or fan can move. The volume of air (measured in cubic feet) that can
pass through an opening in one minute.
CFR: An ASTM test engine developed by the Cooperative Fuel Research
Committee to measure the cetane numbers of diesel fuels and octane numbers
of gasolines.
CFR Engine: A typical gas-heated furnace with a mandrel to accumulate
material from the casting line and feed it to the finishing mill. It is used as a
decoupler between casting and finishing and it is a patented component inside
ISP technology.
C-Frame Press: Selling term which refers to product sold in the form of a
coil vs. cut plate.
C-frame press: A type of stamping press whose frame is shaped like the
letter "C" from the side view, with the front (or operator side) completely
open. Can be either an open-back inclinable, or an open-back straight press.
Also called gap-frame press.
CG Iron: Contracts settled on a cost and freight (CFR) basis require the
seller, in addition to paying for the goods, to arrange and meet the cost of
transporting them to the agreed port of destination. Risk passes to the buyer
as goods cross the ship's rail. Additionally, it might be specified that the seller
provide appropriate marine insurance. (The terms cost and freight (C&F) and
cost, insurance and freight (CIF) were replaced some years ago).
Chain: Surveyors' unit of length in the Imperial system. Gunter's chain,
named after its inventor, comprises 22 yards or 66 feet, approximately 20.117
metres. Gunter's chain is useful for deriving areas in acres. The lesser-known
Engineer's chain, 100 feet long, was used for measuring linear distances,
along roads for example.
Chain Gearing (Chain Drive): See compacted graphite cast iron. (see
Compacted Graphite Cast Iron)
Chain Lubrication: Power transmission by means of an endless chain
running around chain wheels (chain pulley) and/or sprocket wheels.
Chain Quality Wire Rods: A dip or splash system that uses a chain to
distribute lubricant to bearings, similar, in a way, to an oil ring; or any system
designed to lubricate a conveyor chain.
Chain reaction: Wire rods for the manufacture of wire intended to be used to
produce electric-resistance welded chain. Good butt-welding and uniformity
of internal soundness are essential for this product.
Chain Sprockets: This is teethed wheel. Common use of sprockets is at
cycle chain gear.
Chain, Load: Chain reaction is a sequence of reactions where a reactive
product or by-product causes additional reactions to take place. In a chain
reaction, positive feedbackleads to a self-amplifying chain of events.
Chain, Welded Link: The load-bearing chain in a hoist.
Chainage: linear distance.
Chainage : A length (Usually 100 feet) measured by chain or steel tape.
Chair rail: A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk.
Used for alignment purposes.
Chair rail: Interior trim material installed about 3-4 feet up the wall,
horizontally.
Chalk line: A written document which modifies the plans and specifications
and/or the price of the construction Contract.
Chalk line: Length of string thoroughly coated with chalk dust, used to strike
a straight guide line on a material. Line which is made with a chalking line.
Chalk line: A line made by snapping a taut string or cord dusted with chalk.
Used for alignment purposes.
Chamfer: To take off the edge or arise of any material to a small depth at an
angle of about 45°.
Chamfer: (1) The angle between a reference surface and the bevel. (2) On a
milling contour, the angle between a beveled surface and the axis of the
cutter.
Chamfer: This term is used in mechanical industry. Chamfer is like a flat
face, which is, provide on the edge of any component according to
requirement.
Chamfer Angle: A chain consisting of a series of interwoven links fanned
and welded.
Chamfering: 1. A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner. 2.
A relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner.
Change management : Is a structured approach to ensuring a successful
transition from a current state to a desired future state by individuals, teams,
technologies and organizations
Change Of State: This is a chemical industry used terms mainly used to
define the change in the form of substance like solid to liquid or liquid to
vapor
Change of state : Change from one phase, such as solid, liquid or gas, to
another.
Change of state : Condition in which a substance changes from a solid to a
liquid or a liquid to a gas caused by the addition of heat. Or the reverse, in
which a substance changes from a gas to a liquid, or a liquid to a solid,
caused by the removal of heat.
Change order: A framed enclosed space around a flue pipe or a channel in a
wall, or through a ceiling for something to lie in or pass through.
Change order: A written document which modifies the plans, specifications,
or price of a construction contract.
Change order: A written document which modifies the plans and
specifications and/or the price of the construction Contract.
Change order : A written order issued by the Engineer to the Contractor,
and signed by both, which set forth any necessary or desirable changes in the
contract including, but not limited to, extra work, increases or decreases in
contract quantities, the basis of payment, contract time adjustments and other
additions or alteration to the contract. A change order signed by the
Contractor indicates his agreement therewith.
Channel: A hot rolled structural shape the looks like "[". There are American
Standard Channels designated by (C) and Miscellaneous Channels designated
by (MC).
Channel: A structural steel component which is C-shaped in cross section.
Channel : A natural or artificial water course.
Channeling: This is the myth or belief that the spirit has taken the body of
any person for wisdom.
Channeling: Cleavage and furrowing of the bed due to faulty operational
procedure, in which the solution being treated follows the path of least
resistance, runs through these furrows, and fails to contact active groups in
other parts of the bed, (water treatment).
Channeling (Grease): Making a sloping surface on the edge of a member.
Also called beveling.
Channeling (Liquids): A term describing the usually desirable tendency of a
grease to form a channel by working down in a bearing, leaving shoulders of
unworked grease that serve both reservoirs and seals.
Channeling Point (Gears): The undesired formation of troughs or channels
in flow-type lubricants due to thickening during cold weather. Since such
behavior occurs near the pour point of the lubricant, lubrication may be
marginal until the lubricant warms up from being worked (see channeling
point).
Channels: A federal test that measures the tendency of lubricants at low
temperatures to form plastic structures of sufficient strength to resist flow
under gravitational forces only. This test is specified and required for MIL
2105-type gear oils.
Chaplet: A common steel shape consisting of two parallel flanges at right
angles to the web. It is produced both in bar sizes (less than 3 inches) and in
structural sizes (3 inches and over).
Characteristic : A measurable property of a material, product or item of
construction.
Characteristic strength: The strength at which a member tested would fail,
normally with 95% confidence.
Charcoal Tin Plate: Tin plate is used in chemical industry, as base material.
This is cheap for use.
Charge: A small metal insert or spacer used in molds to provide core support
during the casting process.
Charge: Two types of electric charges are there one is positive and other is
negative. This is the physical property of ion that it having the negative or
positive charge.
Charge : Amount of refrigerant placed in a refrigerating unit.
Charging Board: Board is used to transfer power to other part. Mainly used
to transfer electrical energy to charge other equipment.
Charging board : Specially designed panel or cabinet fitted with gauges,
valves and refrigerant cylinders used for charging refrigerant and oil into
refrigerating mechanisms.
Charging Whistle: The whistle is used with charging board when the
charging is complete so the whistle is whistled to give the notice of full
charging.
Charpy (Charpy Impact Test): To load a furnace with scrap and flux prior
to melting, or to load a soaking pit with ingots for reheating.
Charpy Impact Test: The impact test is done to test the strength of material
when the sudden impact or load put on material.
Chase: To install fiberglass insulation around all exterior door and window
frames, wall corners, and small gaps in the exterior wall.
Chase: A rough groove or recess cut into a masonry wall for water pipes,
conduit etc.
Chase: A framed enclosed space around a flue pipe or a channel in a wall, or
through a ceiling for something to lie in or pass through.
Chase (Machining): A test used to determine the degree of toughness of a
steel. A standard Charpy test specimen is 10mm square in cross-section,
55mm long and has a V-notch machined in it at mid-length. The specimen is
supported in a machine in which it is fractured by a swinging pendulum. The
energy absorbed in fracturing the specimen in Joules (J) is read from a scale
on the instrument, and is a measure of the toughness of the steel being tested.
(See EN 10045-1: 1990). Charpy tests are usually conducted over a range of
temperatures in order to determine the ductile-brittle transition temperature of
a steel.
Chasing Threads: To make a series of cuts each except for the first
following in the path of the cut preceding it, as in chasing a thread.
Chasing Threads: To clean the teeth of threaded bolt by tapping tool is
called as chasing
Chateaugay:
Chatter: (Defect). Parallel indentations or marks appearing at right angles to
the edge of the strip forming a pattern at close and regular intervals, caused
by roll vibrations.
Chatter: Chatter is a type of talking or informal chatting. And also a series of
high low pitch of sound
Chatter Mark: Cutting threads in a lathe or screw machine.
Chatter Marks: This is mark on the rough surface of any material, the series
of the marks in the shape of sharp peeks.
Chattering: A surface defect consisting of alternating ridges and valleys at
right angles to the direction of extrusion.
Chattering: Chatter is a type of talking or informal chatting. And also a
series of high low pitch of sound
Check: In hydraulic and lubrication systems, a valve permitting flow in only
one direction.
Check Valve: This is two way valve in the shape of T. use to flow the fluids
in one direction and at same time flow is closed for other direction
Check Valve (Hydraulics): A coating defect consisting of the washboard
appearance of the cured film with variations of color or opacity. “Gear
marks” is another synonym when the defect is caused by the gear lash of the
coating machine. Chattering occurs when the coating machine permits the
uneven application of the coating.
Check valve : Device which permits fluid flow in one direction.
Check Weigh Scales: Scale which is used on the screen of the weighing
machine t show the weight of the part.
Checked Edges: The intermediate section of a flask that is used between the
cope and the drag when molding a shape that requires more than one parting
plane.
Checkerwork: Sawtooth edges seen after hot rolling and/or cold rolling.
Checking: An arrangement of preformed refractory shapes in which waste
heat is stored and recovered.
Checking: The terms related to inspect, test something
Checks: A coating defect consisting of the cracking of the cured film into
small segments, with hairline cracks separating the segments. The similar
defects of mud cracking or alligatoring are the same as checking, but they are
larger. Crazing is a synonymous term.
Chelate: It’s a chemical compound, which is used to compound material.
Chelate : Is a molecule, similar to an ion exchanger, capable to withdraw
ions from their water solutions into soluble complexes.
Chelation: (1) Numerous, fine cracks in a coating or at the surface of a metal
part. Checks may appear during processing or during service and are most
often associated with thermal treatment or thermal cycling. Also called check
marks or heat checks. (2) Minute cracks in the surface of a casting caused by
unequal expansion or contraction during cooling. (3) Cracks in a die
impression comer, generally due to forging strains or pressure, localized at
some relatively sharp corner. Die blocks too hard for the depth of the die
impression have a tendency to check or develop cracks in impression corners.
(4) A series of small cracks resulting from thermal fatigue of hot forging
dies.
Chemical Analysis: Chemical analysis is the process of investigating the
chemical composition of material or solution. A chemical analysis of a
compound will be done to determine the individual components, their
concentrations, and the properties of the compound. For example, the owner
of a pool may perform a chemical analysis to determine if chlorine needs to
be added. Likewise, scientists may perform a chemical analysis on a lake or
river to determine levels of pollutants and determine the health of the
ecosystem and the safety of the water.
Chemical Cleaning: The reaction of a metal with another substance called a
“chelator” to form a very stable, soluble metal complex that may resist
subsequent waste treatment processes designed to remove the metal ion from
the solution. Chelators in cleaner formulations prevent soap scum formation
by combining with hard-water metals like calcium and magnesium.
Chemical cleaning -: Using a solvent solution to remove mill scale and
corrosion products.
Chemical cleaning : the process of immersing steel in chemical solvents to
remove (dissolve) residues that would otherwise prevent the galvanized
coating from forming
Chemical composition : the makeup of steel, broken down into naturally
occurring elements; usually carbon, manganese, phosphorous, silicon as
primary elements
Chemical Content or Analysis: The process of removing oxide or scale by
acid pickling or other means, followed by water rinsing. Chemical cleaning is
almost always followed up by a supplementary coating operation.
Chemical Deposition: A breakdown of elements present by percent of
weight in metals or alloys. Although the ladle analysis is certified at the time
of melting, additional analyses may be performed throughout the steel
producing process.
Chemical Feed Pump: A chemical feed pump is a specialized pump
designed to accurately and safely delivery chemicals in a piping system.
These pumps are characterized by properties such as chemical resistant
coatings that are resistive to acids and corrosion. These pumps may also
include volume flow control and metering capabilities for the accurate
delivery of specific quantities of chemicals.
Chemical feedline : The line which feeds the boiler treatment chemicals into
the boiler.
Chemical Flux Cutting: The precipitation or plating-out of a metal from
solutions of its salts through the introduction of another metal or reagent to
the solution.
Chemical Machining: An oxygen-cutting process in which metals are
severed using a chemical flux to facilitate cutting.
Chemical Milling: Removing metal stock by controlled selective chemical
dissolution.
Chemical Milling: Removing metal stock by controlled selective chemical
etching.
Chemical Polishing: The machining process in which metal is formed into
intricate shapes by masking certain portions and then etching away the
unwanted material.
Chemical Polishing: Improving the specular reflectivity of a metal surface
by chemical treatment.
Chemical Precipitated Powder: A process that produces a polished surface
by the action of a chemical-etching solution. The etching solution is
compounded so that peaks in the topography of the surface are dissolved
preferentially.
Chemical precipitation: When the chemicals react with the dissolved
minerals in the water to produce a relative insoluble reaction product. A
typical example of this takes place with the lime-soda softening process.
Chemical refrigeration : System of cooling using a disposable refrigerant.
Also called an expendable refrigerant system.
Chemical Resistant Tubing: Tubing refers to sections of long, hollow,
flexible cylinders used to move substances, usually fluids or gases. Chemical
resistance is most often achieved in tubing by way of material selection, with
polyvinylcholride (PVC), silicon rubber, and other plastic polymers being
used most often. The chemical resistance of tubing is not the same for all
chemicals and is dependent on other factors such as the concentration of the
chemicals, temperature, and pressure.
Chemical stability : Resistance to chemical change which ion-exchange
resins must possess despite contact with aggressive solutions.
Chemical Transfer Pumps: Chemical transfer pumps are used to move
hazardous chemicals or waste solutions from one place to another. Depending
on the specific application, the pump will make use of chemical or acid
resistant components and coatings in order to ensure long life of the pump.
The pump can be any type of pump, including positive displacment and fluid
dynamic pumps, depending on the size and requirements of the pumping
application.
Chemical Treatment: A metal powder that is produced as a fine precipitate
by chemical displacement.
Chemical Treatment: 1) (Chem. Treat) A customer specified rust inhibitor
applied to the coated product. 2) A passivating chemical treatment normally
applied to the steel surface to control oxide formation and growth.
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD): 1. (Chem. Treat) A passivating
chemical treatment normally applied to the galvanize surface to control oxide
(white rust) formation and growth. 2. A customer-specified rust inhibitor
applied to the coated product.
Chemical Wear: A coating process, similar to gas carburizing and
carbonitriding, whereby a reactant atmosphere gas is fed into a processing
chamber where it decomposes at the surface of the workpiece, liberating one
material for either absorption by, or accumulation on, the workpiece. A
second material is liberated in gas form and is removed from the processing
chamber, along with excess atmosphere gas.
Chemically Brightened: See corrosive wear. (see Corrosive Wear)
Chemically Brightened: A chemical addition made to the plating bath that
results in a coating with a bright appearance as opposed to the mechanically
brightened surface appearance .
Chemistries: The chemical composition of steel indicating the amount of
carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorous and a host of other elements.
Chemistry: A chemical addition made to the plating bath that results in a
coating with a bright appearance as opposed to the mechanically brightened
surface appearance.
Chevron Pattern: The chemical constituents of a heat of steel.
Chevron v : shaped strips meeting at an angle.
Chezy-manning equation : Used to measure water flow in open channels.
Chief of the commission and tribunals: The Head of the Human Rights
Commissions. This person oversees the Commission’s goals and directions,
and has the power to review and reverse decisions made by the
Director. There is a Chief of the Commission and Tribunal for both the
Alberta Human Rights regime and the Canada Human Rights regime.
Chill: A fractographic pattern of radial marks (shear ledges) that look like
nested letters "V"; sometimes called a herringbone pattern. Chevron patterns
are typically found on brittle fracture surfaces in parts whose widths are
considerably greater than their thicknesses. The points of the chevrons can be
traced back to the fracture origin.
Chill: A metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling and
equalize rate of solidification throughout the casting.
Chill factor: Calculated number based on temperature and wind velocity.
Chilled Iron: A metal insert in the sand mold used to produce local chilling
and equalize rate of solidification throughout the casting.
Chilled-water system : A re-circulating water system using water chilled in
a refrigeration machine as a source for cooling.
Chiller/heaters : A unit that supplies either chilled water for cooling or hot
water for heating, (HVAC).
Chinese-script Eutectic: Cast iron that is poured into a metal mold or
against a mold insert so as to cause the rapid solidification that often tends to
produce a white iron structure in the casting.
Chink: A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"2" wood chips and glue.
Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof sheathing.
Also called OSB (Oriented Strand Board) or wafer board.
Chink: To install fiberglass insulation around all exterior door and window
frames, wall corners, and small gaps in the exterior wall.
Chip board: A device which looks like a switch and is usually located inside
the electrical breaker panel or circuit breaker box. It is designed to (1) shut of
the power to portions or all of the house and (2) to limit the amount of power
flowing through a circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household circuits
require a fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of 20
amps. 220 volt circuits may be designed for higher amperage loads e.g. a hot
water heater may be designed for a 30 amp load and would therefore need a
30 amp fuse or breaker.
Chip board: A manufactured wood panel made out of 1″- 2″ wood chips and
glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof
sheathing. Also called OSB (Oriented Strand Board) or wafer board.
Chip Breaker: A configuration of eutectic constituents, found particularly in
some cast alloys of aluminum containing iron and silicon and in magnesium
alloys containing silicon, that resembles the characters in Chinese script.
Chip Breaker: Asmall groove ground back of the cutting edge on the top of
a cutting tool to keep the chips short.
Chipping: A small groove ground back of the cutting edge on the top of a
cutting tool to keep the chips short.
Chipping: A method for removing seams and other surface defects with
chisel or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the finished
product. Chipping is often employed also to remove metal that is excessive
but not defective. Removal of defects by gas cutting is known as deseaming
or scarfing.
Chisel: A method for removing seams and other surface defects with a chisel
or gouge so that such defects will not be worked into the finished product.
Chipping is also often employed to remove metal that is excessive but not
defective. Removal of defects by gas cutting is known as deseaming or
scarfing.
Chloride Stress Corrosion Cracking: A hydraulic coil opener used for
preparing the front end of a coil before loading it into the feeder.
Chloride : An ion, compound, or salt of chlorine, such as sodium chloride
(NaCl) or calcium chloride (CaCl2).
Chlorinated Paraffin: Cracking due to the combination of tensile stress and
corrosion in the presence of water and chlorides.
Chlorination: An additive used for severe or difficult metal cutting or metal
working operations.
Chlorination -: A process in which chlorine gas or other chlorine
compounds are added to the water for the purpose of disinfecting.
Choke tube : Throttling device used to maintain correct pressure difference
between high-side and low-side in refrigerating mechanism. Capillary tubes
are sometimes called choke tubes.
Chop: (1) Roasting ore in contact with chlorine or a chloride salt to produce
chlorides. (2) Removing dissolved gases and entrapped oxides by passing
chlorine gas through molten metal such as aluminum and magnesium.
Chop: A die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface and spread
by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface.
Chord: The two angle top or bottom member of a joist or joist girder, usually
with a gap between the angles.
Chord: A die forging defect; metal sheared from a vertical surface and
spread by the die over an adjoining horizontal surface.
Chordal thermocouple : A thermocouple installed in furnace tubes,
designed to measure the effectiveness of water treatment within the boiler.
Chromadizing: The straight distance measured between the centerline points
of any two points of a bend.
Chromadizing (Chromodizing, Chromatizing): Forming an acid surface to
improve paint adhesion on aluminum or aluminum alloys, mainly aircraft
skins, by treatment with a solution of chromic acid.
Chromate quenching : treating metal in a tank of containing a solution of
chronium compounds to produce a conversion coating consisting of trivalent
and hexavalent chromium compounds; chromate passivations sometimes are
used on galvanized reinforcing bar to control reactions between zinc and
concrete while the concrete cures, particularly the hydrogen evolution that
adversely affects bonding; chromate quenching other galvanized articles
prevents the formation of wet storage stain
Chromate Treatment: Improving paint adhesion on aluminum or aluminum
alloys, mainly aircraft skins, by treatment with a solution of chromic acid.
Also called chromidizing or chromatizing. Not to be confused with
chromating or chromizing.
Chromating: chromate quenching a galvanized article
Chromating: A treatment of metal in a solution of a hexavalent chromium
compound to produce a conversion coating consisting of trivalent and
hexavalent chromium compounds.
Chromating : Priming with lead or zinc to prevent forming of rust.
Chromatography: Performing a chromate treatment.
Chromel: A powerful method for analyzing fluids and determining their
components by selective adsorption or size exclusion, using liquid or gas as
the eluent. In the adsorptive procedure, the substance flows slowly through a
column of adsorbent; as different substances pass at different speeds, they
separate from each other and can sometimes be isolated and identified. In
other cases, the chromatogram (a trace of the signal from the detector) is
utilized to fingerprint a lubricant. Liquid chromatography is used for
lubricants because of their low volatility. Paper chromatography, an
adsorptive method, is often used to examine or establish the sludge or
dispersive characteristics of a lubricant. Gel permeation chromatography, a
size exclusion method, separates polymeric (oxidized oil/sludge) material
from a lubricant base stock by molecular weight.
Chromite: 1. A 90Ni-10Cr alloy used in thermocouples. 2. A series of
nickel-chromium alloys, some with iron, used for heat-resistant applications.
Chromium: Steel usually made by the electric furnace process in which
chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements. The stainless steel of
18% chromium and 8% nickel are the better known of the chromium-nickel
types.
Chromium Carbide: A mineral containing oxides of chromium, iron,
aluminum and magnesium.
Chromium Nickel Steel: One of a number of compounds of chromium and
carbon, with or without limited amounts of other metallic elements when
occurring in steel, appearing as separated phase in chromium steels and
stainless steels.
Chromium Nickel Steel: Steel usually made by the electric furnace process
in which chromium and nickel participate as alloying elements. The stainless
steel of 18% chromium and 8% nickel are the better known of the chromium
nickel types.
Chromizing: An alloying element added to alloy steel (in amounts up to
around 1.50%) to increase hardenability. Chromium content of 4% or more
congers special ability to resist corrosion so that steels containing more than
4 pct chromium are called "stainless steel".
Chromizing: A surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally carried
out in pack, vapor, or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by the inward
diffusion of chromium into the base metal.
Chuck: A chuck whose jaws are so arranged that they are all moved together
at the same rate by a special wrench.
Chuck: A device on a machine tool to hold the workpiece or a cutting tool.
Chuck, Independent Jaw: A surface treatment at elevated temperature,
generally carried out in pack, vapor or salt baths, in which an alloy is formed
by the inward diffusion of chromium into the base metal.
Chuck, Universal : A chuck whose jaws are so arranged that they are all
moved together at the same rate by a special wrench.
Chuck, Universal (Self-centering Chuck, Concentric Chuck): A chuck,
each of whose jaws (usually four) is adjusted with a screw action
independently of the other jaws.
Cigarette Knife Steel: Hardened, tempered and bright polished, 1.25 Carbon
content Chromium .15. Accurate flatness necessary and a high hardness with
Rockwell C 51 to 53. Usual sizes are 4 3/4 wide and 6 wide x .004 to .010.
Cill: Alternative spelling of sill.
Cip: Clean-in-place.
CIP: A device on a machine tool to hold the workpiece or a cutting tool.
Circle Grid: Circle grid analysis (CGA) Also known as circle grid strain
analysis, CGA is a method of measuring the strain levels of sheet metal after
a part is formed by stamping or drawing. A grid of circles of specific
diameter is etched to the surface of the sheet metal. The forming process
deforms the circles, stretching the diameters in one direction (the major
strain) and compressing the diameters in the other direction (the minor
strain). The difference between the major and minor diameters from the
original diameter is the amount of strain.
Circle Grid Analysis: The acronym for cold isostatic pressing.
Circle Grinding: A regular pattern of circles, often 2.5 mm (0.1 in.) in
diameter, marked on a sheet metal bIank.
Circle Shear: Preferred terms are either cylindrical grinding or internal
grinding.
Circle Shear: A shearing machine with two rotary disk cutters mounted on
parallel shafts driven in unison and equipped with an attachment for cutting
circles where the desired piece of material is inside the circle. It cannot be
employed to cut circles where the desired material is outside the circle.
Circle-grid Analysis: A shearing machine with two rotary disk cutters
mounted on parallel shafts driven in unison and equipped with an attachment
for cutting circles where the desired piece of material is inside the circle. It
cannot be employed to cut circles where the desired material is outside the
circle.
Circored: The analysis of deformed circles to determine the severity with
which a sheet metal blank has been deformed.
Circored(R): WHAT A gas based process developed by Lurgi Metallurgie in
Germany to produce DRI or HBI (see Direct Reduced Iron and Hot
Briquetted Iron). HOW The two stage method yields fines with a 93% iron
content. Iron ore fines pass first through a circulating fluidized bed reactor,
and subsequently through a bubbling fluidized bed reactor.
Circuit: Optimum fire rating issued by Underwriter's Laboratories on
roofing. The building codes in some areas require this type of roofing for fire
safety.
Circuit: The path of electrical flow from a power source through an outlet
and back to ground.
Circuit: An electrical arrangement requiring a source of voltage, a closed
loop of wiring, an electric load and some means for opening and closing it.
Circuit breaker: The path of electrical flow from a power source through an
outlet and back to ground.
Circuit breaker: A device which looks like a switch and is usually located
inside the electrical breaker panel or circuit breaker box. It is designed to (1)
shut of the power to portions or all of the house and (2) to limit the amount of
power flowing through a circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household
circuits require a fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of
20 amps. 220 volt circuits may be designed for higher amperage loads e.g. a
hot water heater may be designed for a 30 amp load and would therefore need
a 30 amp fuse or breaker.
Circuit Breaker: A device to open and close a circuit by non-automatic
means, and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overload of
current, without injury to itself when properly applied within its rating.
Circuit breaker -: A switch-type mechanism that opens automatically when
it senses an overload (excess current).
Circular Connectors: A circular connector is a type of electrical plug
designed to delivery one or multiple signals. Circular connectors are
comprised of a male and female part, with the male component containing
metal pins or prongs and the female component containing the receiving
holes for the connectors. The connector is often notched to ensure the plugs
can only be connected in the proper orientation.
Circular Field: The magnetic field that (a) surrounds a nonmagnetic
conductor of electricity, (b) is completely contained within a magnetic
conductor of electricity, or (c) both exists within and surrounds a magnetic
conductor. Generally applied to the magnetic field within any magnetic
conductor resulting from a current being passed through the part or through a
section of the part. Compare with bipolar field. Field. (see Bipolar Field)
Circular hollow section: A structural steel component in the shape of a
round tube.
Circular Pitch (Gears): Distance measured on the pitch circle between a
point on the face of one tooth and the same point on the adjacent tooth; equal
to pi divided by the diametral pitch.
Circulating Oil System: A lubrication system in which the fluid that has
passed through a bearing or a group of bearings is recirculated by a pump.
System components may include settling tanks, filters, pumps, heat
exchangers, etc. Pressure is usually controlled by a pressure control valve.
Circumferences: Bands wrapped around the outside of the coil.
Circumferences: Bands wrapped around the outside of the coil.
Circumscribing Circle: The smallest circle that will completely enclose the
cross-section of an extruded shape.
Circumscribing Circle: The smallest circle that will completely enclose the
cross section of an extruded shape.
Civil actions: A court action between private parties to settle a dispute (for
example, a contract dispute, a divorce, or a negligence case). Imprisonment is
not a feature of civil cases typically monetary compensation is awarded to a
wronged party.
Civil engineer : an engineer who plans, designs, and supervises the
construction of facilities essential to modern life
Civil engineering works: Works comprising a structure other than a building
and its associated site works such as a dam, bridge, road etc or an operation
such as dredging, dewatering, soil stabilisation
Clad Brazing Sheet: A metal sheet on which one or both sides are clad with
brazing filler metal.
Clad Metal: A composite metal containing two or more layers that have
been bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by co-
rolling, co-extrusion, welding, diffusion bonding, casting, heavy chemical
deposition or heavy electroplating.
Clad Metal: A composite metal containing two or three layers that have been
bonded together. The bonding may have been accomplished by co rolling,
welding, heavy chemical deposition or heavy electroplating.
Cladding: Any material used to face a building or structure.
Cladding: The exterior covering of the structural members of a building.
Cladding: The seperately-applied exterior finish of a framed building.
Cladding: Method of applying a stainless steel coating to carbon steel or
lower-alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). To
increase corrosion resistance at lower initial cost than exclusive use of
stainless steel. By (1) welding stainless steel onto carbon steel, (2) pouring
melted stainless steel around a solid carbon steel slab in a mold, or (3)
placing a slab carbon steel between two plates of stainless steel and bonding
them by rolling at high temperature on a plate mill.
Clamp: See cramp.
Clamp: A type of suspension fitting used to support tracks from an overhead
structure fastened to the structure by means of pressure rather than welding or
direct bolting.
Clamp Meters: A clamp meter is an electrical measurement device designed
to allow for the safe measurement of electrical current around a conductor. A
spring level is used to open a set of jaws, allowing the jaws to be placed
around the conductor of interest. The current through the conductor creates a
magnetic field which can be measured by the winding in the jaws of the
clamp meter. The current is then read on a meter in the handle of the device.
Clamshell Marks: See beach marks. (see Beach Marks)
Clarification Tank: A water-filled settling tank used to remove particulate
from the water off the scrubbers at the blast furnace.
Clarification Tank: A water filled settling tank used to remove particulate
from the water off the scrubbers at the Blast Furnace.
Clarifier: An apparatus or device that eliminates color or cloudiness from a
fluid, mechanically or chemically separating out foreign material by gravity
separation, centrifugal action, filtration, simple heating or chemical
treatment.
Clarifiers: A unit that removes solids for clarification of the raw river water.
It is aided by injecting polyelectrolyte and ferric for coagulation, caustic for
stabilization of pH, and chlorine for removal of bacteria. Sludge is discharged
and clear effluent sent on through the water plant.
Class "a": Minimum fire rating issued by the Underwriters' Laboratories for
roofing materials.
Class "c": An opening providing access to a drain line. Closed with a
threaded plug.
Class “a”: Optimum fire rating issued by Underwriter’s Laboratories on
roofing. The building codes in some areas require this type of roofing for fire
safety.
Class “c”: Minimum fire rating issued by the Underwriters’ Laboratories for
roofing materials.
Class 1 Surface : A class of cold rolled steel processed to meet requirements
for controlled surface texture, flatness, and temper requirements. Produced
for exposed applications.
Class 1 Surface Quality: A class of cold rolled steel processed to meet
requirements for controlled surface texture, flatness, and temper
requirements. Produced for exposed applications.
Classical orders of architecture: The classical orders are styles of building
originating from the construction of temples in ancient Greece and Rome.
Orders are defined by their varying styles of column, although the orders also
include information on the proportions of the building. The Greeks originally
had three orders the Doric, Ionicand Corinthian. Doric is the simplest, Ionic
more elaborate, and Corinthian more decorative still. The Romans added
the Tuscanand Composite orders which are respectively plainer and more
highly decorated than the Greek orders.
Classification: (1) The separation of ores into fractions according to size and
specific gravity, generally in accordance with Stokes' law of sedimentation.
(2) Separation of a metal powder into fractions according to particle size.
Classification of Stainless Steels: Stainless steels are classified into five
distinct groups, namely: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation
hardenable and duplex.
Claus-type treating: Sulfur technology to meet clients' environmental
requirements.
Clay: grains of rock less than 0.001mm.
Clay: Finely suspended earth mineral sometimes found as an impurity in
water.
Clay : Very fine-grained soil of colloid size(Finer than 0.002 mm), consisting
mainly of hydrated silicate of aluminium. It is a plastic cohesive soil which
shrinks on drying, expands on wetting, and gives up water when compressed.
Clay Thickener: Inorganic, non-melting grease thickener, commonly an
activated bentonite clay.
Clay Treatment: A process in which used oil, from which all water has been
removed, is brought into contact with activated clay at elevated temperatures
ranging from 180 to 210°F; acidic byproducts in the used oil are adsorbed on
the surface of the clay. The batch process mixes the clay with the oil, the
continuous process passes the oil through a bed of clay; in either case, the oil
is filtered before re-use.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): The Clean Development
Mechanism is a United Nations program under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) which allows
developed countries (referred to as Annex 1 countries) to invest in emissions
reduction projects in developing countries (non-Annex 1 countries) as a
cheaper alternative to investing in emissions reductions in their own
countries. Projects are awarded a number of Certified Emission Reductions
equal to the amount of emissions saved.
Clean out: Sharp, cut metal wires that protrude out of a concrete foundation
wall (that at one time held the foundation form panels in place).
Clean out: An opening providing access to a drain line. Closed with a
threaded plug.
Clean Out: A hole in a reservoir or tank that is normally covered with a plate
that may be removed to allow cleaning of the interior of the reservoir or tank.
Clean Steel: A program to develop practices that control the steelmaking
process in order to limit the amount of inclusions present in the steel. Ratings
of cleanliness are based on ASTM E-45 readings using microscope
observations.
Cleaning: the process of chemically or mechanically removing unwanted
residue or contaminants (mill scale, rust, dirt, oil) from the surface of a steel
article prior to galvanizing
Cleaning: The process of removing scale, oxides or lubricant-acquired
during heating for forging or heat treating from the surface of the
forging. (see Blasting) (see Pickling) (see Tumbling)
Cleaning: The process of removing scale, oxides, or lubricant acquired
during heating for forging or heat treating ? from the surface of the forging.
(also see Blasting, Pickling, tumbling)
Cleaning solutions : liquids used to remove unwanted residue or
contaminants (mill scale, rust, dirt, oil) from the surface of steel prior to
galvanizing, typically alkalai caustic solution, hydrochloric or sulfuric acid,
and zinc ammonium chloride flux solution
Cleaning Tank: This section of the galvanize line is used to remove dirt, oil,
grease, oxides and other contaminates from the surface of material to be
coated. A cleaning agent is used at a temperature of 180-190°.
Cleaning Tank: This section of the plater is used to remove dirt, oil, grease,
oxides and other contaminates from the surface of material to be
electroplated. A cleaning agent is used at a temperature of 180 190 degrees.
Cleanliness: 1. For internal steel quality, a measure of the size and frequency
of inclusions; 2. For external steel surface quality a measure of the amount of
extraneous materials (such as dirt, iron particles, carbon, etc.) on the steel
surface.
Cleanliness: For internal steel quality, a measure of the size and frequency of
inclusions; for external steel surface quality, a measure of the amount of
extraneous materials (such as dirt, iron particles, carbon, etc.) on the steel
surface.
Cleanliness Rating: A rating based on the number of particles of specified
sizes in a measure of fluid. The ISO standard specifies particle counts at five
microns and 15 microns.
Clear crush: crushed and screened rock that contains no fines – very porous
Clear span: The actual clear distance or opening between supports for a
structural member, i.e., the distance between walls or the distance between
the edges of flanges of beams.
Clearance: Authorization given by ATC to proceed as requested or
instructed (for example “Cleared for take-off”, “Cleared for visual approach”,
“Cleared to land”)
Clearance: Minimum distance from the extremity of a crane to the nearest
obstruction.
Clearance: (1)The gap between two mating parts; (2) the space provided
between the relief of a cutting tool and the surface being cut.
Clearance Angle: The angle between the rear surface of a cutting tool and
the surface of the work at the point of contact.
Clearance Angle: The angle between the rear surface of a cutting tool and
the surface of the work at the point of contact.
Clearance space -: Space between top of piston and the valve plate.
Clearance vapor : The vapor remaining in the clearance space at the end of
each discharge stroke.
Clearance Volume: The volume of the combustion chamber above the
piston when it is at the top dead center or inner dead center is known as
clearence volume . The clearance volume is genrally expressed in terms of
the percentage of swept volume and is given in CC.
Cleat: A steel plate or angle with holes for bolting, for connecting the
components of a steel frame together.
Cleavage: (1) Fracture of a crystal by crack propagation across a
crystallographic plane of low index. (2) The tendency to cleave or split along
definite crystallographic planes.
Cleavage: Fracture of a crystal by crack propagation across a
crystallographic plane of low index.
Cleavage Fracture: A fracture, usually of a polycrystalline metal, in which
most of the grains have failed by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting
facets. It is one type of crystalline fracture and is associated with low-energy
brittle fracture. Contrast with shear fracture.
Cleavage Fracture: Fracture of a grain, or most of the grains, in a
polycrystalline metal by cleavage, resulting in bright reflecting facets.
Cleavage Plane: A characteristic crystallographic plane or set of planes in a
crystal on which cleavage fracture occurs easily.
Cleavage Plane: A characteristic crystallographic plane or set of planes in a
crystal on which cleavage fracture occurs easily.
Clerk of works: Supervisor of a building project, employed by the architect
or the building owner, to ensure that the architect’s plans are followed
accurately and that workmanship is of an appropriate quality.
Clevis: A U-shaped yoke with internal threads in one end which can be
attached to a threaded rod and the other end a connection with a hole used for
a pin or bolt attchment.
Climb Milling: Milling in which the cutter moves in the direction of feed at
the point of contact.
Climb milling: A method of milling in which the work table moves in the
same direction as the direction of rotation of the milling center. Sometimes
called down cutting or down milling.
Clinker: A mass of incombustible matter fused together, as in the production
of cement or the burning of coal.
Clip: Metal device used to hold the ends of steel strapping (bands) together.
Clip angle: A structural angle which attaches to the side of a wall, column,
beam, etc. where a joist, joist girder, or other structural member bears.
Clip ties: An abbreviation for "Certificate of Occupancy". This certificate is
issued by the local municipality and is required before anyone can occupy
and live within the home. It is issued only after the local municipality has
made all inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.
Clip ties: Sharp, cut metal wires that protrude out of a concrete foundation
wall (that at one time held the foundation form panels in place).
Close Annealing: Same as box annealing. (see Box Annealing)
Close Annealing: See box annealing. (see Box Annealing)
Closed Center Valve: A condition where pump output is not unloaded to
sump when the valve is in its center or neutral operating position.
Closed cycle : is the gas turbine arrangement, in which the exhaust is
directed back again to compressor without coming in contact with the
atmospheric air.
Closed Dies: Forging or forming impression dies designed to restrict the flow
of metal to the cavity within the die set, as opposed to open dies, in which
there is little or no restriction to lateral flow.
Closed feed water heater: An indirect-contact feed water heater. Steam and
water are separated by tubes.
Closed Loop: In a control system, a type of control that has an input signal
and a feedback of the result of the input signal which is used to modulate the
input signal automatically.
Closed Pass: A pass of metal through rolls where the bottom roll has a
groove deeper than the bar being rolled and the top roll has a collar fitting
into the groove, thus producing the desired shape free from flash or fin.
Closed re-circulating water system: A system using as a heat-transfer
medium water that continuously circulates through closed piping and heat
exchanger without evaporation.
Closed-die Forging: The shaping of hot metal completely within the walls or
cavities of two dies that come together to enclose the workpiece on all sides.
The impression for the forging can be entirely either die or divided between
the top and bottom dies. Impression-die forging, often used interchangeably
with the term closed-die forging, refers to a closed-die operation in which the
dies contain a provision for controlling the flow of excess material, or flash,
that is generated. By contrast, in flashless forging, the material is deformed in
a cavity that allows little or no escape of excess material. (see Closed-die
Forging)
Close-tolerance Forging: A forging held to unusually close dimensional
tolerances so that little or no machining is required after forging. See also
precision forging. (see Precision forging)
Closure Plug (Lube Systems): Removable plug on the end of a bore.
Closure strip: A floor deck accessory made of gage metal which is placed
over the ends of deck so that concrete cannot run out of the flutes of the deck.
Cluster Mill: (see Sendzimir Mill (Z-Mill))
Cluster Mill: A rolling mill where each of the two working rolls of small
diameter is supported by two or more back up rolls.
Clutch, Friction (Friction Coupling): A shaft coupling used where it is
necessary to provide a connection that can be readily engaged or disengaged
while one of the shafts is in motion.
CMA: Chemical Manufacturers Association.
CMAA: Crane Manufacturers Association of America, Inc. www.mhia.org
CMM: Coordinate Measuring Machine.
Cmp: corrugated metal pipe, generally galvanised and/or tarred for corrosion
resistance
Cmsi: -developed, web-based contract management reference system.
CNC: Computer numerical control. A designation for a machine which uses
a dedicated computer to control the actions of the machine and increase its
precision.
CNC Grinding: CNC Machining, short for Computer Numerical Control
Machining, uses computers to control machine tools such as mills, grinders,
lathes, and routers in the manufacturing field, and can be used on three-
dimensional plastic and metal parts when a high level of precision and/or
repetition is needed. A customized computer program is programmed using
the CNC machine language, G-code, and it controls all aspects of
manufacturing such as speed, location, coordination, positioning, and
velocity.
CNC Laser Cutting: CNC Laser Cutting refers to the use of a computer
controlled laser to cut shapes or etch surfaces.
CNC Machining: CNC Machining, short for Computer Numerical Control
Machining, uses computers to control machine tools such as mills, grinders,
lathes, and routers in the manufacturing field, and can be used on three-
dimensional plastic and metal parts when a high level of precision and/or
repetition is needed. A customized computer program is programmed using
the CNC machine language, G-code, and it controls all aspects of
manufacturing such as speed, location, coordination, positioning, and
velocity.
CNC Milling: CNC Milling is a machining process used to remove material
from solid materials. The milling machine may be oriented with either a
horizontal or vertical spindle and is operated by Computer Numerical Control
(CNC). The CNC process allows for the automated or supervised control of
the machining process with precise speed, location, and control of the cutting
bit.
CNC Precision Turning: CNC Precision Turning is a machining process
used to create turned parts such as washers, bushings, or threaded bolts on a
rotational milling machine, also known as a lathe. The lathe is operated by
Computer Numerical Control (CNC), a process that allows for the automated
or supervised control of the lathe with precise speed, location, and control of
the cutting bit.
Co: The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back to the
furnace for re-heating.
Co: An abbreviation for “Certificate of Occupancy“. This certificate is issued
by the local municipality and is required before anyone can occupy and live
within the home. It is issued only after the local municipality has made all
inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.
Co: Chemical symbol for Colbalt.
Co: Chemical symbol for colbalt.
Co coagulant : A substance that promotes the clumping of particulate matter
in water, forming a larger mass and thus promoting settling of particulates
and clarification of the water.
Co : Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas. It is
produced by the incomplete burning of solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels.
Appliances fueled with natural gas, liquefied petroleum (LP gas), oil,
kerosene, coal, or wood may produce CO. Burning charcoal produces CO.
Running cars produce CO
Co2: is an atmospheric gas composed of one carbon and two oxygen atoms.
Carbon dioxide results from the combustion of organic matter if sufficient
amounts of oxygen are present. It is also produced by various
microorganisms in fermentation and is breathed out by animals. Plants absorb
carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, using both the carbon and the oxygen
to construct carbohydrates. It is present in the Earth's atmosphere at a low
concentration and acts as a greenhouse gas. It is a major component of the
carbon cycle.
Co2 Laser Marker: Carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are the highest power
lasers available and typically operate at high efficiencies, making them
attractive for many different applications. When used in laser marking
systems, CO2 lasers deliver fast, high quality markings and are capable of
marking most surfaces, including wood, glass, metals, and plastics. CO2
lasers are also very cost effective and low maintenance.
Co2 Welding: CO2 Welding is refers to MAG welding with CO2 as the
shielding gas. It uses a consumable wire electrode. CO2 is widely used in
MAG welding because it is more economical than inert argon gas.
Coagulation: Is the process whereby finely divided particles of turbidity and
color, capable of remaining in suspension indefinitely, are combined by
chemical means into masses sufficiently large to effect rapid settling.
Coal: The primary fuel used by integrated iron and steel producers.
Coal Dust Injection (CDI)/ Pulverised Coal Injection (PCI): These are
technologies wherein pulverised/granulated/dust coal is injected into the blast
furnace through the tuyers along with the blast to replace part of the coke
requirement.
Coal Filter: A filter which contains a bed of anthracite media material used
to remove contaminants, mud and debris from the river water as part fo the
feed water treatment process.
Coal Filter: A filter which contains a bed of anthracite media material used
to remove contaminants, mud, and debris from the river water as part of the
feed water treatment process.
Coalescence: (1) The union of particles of a dispersed phase into larger units,
usually effected at temperatures below the fusion point. (2) The growing
together or growth into one body of the materials being welded. (3) Growth
of grains at the expense of the remainder by absorption or the growth of a
phase or particle at the expense of the remainder by absorption or
reprecipitation.
Coalescence: 1) the growth of particles of a dispersed phase by solution and
reprecipitation, 2) the growth of grains by absorption of adjacent undistorted
grains.
Coalescence: The gathering together of coagulated colloidal liquids into a
single continuous phase.
Coalescing Separator: A device that combines or unites separate particles of
a substance through chemical affinity, physical trapping, etc. Coalescing
filters often trap and remove water from lubricants. Coalescence involves
merging particles of a dispersed phase.
Coarse aggregate: Any aggregate larger than fine aggregate. Gravel.
Available with a maximum size of 10, 20 or 40mm.
Coarse aggregate : (1) For concrete: aggregate which retained on the No. 4
sieve (4.76 mm). (2) For bituminous material: aggregate which retained on a
sieve of 3 mm square opening
Coarse Grain: Steel melted without aluminum or other grain refiner
additions.
Coarse particulate organic matter: (CPOM)leaf and fine woody debris >1
mm in diameter
Coarsening: An increase in the grain size, usually but not necessarily, by
grain growth.
Coast track: Status of an aircraft that is no longer giving a radar return. The
air traffic control screen will display this status (usually with the acronym
“CST”) and will temporarily continue displaying the aircraft’s movement at
the last heading and speed, as if it was “coasting”.
Coastal Pale Oil: Naphthenic petroleum oil refined from crude traditionally
obtained from the Gulf or the Pacific coast.
Coated Abrasive: An abrasive product (sandpaper, for example) in which a
layer of abrasive particles is firmly attached to a paper, cloth or fiber backing
by means of glue or synthetic-resin adhesive.
Coated Electrode: See preferred terms covered electrode and lightly coated
electrode. (see Covered Electrode) (see Lightly Coated Electrode)
Coated Metals: Sheet and strip steel or aluminum, usually in coil form,
which has been covered on one or both sides with paint,enamel, adhesive,
anti corrosive coatings, and/or laminates.
Coated Steel: Steel sheet coated by immersion in a bath of molten material
(known as hot-dip) to protect the base metal (substrate) against corrosion.
The most commonly used protective material is zinc. An organic coating
(paint, plastic) can also be deposited on the layer of zinc. The zinc-coated
steel is often referred to as “galvanized steel.”
Coating: The process of covering steel with another material (tin, chrome,
zinc, and/or paint), primarily for corrosion resistance or appearance.
Coating: The process of covering steel with another material (for example
tin, chrome, and zinc), primarily for corrosion resistance.
Coating of Wire Rods: [Lime, Borax and Phosphate] Performed to provide a
carrier for the lubricant necessary for subsequent processing. In lime coating,
practices maybe varied by applying differing amounts of lime on the material
depending upon the application. Phosphate coated material normally has a
supplementary coating of lime, borax or a water soluble soap.
Coating Test: Performed by the Metallurgical Lab to check the amount of
coating applied.
Coating Thickness Gage: A coating thickness gage is a measurement device
used to measure the thickness of films or coatings applied to other materials.
There are many different types of thickness gages, using both destructive and
non-destructive methods. Among the options for thickness measurements are
magnetic gages, eddy current techniques, micrometers, ultrasonic probes, and
gravimetric techniques in which pre- and post-coating masses and volumes
are used to compute an average coating thickness. The most popular coating
thickness gage for metal parts are magnetic gages, in which the gage
measures the force required to pull the magnetic lead off of the part in order
to compute the thickness of the coating.
Coating thickness : the thickness of the zinc coating, measured in mils
(0.001 inches) or micrometers (10-6 meters)
Coating Weight: 1. In the Sheet Mill, the amount of Zinc on a galvanized
sheet measured in ounces per square foot. 2. Specified in pounds (or parts
thereof) of tin coating per base box.
Coating Weight: 1) In the Sheet Mill, the amount of Zinc on a galvanized
sheet measured in ounces per square foot. 2) Specified in pounds (or parts
thereof) of tin coating per base box. This term is often misunderstood because
in most cases the decimal point is omitted when written or printed.
Coating Weight Test: A test of the weight of the coating measured two
inches from each side of the strip and at the center.
Coating Weight Test: A test of the weight of the coating measured 2 inches
from each side of the strip and at the center.
Coaxing: Improvement of the fatigue strength of a specimen by the
application of a gradually increasing stress amplitude, usually starting below
the fatigue limit.
Cobalt: Blue-white metal, melting at 2,715°F (1,492°C), used in very hard
alloy such as stellite, and a binder in carbide cutting tools.
Cobalt: Blue white metal, melting at 2715 B0F (1492 B0C), used in very
hard alloy such as stellite, and a binder in carbide cutting tools.
Cobalt-Based Superalloys: Eight specific alloys of at least 50% cobalt
blended with traces of such other metals as iron, nickel, chrome, titanium,
tungsten, carbon, zirconium and/or tantalum; used in high-temperature, high-
strength, anticorrosion applications (such as aircraft gas turbines and jet
engine components).
Cobble: pieces of rock between 60mm and 200mm
Cobble: rock from 7 to 30 an (3 to 12 inches) in diameter; rubble
Cobble: 1. A jamming of the line of steel while being rolled. 2. A piece of
steel which for any reason has become so bent or twisted that it must be
withdrawn from the rolling operation and scrapped. Some reasons for
cobbling are: steel too cold, a bad end which can not enter a pass, sticking to
the roll and wrapping around it.
Cobble : Rock fragments between 3 to 6 in size.
Cocoon Process: A method of protecting metal parts by spraying on a cover
of plastic filaments.
Cocoon Process: A method of protecting metal parts by spraying on a cover
of plastic filaments.
Code Holes: The information holes in perforated tape, as opposed to feed or
sprocket holes.
Code installation : Refrigeration or air conditioning installation which
conforms to the local code and/or the national code for safe and efficient
installations.
Code of practice : A document, not normally having the force of law, that
provide guidance on management or other practices to be adopted in
implementing the principles of professional Codes of Conduct and other
regulations.
Coefficient of (linear) expansion: The change in length, per unit, for a
change of one degree of temperature.
Co-efficient of conductivity: Measure of the relative rate at which different
materials conduct heat. Copper is a good conductor of heat and, therefore, has
a high coefficient of conductivity.
Coefficient Of Expansion: The relative rate at which a substance expands on
heating, compared to a standard rate.
Coefficient of expansion: A measure of the change in length or volume of an
oject, specifically, a change measured by the increase in length or volume of
an object per unit length or volume.
Coefficient of Friction: The number obtained by dividing the force that
resists motion between two bodies by the normal force that brings the bodies
together. (see Static Friction) (see Dynamic Friction) (see Stick-slip (slip-
stick))
Coefficient of friction: The dimensionless ratio of the friction force (F)
between two bodies to the normal force (N) pressing these bodies togetherm
(f) = (F/N)
Coefficient of performance (cop) : Ratio of work performed or
accomplished as compared to the energy used under designated operating
conditions.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: The relative rate at which a substance
expands on heating, compared to a standard rate.
Coefficient of thermal expansion: The fractional change in length (or
sometimes in volume, when specified) of a material for a unit change in
temperature.
Coercive Force: The magnetizing force that must be applied in the direction
opposite to that of the previous magnetizing force in order to reduce magnetic
flux density to zero; thus, a measure of the magnetic retentivity of magnetic
materials.
Coffer : a sunken panel in a ceiling
Cofferdam : a temporary dam built to divert a river around a construction
site so the dam can be built on dry ground
Cog: A tooth in the rim of wheel. A gear tooth in a gear wheel.
Cogeneration: The use of a single facility to simultaneously produce power
and heat or steam.
Co-generation generation : a term applied to identify the generation of
people interested in co-generation.
Cogeneration : A term used to describe the combination of different
thermodynamic cycles for the purpose of increasing all-over cycle efficiency.
Cogging: The reducing operation in working the ingot into a billet by the use
of a forging hammer or a forging press.
Cogging Mill: This term is mostly associated with a heavy-duty rolling mill
for shaping reheated steel ingots into blooms or slabs. It has largely been
superseded by the continuous casting of steel directly into these shapes. The
mill is a reversing mill, allowing the ingot to pass and re-pass through the
rolling stand until the desired profile is achieved. Prior to their introduction in
the late 19th century, large industrial hammers were used to reduce ingots to
a suitable size and shape for rolling. Sometimes referred to as a semi-
finishing mill, blooming mill or slabbing mill.
Coherency: The continuity of lattice of precipitate and parent phase (solvent)
maintained by mutual strain and not separated by a phase boundary.
Coherent Precipitate: A crystalline precipitate that forms from solid
solution with an orientation that maintains continuity between the crystal
lattice of the precipitate and the lattice of the matrix, usually accompanied by
some strain in both lattices. Because the lattices fit at the interface between
precipitate and matrix, there is no discernible phase boundary.
Cohesion: The property of a substance that causes it to resist being pulled
apart by mechanical means.
Cohesion: The force by which like particles are held together. It varies with
different metals and depends upon molecular arrangement due to heat
treatment.
Cohesion of soil : The stickiness of clay or silt. It is the shear strength of
clay, which generally equals about half its unconfined compressive strength.
Cohesionless soil : A sticky soil like clay or clayey silt.
Cohesive soil : Sand, gravel and similar soils, also known as frictional soils
since their properties are defined more by their angle of internal friction than
by cohesion.
Coil: A length of steel wound into roll-form.
Coil Breaks: 1. A physical condition produced in the cooling tower or
quench tank area of the line due to improper temperature control during
cooling. 2. Creases or ridges which appear as parallel lines, transverse to the
direction of rolling, and which generally extend across the width of the sheet.
3. A discontinuous curvature in the strip in the direction in which the material
was rolled or uncoiled. Generally found in uncoiled hot rolled strip.
Coil Breaks: Creases or ridges across a metal sheet transverse to the
direction of coiling, occasionally occurring when the metal has been coiled
hot and uncoiled cold.
Coil Car: Unit that the coil sits on. Used to move a coil to the entry or from
the delivery.
Coil End: ID of a coil that is left because of a defect.
Coil End: ID of a coil that is left because of a defect. Ranging from 500
10,000 pounds. Anything 10,000 pounds and over get an IPM. A coil with a
weight less than 5000 lbs. that does not meet customer specifications is called
a salvage coil. These coils do not get an IPM number
Coil Line Markings: A light white-gray mark (square, circle, line, diamond,
etc.) which has been placed on the strip by the platers. This mark serves as an
indication to the feeder that the placement of the coil on the entry reel must
be placed correctly to meet customer specifications (external customers
request this mark to distinguish coating on the strip).
Coil Line Markings: been placed on the strip by the platers. This mark
serves as an indication to the feeder that the placement of the coil on the entry
reel must be placed correctly to meet customer specifications (external
customers request this mark to distinguish coating on the strip). The Feeder
must refer to the scheduling book to determine how to place the coil on the
entry reel for over or under wind.
Coil Number: Produced IPM Number assigned to a coil. IPM (In Process
Material) Number.
Coil Set: A curvature of the strip in the lengthwise sense, parallel to the
direction in which the strip was rolled or uncoiled.
Coil Set or Longitudinal Curl: A lengthwise curve or set found in coiled
strip metals following its coil pattern. A departure from longitudinal flatness.
Can be removed by roller or stretcher leveling from metals in the softer
temper ranges.
Coil Slitting: Coil slitting is a metal machining process in which coils of
rolled sheet metal are cut, or slit, into smaller sizes. The coil slitting
machinery varies depending on the specific needs of the production process
and the size of the coils being processed. The coil slitting process usually
includes a recoiling process in which the smaller components are wrapped up
into new coils for packaging and distribution.
Coil Stripper: A piece of equipment on the off gauge reel used to help
remove a coil from the reel.
Coil Weld: A joint between two lengths of metal within a coil not always
visible in the cold reduced product.
Coils: Steel that has been wound.
Coils: Steel sheet that has been wound. A slab, once rolled in a hot strip mill,
is more than one quarter mile long; coils are the most efficient way to store
and transport sheet steel.
Coin Silver: An alloy containing 90% silver, with copper being the usual
alloying element.
Coining: (1) A closed-die squeezing operation, usually performed cold, in
which all surfaces of the work are confined or restrained, resulting in a well-
defined imprint of the die upon the work. (2) A restriking operation used to
sharpen or change an existing radius or profile. (3) The final pressing of a
sintered powder metallurgy compact to obtain a definite surface configuration
(not to be confused with sizing).
Coining: The process of applying necessary pressure to all or some portion
of the surface of a forging to obtain closer tolerances or smoother surfaces or
to eliminate draft. Coining can be done while forgings are hot or cold and is
usually performed on surfaces parallel to the parting of the forging.
Coir: coarse fiber derived from outer husks of coconuts.
Coke: Carbonizing coal made in oven by driving off volatile elements. It is a
hard porous substance that is principally pure carbon. In blast furnaces, coke
helps generate the 3,000°F. temperatures and reducing gases needs to smelt
iron ore.
Coke Bed: First layer of coke placed in the cupola. Also the coke as the
foundation in constructing a large mold in a flask or pit.
Coke Bed: First layer of coke placed in the cupola. Also the coke as the
foundation in constructing a large mold in a flask or pit.
Coke Breeze: 1. Fines from coke screening, used in blacking mixes after
grinding; also briquetted for cupola use. 2. Fine screens that come from blast
furnace coke and are used to make sinter.
Coke Breeze: Fines from coke screening, used in blacking mixes after
grinding; also briquetted for cupola use.
Coke Furnace: Type of pot or crucible furnace using coke as the fuel.
Coke Oven Battery: A set of ovens that process coal into coke. Coke ovens
are constructed in batteries of 10-100 ovens that are 20 feet tall, 40 feet long,
and less than two feet wide. Coke batteries, because of the exhaust fumes
emitted when coke is pushed from the ovens, often are the dirtiest area of a
steel mill complex.
Coke Oven Battery: A set of ovens that process coal into coke. Coke ovens
are constructed in batteries of 10 D1100 ovens that are 20 feet tall, 40 feet
long, and less than two feet wide. Coke batteries, because of the exhaust
fumes emitted when coke is pushed from the ovens, often are the dirtiest area
of a steel mill complex.
Coke Ovens: Ovens where coke is produced. Coal is usually dropped into
the ovens through openings in the roof, and heated by gas burning in flues in
the walls between ovens within the coke oven battery.
Coke Plate (Hot Dipped Tin Plate): Standard tin plate, with the lightest
commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. A higher
grade is the best cokes, with special cokes representing the best of the coke
tin variety. For high qualities and heavier coatings.
Coke Plate (Hot-Dipped Tin Plate): Standard tin plate, with the lightest
commercial tin coat, used for food containers, oil canning, etc. A higher
grade are the best cokes, with special cokes representing the best of the coke
tin variety. For high qualities and heavier coatings.
Coke Porosity: The percentage volume of cell space in coke.
Coke Porosity: The percentage volume of cell space in coke.
Coke Rate: This is measured in Kgs. of BF Coke consumed per tonne of Hot
Metal produced in the Blast Furnace (Kg/THM). By convention, this
excludes coke (nut/pearl coke) mixed with sinter etc.
Coke, Beehive: Coke produced from bituminous coal by the beehive process
where heat for the coking process comes from a partial combustion of the
coke. Generally characterized by an elongated stringy structure.
Coke, Beehive: Coke produced from a bituminous coal by the beehive
process where heat for the coking process comes from a partial combustion
of the coke. Generally characterized by an elongate stringy structure.
Coke, By Product: Coke produced from bituminous coal in airtight code
ovens where heat for coking process is externally applied. Generally more
uniform in size than beehive coke, and usually ball or cube shape.
Coke, Byproduct: Coke produced from bituminous coal in airtight code
ovens where heat for the coking process is externally applied. Generally more
uniform in size than beehive coke, and usually ball or cube shape.
Coke, Petroleum: Residue left from the distillation of petroleum crude, used
as a carbon raiser.
Coke, Petroleum: Residue left from the distillation of petroleum crude, used
as a carbon raiser.
Coking: Undesired buildup of hard carbon deposits on equipment associated
with high heat.
Coking Coal: Unlike thermal or streaming coal used in power stations or for
industrial or domestic heating, coking (or metallurgical) coal has unique
properties that suit it to ironmaking. A key characteristic is that when heated
in the absence of air, this coal, unlike steaming coal, will form the hard,
sponge-like material known as coke. Also, as steelmakers are looking to
produce high iron purity, the coal needs to have high-carbon, but relatively
low ash, sulfur and phosphorus content. Also, coke should not physically
break down as it travels down through the blast furnace (along with iron ore
and limestone), so helping to retain permeability in the ironmaking burden.
The terms "hard", and "semi-soft" actually refer to the coal's readiness to
form coke ("hard" is best), and not its physical hardness. However, "hard"
coal does happen to produce physically hard coke. About 10% of the worlds
mined coal is coking coal, with the major exporters being Australia, Canada
and the USA, followed by China and Russia.
Coking Time: Coking time is defined as the time required for conversion of
coal to coke in the coke oven which varies in the range of battery size.
Colbalt Based Superalloys: Eight specific alloys of at least 50% cobalt
blended with traces of such other metals as
iron,nickel,chrome,titanium,tungsten,carbom,zirconium, and/or tantalum;
used in high temperature,high strength,anti corrosion applications (such as
aircraft gas turbines and jet engine components).
Cold air return: Nominal 1or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite
roof rafters. They serve to stiffen the roof structure.
Cold air return: The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back
to the furnace for re-heating.
Cold Box Process: Any core binder process that uses a gas or vaporized
catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the core box at room
temperature.
Cold Box Process: 1) Any core binder process that uses a gas or vaporized
catalyst to cure a coated sand while it is in contact with the core box at room
temperature.
Cold Chamber Machine: A diecasting machine where the metal chamber
and plunger are not immersed in hot metal.
Cold Chamber Machine: A diecasting machine where the metal chamber
and plunger are not immersed in hot metal.
Cold Coined Forging: A forging that has been restruck cold in order to hold
closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines, reduces section
thickness, flatten some particular surface, or in non-heat-treatable alloys,
increase hardness.
Cold Coined Forging: A forging that has been re struck cold in order to hold
closer face distance tolerances, sharpen corners or outlines, reduces section
thickness, flatten some particular surface, or in non heat treatable alloys,
increase hardness.
Cold Cracking: Cracks in cold or nearly cold metal due to excessive internal
stress caused by contraction. Often brought about when the mold is too hard
or casting is of unsuitable design.
Cold Current: The current drawn by the magnet when its coil is at 68°F
(20°C) and at rated voltage.
Cold deck : -The cooling section of a mixed air zoning system.
Cold Die Quenching: A quench utilizing cold, flat or shaped dies to extract
heat from a part. Cold die quenching is slow, expensive and is limited to
smaller parts with large surface areas.
Cold Drawing: The process of passing unheated steel through dies for the
purpose of reducing its cross-sectional area, imparting to it a particular
shape.
Cold Drawing: The process of reducing the cross sectional area of wire,bar
or tube by drawing the material through a die without any pre heating. Cold
drawing is used for the production of bright steel bar in round square,
hexagonal and flat section. The process changes the mechanical properties of
the steel and the finished product is accurate to size,free from scale with a
bright surface finish.
Cold Drawn Precision Tubes: Cold drawn precision tubes are created by a
metalworking process known as drawing. In the drawing process, a piece of
tube is pulled through a metal die designed to reduce the diameter and
increase the length of the tube and may also improve the surface finish of the
tube. When the tube is drawn at close to room temperature it is cold drawn.
Because the part does not need to undergo the cooling and contraction
associated with a heated process, the resulting cold drawn tube has precision
dimensions.
Cold Finished Bars: Hot rolled stainless steel bars that are annealed and
cold worked to produce a higher surface quality and higher strength. The
term “cold finished” is an umbrella definition for any material that has had
some sort of surface treatment. For example, cold drawn, centerless ground,
and smooth turned bar are cold finished.
Cold Finished Steel Bars: Hot rolled carbon steel bars after secondary cold
reduction processing with better surface quality and strength.
Cold Finishing: The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars and
shafting, may be defined as the process of reducing their cross-sectional area,
without heating, by one of five methods of cold rolling. Cold drawing, cold
drawing and grinding, turning and polishing, turning and grinding.
Cold Finishing: The cold finishing of steel, generally used for bars and
shafting, may be defined as the process of reducing their cross sectional area,
without heating, by one of five methods Cold Rolling 2. Cold Drawing 3.
Cold drawing and Grinding 4. Turning and polishing 5. Turning and Grinding
Cold Finishing Quality Wire Rods: Intended for the manufacture of cold
drawn bars. The rods are expected to be substantially free from slivers, laps
and abrupt changes in section, which can impair the desired appearance of the
cold drawn bars.
Cold Heading: Process of forcing metal to flow cold into dies to form
thicker sections and more intricate shapes.
Cold Heading Quality Wire Rods: Wire rods used for heading, forging or
cold extrusion. These wire rods are produced by closely controlled
manufacturing practices and frequently are subject to mill testing and
inspection to ensure internal soundness and freedom from surface defects,
which may adversely affect the cold heading process.
Cold Inspection: A visual (usually final) inspection of the forgings for visual
defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room temperature. The
term may also be used to describe certain non-destructive tests, such as
magnetic particle, dye penetrant and sonic inspection.
Cold Inspection: A visual (usually final) inspection of the forgings for visual
defects, dimensions, weight and surface conditions at room temperature. The
tern may also be used to describe certain nondestructive tests, such as
magnetic particle, dye penetrant and sonic inspection.
Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP): Forming technique in which high fluid
pressure is applied to a powder (metal or ceramic) part at ambient
temperature. Water or oil is used as the pressure medium.
Cold junction -: That part of a thermoelectric system which absorbs heat as
the system operates.
Cold Lap: Wrinkled markings on the surface of an ingot or casting from
incipient freezing of the surface.
Cold Lap: Wrinkled markings on the surface of an ingot or casting from
incipient freezing of the surface.
Cold Pig: Blast furnace metal which has been cast into solid pieces usually
weighing from 60 to 80 lb.
Cold Pressing: Forming a powder metallurgy compact at a temperature low
enough to avoid sintering, usually room temperature. Contrast with hot
pressing.
Cold process : A water treatment process carried out at room temperature.
Cold Reduced Strip: Metal strip, produced from hot rolled strip, by rolling
on a cold reduction mill.
Cold Reduction: Reduction of metal size, usually by rolling or drawing
particularly thickness, while the metal is maintained at room temperature or
below the recrystallization temperature of the metal.
Cold Reduction Mill: Sheet and strip are cold reduced to the desired
thickness for the following reasons 1) To obtain the desired surface. 2) To
impart desired mechanical properties. 3) To make gauges lighter than the hot
strip mill can produce economically. 4) To produce sheet and strip of more
uniform thickness.
Cold Reduction Mill (Tandem Mill): Sheet and strip are cold reduced to the
desired thickness for the following reasons: 1. To obtain the desired surface.
2. To impart desired mechanical properties. 3. To make gauges lighter than
the hot strip mill can produce economically. 4. To produce sheet and strip of
more uniform thickness.
Cold Roll Base: Coils that are cold worked or reduced to gauge on the
tandem mill.
Cold Roll Base: Coils that are cold worked or reduced to gauge on the
tandem mill.
Cold Rolled Finish: Finish obtained by cold rolling plain pickled sheet or
strip with a lubricant resulting in a relatively smooth appearance.
Cold Rolled Non-Grain Oriented Silicon Steel: Silicon steel in which
magnetic properties are practically the same in any direction of magnetism in
the plane of the material. It is used for motors, generators, transducers, and
magnetic circuits of industrial machinery.
Cold Rolled Sheet: A product manufactured from hot rolled descaled
(pickled) coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness, generally followed
by annealing and temper rolling. If the sheet is not annealed after cold
reduction it is known as full hard. (see Full Hard Cold Rolled)
Cold Rolled Sheet: A product manufactured from hot rolled descaled
(pickled) coils by cold reducing to the desired thickness, generally followed
by annealing and temper rolling. If the sheet is not annealed after cold
reduction it is known as full hard. (See Full Hard Cold Rolled).
Cold Rolling: The passing of sheet or strip that has previously been hot
rolled and pickled through cold rolls, i.e., room temperature.
Cold Rolling: Rolling metal at a temperature below the softening point of the
metal to create strain hardening (work hardening). Same as cold reduction,
except that the working method is limited to rolling. Cold rolling changes the
mechanical properties of strip and produces certain useful combinations of
hardness, strength, stiffness, ductility and other characteristics known as
tempers, which see.
Cold Rolling Mill: Equipment that reduces the thickness, or gauge, of flat
steel products by rolling steel between alloy steel cylinders without prior
reheating. Several roll passes are generally necessary to gradually reduce the
steel to the desired thickness.
Cold Rolling Mill: A mill that reduces the cross sectional area of the metal
by rolling at approximately room temperature.
Cold Screens: A screening device that removes sinter that is smaller than
five millimeters in diameter before it goes to the blast furnace.
Cold Screens: A screening device that removes sinter that is smaller than
five millimeters in diameter before it goes to the Blast Furnace.
Cold Setting Binders: Term used to describe any binder that will harden the
core sufficiently at room temperature so core can be removed from its box
without distortion; commonly used in reference to oil oxygen type binders.
Cold Setting Process: An of several systems for bonding mold or core
aggregates by means of organic binders, relying upon the use of catalysts
rather than heat for polymerization (setting).
Cold Short: A characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low
temperatures.
Cold Short: A characteristic of metals that are brittle at ordinary or low
temperatures.
Cold Shot: Small globule of metal embedded in but not entirely fused with
the casting.
Cold Shot: Small globule of metal embedded in but not entirely fused with
the casting.
Cold Shut: A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a
forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging operation.
Folding of the surface. It may have the appearance of a crack or seam with
smooth, rounded edges. (see Cold Lap)
Cold Shut: A defect characterized by a fissure or lap on the surface of a
forging that has been closed without fusion during the forging operation.
folding of the surface. It may have the appearance of a crack or seam with
smooth, rounded edges. Also see Cold Lap
Cold Sinking: The process of pulling a tube through a carbide die to reduce
the diameter of the tube. Small tubes with very high thickness-to-diameter
ratios are commonly produced this way in long lengths. The sinking of the
tube is done at room temperature (i.e.: “Cold”).
Cold Stack: Exhaust stack located at the BOP Scrubber. The Boiler Operator
monitors the emissions through the cold stack.
Cold Strip Mill: A mill that rolls strip without first reheating.
Cold Strip Mill: A mill that rolls strip without first reheating.
Cold Test: Test that determines the pour point of an oil.
Cold Treatment: Exposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures (-85°C or
-120°F) for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or properties such as
dimensional or microstructural stability. When the treatment involves the
transformation of retained austenite, it is usually followed by tempering.
Cold Treatment: Exposing steel to suitable subzero temperatures ( 85?C, or
120?F) for the purpose of obtaining desired conditions or properties such as
dimensional or microstructural stability. When the treatment involves the
transformation of retained austenite, it is usually followed by tempering.
Cold Trimming: The removal of flash or excess metal from a forging at
room temperature in a trimming press.
Cold wall: Refrigerator construction which has the inner lining of
refrigerator serving as the cooling surface.
Cold Welding: A solid-state welding process in which pressure is used at
room temperature to produce coalescence of metals with substantial
deformation at the weld. Compare with hot pressure welding, diffusion
welding and jorge welding. (see Vhot Pressure Welding) (see Diffusion
Welding) (see Jorge Welding)
Cold Work: Plastic deformation at such temperatures and rates that
substantial increases occur in the strength and hardness of the metal visible
structural changes include changes in grain shape and, in some instances,
mechanical twinning or banding.
Cold : The absence of heat; a temperature considerably below normal.
Cold-formed: The process of forming a structural section by bending sheet
or strip steel in roll-forming machines without the use of heat.
Cold-galvanizing: See zinc-rich paint
Cold-rolled steel : steel that has been produced from a hot-rolled pickled coil
and given substantial cold reduction at room temperature; cold-rolled steel is
characterized by improved surface smoothness, greater uniformity in
thickness and improved mechanical properties when compared to hot-rolled
steel
Cold-setting Process: In foundry practice, any of several systems for
bonding mold or core aggregates by means of organic binders, relying on the
use of catalysts rather than heat for polymerization (setting).
Cold-working : bending or forming ambient-temperature steel; this action
induces stresses that may be released during the galvanizing process
Collapsed Reel: A mandrel in the collapsed position.
Collapsible Sprue: A sprue pattern of flexible material, or of spring-tube
design, used in squeeze-molding of plated patterns, and incorporating a
pouring cup.
Collar: A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.
Collar: Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite roof
rafters. They serve to stiffen the roof structure.
Collar: A horizontal timber joining two opposing rafters together.
Collar beam: Preformed flange placed over a vent pipe to seal the roofing
above the vent pipe opening. Also called a vent sleeve.
Collar beam: Preformed flange placed over a vent pipe to seal the roofing
above the vent pipe opening. Also called a vent sleeve.
Collar Thrust Bearing: The simplest form of thrust bearing; a thrust collar
in roll neck bearing service bears against the roll body at the fillet between
the journal and the body.
Collate: 1) to merge items from two or more similarly sequenced files into
one sequenced file, 2) to compare one thing critically with another of the
same kind.
Collateral load: All additional dead loads other than the weight of the
building, such as sprinklers, pipes, ceilings, and mechanical or electrical
components.
Collateral warrantee: A legal agreement between a developer and a
building contractor or designer, allowing the contractor or designer to be
made responsible to a third party, such as a finance provider or a purchaser,
for the execution of their duties.
Collector Main: The duct work used for moving air from the sinter machine
to the fans.
Collector, Shoe: The portion of a collector which makes contact by sliding
on the conductor bar.
Collector, Wheel: The portion of a collector which makes contact by rolling
on the conductor bar.
Collectors: aquatic invertebrates that feed on fine material
Collectors: Contacting devices for collecting current from the runway or
bridge conductors. The mainline collectors are mounted on the bridge to
transmit current from the runway conductors, and the trolley collectors are
mounted on the trolley to transmit current from the bridge conductors.
Collet: A precision work holding chuch which centers finished round stock
automatically when tightened. Specialized collets are also available in shapes
for other than round stock.
Collimator: A device for confining the elements of a beam of radiation
within an assigned solid angle.
Collimator: A device for confining the elements of a beam of radiation
within an assigned solid angle.
Colloid: A suspension of extremely small particles (5-5,000 angstroms) in a
liquid; the particles do not settle and are not easily separated by filtration.
Colloids are considered ionized particulates immune to agglomeration.
Greases are colloidal systems with thickeners dispersed in lubricating oil.
Colloidal: A state of suspension in a liquid medium in which extremely
small particles are suspended and dispersed but not dissolved.
Colloidal Clay: Finely divided clay of montmorillonite, kaolinite or illite
class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding.
Colloidal Clay: Finely divided clay of montmorillonite, kaolinite, or illite
class; prepared for foundry purposes as in sand bonding.
Colloidal Lubricating Solids: Lubricating solids (especially graphite and
molybdenum disulfide) that are pulverized to colloidal size and mechanically
dispersed in a fluid.
Colloids: Organic matter of very fine particle size, usually in the range of 10-
5 to 10-7 cm in diameter. It tends to inhibit the formation of dense scale and
results in the deposition of sludge, or causes it to remain in suspension, so
that it may be blown from the boiler.
Colloids, Colloidal Material: Finely divided material less than 0.5 micron
(0.00002 in.) in size, such as albumin, glue, starch, gelatin, and bentonite.
Coloimetric Analysis: Determining the amount of an element in a solution
by measuring the intrinsic color.
Color Buffing: Producing a final high luster by buffing. See also
coloring. (see Coloring)
Color Etching: A mircoetch resulting from the formation of a thin film of a
definite compound of the metal.
Color Etching: A micro etch resulting from the formation of a thin film of a
definite compound of the metal.
Color Method: A technique of heat treating metal by observing the color
changes that occur to determine the proper operation to perform to achieve
the desired results.
Color Standards: Among the many different color tests, the most popular
for steel mill lubricants are ASTM D 1500 color (for standard fluids) and
visual color (for dyed fluids or greases). ASTM D 1500 utilizes an optical
instrument to determine the darkness of oils by comparison with standard
colored discs.
Colorimeters: A colorimeter is a chemical measuring device used to
determine the amount of solute dissolved in a solution. The colorimeter
determines the concentration of the solution based on the wavelengths of
light that are pass through the solution to a photoresistor that measures the
light. Colorimeters make use of optical filters that can be adjusted to the
wavelengths of light that pass through the solution of interest.
Coloring: Producing desired colors on metal by a chemical or
electrochemical reaction. See also color buffing. (see Color Buffing)
Columbium: A metal which may be added to chrome-nickel stainless steel to
improve its welding qualities, by preventing carbide precipitation.
Columbium: Chemical symbol Co. Refractory metal used as an alloying
agent in steel making; essential for high strength,low alloy grades. Has some
?worked metal? applications, mostly alloyed with zirconium or titanium for
aerospace applications. CalledNiobium (Nb) everywhere but the U.S.
Column: The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the furnace
and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate supplies of air are brought in:
One high and One low.
Column: Free standing vertical load bearing member
Column: Is a main vertical member carrying axial loads, which can be
combined with bending and shear, from the main roof beams or girders to the
foundation. These structural members carry loads parallel to its longitudinal
axis.
Column: A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.
Column curve: A curve which shows the relationship between axial column
strength and slenderness ratio.
Column operation : Conventional utilization of ion-exchange resins in
columns through which pass, either upflow or down flow, the solution to be
treated.
Column : a vertical, structural element, strong in compression
Columnar Structure: A coarse structure of parallel columns of grains,
which is caused by highly directional solidification.
Columnar Structure: A coarse structure of parallel columns of grains,
which is caused by highly directional solidification.
Comat: Company Material. NON-REVENUE cargo, such as aircraft spare
parts.
Combination Die (Multiple Cavity Die): In die casting, a die with two or
more different cavities for different castings.
Combination Die (Multiple-Cavity Die): In die casting, a die with two or
more different cavities for different castings.
Combination Mills: An arrangement of a continuous mill for roughing and a
guide mill or looping mill for shaping.
Combination Square: A drafting and layout tool combining a square, level,
protractor and a center head.
Combination Square: A drafting and layout tool combining a square,level,
protractor and a center head.
Combined Carbon: Carbon in iron and steel which is combined chemically
with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or temper carbon.
Combined Carbon: Carbon in iron and steel which is combined chemically
with other elements; not in the free state as graphitic or temper carbon.
Combined Cyanide: The cyanide of a metal-cyanid complex ion.
Combined feeder cutoff: A device that regulates makeup water to a boiler in
combination with a low-water fuel cutoff.
Combined steam-gas plant : where a gas turbine is combined with steam
plant in order to utilize the waste heat.
Combined Stresses: Any state of stress that cannot be represented by a
single component of stress; that is, one that is more complicated than simple
tension, compression or shear.
Combined treatment : A method of physical treatment , followed by the
addition of chemicals to remove oxygen.
Combined Water: That water in mineral matter which is chemically
combined and driven off only at temperatures above 231°F (111°C).
Combined Water: That water in mineral matter which is chemically
combined and driven off only at temperatures above 231 B0F (111 B0C).
Combustion: Chemical change as a result of the combination of the
combustible constituents of the fuel with oxygen, producing heat.
Combustion air: The part of a boiler, furnace or woodstove where the burn
occurs; normally lined with firebrick or molded or sprayed insulation.
Combustion air: The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the
furnace and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate supplies of air are
brought in: One high and One low.
Combustion Air Flow: The measured and controlled amount of air flow
delivered to a boiler to promote proper combustion.
Combustion Air Flow: The measured and controlled amount of air flow
delivered to a boiler to promote proper combustion.
Combustion Analysis: An analytical technique for determining the
concentration of carbon and sulfur in samples. The sample is burned in a
graphite crucible in the presence of oxygen, which causes carbon and sulfur
to leave the sample as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. These gases are
then detected by infrared or thermal conductive means.
Combustion chamber: A member of a truss system which connects the
bottom and top chords and which provides downward support.
Combustion chamber: The part of a boiler, furnace or woodstove where the
burn occurs; normally lined with firebrick or molded or sprayed insulation.
Combustion Chamber: The space in a furnace where combustion of
gaseous products from fuel takes place.
Combustion : The act or process of burning.
Comet Tails: A group of comparatively deep unidirectional scratches that
form adjacent to a microstructural discontinuity during mechanical polishing.
They have the general shape of a comet tail. Comet tails form only when a
unidirectional motion is maintained between the surface being polished and
the polishing cloth.
Comfort chart: A chart showing effective temperatures with dry-bulb
temperatures and humidity's (and sometimes air motion) by which the effects
of various air conditions on human comfort may be compared.
Comfort cooler : System used to reduce the temperature in the living space
in homes. These systems are not complete air conditioners as they do not
provide complete control of heating, humidifying, dehumidification, and air
circulation.
Comfort cooling : Refrigeration for comfort as opposed to refrigeration for
storage or manufacture.
Comfort zone : (Average) the range of effective temperatures over which the
majority (50 percent or more) of adults feels comfortable; (extreme) the range
of effective temperatures over which one or more adults feel comfortable. An
area on the psychometric chart which shows conditions of temperature,
humidity and sometimes air movement in which most people are
comfortable.
Command Signal: An external signal to which the servo must respond.
Commercial Bronze: A copper-zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper
and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although termed
commercial bronze, it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger than copper
and has equal or better ductility.
Commercial Bronze: A copper zinc alloy (brass) containing 90% copper
and 10% zinc; used for screws, wire, hardware, etc. Although termed
commercial bronze it contains no tin. It is somewhat stronger than copper and
has equal or better ductility.
Commercial Quality Steel Sheet: Normally to a ladle analysis of carbon
limit at 0.15 max. A Standard Quality Carbon Steel Sheet.
Commercial Steel (CS): Sheet of this quality is for simple bending or
moderate forming.
Commercial Tolerance: A range by which a product’s specifications can
deviate from those ordered and still meet the industry accepted ranges
(defined in ASTM Standards, etc.)
Commercial Tolerance: A range by which a product's specifications can
deviate from those ordered and still meet the industry accepted ranges
(defined in ASTM Standards, etc.)
Comminution: Reducing to powder; pulverizing.
Comminution: (1) Breaking up or grinding an ore into small fragments. (2)
Reducing metal to powder by mechanical means. (3) The act or process of
reduction of powder particle size, usually but not necessarily by grinding or
milling. See also pulverization. (see Pulverization)
Commissioning: Process of verifying and documenting that a facility and its
associated systems meet project requirements. Activities may include run-ins,
water batching, and operation of equipment and systems in support of the
validation IQ and OQ execution.
Common neutral -: A neutral conductor that is common to, or serves, more
than one circuit.
Common rafter: A normal rafter, which extends all the way from wall plate
to ridge, as opposed to a jack rafter.
Communication [professional and technical] : The process of spoken,
written and graphical exchange of information, views, opinions between
professionals and peers, other professionals, superiors, subordinates, clients,
authorities and laypersons.
Communications: The exchange of information between the signal person
and crane operator(s). This exchange may be verbal or non-verbal.
Community: the plants and animals that interact in a habitat; the community
of people who influence a habitat
Comodizing: A rustproofing process for steel.
Compact: (1) The object produced by the compression of metal powder,
generally while confined in a die. (2) The operation or process of producing a
compact; sometimes called pressing.
Compact section: A steel section whose flanges must be continuously
connected to the webs and the width-thickness ratios of its compression
element can not exceed the limiting width-thichness ratios designated in the
AISC Manual.
Compacted Graphite Iron: Cast iron having a graphite shape intermediate
between the flake fonn typical of gray cast iron and the spherical form of
fully spherulitic ductile cast iron. An acceptable compacted graphite iron
structure is one that contains no flake graphite, <20% spheroidal graphite,
and 80% compacted graphite (ASTM A 247, type IV). Also known as CO
iron or vennicular iron, compacted graphite cast iron is produced in a manner
similar to that for ductile cast iron, but using a technique that inhibits the
formation of fully spherulitic graphite nodules.
Compacting Pressure: In powder metallurgy, the specific compacting force
related to the area of contact with the press punch expressed in megapascals,
meganewtons per square meter or tons per square inch.
Compaction: (1) The act of forcing particulate or granular material together
(consolidation) under pressure or impact to yield a relatively dense mass or
formed object. (2) In powder metallurgy, the preparation of a compact or
object produced by the compression of a powder, generally while confined in
a die, with or without the inclusion of lubricants, binders and so forth. With
or without the concurrent applications of heat.
Compaction : Artificial increase of the dry density of a granular soil by
mechanical means such as rolling the surface layers, or driving sand piles for
deep compaction, vibroflotation, or impact methods. There are many methods
of compaction, six main types of compacting equipment are: (1) pneumatic-
tired rollers, in which the rear wheels cover the gaps left by the front wheels,
(2) tamping rollers, (3) sheep foot rollers, (4) vibrating rollers, (5) frog
rammers (trench compactors), and (6) vibrating plates. The last two are used
for confined spaces.
Compasses: An instrument for drawing arcs and circles. Not to be confused,
incidentally, with a compass (in the singular) which is a magnetic instrument
for finding North.
Compatibility: A measure of the extent to which materials are mutually
soluble in the solid state.
Competence : The state of having the attributes necessary to perform the
activities within the profession or occupation to the standards expected in
independent employment or practice.
Competency assessment : A summative assessment of an individual’s
competency against a prescribed standard based on evidence from the
individual’s work, reports by qualified observers, and other tests that may
include a professional review.
Competency standard : Statement of competence required for a defined
purpose.
Competency-based standards [for registration] : Statements of the criteria
for registration as an engineering professional in the form of outcomes that
must be demonstrated and the required level of performance.
Competent person: Person with sufficient knowledge of the specific tasks to
be undertaken and the risks which the work will entail, and with sufficient
experience and ability to enable them to carry out their duties in relation to
the project, to recognize their limitations, and to take appropriate action in
order to prevent harm to those carrying out construction work, or those
affected by the work. (Construction Design and Managment Regulations
2007)
Complainant: This term is used in human rights law to describe a
person who launches a formal complaint.
Complementary (contextual) knowledge : Disciplines other than
engineering, basic and mathematical sciences, that support engineering
practice, enable its impacts to be understood and broaden the outlook of the
engineering graduate.
Complete Fusion: Fusion that has occurred over the entire base material
surfaces intended for welding and between all layers and weld beads.
Complex engineering activities : A class of activities with characteristics
defined in section 4.2 of the IEA Graduate Attributes and Professional
Competencies v2.
Complex engineering problems : A class of problem with characteristics
defined in section 4.1 of the IEA Graduate Attributes and Professional
Competencies v2.
Complex Soap (Grease): A thickener in which the soap crystals or fibers are
formed by the co-crystallization of two or more compounds, a selected soap
and a complexing agent such as a salt or an additive. The resulting complex
soap usually increases the dropping point of the greases. Aluminum, calcium
and lithium are common complex soaps.
Complex system or situation : Has many component parts and their
relationships and dependencies are numerous or not simply described.
Complexing Agent: A substance that is an electron donor and that will
combine with a metal ion to form a soluble complex ion.
Complexion: An ion that may be formed by the addition reaction of two or
more other ions.
Compliance: A terminology that means to act according to a rule, request or
command. It is adopted by the main organizations in the world and this
program has the aim to avoid potential deviations in regards to business
handling.
Component: (1) One of the elements or compounds used to define a
chemical (or alloy) system, including all phases, in terms of the fewest
substances possible. (2) One of the individual parts of a vector as referred to a
system of coordinates. (3) An individual functional element in a physically
independent body that cannot be further reduced or divided without
destroying its stated function, for example, a resistor, capacitor, diode or
transistor.
Composite Alloy: An aluminum alloy containing relatively large amounts of
two or more other elements.
Composite Alloy: An aluminum alloy containing relatively large amounts of
two or more other elements.
Composite beam: A steel beam and a concrete slab connected, usually by
shear stud connectors, so that they act together to resist the load on the beam.
Composite Cable: A composite cable is an electrical conductor used to
transfer video and audio signals between home entertainment devices.
Composite cables are made up of three separate conductors, each terminated
with an RCA plug. The three cables are also color-coded, with the yellow
plug carrying a composite video signal and red and white (or black) plugs
carrying the right and left sides, respectively, of a stereo audio signal.
Composite Coating: A coating on a metal or nonmetal that consists of two
or more components one of which is often particulate in form. Example: a
cennet composite coating on a cemented carbide cutting tool. Also see
multilayer coating. (see Multilayer Coating)
Composite Construction: Welding a steel casting to a rolled or forged steel
object or to another casting. (see Cast-weld)
Composite Construction: Welding a steel casting to a rolled or forged steel
object or to another casting. See Cast Weld
Composite Electrode: A welding electrode made from two or more distinct
components, at least one of which is filler metal. A composite electrode may
exist in any of various physical forms, such as stranded wires, filled tubes or
covered wire.
Composite Joint: A joint that is both welded and joined mechanically.
Composite Joint: A joint that is both welded and joined mechanically.
Composite Material: A combination of two or more materials (reinforcing
elements, fillers and composite matrix binder) differing in form or
composition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their identities, that is,
they do not dissolve or merge completely into one another although they act
in concert. Normally, the components can be physically identified and exhibit
an interface between one another. Examples include cerrnets and metal-
matrix composites.
Composite Material: A combination of two or more materials (reinforcing
elements,fillers and composite matrix binder), differing in forms or
composition on a macroscale. The constituents retain their identities,that is,
they do not dissolve or merge completley into one another although they act
in concert. Normally, the components can be physically identified and exhibit
an interface between one another. Examples are cermets and metal matrix
composites.
Composite order: One of the ancient classical orders of architecture,
introduced by the Romans. Its capital combines the volute scrolls of
the Ionicwith the acanthus foliage of the Corinthian.
Composite Plate: An electrodeposit consisting of layers of at least two
different compositions.
Composite Powder: A powder in which each particle consists of two or
more different materials.
Composite Structure: A structural member (such as a panel, plate, pipe or
other shape) that is built up by bonding together two or more distinct
components, each of which may be made of a metal, alloy, nonmetal or
composite material. Examples of composite structures include honeycomb
panels, clad plate, electrical contacts, sleeve bearings, carbide-tipped drills or
lathe tools and weldments constructed of two or more different alloys.
Composition : The elements or chemical components that make up a
material and their relative proportions.
Compound: In chemistry, a distinct substance formed by the combination of
two or more elements in definite proportions by weight and possessing
physical and chemical properties different from those of the constituent
elements. In petroleum processing, generally connotes fatty oils and similar
materials foreign to petroleum, added to lubricants to impart special
properties; such lubricants are known as “compounded oils.”
Compound : A homogeneous substance composed of two or more elements
that can be decomposed by chemical changes only.
Compound Compact: A powder metallurgy compact consisting of mixed
metals, the particles of which are joined by pressing, sintering or both, with
each metal particle retaining substantially its original composition.
Compound Die: Any die designed to perform more than one operation on a
part with one stroke of the press, such as blanking and piercing, in which all
functions are performed simultaneously within the confines of the blank size
being worked.
Compound Gauge: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for 'zero' psi at
atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to indicate the
level of pressure above or below atmospheric pressure.
Compound gauge : Instrument for measuring pressures both above and
below atmospheric pressure.
Compound refrigerating systems : System which has several compressors
or compressor cylinders in series. The system is used to pump low pressure
vapors to condensing pressures.
Compound : They are chemically combined elements with definite
proportions of the component elements.
Comprehend/comprehension : Synonymous with
understand/understanding.
Compressedair chamber : the space at the bottom of a caisson into which
air is introduced under pressure to exclude water so that excavation can take
place
Compressibility: The change in volume of a unit of fluid when subjected to
a unit change of pressure. Typical hydraulic fluids exhibit compressibility at
very high pressures, and compressibility may strongly affect frequency
response in servo systems.
Compressibility: The change in volume of a unit of fluid when it is
subjected to a unit change in pressure (in' / lb).
Compressibility: The ease which a fluid may be reduced in volume by the
application of pressure, depends upon the state of the fluid as well as the type
of fluid itself.
Compression: A condition caused by the action of squeezing or shortening
of a component.
Compression: The pressing force experienced in a column or in the top
flange of a beam.
Compression member: Any member in which the primary stress is
longitudinal compression.
Compression ratio: Ratio of the volume of the clearance space to the total
volume of the cylinder. In refrigeration it is also used as the ratio of the
absolute low-side pressure to the absolute high-side pressure.
Compression Ratio (Powder Metallurgy): The ratio of the volume of the
loose powder to the volume of the compact made from it.
Compression Set (Elastomer): The deformation that remains in an
elastomer after it has been subjected to and released from a compressive
stress for a period of time. Compression set measurements are used to
evaluate the creep and stress relaxation properties of rubber.
Compression Test: Imposing a dead load on a small cylindrical test piece to
determine compressive strength, expressed in pounds per square inch.
Compression Test: Imposing a dead load on a small cylindrical test piece to
determine compressive strength, expressed in pounds per sq. in.
Compression web: A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in order to
turn it into a liquid, thereby allowing heat to be removed or added. A
compressor is the main component of conventional heat pumps and air
conditioners. In an air conditioning system, the compressor normally sits
outside and has a large fan (to remove heat).
Compression web: A member of a truss system which connects the bottom
and top chords and which provides downward support.
Compression : Term used to denote increase of pressure on a fluid by using
mechanical energy.
Compression : a pressing force that squeezes a material together
Compression, adiabatic: Is compressing a gas without removing or adding
heat.
Compressive strength: Resistance of a material to a crushing force.
Compressive Strength: The maximum compressive stress that a material is
capable of developing, based on original area of cross-section. In the case of
a material which fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the
compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of materials which
do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the value obtained for
compressive strength is an arbitrary value depending upon the degree of
distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material.
Compressive Strength: The maximum compressive stress that a material is
capable of developing, based on original area of cross section. In the case of a
material which fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive
strength has a very definite value. In the case of materials which do not fail in
compression by a shattering fracture, the value obtained for compressive
strength is an arbitrary value depending upon the degree of distortion that is
regarded as indicating complete failure of the material.
Compressive Stress: A stress that causes an elastic body to deform (shorten)
in the direction of the applied load. Contrast with tensile stress.
Compressor: A hollow concrete 'brick' often 8" x 8" x 16" in size.
Compressor: A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in order to turn it
into a liquid, thereby allowing heat to be removed or added. A compressor is
the main component of conventional heat pumps and air conditioners. In an
air conditioning system, the compressor normally sits outside and has a large
fan (to remove heat).
Compressor displacement: Volume, in cubic inches, represented by the area
of the compressor piston head or heads multiplied by the length of the stroke.
Compressor seal: Leak proof seal between crankshaft and compressor body
in open type compressors.
Compressor surging: An instability of air flow with axial compressor on the
first stages of these compressors. Air flow might even be reversed that point.
Compressor turbine : in terms of a gas turbine arrangement, it is the turbine
which drives the compressor only.
Compressor : Pump of a refrigerating mechanism which draws a low
pressure on cooling side of refrigerant cycle and squeezes or compresses the
gas into the high-pressure or condensing side of the cycle.
Compressor : The pump which provides the pressure differential to cause
fluid to flow and in the pumping process increases pressure of the refrigerant
to the high side condition. The compressor is the separation between low side
and high side.
Compressor, clearance pocket : Small space in a cylinder from which
compressed gas is not completely expelled. This space is called the
compressor clearance space or pocket. For effective operation, compressors
are designed to have as small a clearance space as possible.
Compressor, rotary blade : Mechanism for pumping fluid by revolving
blades inside cylindrical housing.
Compressor, single-stage : Compressor having only one compressive step
between low-side pressure and high-side pressure.
Computer Aided Design: Computer Aided Design (CAD), also referred to
as Computer Aided Drafting, refers to the use of computer software to create
2D or 3D drawings and models. CAD software allows the user to define
proper object dimensions, create assembly models, and export information
necessary for manufacturing and inspection processes. There are many
different CAD software suppliers worldwide, with a wide variety of software
capabilities and customization options.
Computer aided design (cad): The type of computer program with which
technical drawings are prepared. The market leader is AutoCAD but there are
others.
Computing and information technologies : Encompasses the use of
computers, networking and software to support engineering activity and as an
engineering activity in itself as appropriate to the discipline.
Concave: A curved depression in the surface of an object.
Concave: A curved depression in the surface of an object.
Concentrate: A fine powder-like intermediate product between ore and
metal, from which much of the waste mineral has been eliminated, leaving a
much higher concentration of the required mineral than in the original ore.
Equipment used is known as a concentrator.
Concentrated load: A single load or force that has such a small contact area
as to be negligible compared with the entire surface area of the supporting
member and applied at a certain point on the structure.
Concentration: (1) The mass of a substance contained in a unit volume of
sample, for example, grams per liter. (2) A process for enrichment of an ore
in valuable mineral content by separation and removal of waste material or
gangue.
Concentration Cell: An electrolytic cell, the electromotive force of which is
caused by a difference in concentration of some component in the electrolyte.
This difference leads to the formation of discrete cathode and anode regions.
Concentration Polarization: That portion of the polarization of a cell
produced by concentration changes resulting from passage of current through
the electrolyte.
Concentric: Accurately centered or having a common center.
Concentricity (Bearings): The uniformity of journal (or bearing) thickness
measured in a plane normal to the axis of the journal; also used to describe
the inside diameter axial exactness of a bore or the hole of the hose.
Concrete: Beads or drops of water (and frequently frost in extremely cold
weather) that accumulate on the inside of the exterior covering of a building.
Use of louvers or attic ventilators will reduce moisture condensation in attics.
A vapor barrier under the gypsum lath or dry wall on exposed walls will
reduce condensation.
Concrete: A hollow concrete ‘brick’ often 8″ x 8″ x 16″ in size.
Concrete: An artifical stone-like substance obtained by mixing large and
small stones and sand with cement and enough water to permit
fullhydration and make the mix workable. Concrete (like the stone minerals
from which it is made) is strong in compression but weak intension. Roman
concrete was based, not on Portland cement, but on a 'pozzolanic' mix, made
from volcanic ash and incorporating ground-up bricks and tiles. (Fr. beton,
m).
Concrete: a mixture of Portland cement, aggregate and water to form a stiff
slurry that will chemically react and harden.
Concrete : A mixture of water, sand, stone, and a binder (Usually Portland
cement) which hardens to a stone like mass.
Concrete block: A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as
a tile backing material.
Concrete block: A concrete building block.
Concrete block: A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as
a tile backing material.
Concrete board : The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water.
Used to make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation
walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening
(mesh).
Concrete board : The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water.
Used to make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation
walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire screening
(mesh).
Concrete Filler Sealant: Concrete filler sealant is a repair compound used to
fill and seal cracks and small holes in concrete. The most common type of
filler sealant is latex-based caulking; however, epoxy sealants may also be
used for repair projects. Silicon is often added to the filler in order to improve
adhesion and water resistance.
Concrete pump: A machine for transporting concrete down a delivery pipe.
May be truck mounted or static.
Concrete Reinforcement Wire Rods: Smooth wire rods without re-bar type
surface deformations. They are produced from steel of chemical compositions
selected to meet the mechanical properties as described in ASTM A615 for
Grade 40 and Grade 60 or ASTM A615M for Grade 300 and Grade 400.
These rods are produced in coils.
Concrete segmental lining : Pre-cast concretesegments that line the tunnel
walls.
Concrete Stabilization: Concrete stabilization is a construction repair
service that addresses the failure of a concrete structure, specifically the
shifting of concrete slabs. Concrete stabilization typically focuses on the
injection or insertion of supplemental materials to help fortify the underlying
substrate on which the concrete rests.
Concrete : a mixture of water, sand, small stones, and a gray powder
calledcement
Concurrent Heating: The application of supplemental heat to a structure
during a welding or cutting operation.
Condensate polisher : A device used to clean the returning condensate to the
boiler feedwater system.
Condensate pump : Device to remove water condensate that collects
beneath an evaporator.
Condensate : The liquid formed by condensation of a vapor. In steam
heating, water condensed from steam; in air conditioning, water extracted
from air, as by condensation on the cooling coil of a refrigeration machine.
Condensation: The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a
compressor and condensing coil designed to give off heat.
Condensation: Beads or drops of water (and frequently frost in extremely
cold weather) that accumulate on the inside of the exterior covering of a
building. Use of louvers or attic ventilators will reduce moisture condensation
in attics. A vapor barrier under the gypsum lath or dry wall on exposed walls
will reduce condensation.
Condensation -: Process of changing a vapor into liquid by extracting heat.
Condensation of steam or water vapor is effected in either steam condensers
or dehumidifying coils, and the resulting water is called condensate.
Condense : Action of changing a gas or vapor to a liquid.
Condenser tube: The heat transfer surface in a condenser.
Condenser Tubes: Tubes used in the conversion of a vapour into a liquid by
cooling.
Condenser : An apparatus used to transfer heat from a hot gas,
simultaneously reducing that gas to a liquid.
Condenser-water system : A re-circulating cooling water used as a heat
transfer fluid for the condensation of a gas.
Condensing temperature -: The temperature at which the condensing gas is
returned to a liquid at the same pressure.
Condensing turbine: With this turbine, the steam exhausts to the condenser
and the latent heat of the steam is transferred to the cooling water. The
condensed steam is returned to the boiler as feedwater.
Condensing unit: The standards that define how a property may be used and
the protections the developer makes for the benefit of all owners in a
subdivision.
Condensing unit: The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a
compressor and condensing coil designed to give off heat.
Condensing unit: Part of a refrigerating mechanism which pumps vaporized
refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it, liquefies it in the condenser
and returns it to the refrigerant control.
Condensing unit service valves : Shutoff valves mounted on condensing
unit to enable service technicians to install and/or service unit.
Condensing unit, refrigerant : An assembly of refrigerating components
designed to compress and liquefy a specific refrigerant, consisting of one or
more refrigerant compressors, refrigerant condensers, liquid receivers (when
required) and regularly furnished accessories.
Condition Monitoring: The use of specialized techniques that monitor the
condition of equipment and detect the onset of failure in sufficient time to
plan a maintenance intervention that prevents failure; these techniques
include lubricant analysis, vibration analysis, thermography, motor current
signature analysis, NDT surface inspections, ultrasonics, acoustic emission
and process data.
Conditioning Heat Treatment: A preliminary heat treatment used to
prepare a material for desired reaction to a subsequent heat treatment. For the
term to be meaningful, the exact heat treatment must be specified.
Conditions, convenants, and restrictions (cc and rs) : The direct transfer of
heat energy through a material.
Conditions, convenants, and restrictions (cc and rs) : The standards that
define how a property may be used and the protections the developer makes
for the benefit of all owners in a subdivision.
Conductance, electrical : The reciprocal (opposite) of resistance and is the
current carrying ability of any wire or electrical component. Resistance is the
ability to oppose the flow of current.
Conductance, surface film : Time rate of heat flow per unit area under
steady conditions between a surface and a fluid for unit temperature
difference between the surface and fluid.
Conduction: The rate at which heat is transmitted through a material.
Conduction: The direct transfer of heat energy through a material.
Conduction -: Transfer of heat by direct contact.
Conductivity: A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.
Conductivity: The rate at which heat is transmitted through a material.
Conductivity: The ability of a substance to transmit heat, light or electricity.
Aluminum has high electrical and thermal conductivity, making it useful in a
wide range of electrical and heat-exchanging applications.
Conductivity (electrical) : The ability of a liquid to conduct an electrical
current and indicating the presence of cat ions and anions. Conductivity is
usually expressed in Micromos per cm.
Conductivity (thermal) : The time rate of heat flow through unit thickness
of an infinite slab of homogeneous material in a direction perpendicular to the
surface, induced by unit temperature difference. (W/m · K)
Conductivity meter -: An electric instrument used to measure the
conductivity of water to determine its content of dissolved solids.
Conductivity, thermal : The time rate of heat flow through unit area and
unit thickness of a homogeneous material under steady conditions when a
unit temperature gradient is maintained in the direction perpendicular to area.
Materials are considered homogeneous when the value of the thermal
conductivity is not affected by variation in thickness or in size
Conductor: Substance or body capable of transmitting electricity or heat.
Conductors, Bridge: The electrical conductors located along the bridge
girder(s) to provide power and bridge crane control circuits to the trolley.
(Sometimes incorrectly called trolley conductors).
Conductors, Enclosed: A bar used to transmit an electrical current, enclosed
in a non-conducting material to minimize accidental contact with the
conductor.
Conductors, Open: A bar used to transmit an electrical current.
Conductors, Runway (Main): The electrical conductors located along a
crane runway that transmit bridge crane control signals and power to the
crane.
Conduit : Any open channel, pipe, etc., for flowing fluid. A pipe or tube in
which smaller pipes, tubes, or electrical conductors are inserted or are to be
inserted.
Conduit : A round cross-section electrical raceway, of metal or plastic.
Conduit, electrical: A legal document which specifies the what-when-
where-how-how much and by whom in a construction project. A good
construction contract will include:
Conduit, electrical: A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.
Cone: The conical part of an oxyfuel gas flame next to the orifice of the tip.
Cone Angle: The angle that the cutter axis makes with the direction along
which the blades are moved for adjustment, as in adjustable-blade reamers
where the base of the blade slides on a conical surface.
Cone Pulley: A one-piece stepped pulley having two or more diameters.
Confluence: the meeting of two streams.
Conformal Coating: A coating that covers and exactly fits the shape of the
coated object.
Congealer -: Also known as freezer.
Congruent Melting: An isothermal or isobaric melting in which both the
solid and liquid phases have the same composition throughout the
transformation.
Congruent phosphate control -: Similar as a coordinated phosphate control
but more restrictive where the equilibrium is based on maintaining a ratio of
2.6 Na/1.0 PO4, instead of 3.0/1.0 PO4.
Congruent Transformation: An isothermal or isobaric phase change in
which both of the phases concerned have the same composition throughout
the process.
Conifer: a tree or shrub (usually evergreen) with seed cones and resinous
sap.
Coniferous: cone-bearing trees with needles
Conjugate Action (Gears): Transmission of uniform rotary motion from one
shaft to another by gear teeth, where the normals (perpendiculars) to the tooth
profiles at all possible points of contact pass through a fixed point, known as
the pitch point, in the common centerline between the two shafts.
Conjugate Phases: In microstructural analysis, those states of matter of
unique composition that coexist at equilibrium at a single point in
temperature and pressure. For example, the two coexisting phases of a two-
phase equilibrium.
Connected load -: The sum of all loads on a circuit. (1) Connection in
ParallelSystem whereby flow is divided among two or more channels from a
common starting point or header. (2) Connection in SeriesSystem whereby
flow through two or more channels is in a single path entering each
succeeding channel only after leaving the first or previous channel.
Connection: A joint connected by welds or bolts used to transmit forces
between two or more members. See also Splice.
Consistency (Grease): Describes the hardness of a grease (its resistance to
deformation), indicating relative softness or hardness with the application of
force. Test method ASTM D 217 measures the extent of penetration of a cone
under a fixed load and for a specific interval: the greater the penetration, the
softer the grease. Using this method, NLGI grades the softest grease (deepest
penetration) as 000, the hardest as 6.
Consistency of concrete : Ease of flow or workability of concrete, measured
by slump test or Kelly ball test.
Consolidation : The gradual, slow compression of a cohesive soil due to
weight acting on it, which occurs as water, or water and air are driven out of
the voids in the soil. Consolidation only occurs with clays or other soils of
low permeability, it is not the same as compaction, which is a mechanical,
immediate process and only occurs in soils with at least some sand.
Constant Communication: Uninterrupted, constant and deliberate verbal
communication between signal person and crane operator with no pause in
communication longer than two (2) seconds when the signal person is not in
direct View of the crane operator.
Constantan: A group of copper-nickel alloys containing 45 to 60% copper
with minor amounts of iron and manganese and characterized by relatively
constant electrical resistivity irrespective of temperature; used in resistors and
thermocouples.
Constituent: A necessary part or element; component.
Constitute: A phase, or combination of phases, that occurs in a characteristic
configuration in a microstructure.
Constitution Diagram: A graphical representation of the temperature and
composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they actually exist
under the specific conditions of heating or cooling (synonymous with phase
diagram). A constitution diagram may be an equilibrium diagram, an
approximation to an equilibrium diagram, or a representation of metastable
conditions or phases. Compare with equilibrium diagram. (see Equilibrium
Diagram)
Constitutional Diagram: A graphical representation of the temperature and
composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they actually exist
under specific conditions of heating and cooling (synonymous with phase
diagram). A constitutional diagram may be, or may approximate, and
equilibrium diagram, or may represent metastable conditions or phases.
Compare equilibrium diagram.
Constrain: Any restriction that limits the transverse contraction normally
associated with a longitudinal tension and that hence causes a secondary
tension in the transverse direction usually used in connection with welding.
Contrast with restraint.
Constrictor -: Tube or orifice used to restrict flow of a gas or a liquid.
Constructability: Integration of the design with the construction approach
and experience to optimize (within contract requirements) the project quality,
safety, capital cost, and construction schedule, thus minimizing the overall
project cost.
Construction: The process of assembling materials and erecting a structure.
The medium in which a building is built (eg wood, steel or masonry).
Construction contract: A type of construction in which the interior wall
finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or
wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.
Construction drywall: A type of construction in which the structural
components are wood or depend upon a wood frame for support.
Construction drywall: A type of construction in which the interior wall
finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or
wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.
Construction joint: Joint which occurs because of the sequence of
construction, unlike an expansion joint.
Construction manager : a person who coordinates the entire construction
process from initial planning and foundation work through the structure's
completion
Construction, frame: A device that tells whether a circuit is capable of
carrying electricity.
Construction, frame: A type of construction in which the structural
components are wood or depend upon a wood frame for support.
Consumable Electrode: A general term for any arc welding electrode made
chiefly of filler metal. Preferred specific names include covered electrode,
bare electrode, flux-cored electrode and lightly coated electrode.
Consumable-electrode Remelting: A process for refining metals in which
an electric current passes between an electrode made of the metal to be
refined and an ingot of the refined metal that is contained in a water-cooled
mold. As a result of the passage of electric current, droplets of molten metal
form on the electrode and fall to the ingot. The refining action occurs from
contact with the atmosphere, vacuum or slag through which the drop falls.
See also electroslag remelting and vacuum arc remelting. (see Electroslag
Remelting) (see Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR))
Consumers: organisms that depend on other organisms for their food
Consumption: Measures the physical use of steel by end-users. Steel
consumption estimates, unlike steel demand figures, account for changes in
inventories. Apparent Supply — Derived demand for steel using AISI
reported steel mill shipments plus Census Bureau reported imports, less
Census Bureau reported exports. Domestic market share percentages are
based on this figure, which does not take into account any changes in
inventory.
Consumption: Measures the physical use of steel by end users. Steel
consumptionm estimates, unlike steel demand figures, account for changes in
inventories. Apparent Supply. Derived demand for steel using AISI reported
steel mill shipments plus Census Bureau reported imports, less Census
Bureau reported exports. Domestic market share percentages are based on
this figure, which does not take into account any changes in inventory.
Contact Corrosion: When two disimiliar metals are in contact without a
protective barrier between them and they are in the presence of liquid, an
electrolytic cell is created. The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area
in contact and the electro-potential voltage of the metals concerned. The less
noble of the metals is liable to be attacked, i.e., zinc will act as a protector of
steel in sea water whereas copper or brass would attack the steel in the same
environment.
Contact Corrosion: When two disimiliar metals are in contact without a
protective barrier between them and they are in the presence of liquid, an
electrolytic cell is created. The degree of corrosion is dependent on the area
in cantact and the electro potential voltage of the metals concerned. The less
noble of the metals is liable to be attacked, i.e. zinc will act as a protector of
steel in sea water wheras copper or brass wo;; attack the steel in the same
enviroment.
Contact Fatigue: Cracking and subsequent pitting of a surface subjected to
alternating Hertzian stresses such as those produced under rolling contact or
combined rolling and sliding. The phenomenon of contact fatigue is
encountered most often in rolling-element bearings or in gears, where the
surface stresses are high due to the concentrated loads and are repeated many
times during normal operation.
Contact Plating: A metal plating process wherein the plating current is
provided by galvanic action between the work metal and a second metal
without the use of an external source of current.
Contact Potential: In corrosion techology, the potential difference at the
junction of two dissimilar substances.
Contact Ratio (Gears): Measure of the extent to which more than one tooth
carries the load; for spur gears, this should be no less than 1:2-1:4, i.e., 20-
40% of the time.
Contact Rolls: Metal rolls that are used in the chemical treatment area.
Electricity goes through these rolls.
Contact Rolls: Metal rolls that are used in the chem. treat area. Electricity
goes through these rolls.
Contactor: An electromechanical device for opening and closing an electric
power circuit.
Contactor, Magnetic: An electromagnetic device for opening and closing an
electric power circuit.
Container: In extrusion: the strong chamber in an extrusion press that holds
the billet while it is extruded through a die at one end, under pressure from a
ram entering at the other end.
Container: In extrusion: The strong chamber in a extrusion press that holds
the billett while it is extruded through a die at one end, under pressure from a
ram entering at the other end.
Containment : the shrinkage of steel due to cooling of the part after removal
from the galvanizing kettle
Contamination: Radioactive deposition of radioactive material in any place
where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence may
be harmful.
Contamination: 1) Radioactive deposition of radioactive material in any
place where it is not desired, and particularly in any place where its presence
may be harmful. The harm may be in vitiating the validity of an experiment
or a procedure, or in actually being a source of danger to personnel, 2)
presence of small percentages of deleterious elements in an alloy adversely
affecting the alloy's mechanical properties and/or casting soundness.
Contamination : The introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals,
toxic materials, waste water in a concentration that makes the water unfit for
its next intended use.
Contango: Market condition where the spot price is less than the three month
delivery price. This is considered the normal market state because the costs of
storing and shipping metal are assumed to be higher in three months than at
present (See Backwardation).
Contingency operations: Services provided worldwide to U.S. Government
agencies, including logistics, base camp construction, housing, transportation,
fuel, meals, laundry, recreation, and other support services.
Continuing professional development : The systematic, accountable
maintenance, improvement and broadening of knowledge and skills, and the
development of personal qualities necessary for the execution of professional
and technical duties throughout an engineering practitioner’s career.
Continuity: The term given to a structural system denoting the transfer of
loads and stresses from member to member as if there were no connections.
Continuity tester: A company licensed to perform certain types of
construction activities. In most states, the generals contractor's license and
some specialty contractor's licenses don't require of compliance with
bonding, workmen's compensation and similar regulations. Some of the
specialty contractor licenses involve extensive training, testing and/or
insurance requirements. There are various types of contractors:
Continuity tester: A device that tells whether a circuit is capable of carrying
electricity.
Continuity Testers: A continuity tester is an electrical measurement device
that checks to see if an electical path is complete, or continuous, from one
point to another. A continuity tester uses a battery or other source to place a
voltage in series with the circuit. If the path is completed and current flows,
an LED or other type of indicator provides feedback to the user.
Continuous Anneal: A process by which the steel is rapidly heated, soaked
and cooled at a confirmed rate by passing the coil at a relatively high speed
through a furnace consisting of numerous sections.
Continuous Anneal: A process by which the steel is rapidly heated, soaked
and cooled at a confirmed rate by passing the coil at a relatively high speed
through a furnace consisting of numerous sections.
Continuous Annealing Furnace: Furnace in which castings are annealed or
heat treated by passing through different zones at constant temperatures.
Continuous beam : A beam extending over several spans in the same
straight line.
Continuous Blow Down: (Continuous Concentration) The process of
removing undesired solids from the boiler feed water at the upper drum by
means of a skimming header. Chemical analysis of the blow down establishes
treatment needs and helps maintain optimum feed water quality.
Continuous Blowdown: (Continuous concentration). The process of
removing undesired solids from the boiler feed water at the upper drum by
means of a skimming header. Chemical analysis of the blowdown establishes
treatment needs and helps maintain optimum feedwater quality.
Continuous Caster: A machine used to continuously cast steel with no
interruptions or intermediate operation.
Continuous Casting: The process pursuant to which molten steel is cooled
into semi-finished products such as billets, blooms and slabs. The molten
steel is poured at a steady rate from a ladle into a bottomless mold. As the
molten steel enters the water-cooled mold, it starts to cool into a pliable solid,
which can then be cut into required lengths.
Continuous Cooling Transformation: Set of curves drawn using
logarithmic time and linear temperature as coordinates that define for each
cooling curve of an alloy the beginning and end of the transfonnation of the
initial phase.
Continuous Desulfurization: A process of removing sulfur from molten
ferrous alloys on a continuous basis.
Continuous Furnace: Furnace, in which the material being heated moves
steadily through the furnace.
Continuous Furnace: Furnace, in which the material being heated moves
steadily through the furnace.
Continuous Mill: A mill composed of several stands of rolls arranged in
tandem, usually so close together that the steel being rolled is passing through
several stands simultaneously.
Continuous or combined footing : A long footing supporting a continuous
wall or two or more columns in a row.
Continuous Phase: In an alloy or portion of an alloy containing more than
one phase, the phase that forms the matrix in which the other phase or phases
are dispersed.
Continuous Phase: In an alloy or portion of an alloy containing more than
one phase, the phase that forms the background or matrix in which the other
phase or phases are present as isolated volumes.
Continuous Pickling: Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a
series of pickling and washing tanks.
Continuous Pickling: Passing sheet or strip metal continuously through a
series of pickling and washing tanks.
Continuous Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution
in which the precipitate particles grow by long-range diffusion without
recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei
distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. The usually are
randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanstatten structure. Also called
general precipitation. (see General Precipitation) (see Discontinuous
Precipitation) (see Localized Precipitation)
Continuous quality improvement : A practice, based on the concept that
improvement of a process is always possible, involving ongoing assessment
of the process and measures to maintain and improve its quality.
Continuous span: A span that extends over several supports and having
more than two points.
Continuous span beam bridge : simple bridge made by linking one beam
bridge to another; some of the longest bridges in the world are continuous
span beam bridges
Continuous Strip Mill: A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which
coiled flat- rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight
line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not width) at each subsequent
pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.
Continuous Strip Mill: A series of synchronized rolling mill stands in which
coiled flat rolled metal entering the first pass (or stand) moves in a straight
line and is continuously reduced in thickness (not width) at each subsequent
pass. The finished strip is recoiled upon leaving the final or finishing pass.
Continuous Tapping: A furnace or holding ladle that is made of discharge
molten metal continuously during normal operation.
Continuous Tapping: A furnace or holding ladle that is made of discharge
molten metal continuously during normal operation.
Continuous Variable Crown System: (C.V.C. System ) Hydraulic system
that supplies the force to all the cylinders associated with work roll balance
and bending and back up roll balance (also supplies force for work roll
shifting).
Continuous Variable Crown System (C.V.C. System): Hydraulic system
that supplies the force to all of the cylinders associated with work roll balance
and bending and backup roll balance (also supplies force for work roll
shifting).
Continuous weld: A weld which extends continuously from one end of a
joint to the other.
Continuous Weld: Continuously welding one coil to another at the entry end
and splitting off coils of a specific weight at delivery end.
Continuous Weld: Continuously welding one coil to another at the entry end
and splitting off coils of a specific weight at delivery end.
Continuous-type Furnace: A furnace used for heat treating materials that
progress continuously through the furnace, entering one door and being
discharged from another.
Contour: an imaginary line linking points of equal elevation.
Contour: The outling of an object.
Contour Forming: See roll forming, stretch forming, tangent bending and
wiper forming. (see Roll Forming) (see Stretch Forming)(see Tangent
Bending)
Contour line: A line drawn on a site plan joining points of the same
elevation.
Contour Machining: Machining of irregular surfaces such as those
generated in tracer turning, tracer boring and tracer milling.
Contour Milling: Milling of irregular surfaces. See also tracer milling. (see
Tracer Milling)
Contract: A legal document or agreement, enforceable by law, between two
or more parties for the doing of something specified, such as the building of a
building or furnishing materials.
Contract: Building contracts may legally be formed verbally. Usually
however a written contract should be used. There are various standard forms
of contract, such as those provided by the Joint Contracts Tribunal and the
various engineering institutions.
Contract : The written agreement between the State (Client) and the
contractor setting forth the obligation of the parties thereunder, including, but
not limited to, the performance of the work, the furnishing of labour,
equipment and materials and the basis of payment. The contract includes the
Advertisement for Bids, Proposal, Bidding Schedule, Contract Agreement
and Contract Bonds, Certificate of Insurance, Standard Specifications,
Supplemental Specifications, Special Provisions, Project Plans, Standard
Drawings and any Supplemental Agreements that are required to complete
the construction of the work in an acceptable manner within a specified
period, including authorized extensions thereof, all of which constitute one
instrument.
Contract administrator: Many forms of building contract specify a Contract
Administrator to manage the contract on behalf of the Client. It may be the
architect, the engineer, or a specialist such as a project manager. The CA's
main duty is to specify how much the contractor is due to be paid at each
stage.
Contract Assembly: Contract assembly is a production and distribution
service in which the assembly service provides the compilation or assembly
of a product and prepares it for delivery. The contract assembly service is
provided in many different industries, with the exact services and cost
structures dictated primarily by the industry and the services offered.
Contract documents: Working drawings, specification and details which
form part of the formal contract between the Client and the Contractor.
Contract documents: Contract drawings, specifications, etc., used to build a
structure which define the responsibilities of the parties involved.
Contract documents: The contract drawings, bill of quantities,
specifications, and any other documents referred to in the contract.
Contract drawings: All the architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical,
etc. plans that make up a legal set of contract documents to build a building
by.
Contract drawings: The drawings on which the contract is based.
Contract Manufacturing: Contract manufacturing is the business of
providing manufacturing services on an as-needed basis to other companies.
Contract manufacturing is a form of outsourcing and allows one company to
leverage the expertise and equipment of a knowledgeable manufactures to
create products.
Contract payment bond : The approved form of security, executed by the
Contractor and his surety or sureties, guaranteeing complete performance of
the contract and all supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and the
payment of all legal debts pertaining to the construction of the project.
Contract Sales: Steel products committed to customers through price
agreements extending 3 12 months. About one half of all flat rolled steel is
sold on this basis, primarily because the auto companies sign agreements to
cover at least one year's model. Price increases that the steel mills might
announce during the year do not generally affect the revenues from the
contract side of the business.
Contraction: The volume change occuring in metals (except antimony and
bismuth) and alloys on solidification and cooling to room temperature.
Contraction Cracks: Cracks formed by restriction of the metal while
contracting in the mold; may occur just after solidification (called a hot tear)
or a short time after the casting has been removed from the mold. (see Hot
Tears)
Contraction Cracks: Cracks formed by restriction of the metal while
contracting in the mold; may occur just after solidification (called a hot tear)
or a short time after the casting has been removed from the mold. See Hot
Tears
Contraction Rule: See Shrinkage, Patternmaker's
Contraction : the act, process, or means to keep within prescribed limits
Contractor: Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to "control"
where the concrete should crack
Contractor: A company licensed to perform certain types of construction
activities. In most states, the generals contractor’s license and some specialty
contractor’s licenses don’t require of compliance with bonding, workmen’s
compensation and similar regulations. Some of the specialty contractor
licenses involve extensive training, testing and/or insurance requirements.
There are various types of contractors:· General contractor responsible for the
execution, supervision and overall coordination of a project and may also
perform some of the individual construction tasks. Most general contractors
are not licensed to perform all specialty trades and must hire specialty
contractors for such tasks, e.g. electrical, plumbing.· Remodeling contractor a
general contractor who specializes in remodeling work.· Specialty contractor
licensed to perform a specialty task e.g. electrical, side sewer, asbestos
abatement.· Sub contractor a general or specialty contractor who works for
another general contractor.
Contractor : The person or persons, firm, partnership, corporation, or
combination thereof, private or municipal, who have entered into a contract
with the State (Client)
Control: A device for regulation of a system or component in normal
operation, manual or automatic. If automatic, the implication is that it is
responsive to changes of pressure, temperature or other property whose
magnitude is to be regulated.
Control joint: Currents created by heating air, which then rises and pulls
cooler air behind it. Also see radiation.
Control joint: Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to “control”
where the concrete should crack
Control point : The value of the controlled variable which the controller
operates to maintain.
Control Stool: Stool used to monitor the annealing temperature and gas
stream. A probe is inserted into the test area, and readings are taken to
determine the quality of the annealing process.
Control Stool: Stool used to monitor the annealing temperature and gas
stream. A probe is inserted into the test area, and readings are taken to
determine the quality of the annealing process.
Control valve -: Valve which regulates the flow or pressure of a medium
which affects a controlled process. Control valves are operated by remote
signals from independent devices using any of a number of control media
such as pneumatic, electric or electro hydraulic.
Controllability: The finest adjustable increment of a system.
Controlled Atmosphere: A type of atmosphere, e.g., a mixture of nitrogen
and hydrogen, which is used in a heat treatment furnace to prevent unwanted
reactions such as oxidation or decarburization occurring to the work piece.
Controlled Atmosphere: Any gas or mixture of gases that prevents or
retards oxidation and decarburization.
Controlled Atmosphere Furnaces: A furnace used for bright annealing into
which specially prepared gases are introduced for the purpose of maintaining
a neutral atmosphere so that no oxidizing reaction between metal and
atmosphere takes place.
Controlled blasting : A specialized construction technique used to excavate
rock. Numerous small holes are drilled into the rock and small explosive
charges are placed into the holes. The charges are detonated in a delayed
sequence that precisely
Controlled Cooling: Cooling from an elevated temperature in a pre-
determined manner, to avoid hardening, cracking, or internal damage, or to
produce desired microstructure or mechanical properties.
Controlled Cooling: In the production of wire rods, an in-line method of
controlling the cooling rate of the steel rod immediately after delivery from
the rod-finishing mill. Controlled cooling offers the opportunity to influence
rod surface scale and the metallurgical and physical properties of the steel.
Controlled Cooling: See Cooling, Controlled
Controlled device: One which receives the converted signal from the
transmission system and translates it into the appropriate action in the
environmental system. For examplea valve opens or closes to regulate fluid
flow in the system.
Controlled Rolling: A hot-rolling process in which the temperature of the
steel is closely controlled, particularly during the final rolling passes, to
produce a fine-grain microstructure.
Controlled-pressure Cycle: A forming cycle during which the hydraulic
pressure in the forming cavity is controlled by an adjustable cam that is
coordinated with the punch travel.
Controller -: A device capable of measuring and regulating by receiving a
signal from a sensing device, comparing this data with a desired value and
issuing signals for corrective action.
Controllers: Devices that are used to control the flow of the water and gas in
the sinter machine as well as to control the louvers on the fans.
Convection: A mortgage loan not insured by a government agency (such as
FHA or VA)
Convection: Currents created by heating air, which then rises and pulls
cooler air behind it. Also see radiation.
Convection: The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in density.
In heat transmission, this meaning has been extended to include both forced
and natural motion or circulation.
Convection: The motion resulting in a fluid from the differences in density.
In heat transmission, this meaning has been extended to include both forced
and natural motion or circulation.
Convection : The movement of a mass of fluid (liquid or gas) caused by
differences in density in different parts of the fluid; the differences in density
are caused by differences in temperature. As the fluid moves, it carries with it
its contained heat energy, which is then transferred from one part of the fluid
to another and from the fluid to the surroundings.
Convection, forced : Convection resulting from forced circulation of a fluid,
as by a fan, jet or pump.
Convection, natural : Circulation of gas or liquid (usually air or water) due
to differences in density resulting from temperature changes.
Conventional Forging: A forging characterized by design complexity and
tolerances that fall within the broad range of general forging practice.
Conventional Forging: A forging characterized by design complexity and
tolerances that fall within the broad range of general forging practice.
Conventional framing: Framing using conventional joist, beams, columns,
masonry walls, etc. instead of framing used in Metal Building construction.
Conventional loan: The ability to change a loan from an adjustable rate
schedule to a fixed rate schedule.
Conventional loan: A mortgage loan not insured by a government agency
(such as FHA or VA)
Conventional Milling: Milling in which the cutter moves in the direction
opposite to the feed at the point of contact. Contrast with climb milling.
Convergent nozzle -: Impulse TurbineStationary convergent nozzles are
used for smaller pressure drops where the minimum exit pressure is 0.577 x
the inlet pressure (the critical pressure for nozzles.) If the exit pressure is less
than 0.577 x inlet pressure, eddy-currents are developed and the exit velocity
will be less than calculated.
Convergent-divergent nozzle: Impulse TurbineStationary convergent-
divergent nozzles prevent eddy-currents and the calculated velocity will be
obtained even at large pressure drops.
Conversion Coating: The chemical treatment film applied to the steel or
metallic coated sheet prior to painting.
Conversion Cost: Resources spent to process material in a single-stage, from
one type to another. The costs of converting iron ore to hot metal or pickling
hot-rolled coil can be isolated for analysis.
Conversion Cost: Resources spent to process material in a single stage, from
one type to another. The costs of converting iron ore to hot metal or pickling
hot rolled coil can be isolated for analysis.
Converter: A furnace in which air is blown through a bath of molten metal
or matte oxidizing the impurities and maintaining the temperature through the
heat produced by the oxidation reaction. A typical converter is the argon
oxygen decarburization vessel.
Converter: A furnace in which air is blown through the molten bath of crude
metal or matte for the purpose of oxidizing impurities.
Converter/Processor: Demand from steel customers such as rerollers and
tube makers, which process steel into a more finished state, such as pipe,
tubing and cold rolled strip, before selling it to end-users. Such steel
generally is not sold on contract, making the converter segment of the mills'
revenues more price sensitive than their supply contracts to the auto
manufacturers.
Converter/Processor: Demand from steel customers such as rerollers and
tube makers, which process steel into a more finished state, such as pipe,
tubing and cold rolled strip, before selling it to end users. Such steel generally
is not sold on contract, making the converter segment of the mills' revenues
more price sensitive than their supply contracts to the auto manufacturers.
Convertibility: The amount of cooling required to keep a building at a
specified temperature during the summer, usually 78° F, regardless of outside
temperature.
Convertibility: The ability to change a loan from an adjustable rate schedule
to a fixed rate schedule.
Convertible Jet Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a fluid
or gas from one place to another. A convertible jet pump is a specialized well
pump used to draw from either shallow or deep wells. The arrangement of a
convertible jet pump can be modified to switch from a shallow well
application to a deep well application. The size of the pump will dictate the
maximum depth at which the pump will work.
Convery, Vibratory: A materials-handling device used usually with
shakeout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they are moved
from one place to another in the foundry, and as a feeding device to regulate
materials flow. Operations with vibrational energy.
Convery, Vibratory: A materials handling device used usually with
shakeout operations, to help clean sand from the castings as they are moved
from one place to another in the foundry and as a feeding device to regulate
materials flow. Operations with vibrational energy.
Convex: The curved surface of a cylinder as a sphere when viewed from the
outside.
Convex: The curved surface of a cylindet as a sphere when viewed from
without.
Conveyor: A mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting materials
from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain, gravity, roller,
monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc.
Conveyor: A mechanical apparatus for carrying or transporting materials
from place to place. Types include apron, belt, chain, gravity, roller,
monorail, overhead, pneumatic, vibrating, etc.
Conveyor : A continuously traveling belt used intunneling to remove
excavated material from the shaft.
Conveyor Belt: A continuously moving belt used in an automated or
semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to another.
Conveyor Belt: A continuously moving belt used in an automated or
semiautomatic foundry to move materials from one station to another.
Conveyor Belt Splicing: Converyor belt splicing is the process of joining
two or more pieces of converyor belt for the purpose of either lenghtening or
repairing the belt. The splicing process, materials required, and equipment
needed varies and is dependent on the type of belt being spliced. The two
methods of splicing are mechanical splicing and vulcanization. In mechanical
splicing, hardware such as hinges, plates, or other mechanical connectors are
used to make the splice. Vulcanization is a process that can only be used on
rubber conveyor belts and uses heat, pressure or chemicals to create a bond
between the pieces beigng spliced.
Conveyor Screw: Rotary worm-type blade used to move materials in
automated core and mold making and other continuous sand-mixing
operations.
Conveyor Screw: Rotary worm type blade used to move materials in
automated core and mold making and other continuous sand mixing
operations.
Conveyor, Pallet: A materials-handling device that holds one or more molds
and transports them from the molding station through pouring to shakeout.
Conveyor, Pallet: A materials handling device that holds one or more molds
and transports them from the molding station through pouring to shakeout.
Conveyor, Pneumatic Tube: An air-tube means of moving materials from
one place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and sand and
other finely divided materials, such as bentonite.
Conveyor, Pneumatic Tube: An air tube means of moving materials from
on place to another, primarily orders, light metal samples, and sand and other
finely divided materials, as bentonite.
Conveyor, Roller: A line of conveyance in an automated or semiautomated
foundry which employs a series of steel roller for moving objects.
Conveyor, Roller: A line of conveyance in an automated or semiautomated
foundry which employs a series of steel roller for moving objects.
Conveyor, Slat: A materials-handling device built on a continuous belt of
metal slats that move granular materials and castings throughout a foundry.
Conveyor, Slat: A materials handling device built on a continuous belt of
metal slats that moves granular materials and castings throughout a foundry.
Conveyors: A conveyor is any mechanical device used to transfer material
from one location to another. Conveyors can be seen in assembly lines in
industrial production plants, package and baggage handling systems, and in
the distribution and processing of solid materials.
Cook (Anneal) Hours: The number of hours the coils will be heated in the
furnace. Also referred to as soak time.
Coolant: A common term given to the numerous cutting fluids or compounds
used with cutting tools to increase the tool life and to improve surface finish
on the material.
Cooler: The largest of three water coolers surrounding the cinder notch of a
blast furnace.
Cooler : Heat exchanger which removes heat from a substance.
Cooler Machine: A machine used to cool sinters before placing them on the
conveyor belt.
Cooler Machine: A machine used to cool sinters before placing them on the
conveyor belt.
Cooling Cover: A cylindrical cover which is placed over the coils and the
heat cover once the furnace is removed. This cover contains a fan that aids in
the cooling of the coils. The North Anneal has one cooling cover.
Cooling Curve: A curve showing the relationship between time and
temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample. Since
most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat, there may be
abrupt changes in the slope of the curve.
Cooling Curve: A curve showing the relationship between time and
temperature during the solidification and cooling of a metal sample. Since
most phase changes involve evolution or absorption of heat, there may be
abrupt changes in the slope of the curve.
Cooling effect, sensible : The difference between the total cooling effect and
the dehumidifying effect, usually in watts.
Cooling effect, total: Difference between the total enthalpy of the dry air and
water vapor mixture entering the cooler per hour and the total enthalpy of the
dry air and water vapor mixture leaving the cooler per hour, expressed in
watts.
Cooling Fin: See Cracking Strip
Cooling Lines: The water lines that go to the bearings on a pump to keep the
bearings cool.
Cooling Lines: The water lines that go to the bearings on a pump to keep the
bearings cool.
Cooling load: Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Cooling load: The amount of cooling required to keep a building at a
specified temperature during the summer, usually 78° F, regardless of outside
temperature.
Cooling Rate: The average slope of the time-temperature curve taken over a
specified time and temperature interval.
Cooling Stresses: Residual stresses resulting from non-uniform distribution
of temperature during cooling.
Cooling Tower: 1. The heat exchanger and everything associated with it that
removes the heat from the coolant used in the cooling system. This device is
located outdoors. 2. Tower in the sheet mill that suspends the strip that allows
the zinc to cool and dry before the strip contacts any rolls.
Cooling Tower: 1) The heat exchanger and everything associated with it that
removes the heat from the coolant used in the cooling system. This device is
located outdoors. 2) Tower in the Sheet Mill that suspends the strip that
allows the zinc to cool and dry before the strip contacts any rolls.
Cooling tower : Device for lowering the temperature of water by evaporative
cooling, in which water is showered through a space through which outside
air circulates. A portion of the water evaporates, its latent heat of vaporization
cooling that portion of the water which does not evaporate.
Cooling Towers: A cooling tower is a heat transfer device used to remove
excess heat from a process and dump it into the air. Cooling towers come in
various shapes and sizes, including large towers used in energy production
plants and smaller rooftop units used in industrial manufacturing plants.
Cooling Unit: Consists of the cooler and all the devices needed for the
cooler's operation.
Cooling Water: Water that keeps the packing cool on the circulator and feed
water pumps.
Cooling, Controlled: A process of cooling from an elevated temperature in a
predetermined manner used to produce a desired microstructure to avoid
hardening, cracking or internal damage
Cooling, evaporative : Involves the adiabatic exchange of heat between air
and water spray or wetted surface. The water assumes the wet-bulb
temperature of the air, which remains constant during its traverse of the
exchanger.
Cooling, regenerative -: Process of utilizing heat which must be rejected or
absorbed in one part of the cycle to function usefully in another part of the
cycle by heat transfer.
Coordinate Measuring Machines - Cmm Software: A coordinate
measuring machine (CMM) is a mechanical device used to measure the
physical dimensions of an object. A CMM is often used in manufacuring to
inspect and record the dimensions of a part for comparison to the specified
dimensions of the object. The CMM is controlled by software which controls
the motion of the measurement probe along the axes of the machine. An
electronic representation of the part is input into the CMM software and the
probe is moved to a reference location. Once the reference location is
established, the software follows a prescribed inpsection path, probing the
surface of the part at discrete locations and recording the location relative to
the reference point. The CMM software can be specific to the machine being
used or part of a commercial computer aided design/manufacturing
(CAD/CAM) software package.
Coordinated phosphate control: A treatment to prevent caustic gauging.
Free caustic is eliminated by maintaining an equilibrium between the sodium
and phosphate. Control is based on maintaining a ratio of 3.0 Na to/1.0 PO4.
Cope: In casting, the upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or pattern.
Cope: Upper or topmost section of a flask, mold or pattern.
Cope, False: Temporary cope used only in forming the parting and therefore
not a part of the finished mold
Coped: The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a
mantel or horizontal shelf.
Coped: Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Coped joint: Removing the top and bottom flange of the end(s) of a metal I-
beam. This is done to permit it to fit within, and bolted to, the web of another
I-beam in a “T” arrangement
Coping: The process of removing certain sections of a structural steel
member to allow easier fitup to the supporting structural member.
Coping: Protective capping on the top of a parapet or free standing wall.
Coping : The cap or top course of a wall.
Coping Out: The extension of sand of the cope downward into the drag,
where it takes an impression of a pattern.
Copper: Chemical symbol Cu, element number 29 of the periodic system,
atomic weight 63.57. A characteristically reddish metal of bright luster,
highly malleable and ductile and having high electrical and heat conductivity;
melting point 1981°F; boiling point 4327°F; specific gravity 8.94.
Universally and extensively used in the arts in brasses, bronzes. Universally
used in the pure state as sheet, tube, rod and wire and also as alloyed by other
elements and an alloy with other metals.
Copper Brazing: A term improperly used to denote brazing with a copper
filler metal.
Copper Cake: A byproduct of electrolytic zinc refining, usually containing a
fair amount of cobalt.
Copper Cake: A by product of electolytic zinc refining, usually containing a
fair amount of cobalt.
Copper Strip Test (ASTM D 130 and D 4048): For specific periods of time
at certain temperatures, exposes copper strips to petroleum products to
measure the amounts of copper-corrosive substances they contain; the
darkness of the polished copper strip determines the extent of corrosion.
Copper, Electrolytic: Copper produced by the electrolysis method.
Copper-accelerated Salt-spray (CASS) Test: An accelerated corrosion test
for some electrodeposits and for anodic coatings on aluminum.
Coppered Wire: A wire produced by wet drawing with a copper sulphate or
copper tin sulphate solutions for improving drawability. The colour depends
upon the chemical used and the drawing operation imparts a luster to the wire
resulting into improved appearance and limited corrosion resistance.
Corbel: A strip of formed sheet metal placed on outside corners of drywall
before applying drywall 'mud'.
Corbel: Successive courses of masonry projecting from the face of a wall to
increase its thickness or to form a shelf or ledge for a structural member to
bear on.
Corbel: The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds a
mantel or horizontal shelf.
Corbel: Projecting brick or masonry courses; from Norman-French meaning
'crow' after carved stone projections used in medieval times to support roof
trusses.
Corbel: One or more projecting courses of brick each projecting beyond the
course below.
Cordless drill: A portable drilling machine powered by rechargeable
batteries.
Core: Inside diameter of a coil.
Core Assembly: In casting, a complex core consisting of a number of
sections.
Core Assembly: Putting together a complex core made of a number of
sections.
Core Baking Dielectric: Heating cores to baking temperatures by means of
high frequency dielectric equipment; particularly adapted to thermo setting
resin core binders.
Core Barrel: Pipe-shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is formed.
Core Barrel: Pipe shaped device upon which a cylindrical core is formed.
Core Binder: Any material used to hold the grains of core sand together.
Core Binder: Any material used to hold the grains of core sand together.
Core Blow: A gas pocket in a casting adjacent to a core cavity caused by
entrapping gases from the core.
Core Blow: A gas pocket in a casting adjacent to a core cavity caused by
entrapping gases from the core.
Core Blower: A machine for making foundry cores using compressed air to
blow and pack the sand into the core box.
Core Box: In casting, a wood, metal or plastic structure containing a shaped
cavity into which sand is packed to make a core.
Core Box, Combination: Core box and core dryers from the same pattern.
One half is used as a half core box and a core drier.
Core Branch: Part of a core assembly.
Core Breaker: A machine for crushing cores or for removing cores from
castings.
Core Cavity: The interior form of a core box that gives shape to the core.
Also, the cavity produced in a casting by use of a core.
Core Cavity: The interior form of a core box that gives shape to the core.
Also, the cavity produced in a casting by use of a core.
Core Collapsibility: The rate of disintegration of the core at an elevated
temperature.
Core Collapsibility: The rate of disintegration of the core at elevated
temperature.
Core Compound: A commercial mixture used as a binder in core sand.
Core Compound: A commercial mixture used as a binder in core sand.
Core Crab: An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it and for
convenience in handling.
Core Crab: An iron framework embedded in a large core to stiffen it and for
convenience in handling.
Core Density: 1. Permeability of core. 2. Weight per unit volume.
Core Density: 1) Permeability of core or 2) weight per unit volume.
Core Driers: Supports used to hold cares in shape while being baked;
constructed from metals or sand for conventional baking, or from plastic
material for use with dielectric core baking equipment.
Core drilling : A cylindrical sample of earth mineralor rock extracted from
the ground by means of a coring device so that the strata are undisturbed in
the sample.
Core Extruder: A special shell core making machine that produces a
continuous length of cores, usually of cylindrical cross section.
Core Filler: Material used in place of sand in the interiors of large cores —
coke, cinder, sawdust, etc., usually added to aid collapsibility.
Core Filler: Material used in place of sand in the interiors of large cores
coke, cinder, sawdust, etc., usually added to aid collapsibility.
Core Fin: A casting defect, a depression in the casting caused by a fin on the
core that was not removed before the core was set, or by paste that has oozed
out from between the joints.
Core Fin: A casting defect, a depression in the casting caused by a fin on the
core that was not removed before the core was set, or by paste that has oozed
out from between the joints.
Core Float: A casting defect caused by core movement towards the core
surface of the mold, as a result of core buoyancy in liquid steel, resulting in a
deviation from the intended wall thickness.
Core Float: A casting defect caused by core movement towards the cope
surface of the mold, as a result of core buoyancy in liquid steel, resulting in a
deviation from the intended wall thickness.
Core Forging: (1) Displacing metal with a punch to fill a die cavity. (2) The
product of such an operation.
Core Frame: Frame of skeleton construction used instead of a complete core
box in forming intermediate and large cores.
Core Frame: Frame of skeleton construction used instead of a complete core
box in forming intermediate and large cores.
Core Grinder: Machine for grinding a taper on the end of a cylindrical core
or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually flat face.
Core Grinder: Machine for grinding a taper on the end of a cylindrical core
or to grind a core to a specified dimension, usually flat face.
Core Gum: A pitch material used as a core binder.
Core Gum: A pitch material used as a core binder.
Core Hardness: The ability of a core to resist scratching or abrasion.
Core Hardness: The ability of a core to resist scratching or abrasion.
Core Jig: A device for setting core assemblies outside of the mold and
placing the whole assembly in the mold.
Core Knockout Machine: A mechanical device for removing cores from
castings.
Core Knockout Machine: A mechanical device for removing cores from
castings.
Core Lightener: A core material of any size and shape used to lighten
pattern castings and match plates.
Core Loss: A measure of heat produced on electrical grades of steel. The
lower the core loss, the better the electrical properties.
Core Mading Machine: A device to make cores.
Core Maker: A core seat so shaped or arranged that the core will register
correctly in the mold; also termed locator, indicator, register, telltale.
Core Maker: A core seat so shaped or arranged that the core will register
correctly in the mold; also termed locator, indicator, register, telltale.
Core Mud: A daubling mixture used to correct defects in cores.
Core Mud: A daubing mixture used to correct defect in cores.
Core Prints: Portions of a pattern that locate and anchor the core in the
proper position in the sand.
Core Refractiveness: The ability of a core to resist breakdown when
exposed to heat.
Core Refractiveness: The ability of a core to resist breakdown when
exposed to heat.
Core Rod: A wire or rod of steel used to reinforce and stiffen the core.
Core Rod: A wire or rod of steel used to reinforce and stiffen the core.
Core Sand: Sand for making cores to which a binding material has been
added to obtain good cohesion and permeability after drying. Usually low in
clays.
Core Setting Jig: A device used to help set a core into the mold.
Core Setting Jig/Gauge: A device used to help position a core in the mold.
Core Shift: A variation from specified dimensions of a cored section due to a
change in position of the core or misalignment of cores in assembling.
Core Shooter: A device using low air pressure to fluidize the sand mix
which is released quickly in such a way as to force it into a core box.
Core Spindle: A shaft on which a core barrel is rotated in making cylindrical
cores.
Core Sprayer: A device for spraying a coating on cores.
Core Stickle Template (Sweep): Device of wood or metal to give shape to
certain types of cores or molds.
Core Strainer (Strainer Tub): Baked sand or refractory disc with uniform
size holes through its thickness used to control the discharge of metal from
pouring basins into sprues or to regulate the flow of metal in gates systems of
molds; also to prevent entrance of dross or slag into the mold cavity.
Core Truck: Truck or carriage used for transporting cores.
Core Vents: 1. Holes made in the core for escape of gas. 2. A metal screen or
slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core box employed in a
core-blowing machine. 3. A wax product, round or oval in form, used to form
the vent passage in a core.
Core Vents: 1) holes made in the core for escape of gas. 2) A metal screen or
slotted piece used to form the vent passage in the core box employed in a
core blowing machine. 3) A wax product, round or oval in form, used to form
the vent passage in a core.
Core : central region of a skyscraper; usually houses elevator and stairwell
Cored Bars: In powder metallurgy, a compact of bar shape heated by its own
electrical resistance to a temperature high enough to melt its interior.
Coreless Induction Furnace: See Induction Furnace
Coremaker: A craftsman skilled in the production of cores for foundry use.
Corer, Sag: A decrease in the height of a core, usually accompanied by an
increase in width, as a result of insufficient green strength of the sand to
support its own weight.
Coreroom: Department of the foundry in which cores are made.
COREX: COREX is a coal-based smelting process that yields hot metal or
pig iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or EAF mills. The
process gasifies non-coking coal in a smelting reactor, which also produces
liquid iron. The gasified coal is fed into a shaft furnace, where it removes
oxygen from iron ore lumps, pellets or sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to
the smelting reactor.
Corex: COREX is a coal based smelting process that yields hot metal or pig
iron. The output can be used by integrated mills or EAF mills. HOWThe
process gasifies non coking coal in a smelting reactor, which also produces
liquid iron. The gasified coal is fed into a shaft furnace, where it removes
oxygen from iron ore lumps, pellets or sinter; the reduced iron is then fed to
the smelting reactor.
Coring: A variation of composition between the center and surface of a unit
of structure (such as a dendrite, a grain or a carbide particle) resulting from
non equilibrium growth over a range of temperature.
Coring Up: Placement of cores chills, and chaplets in mold halves before
closing the mold.
Corinthian order: The most elaborate and decorated of the three ancient
Greek orders of architecture, its capital is carved in imitation of the growth of
acanthus leaves. According to Roman writer Vitruvius, a young lady of the
nobility in Corinth died, and her nurse placed a basket containing her
belongings on top of the grave, with a roof tile on top to protect it. An
acanthus plant grew right under the basket and its shoots curved and rolled
around the corners of the tile. A passing architect noticed this and copied it in
stone.
Corner bead: Used as trim for the external corners of a house or other frame
structure against which the ends of the siding are finished.
Corner bead: A strip of formed sheet metal placed on outside corners of
drywall before applying drywall ‘mud’.
Corner boards: Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure
designed to stiffen and strengthen the wall.
Corner boards: Used as trim for the external corners of a house or other
frame structure against which the ends of the siding are finished.
Corner braces: Overhang of a pitched roof , usually consisting of a fascia
board, a soffit and appropriate trim moldings.
Corner braces: Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure
designed to stiffen and strengthen the wall.
Corners: Four corners on each boiler where the oil guns and the oil and
steam auto valves for the oil guns are located.
Cornerslick (Inside And Outside Corners): A molder's tool used for
repairing and slicking the sand in molds. Used primarily on Dry sand and
loam.
Cornice: A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline to cover
shingle flashing and used to prevent moisture entry.
Cornice: Overhang of a pitched roof , usually consisting of a fascia board, a
soffit and appropriate trim moldings.
Corona (resistance welding): The area sometimes surrounding the nugget of
a spot weld at the faying surfaces which provides a degree of solid-state
welding.
Corporate Governance: A system through which the society if governed
and monitored, involves decision-making and relations with stakeholders,
administrative council, board or directors, independent audit and fiscal
council.
Corrective Effective Temperature Chart: A chart on which information
can be plotted resulting in an adjustment temperature reading more indicative
of human comfort.
Corrective Leveling: Capability of a leveling machine to remove or reduce
shape defects across the strip, coil, or sheet, in addition to flattening
lengthwise curvatures. Generally employs 17 to 23 small diameter rolls with
adjustable back ups for varying nest across face of machine.
Corrodkote Test: An accelerated corrosion test for electrodeposits.
Corrosion: Gradual chemical or electrochemical attack on a metal by
atmosphere, moisture or other agents.
Corrosion : Disintegration or deterioration of metal, concrete or
reinforcement by electrolysis or chemical attack.
Corrosion Analysis: Corrosion analysis is an engineering service focused on
determining the causes of and solutions for corrosion in a particular situation.
Corrosion analysis may involve chemical analysis of the corrosion product,
corrosion testing, and may include a corrosion monitoring system.
Corrosion Embrittlement: The severe loss of ductility of a metal resulting
from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visually apparent.
Corrosion Fatigue: Fatigue accelerated by simultaneous attack from a
corrosive environment.
Corrosion Fatigue: Effect of the application of repeated or fluctuating
stresses in a corrosive environment characterized by shorter life than would
be encountered as a result of either their repeated or fluctuating stresses alone
or the corrosive environment alone.
Corrosion Index: A number expressing the maximum depth in mills to
which corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a linear
extrapolation of the penetration occurring during the lifetime of a given test
or service.
Corrosion Index: A number expressing the maximum depth in mils to which
corrosion would penetrate in one year on the basis of a linear extrapolation of
the penetration occurring during the lifetime of a given test or service.
Corrosion Investigation: Corrosion investigation is an engineering service
in which the causes and mechanisms of corrosion are sought. A corrosion
investigation will analyze the type of corrosion, the corrosive deposits and
the resulting effect on the material. These observations will then be used to
try to identify the root cause of the corrosion and how to prevent or reduce
the likelihood of corrosion in the future.
Corrosion Monitoring: Corrosion monitoring is the process of watching for
the onset and progression of corrosion in a fluid-based system in order to
prevent catastrophic problems resulting from corrosion-related failure. The
process is very common in the marine industry, in off-shore oil drilling
platforms, and in fluid piping systems where the risk of corrosion is high and
the impact is expensive. Due to the wide range of applications for corrosion
monitoring, a wide range of solutions, measurement methods, and sensors
exist.
Corrosion Potential: The potential of a corroding surface in an electrolyte
relative to a reference electrode under open-circuit conditions.
Corrosion Resistance: The intrinsic ability of a material to resist degradation
by corrosion. This ability can be enhanced by application of special coatings
on the surface of the material.
Corrosion Resistant Linings: Corrosion resistant linings are special
coatings applied to the surface of a pipe or other component for the purpose
of preventing the corrosive breakdown of the material being lined. The type
of coating will vary depending on the material being covered and the fluid
acting as the corrosive agent.
Corrosion Wear: Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with
the environment is significant.
Corrosion : the chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material and
its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its
properties; zinc chemically reacts with elements in the atmosphere, thereby
sacrificially corroding to prevent underlying steel corrosion
Corrosion : The chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material,
usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the
material and its properties.
Corrosion, anode: The dissolution of an metal acting as an anode.
Corrosion, atmospheric : The gradual degradation or alteration of a material
by contact with substances present in the atmosphere, such as oxygen, carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and sulfur and chlorine compounds.
Corrosion, biologica: LDeterioration of metals as a result of the metabolic
action of microorganisms. Also often named fouling.
Corrosion, cathodic: Corrosion resulting resulting from a cathodic condition
of a structure usually caused by the reaction of an amphoteric metal with the
alkaline products of electrolysis.
Corrosion, cavitation: A process involving conjoint corrosion and
cavitation.
Corrosion, concentration attack : A form of corrosion caused by the
concentration of caustic or phosphate salts under porous deposits, generally
iron oxide. Sometimes found at welded tubes and due to steam blanketing.
Corrosion, concentration-cell : Pitting type of corrosion caused by an
electrical potential differential between surfaces of a metal as a result of
deposits or differences in the solution concentration in contact with the metal.
Corrosion, coupons -: Pre-weighed metal strips installed into fluid systems
for the purpose of monitoring metal losses.
Corrosion, crevice : Localized corrosion of a metal surface at, or
immediately adjacent to an area that is shielded from full exposure to the
environment because of close proximity between metal and the surface of
another metal.
Corrosion, deactivations: The process of prior removal of the active
corrosive constituents, usually oxygen, from a corrosive liquid by controlled
corrosion of expendable metal or by other chemical means, thereby making
the liquids less corrosive.
Corrosion, deposit : (also called poultice corrosion)Corrosion occurring
under or around a discontinuous deposit on a metallic surface.
Corrosion, effect: A change in any part of the corrosion system caused by
corrosion.
Corrosion, electrochemical: Corrosion that is accompanied by a low of
electrons between cathodic and anodic areas on metallic surfaces.
Corrosion, embrittlement: The severe loss of ductility of a metal resulting
from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visible.
Corrosion, external: A chemical deterioration of the metal on the fireside of
boiler heating surfaces.
Corrosion, fatigue : The process in which a metal fractures prematurely
under conditions of simultaneous corrosion and repeated cyclic loading at
lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of
the corrosive environment.
Corrosion, filiform : Corrosion that occurs under organic coatings on metals
as fine wavy hairlines.
Corrosion, fretting -: A type of corrosion which occurs where metals slide
over each other. Long tubes in heat exchangers often vibrate, causing metal
to metal contact, tube supports etc.. The metal to metal rubbing causes
mechanical damage to the protective oxide coating.
Corrosion, galvanic : Corrosion of a metal caused by its contact with a
metal of lower activity; this contact results in an electron flow or current and
dissolution of one of the metals.
Corrosion, gaseous : Corrosion with gas as the only corrosive agent and
without any aqueous phase on the surface of the metal. Also called dry
corrosion.
Corrosion, general: A form of deterioration that is distributed more or less
uniformly over a surface.
Corrosion, graphitic : Corrosion of grey iron in which the iron matrix is
selectively leached away, leaving a porous mass of graphite behind. This type
of corrosion occurs in relative mild aquous solutions and on buried piping.
Corrosion, hot: An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that results from
the combined effect of oxidation and ractions with sulfur compounds or other
contaminants such as chlorides, to form a molten salt on a metal surface that
fluxes, destroys or disrupts the normal protective oxide. (commonly found in
pulp mills)
Corrosion, impingement : A form of erosion-corrosion generally associated
with local impingement of a high velocity, flowing fluid against a solid
surface.
Corrosion, influenced: The corrosion cause by organisms due to their
discharge containing sulfur compounds and the depolarization with other
types of discharge due to the presence of the microorganisms.
Corrosion, inhibitors : Substances that slow the rate of corrosion.
Corrosion, intercrystaline : -(see intergranular cracking)
Corrosion, intergranular : Localized attack occurring on the metal grain
boundaries. This is commonly found with stainless steels which have been
improperly heat treated.
Corrosion, internal : Usually refers to the internal corrosion and is
considered an electrochemical deterioration of the boiler surface at or below
the water surface.
Corrosion, localized: Non-uniform corrosion of a metal surface highlighted
by spotty or pitting-type corrosion.
Corrosion, localized : Corrosion at discrete sites, for example, crevice
corrosion, pitting, and stress-corrosion cracking.
Corrosion, microbial: (see biological corrosion).
Corrosion, oxygen deficiency: A form of crevice corrosion in which
galvanic corrosion proceeds because oxygen is prevented from diffusing into
the crevice.
Corrosion, potential: The voltage between a corroding metal and a reference
electrode.
Corrosion, poultice: A term used in the automotive industry to describe the
corrosion of vehicle body parts due to the collection of road salts and debries
on ledges and in pockets that are kept moist by weather and washing.
Corrosion, poultice : (see corrosion, deposit)
Corrosion, protection : Modification of a corrosion system so that corrosion
damage is mitigated.
Corrosion, resistance : The ability of a material to resist deterioration by
chemical or electrochemical reaction with its environment.
Corrosion, stray current: A form of attack caused by electrical currents
going through unintentional path.
Corrosion, stress corrosion cracking: Material deterioration due to
cracking, by being under static stress either applied or residual.
Corrosion, sweet : The deterioration of metal caused by contact with carbon
dioxide in water.
Corrosion, thermo-galvanic: Corrosion resulting from an electrochemical
cell caused by a thermal gradient.
Corrosion, uniform : The simplest form of corrosion. It attacks all surfaces
exposed to a corrodent.
Corrosion-Resistance: The intrinsic ability of a material to resist
degradation by corrosion. This ability can be enhanced by application of
"special" coatings on the surface of the material.
Corrosive Wear: Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with
the environment is significant. See also oxidative wear. (see Oxidative Wear)
Corrosive Wear : Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with
the environment is significant.
Corrosive wear -: A material deterioration due to the co-joint action of
corrosion and mechanical action.
Corrosivity: An indication of the corrosiveness of the water of material. The
corrosivity of a water as described by the water’s pH, alkalinity, hardness,
temperature, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen concentration and the
Langerier Index.
Corrugated: As a defect. Alternate ridges and furrows. A series of deep
short waves.
Corrugated iron: (Corrugated galvanized iron). Iron (or for the last hundred
years at least, steel) sheet formed into a ridged shape, used for roofing and
cladding.
Corrugated Plastic: Corrugated plastic is a sheet product made by extruding
plastic such that the resulting sheet has plastic surfaces on each side with a
connective mesh between the two walls. The result is a lightweight but strong
sheet of plastic popular in crafts and in making plastic containers and signs.
Corrugated plastic is usually made from polypropylene, though other plastics
are also used depending on the required strength and use of the corrugated
sheet.
Corrugating: The forming of sheet metal into a series of straight, parallel
alternate ridges and grooves with a rolling mill equipped with matched roller
dies or a press brake equipped with a specially shaped punch and die.
Corrugations: Transverse ripples caused by a variation in strip shape during
hot or cold reduction in metalforming.
Corrugations : Regular transverse undulation or alternate ridges upon a
metal pipe surface to give greater rigidity to thin plates.
Corten: U. S. Steel trademark name for its type weathering steel (similar to
ASTM A606, Type 4).
COR-TEN: Steels employ a copper-chrome-nickel alloy design that results
in a dense and stable patina in atmospheric exposure. COR-TEN steels are
also often referred to as weathering steels and copper-bearing steels.
Corundum: Native alumina, or aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring as
rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored grains.
Applied specifically to non-transparent kinds used as abrasives. It is the
hardest mineral except the diamond. Corundum and its artificial counterparts
are abrasives especially suited to the grinding of metals.
Corundum: Native alumna, or aluminum oxide, Al2O3, occurring as
rhombohedral crystals and also in masses and variously colored grains.
Applied specifically to nontransparent kinds used as abrasives. It is hardest
mineral except the diamond. Corundum and its artificial counterparts are
abrasives especially suited to the grinding of metals.
Coslettizing: Producing a black, rust-resisting surface on iron and steel by
boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid and iron fillings.
Coslettizing: Producing a black, rust resisting surface on iron and steel by
boiling for some hours in water containing phosphoric acid and iron filings.
Cottrell Process: An electrostatic method of removing solid particles from
gases.
Cottrell Process: An electrostatic method of removing solid particles from
gases.
Coulometer: An electrolytic cell arranged to measure the quantity of
electricity by the chemical action produced in accordance with Faraday's
law.
Count Rate Meter: A device which gives a continuous indication of the
average rate of ionizing events.
Counter Bore: To enlarge the top part of a hole to specific size, as for the
head of a socket head or cap screw. Also the tool that is used.
Counter flashing: A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally
perpendicular to) a long section of foundation wall
Counter flashing: A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline
to cover shingle flashing and used to prevent moisture entry.
Counterbalance Valve: A hydraulic device for restraining a load that might
otherwise fall faster than desired because of gravity.
Counterblow Hammer: A forging hammer in which both the ram and the
anvil are driven simultaneously toward each other by air or steam pistons.
Counterbore: To enlarge the top part of a hole to a specific size, as for the
head of a socket-head or cap screw. Also the tool that is used.
Counter-flow heat exchanger : When the fluid to be cooled flows against
the direction of the coolant. In heat exchange between two fluids, opposite
direction of flow, coldest portion of one meeting coldest portion of the other.
Counterfort: A row of shingles or roll roofing running the length of the roof.
Parallel layers of building materials such as bricks, or siding laid up
horizontally.
Counterfort: A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally
perpendicular to) a long section of foundation wall
Countersink: A tapered recess, cut around a pilot hole for a screw, to receive
the head of the screw
Countersink: To enlarge the top part of a hole at an angle for a flat-head
screw. Also, the tool that is used.
Countertorque: A method of bridge crane controlling speed by applying a
variable motor torque in the direction opposite to the direction that the motor
is rotating due to being overhauled by the load.
Couple: Two dissimilar conductors in electrical contact. An electromotive
force is created under proper electrolytic influences or during heating.
Coupler, coupling: A device for mechanically joining two linear
components like pipes, scaffold tubes, or a drill bit with an extension.
Coupling: A frequently-used alternative term for “fitting”: a straight
connector for fluid lines; or a large-diameter device that connects the ends of
two shafts, between a motor shaft and a gear drive unit, for example (these
may be either solid or flexible, to allow for misalignment).
Coupling: A mechanical device used to attach the shaft of an electric motor
or other motive power device to a hydraulic pump.
Coupon: A piece of metal from which a test specimen is to be prepared,
often an extra piece (as on a casting or forging) or separate piece made for
test purposes (such as test weldment).
Coupon: A piece pf metal from which a test specimen is to be prepared often
an extra piece (as on a casting or forging) or a separare piece made for test
purposes (such as a test weldment)
Course: A molding with a concave face used as trim or to finish interior
corners.
Course: A row of shingles or roll roofing running the length of the roof.
Parallel layers of building materials such as bricks, or siding laid up
horizontally.
Course: A layer of bricks or blocks in a wall.
Course : The roadway horizontal pavement layer.
Courses: Alternate layers of material in pattern, or brickwork.
Courses: Alternate layers of material in a pattern, or brickwork.
Covalent bond : A bond in which two atoms share pair of electrons.
Cove molding: A shallow space below the living quarters of a house,
normally enclosed by the foundation wall and having a dirt floor.
Cove molding: A molding with a concave face used as trim or to finish
interior corners.
Cover: The actual distance a board will cover in width after milling; notably
in flooring, weatherboards and lining boards.
Cover: vegetation or other features that provide shelter for wildlife
Cover: A protective blanket laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing atmosphere
and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting. Neutral covers simply
protect metal from atmosphere; reacting covers contain an agent such as a
deoxidizer.
Cover: A protective blanket laid on a melt to exclude oxidizing atmosphere
and in the case of magnesium to prevent its igniting. Neutral covers simply
protect metal from atmosphere; reacting covers contain an agent such as a
deoxidizer.
Cover Core: A core set in place during the ramming of a mold to cover and
complete a cavity partly formed by the withdrawal of a loose part of the
pattern. Also used to form part or all of the cope surface of the mold cavity.
A core placed over another core to create a flat parting line.
Cover Half: In die casting, the stationary half of the die.
Cover Half: In Die casting, the stationary half of the die.
Cover plate: A long plate usually welded to the top or bottom flange of a
rolled steel beam or to the bottom chord of a joist or joist girder to increase
the load carrying capacity of that member.
Cover Plate: The top or bottom plate of a box girder.
Coverage: The width of a deck sheet, i.e., 30 inches or 36 inches.
Covered Electrode: A filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting
of a metal core wire with a relatively thick covering which provides
protection for the molten metal from the atmosphere, improves the properties
of the weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The covering is usually mineral or
metal powders mixed with cellulose or other binder.
Covered Electrode: A filler metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting
of a metal core vire with a relatively thick covering which provides protection
for the molten metal form the atmosphere, improves the properties of the
weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The covering is usually mineral or metal
powders mixed with cellulose or other binder.
Covering Power: (1) The ability of a solution to give satisfactory plating at
very low current densities, a condition that exists in recesses and pits. This
term suggests an ability to cover but not necessarily to build up a uniform
coating, whereas throwing power suggests the ability to obtain a coating of
uniform thickness on an irregularly shaped object. (2) The degree to which a
porcelain enamel coating obscures the underlying surface.
Cr: (Cold rolling)Rolling steel without first reheating it. This process reduces
thickness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and makes it easier to
machine.
CR (Cold Rolling): Rolling steel without first reheating it. This process
reduces thickness of the steel, produces a smoother surface and makes it
easier to machine.
Crab: See Core Crab
Crack: (1) A fracture type discontinuity characterized by a sharp tip and high
ratio of length and width to opening displacement. (2) A line of fracture
without complete separation.
Crack : An open seam not necessarily extending through the body of a
material.
Crack Growth: Rate of propagation of a crack through a material due to a
static or dynamic applied load.
Crack Length (depth): In fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking, the physical
crack size used to determine the crack growth rate and the stress-intensity
factor. For a compact-type specimen, crack length is measured from the line
connecting the bearing points of load application. For a center-crack tension
specimen, crack length is measured from the perpendicular bisector of the
central crack. See also crack size. (see Crack Size)
Crack Opening Displacement: The opening displacement of the notch
surfaces at the notch and in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the
notch and the crack. The displacement at the tip is called the crack tip
opening displacement (CTOD); at the mouth, it is called the crack mouth
opening displacement (CMOD). M(aqf+ + 2e- ---+ M(s).
Crack Size: A lineal measure of a principal planar dimension of a crack. This
measure is conunonly used in the calculation of quantities descripti ve of the
stress and displacement fields. In practice, the value of crack size is obtained
from procedures for measurement of physical crack size, original crack size,
or effective crack size, as appropriate to the situation under consideration.
See also crack. Length (depth).
Crack, Hot Tear: A rupture occurring in a casting at or just below the
solidifying temperature by a pulling apart of the soft metal, caused by thermal
contraction stresses. See also Quench Crack
Cracked Edges: Discontinuity or cracked condition on the edge of the strip.
Cracked Edges: Discontinuity or cracked condition on the edge of the strip.
Cracking: A coating defect consisting of a break in the cured film which
exposes the bare substrate. Cracking usually occurs during fabrication of the
coated plate when the coating is too brittle or the adhesion is too low.
Cracking: A coating defect consisting of a break in the cured film which
exposes the bare substrate. Cracking usually occurs during fabrication of the
coated plate when the coating is too brittle or the adhesion is too low.
Cracking (concrete) : the breaking of concrete due to the expansive forces
caused by the formation of iron-oxide corrosion products on unprotected
reinforcement bars
Cracking (Oil): The application of heat and pressure that breaks down large
molecules to form smaller molecules.
Cracking in concrete : Cracking is always expected in reinforced concrete,
since it has such a high shrinkage on hardening. Additional cracks will occur
on the stretched side of a beam. Reinforcement shall be inserted sufficient in
quantity and closeness to make the cracks invisible to the naked eye and very
close together. Contraction and expansion joints are constructed to reduce
cracking.
Cracking Pressure: The pressure at which a pressure operated valve begins
to pass fluid.
Cracking Strip: A fin of metal molded on the surface of a casting to prevent
cracking.
Crambe Oil: A vegetable oil pressed from a seed of Crambe abyssinica,
related to rape and mustard.
Cramp: To compress edgewise the boards of a floor.
Cramp (also clamp): Metal component built into masonry to join it to
another member, for example a window frame ('frame cramp'), or to join two
masonry units together.
Crane: 1) A machine used to move material by means of a hoist. 2) A
machine that can usually move and is used to lift heavy materials or to lift
members that are to be erected in a structure.
Crane: Lifting device which can be fixed or mobile.
Crane: A machine for lifting, lowering and moving a load with the hoisting
mechanism a part of the machine. Cranes may be traveling, portable, or fixed
type.
Crane Girder: (see Bridge Girder)
Crane Service, Heavy: Service that involves operating at 85 to 100% of
rated load or in excess of 10 lift cycles/hour as a regular specified procedure.
Crane Service, Normal: That service which involves operation with
randomly distributed loads within the rated load limit, or with uniform loads
of less than 65% of the rated load, for no more than 15% of the time of a
single work shift for manually operated cranes and 25% of the time of a
single work shift for electrically or pneumatically powered cranes.
Crane Service, Severe: Service that involves normal or heavy service with
abnormal operating conditions.
Crane, Automatic: A crane which when activated operates through a preset
cycle or cycles.
Crane, Cab-Operated: A crane bridge crane controlled by an operator in a
cab attached to the bridge or trolley.
Crane, Cantilever Gantry: A gantry or semigantry crane in which the
bridge girders or trusses extend transversely beyond the crane runway on one
or both sides.
Crane, Floor-Operated: A crane that is bridge crane controlled by a means
suspended from the crane, operated by a person on the floor or on an
independent platform.
Crane, Gantry: A crane similar to an overhead crane, except that the bridge
for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs
running on fixed rails or other runway.
Crane, Hot Metal: An overhead crane used for transporting or pouring
molten material.
Crane, Jib: A crane suspended from a jib.
Crane, Manually Operated: A crane whose hoist mechanism is driven by
pulling an endless chain, or whose travel mechanism is driven in the same
manner or by manually moving the load or hook.
Crane, Mobile: A crane supported on structure that rolls on wheels; may be
moved manually or by its own power.
Crane, Outdoor Storage Gantry: A gantry-type crane of long span usually
used for storage of bulk material such as ore, coal, or other similar items; the
bridge girders or trusses are rigidly or non-rigidly supported on one or more
legs. It may have one or more fixed or hinged cantilever ends.
Crane, Overhead: A crane with a single or multiple girder movable bridge
crane a movable or fixed hoisting mechanism and traveling on an overhead
fixed runway structure.
Crane, Polar: An overhead or gantry crane that travels on a circular runway.
Crane, Pulpit-Operated: A crane operated from a fixed operator station not
attached to the crane.
Crane, Remote-Operated: A crane bridge crane controlled by an operator
who is not in a pulpit or in a cab attached to the crane, by any method other
than a means suspended from the crane.
Crane, Semi-Gantry: A gantry with one end of the bridge rigidly supported
on one or more legs that run on a fixed rail or runway, the other end of the
bridge being supported by an end truck running on an elevated rail or
runway.
Crane, Standby: A crane which is not in regular service but which is used
occasionally or intermittently as required.
Crane, Wall Jib: A jib crane mounted on a wall rather than on an overhead
beam.
Cranes: Mechanically operated devices which are located on or around a
building site for the purpose of lifting building components or equipment into
position.
Cranes, Fixed: Cranes which are non-mobile. Derricks and jib cranes are
classified as fixed cranes.
Cranes, Portable: Cranes having a revolving superstructure with power
plant, operating machinery and boom mounted on a fully mobile carriage not
confined to a fixed path. Crawler, locomotive and truck cranes are classified
as portable cranes.
Crank Press: A mechanical press whose slides are actuated by a crankshaft.
Crankshaft seal : Leak proof joint between crankshaft and compressor body.
Crash Deck: The impact deck between the discharge of the sinter machine
and the sinter breaker.
Crater: A depression at the termination of a weld bead or in the molten weld
pool in arc welding.
Crater Wear: The wear that occurs on the rake-face of a cutting tool due to
contact with the material in the chip that is sliding along that face.
Cratering: A coating defect consisting of small, apparently uncoated, spots
of coated plate consisting of a very thin film of coating which was
contaminated by oil, silicone, or foreign matter. Eyeholing is similar to
cratering, but with metal exposure in the crater.
Cratering: A coating defect consisting of small, apparently uncoated, spots
of coated plate consisting of a very thin film of coating which was
contaminated by oil, silicone, or foreign matter. Eyeholing is similar to
cratering, but with metal exposure in the crater.
Crawl space: A report ordered by a lender from a credit agency to determine
a borrower's credit habits.
Crawl space: A shallow space below the living quarters of a house, normally
enclosed by the foundation wall and having a dirt floor.
Crawler crane : A self-propelled crane mounted ontwo endless tracks that
revolve around wheels.
Crawler Excavators: A crawler excavator is a construction machine used for
excavating rock and soil and then loading the material into trucks or moving
it to other locations. The crawler term refers to the use of a pair of large
tracks instead of tires for moving the equipment around. The boom, or arm of
the machine is usually capable of fitting various attachments to the end in
order to accomplish specific jobs such as digging, breaking, or scooping.
Crawling: A coating defect consisting of a lack of adhesion to, or dewetting
of, the substrate while the coating or ink is wet. The cause is due to a
difference in surface tension of the coating and substrate. Crawling is also
known as cissing and dewetting.
Crawling: A coating defect consisting of a lack of adhesion to, or dewetting
of, the substrate while the coating or ink is wet. The cause is due to a
difference in surface tension of the coating and substrate. Crawling is also
known as cissing and dewetting.
Craze crack : Numerous fine cracks which appear on the surface of concrete
in a hexagonal or octagonal pattern. This type of crack is caused by
improperly trowelled concrete surface.
Craze Cracking: Irregular surface cracking of a metal associated with
thermal cycling. The term is more commonly used in the United Kingdom. In
the United States, the checking is preferred. See also checks. (see Checks)
Craze cracking (or checking): Irregular surface cracking of metal
associated with thermal cycling.
Crazing: Fine cracks that may occur on plastered or rendered surface.
Crazing (Worming): A defect found in pack-hardened tools, manifested in
surface markings.
Crazing (Worming): A defect found in pack hardened tools, manifested in
surface markings.
Create : Putting elements together to form a novel, coherent whole or make
an original product generating, planning or producing. (Anderson-Krathwohl)
Credit : A measure of the volume of learning attached to a course or module
calculated according to the procedure defined in the relevant standard for the
type of programme; a level may be associated with an assigned number of
credits.
Credit rating: A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the
slope of the roof or valley. A saddle-shaped, peaked construction connecting
a sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to encourage water drainage away
from the chimney joint.
Credit rating: A report ordered by a lender from a credit agency to
determine a borrower’s credit habits.
Creep: A time-dependent deformation of a structural member under a
sustained constant load.
Creep: Failure of a metal caused by gradual elongation due to constant
stress.
Creep: Time dependent permanent strain under stress. This is used to rate the
resistance of a material to plastic deformation under sustained load.
Creep Limit: (1) The maximum stress that will cause less than a specified
quantity of creep in a given time. (2) The maximum nominal stress under
which the creep strain rate decreases continuously with time under constant
load and at constant temperature. Sometimes used synonymously with creep
strength. (see Creep Strength)
Creep Limit: The maximum stress that will result in creep at a rate lower
than an assigned rate.
Creep Rate: The slope of the creep-time curve at a given time; deflection
with time under a given static load.
Creep Recovery: The time-dependent decrease in strain in a solid following
the removal of force.
Creep Speed: A very slow, constant, continuous, fixed rate of motion of the
hoist, trolley, or bridge: usually established at 1% to 10% of the normal full
load speed.
Creep Strain: The time-dependent total strain (extension plus initial gage
length) produced by applied stress during a creep test.
Creep Strength: 1. The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified
quantity of creep in a given time at a constant temperature. 2. The constant
nominal stress that will cause a specified creep react at constant temperature.
Creep Strength: (1) The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified
quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature. (2) The constant
nominal stress that will cause a specified creep react at constant temperature.
Creep strength : The constant nominal stress that will cause a specified
quantity of creep in a given time at constant temperature. Creep strength is
expressed as the stress necessary to produce 0.1% strain in 1000 hours.
Creep Stress: The constant load divided by the original cross-sectional area
of the specimen.
Creep Test: A method of determining the extension of metals under a given
load at a given temperature. The determination usually involves the plotting
of time-elongation curves under constant load; a single test may extend over
many months. The results are often expressed as the elongation (in
millimeters or inches) per hour on a given gage length (e.g., 25 mm or 1 in.).
Creep, dynamic : Creep that occurs under conditions of fluctuating load or
fluctuating temperatures.
Creep-Feed Grinding: A grinding process that produces deeper cuts at slow
traverse rates.
Creep-rupture Embrittlement: Embrittlement under creep conditions.
Failure occurs by intergranular cracking of the embrittled material.
Creep-rupture Strength: The stress that causes fracture in a creep test at a
given time in a specified constant environment. This is sometimes referred to
as the stress-rupture strength. (see Stress-Rupture Strength)
Creep-rupture Test: A test in which progressive specimen deformation and
the time for rupture are measured. In general, deformation is much greater
than that developed during a creep test. Also known as stress-rupture
test. (see Stress-Rupture Test)
Crevice Corrosion: Corrosion of stainless steel on the surface that is fully
shielded from air, preventing the formation of a passive film.
Crevice Erosion: A type of concentration cell corrosion; corrosion of a metal
that is caused by the concentration of dissolved salts, metal ions, oxygen, or
other gases, and such, in crevices or pockets remote from the principal fluid
stream, with a resultant building up of differential cells that ultimately cause
deep pitting.
Crib: Network of cast iron used to support the cope when no cope flask is
used.
Cricket: Short vertical "2 by 4's or 6's" frame lumber installed above a
window or door.
Cricket: A ridge or drainage diverting roof framing.
Cricket: A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the slope
of the roof or valley. A saddle-shaped, peaked construction connecting a
sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to encourage water drainage away
from the chimney joint.
Crimped angle web: A regular angel whose ends have been 'crimped' in the
shape of a 'U' whose out-to-out distance is usually one inch. The actual
crimped portion of the angle is only a few inches on each end and the end is
inserted between top or bottom chord members to be welded.
Crimped Edge: A damaged edge due to the strip wandering side-to-side into
obstructions as it moves down the line.
Crimped Edge A Damaged: A damaged edge due to the strip wandering
side to side into obstructions as it moves down the line.
Crimper: Tool used to secure a metal clip on the steel band.
Crimper: Tool used to secure a metal clip on the steel band.
Crimping: The forming of relatively small corrugations in order to set down
and lock a seam, to create an arc in a strip of metal or to reduce an existing
arc or diameter. See also corrugating. (see Corrugating)
Cripple: Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near the
center of the joist span to prevent joists from twisting.
Cripple: Short vertical “2 by 4’s or 6’s” frame lumber installed above a
window or door.
Crippled: Of joists, doubled-up to form a trimmer. (American term.)
Crisper: Drawer or compartment in refrigerator designed to provide high
humidity along with low temperature to keep vegetables, especially leafy
vegetablescold and crisp.
Cristobalite: Simplest crystallographic form of SiO2.
Cristobalite: Simplest crystallographic form of SiO2.
Criteria : The Client's requirements for the design and construction of a
particular type of building, or structure.
Critical: the flow condition at which point the water velocity equals the wave
speed.
Critical: A condition of being in or approaching a state of crisis.
Critical : (1) Of, relating to, or being a turning point or especially important
juncture. (2) Relating to or being a state in which a measurement or point at
which some quality, property or phenomenon suffers a definite change.
Critical (Temperature)Range: Temperatures at which changes in the phase
of a metal take place. Changes are determined by absorption of heat when the
metal is heated and liberation of heat when it is cooled.
Critical Cooling Rate: The minimum rate of continuous cooling just
sufficient to prevent undesired transformations. For steel, the slowest rate at
which it can be cooled from above the upper critical temperature to prevent
the decomposition of austenite at any temperature above the Ms.
Critical Cooling Rate: The minimum rate of continuous cooling just
sufficient to prevent undesired transformations. For steel, the slowest rate at
which it can be cooled form above the upper critical temperature to prevent
the decomposition of austenite at any temperature above the Ms.
Critical Current Density: In an electrolytic process, a current density at
which an abrupt change occurs in an operating variable or in the nature of an
electrodeposit or electrode film.
Critical Flaw Size: The size of a flaw (defect) in a structure that will cause
failure at a particular stress level.
Critical humidity: The relative humidity above which the atmospheric
corrosion rate of some metals increase sharply.
Critical load: The load at which deflection of a member or structure occurs
as determined by stability analysis.
Critical Pitting Potential: The lowest value of oxidizing potential at which
pits can form and grow. The value depends on the test method used.
Critical Point: (1) The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal
structure, phase or physical properties occurs. Also termed transformation
temperature. (2) In an equilibrium diagram, the combination of composition,
temperature and pressure at which the phases of an inhomogeneous system
are in equilibrium.
Critical Point: 1. The temperature or pressure at which a change in crystal
structure, phase or physical property occurs. Same as transformation
temperature. 2. In an equilibrium diagram, that specific value of composition,
temperature and pressur, or combinations thereof, at which the phases of a
heterogeneous system are in equilibrium.
Critical Point: Temperatures at which internal changes or transformations
take place within a metal either on a rising or falling temperature.
Critical point: A point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor
states are identical. Also, the latent heat of evaporization is zero at this point.
Critical pressure : The pressure at the critical temperature above which the
fluid no longer has the properties of a liquid, regardless of further increase of
pressure.
Critical Range: A temperature range in which an internal change takes place
within a metal. Also termed Transformation Range.
Critical Range: A temperature range in which an internal change takes place
within a metal. Also termed transformation range.
Critical Shear Stress: The shear stress required to cause slip in a single
crystal, in a designated slip direction on a given slip plane. Referred to as the
critical resolved shear stress if the shear stress reaches a threshold level.
Critical Shear Stress: The shear stress required to cause slip in a single
crystal, in a designated slip direction on a given slip plane. Referred to as the
critical resolved shear stress if the shear stress reaches a threshold level.
Critical Strain: A term used in stress corrosion-cracking tests to indicate the
maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress corrosion cracks.
Critical Strain: A term used in stress corrosion cracking tests to indicate the
maximum strain rate necessary to promote stress corrosion cracks.
Critical Temperature: The temperature at which a steel transforms one
crystal structure into another because of atom rearrangement.
Critical temperature : That temperature above which the vapor phase
cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure.
Critical velocity : Maximum velocity is obtained and no further pressure
drop is obtained. (Acoustic Velocity).
Cronak Process: A method of producing a film of chromium salts on since
surfaces to inhibit corrosion.
Croning Process (C Process, Cronizing): A casting process named after its
German developer Johannes Croning. It is a precision production process
using a phenol formaldehyde resin binder. (see Shell Molding)
Crop: The end or ends of an ingot or rolled product that contain the pipe or
other defects to be cut off and discarded; also termed "crop end" and
"discard".
Crop: The defective ends of a rolled or forged product which are cut off and
discarded.
Cropping: Cutting off ends of billets ingots or slabs containing pipe or other
defects.
Cropping Shear: A shear which cuts off the parts which are to be discarded.
Cross brace: Any crosspiece which diverts, transmits, or resists the pressure
of a load.
Cross Breaks: Creases which appear as parallel lines transverse to the
direction of rolling.
Cross Breaks: 1) Creases which appear as parallel lines transverse to the
direction of rolling. 2) Quality defect on the edge of plate coming to the line
(broken steel but not open breaks). 3) Hard spots caused by abrupt
deformation of the strip after hot rolling and due to stressing beyond the
elastic limit of the metal.
Cross bridging: Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to
bridge the spaces between the main beams.
Cross bridging: Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near
the center of the joist span to prevent joists from twisting.
Cross compound turbine -: These turbines are large turbines with parallel
shafts with a generator on each shaft. The steam flows through the high
pressure turbine, then is crossed-over to the low pressure turbine
Cross cutting: Cutting timber across the grain.
Cross Direction (In Rolled Or Drawn Metal): The direction parallel to the
axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to the direction
of rolling or drawing.
Cross Feed: The feed that operates across the axis of the workpiece or at
right angles to the main or principal feed on a machine.
Cross Forging: Preliminary working of forging stock in flat dies to develop
mechanical properties, particularly in the center portions of heavy sections.
Cross Gate: See Runner
Cross Head: See 'Pressure Roll.'
Cross Porting (Lube Systems): A means of discharging lubricant from
several injectors through a common outlet.
Cross Rolling: Rolling of metal or sheet or plate so that the direction of
rolling is about 90° from the direction of a previous rolling.
Cross Rolling: Rolling at an angle to the long dimension of the metal;
usually done to increase width.
Cross Shaft: The shaft extending across the bridge, used to transmit torque
from motor to bridge drive wheels.
Cross tee: A molding used on cornice or wherever an interior angle is to be
covered, especially at the roof and wall corner.
Cross tee: Short metal “T” beam used in suspended ceiling systems to bridge
the spaces between the main beams.
Crossbar: Wood or metal bar placed in a flask to give greater anchorage to
the sand than is afforded by its four walls.
Crossbow: A curvature across the width of the strip at a 90° angle to the
direction in which the strip has been rolled or uncoiled.
Crossbow: A curvature across the width of the strip at a 90 degree angle to
the direction in which the strip has been rolled or uncoiled.
Cross-country Mill: A rolling mill in which the mill stands are so arranged
that their tables are parallel with a transfer (or crossover) table connecting
them. Such a mill is used for rolling structural shapes, rails and any special
form of bar stock not rolled in an ordinary bar mill.
Cross-Direction (In Rolled or Drawn Metal): The direction parallel to the
axes of the rolls during rolling. The direction at right angles to the direction
of rolling or drawing.
Cross-Feed: The feed that operates across the axis of the workpiece or at
right angles to the main or principle feed on a machine.
Cross-Section: A view of the interior of an object that is represented as being
cut in two, the cut surface representing the cross-section of the object.
Cross-wire Weld: A weld made at thejunction between crossed wires or
bars.
Crown: 1. The difference in thickness between the edge and center of the
strip. 2. Thickened center of a strip of steel; can also have a crown on the
work roll; two-point crown on a roll means a crown of 0.002 inches. 3. The
crown, or center, refers to the tendency of a sheet to be heavier in gauge in
the center than on the edges. It may be caused by the use of hollow, or worn
back-up rolls, work rolls improperly ground, or excessive work in the last
finishing stand.
Crown: Thickness at the center of a sheet or plate compared to the edges.
Crown: Furnace roof, especially when dome shaped; highest point of an
arch.
Crown Gears (Gears): A bevel gear with a plane pitch surface. Among
bevel gears, the crown gear corresponds to the rack in spur gears.
Crown molding: Round, corrugated drain pipe (normally 15" or 18" in
diameter) that is installed beneath a driveway and parallel to and near the
street.
Crown molding: A molding used on cornice or wherever an interior angle is
to be covered, especially at the roof and wall corner.
Crown Or Heavy Center: Increased thickness in the center of metal sheet or
strip as compared with thickness at the edge.
Crt: Cathode ray tube terminal.
Crucible: A ceramic pot or receptacle made of materials such as graphite or
silicon carbide, with relatively high thermal conductivity, bonded with clay
or carbon and used in melting metals.
Crucible Furnace: A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas or electricity in which
metals are melted in a refractory crucible.
Crucible Furnace: A furnace fired with coke, oil, gas, or electricity in which
metals are melted in a refractory crucible.
Crucible Steel: High-carbon steel produced by melting blister steel in a
covered crucible. Crucible steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman in
about 1750 and remained in use until the late 1940s.
Crucible Steel: High carbon steel produced by melting blister steel in a
covered crucible. Crucible steel was developed by Benjamin Huntsman in
about 1750 and remained in use until the late 1940's.
Crucible Zone: The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the tuyere.
Crucible Zone: The zone in the cupola between the bottom and the tuyere.
Crude Steel: Steel in its first solid (or usable) form: ingots, semi-finished
products (billets, blooms, slabs), and liquid steel for castings. This is not to be
confused with liquid steel, which is steel poured.
Crush: (1) Buckling or breaking of a section of a casting mold due to
incorrect register when the mold is closed. (2) An indentation in the surface
of a casting due to displacement of sand when the mold was closed.
Crush: Buckling or breaking of a section of mold due to incorrect register
when closing. Also, an indentation in the casting surface due to displacement
of sand in the mold when the mold is closed.
Crush Forming: Shaping a grinding wheel by forcing a rotating metal roll
into its face so as to reproduce the desired contour.
Crush Strip Or Bead: An indentation in the parting line of a pattern plate
which ensures that cope and drag have good contact by producing a ridge of
sand which crushes against the other surface of the mold or core.
Crushings Test: (1) A radial compressive test applied to tubing, sintered-
metaI bearings or other similar products for detennining radial crushing
strength (maximwn load in compression). (2) An axial compressive test for
determining quality of tubing such as soundness of weld in welded tubing.
Cryogenic: Pertaining to very low temperature. Aluminum gains strength as
temperature is reduced, making it an appropriate material for cryogenic
applications.
Cryogenic: Pertaining to very low temperature. Aluminum gains strength as
temperature is reduced, making it an appropriate material for cryogenic
applications
Cryogenic fluid -: Substance which exists as a liquid or gas at ultra-low
temperatures157°C.
Cryogenic superconductor system : Uses helium to cool conductors to
within few degrees of absolute zero where they offer no electric resistance.
Cryogenics : Refrigeration which deals with producing temperatures of
-157°C below zero and lower.
Crystal: Physically uniform solids composed of atoms bonded together in a
definite geometrical pattern or structure.
Crystal Analysis: Determination of crystal structure.
Crystal Lattice: The way atoms are arranged in a crystal. Spacewise, there
are only 14 different lattices.
Crystal System: One of seven groups into which all crystals may be divided;
triclinic, monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal, rhombohedral, tetragonal and
cubic.
Crystalline: That form of a substance that comprises predominantly of
crystals (one or more) as opposed to glassy or amorphous.
Crystalline: Composed of crystals.
Crystalline Fracture: When this type of fracture occurs in a steel, it will
have a shiny appearance as the fracture path in each grain has followed a
cleavage plane so producing in each grain a flat reflective surface.
Crystalline Fracture: A fracture of a polycrystalline metal characterized by
a grainy appearance. Compare fibrous fracture.
Crystallites -: Atoms arranged in a repeating and definite structure.
Crystallization: The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite
positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a liquid metal
solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated stresses, is sometimes
falsely attributed to crystallization).
Crystallization : The formation of crystals by the atoms assuming definite
positions in a crystal lattice. This is what happens when a liquid metal
solidifies. (Fatigue, the failure of metals under repeated stresses, is sometimes
falsely attributed to crystallization.)
Crystallization -: The separation, usually from a liquid phase on cooling, of
a solid crystalline phase.
Csa : Canadian Standards Association
Csi (construction specifications institute): Abbreviation.
Csp: Concentrating Solar Power.
Cst: See Coast track. CST may also stand for Central Standard Time.
CTD (Cold-worked Twisted & Deformed)/ TMT (Thermo Mechanically
Treated) Bar & Rods: Hot rolled round bars/rods with indentations/ribs
normally supplied in straight length or in folded bundles. Used directly in
civil construction.
Cu: The chemical symbol for copper.
Cu: Chemical symbol for Copper.
Cube Centered: Metallography (concerning space lattices) Body centered
cubic. Refers to crystal structure.
Cube-Centered: Metallography (concerning space lattices). Body-centered
cubic. Refers to crystal structure.
Cubic Plane: A plane perpendicular to anyone of the three crystallographic
axes of the cubic (isometric) system; the Miller indices are {100}.
Cul de sac: An access street with a blind end usually in the form of a turning
space for vehicles
Culvert: A type of warping that causes boards to curl up at their edges.
Culvert: Round, corrugated drain pipe (normally 15″ or 18″ in diameter) that
is installed beneath a driveway and parallel to and near the street.
Culvert : A covered channel up to about 12 feet in width or a large pipe for
carrying a watercourse below ground level, usually under a road or railway.
Culvert Pipe: Heavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral-formed or riveted
into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage applications.
Culvert Pipe: Heavy gauge, galvanized steel that is spiral formed or riveted
into corrugated pipe, which is used for highway drainage applications.
Cuno Filter: An in-line filter that takes the dirt out of the oil on a turbine.
Cuno Filter: An in line filter that takes the dirt out of the oil on a turbine.
Cup: (1) A sheet metal part; the product of the first drawing operation. (2)
Any cylindrical part or shell closed at one end.
Cup Fracture: A type of fracture in a tensile test specimen which looks like
a cup having the exterior portion extended with the interior slightly
depressed.
Cup-and-cone-fracture: A mixed-mode fracture, often seen in tensile-test
specimens of a ductile material, where the central portion undergoes plane-
strain fracture and the surrounding region undergoes plane-stress fracture. It
is called a cup fracture (or cup-and-cone fracture) because one of the mating
fracture surfaces looks like a miniature cup--that is, it has a central depressed
flat-face region surrounded by a shear lip; the other fracture surface looks like
a miniature truncated cone.
Cupellation: Oxidation of molten lead containing gold and silver to produce
lead oxide, thereby separating the precious metals from the base metal.
Cupola: A vertical furnace for melting iron.
Cupping: Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5" in diameter) that is
placed vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and
where a water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground). A long
pole with a special end is inserted into the curb stop to turn off/on the water.
Cupping: Distorting of wide boards showing curvature across the grain
causing the broad surface to be concave.
Cupping: A type of warping that causes boards to curl up at their edges.
Cupping: (1) The first step in deep drawing. (2) Fracture of severely-worked
rods or wire where one end has the appearance of a cup and the other that of a
cone.
Cupping Test: A mechanical test used to determine the ductility and
stretching properties of sheet metal. It consists of measuring the maximum
part depth that can be formed before fracture. The test is typically carried out
by stretching the test piece clamped at its edges into a circular die using a
punch with a hemispherical end. See also Erichsen test, Olsen Ductility Test
and Swift Cup Test. (see Erichsen test) (see Olsen Ductility Test) (see Swift
Cup Test)
Curb: Nominal 2-inch-thick members, usually 2 by 4's, cut in between each
stud diagonally.
Curb: A raised edge of a concrete floor slab or support for a mechanical unit.
Curb: Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5″ in diameter) that is placed
vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and where a
water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground). A long pole with a
special end is inserted into the curb stop to turn off/on the water.
Curb stop: The short elevation of an exterior wall above the deck of a roof.
Normally a 2 by 6 box (on the roof) on which a skylight is attached.
Curb stop: The short elevation of an exterior wall above the deck of a roof.
Normally a 2 by 6 box (on the roof) on which a skylight is attached.
Cure: The hardening of concrete and other cement products. Curing requires
a certain range of temperature (more than 6C but not enough to cause thermal
stress) and sufficient internal water to combine with the cement.
Cure Time: Full polymerization is a function of time and temperature.
Cure Time: Full polymerization is a function of time and temperature.
Curie Temperature: The temperature marking the transition between
ferromagnetism and paramagnetism or between the ferroelectric phase and
the paraelectric phase. Also known as Curie point. See also ferromagnetism
and paramagnetism. (see Ferromagnetism)(see Paramagnetism)
Curie Temperature: The temperature of magnetic transformation below
which a metal or alloy is ferromagnetic and above which it is paramagnetic.
Curing: The process by which synthetic materials form continuous films by
various combinations of oxidation, solvent evaporation and heat of
polymerization according to their basic resin structures.
Curing: The process by which synthetic materials form continuous films by
various combinations of oxidation, solvent evaporation and heat of
polymerization according to their basic resin structures.
Curing : Keeping freshly poured concrete or mortar damp for specified time
(Usually the first one week of its life) so that the cement is always provided
with enough water to harden. This improves the final strength of concrete,
particularly at the surface, and should reduce surface cracking or dusting.
Curing Time (No Bake): That period of time needed before a sand mass
reaches maximum hardness.
Curl: Appears as a relatively uniform curvature or sweep along the length of
coiled metal.
Curl: Appears as a relatively uniform curvature or sweep along the length of
coiled metal.
Curling: Rounding the edge of sheet metal into a closed or partly closed
loop.
Current: The movement of free electrons in a material.
Current: The movement of free electrons in a meterial.
Current Decay: ln spot, seam or projection welding, the controlled reduction
of the welding current from its peak amplitude to a lower value to prevent
excessively rapid cooling of the weld nugget.
Current Density: The amount of electrical current flowing per unit area of
cross-section.
Current density : The current flowing to or from a unit area of an electrode
surface.
Current Efficiency: (1) The ratio of the electrochemical equivalent current
density for a specific reaction to the total applied current density. (2) The
proportion of current used in a given process to accomplish a desired result.
In electroplating, the proportion used in depositing or dissolving metal.
Current : (I)The electric flow in an electric circuit, which is expressed in
amperes (amps).
Curtain wall: A non-load bearing exterior wall which carries only its own
weight and wind load.
Curtis method or curtis stagevelocity compounding: This turbine design
consists of one set of nozzles in which the steam is expanded from initial to
exhaust pressure. The velocity of the steam resulting from this expansion is
absorbed in two or more rows of moving blades. Rows of fixed or guide
blades, attached to the casing, are set between rows of moving blades and
receive and redirect the steam to the next row of moving blades. As the
velocity is absorbed in more than one row of moving blades, the blade speed
is less than if the velocity was all absorbed in one row of blades.
Curvature: The rotation per unit length of a member due to bending forces.
Curves: Formed sections of monorail track used to change the horizontal or
vertical direction of carrier travel.
Cushion : A mechanical device fitted into a hydraulic cylinder that closes off
the flow path of fluid to effect a smooth deceleration and stop of the cylinder
at the end of the stroke.
Cushioned Start: An electrical or mechanical method for reducing the rate
of acceleration of a travel motion.
Customer Test Strip: A full width sample of steel used in performing
testing procedures.
Cut: Defect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand by metal flowing
over the mold or cored surface.
Cut (Foundry Practice): (1) To recondition molding sand by mixing on the
floor with a shovel or bladetype machine. (2) To form the sprue cavity in a
mold. (3) Defect in a casting resulting from erosion of the sand by metal
flowing over the mold or cored surface.
Cut and cover tunnel : A method of tunnelconstruction involving
excavating a trench, installing the structure and covering it over, as opposed
to a mined tunnel.
Cut and cover : a method of tunnel construction that involves digging a
trench, building a tunnel, and then covering it with fill
Cut Edge: A mechanically-sheared edge obtained by slitting, shearing or
blanking.
Cut Edge: The normal edge that results from the shearing, slitting or
trimming of a mill edge.
Cut Edge: The normal edge that results from the shearing, slitting or
trimming of a mill edge.
Cut In Half: Split one (1) coil into two (2) coils (not necessarily 50% in each
coil).
Cut Out: IMIS term meaning loss of prime weight of a coil or cutting out
rips and cracks on the edges of a coil.
Cut Out: IMIS term meaning loss of prime weight of a coil or cutting out
rips and cracks on the edges of a coil.
Cut Out The Center: The act of removing the center laps or ID of a coil
with long handled sheers to remove defects. The Reelman is sometimes
directed to perform this task.
Cut To Length: Process to uncoil sections of flat rolled steel and cut them
into a desired length. Product that is cut to length is normally shipped flat
stacked.
Cut-in brace: A groove cut into a board or panel intended to receive the
edge of a connecting board or panel.
Cut-in brace: Nominal 2-inch-thick members, usually 2 by 4’s, cut in
between each stud diagonally.
Cut-list: A list of components with dimensions used for fabrication and
accounting purposes. See Bill of Materials.
Cut-off (Casting): Removing a casting from the sprue by refractory wheel or
saw, arc-air torch or gas torch.
Cut-off (Metalforming): A pair of blades positioned in dies or equipment
(or a section of the die milled to produce the same effect as inserted blades)
used to separate the forging from the bar after forging operations are
completed. Used only when forgings are produced from relatively long bars
instead of from individual, precut multiples or blanks. See also blank and
multiple. And multiple. (see Blank) (see Multiple)
Cutoff Machine, Abrasive: A device using a thin abrasive wheel rotating at
high speed to cut off gates and risers from castings, or in similar operations.
Cut-off wall: a collar (metal, concrete etc) placed around a culvert to
prevent piping.
Cutoff Wheel: A thin abrasive wheel for severing or slotting any material or
part.
Cutterhead : The head at the front of a tunnel boringmachine used for
cutting through rock.
Cutting Edge: The leading edge of a cutting tool (such as a lathe tool, drill
or milling cutter) where a line of contact is made with the work during
machining.
Cutting Fluid/Oil: Petroleum or chemical-based product (or a combination
of the two) that cools and lubricates tools when cutting metals; used in such
processes as drilling, reaming, broaching, threading, milling, turning, shaving
and tapping.
Cutting Speed: The linear or peripheral speed of relative motion between the
tool and workpiece in the principal direction of cutting.
Cutting Tip: That part of an oxygen cutting torch from which the gases
issue.
Cutting Tool: A hardened piece of metal (tool steel) that is machined and
ground so that it has the shape and cutting edges appropriate for the operation
for which it is to be used.
Cutting Torch (Arc): A device used in air carbon arc cutting, gas tungsten
arc cutting and plasma arc cutting to control the position of the electrode, to
transfer current and to control the flow of gases.
Cutting Torch (Oxyfuel Gas): A device used for directing the preheating
flame produced by the controlled combustion of fuel gases and to direct and
control the cutting oxygen.
Cutting Wheel: The plastic discs impregnated with an abrasive for cutting
ceramics and metals. Used on abrasive cutoff machines.
Cut-to-Length: (CTL). When a specific or discrete length is specified.
Cut-to-Length: Cutting flat-rolled stainless steel into desired length and then
normally shipped flat-stacked.
Cvr: Cockpit Voice Recorder. One of the so-called “black boxes”. It is a
device recording the last 30 minutes of sound inside the cockpit, before
impact. Sounds recorded include all conversations, radio transmissions, and
background noise.
Cwr: Color Weather Radar
Cyanic Copper: Copper electrodeposited from an alkalicyanide solution
containing a complex ion made up of univalent copper and the cyanide
radical.
Cyanide Hardening: A process of introducing carbon and nitrogen into the
surface of steel by heating it to a suitable temperature in a molten bath of
sodium cyanide, or a mixture of sodium and potassium cyanide, diluted with
sodium carbonate and quenching in oil or water. This process is used where a
thin case and high hardness are required.
Cyanide Slimes: Finely divided metallic precipitates that are formed when
precious metals are extracted from their ores using cyanide solutions.
Cycle: In fatigue, one complete sequence of values of applied load that is
repeated periodically. See also S-N curve. (see S-N curve)
Cycle -: A series of thermodynamic processes during which the working
fluid can be made to undergo changes involving energy transition and is
subsequently returned to its original state.
Cycle Annealing: An annealing process employing a pre-determined and
closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or
microstructures.
Cycle Annealing: An annealing process employing a predetermined and
closely controlled time-temperature cycle to produce specific properties or
microstructures.
Cycle Indicator Pin (Lube Systems): A pin attached to the piston of a
divider valve section; as the piston cycles, the pin extends from and retracts
into the end of the section. Used to monitor divider valve action and control
lube cycle.
Cycle, reversible : Theoretical thermodynamic cycle, composed of a series
of reversible processes, which can be completely reversed.
Cycle, water treatment: A complete course of ion-exchange operation. For
instance, a complete cycle of cation exchange would involve regeneration of
the resin with acid, rinse to remove excess acid, exhaustion, backwash, and
finally regeneration.
Cycles: A system that undergoes a series of processes and always returns to
its initial state.
Cycles of concentration : The number of times the soluble mineral salts in a
water supply have been concentrated in, a system.
Cyclic Load: (1) Repetitive loading, as with regularly recurring stresses on a
part, that sometimes leads to fatigue fracture. (2) Loads that change value by
following a regular repeating sequence of change.
Cycling: A rhythmic change of the factor under control.
Cyclone: A device for removing small or powdered solids from air, water, or
other gases or liquids by centrifugal force.
Cyclone (Centrifugal Collector): In air pollution control, a controlled
descending vortex created to spiral objectionable gases and dust to the bottom
of a collector core.
Cyclone (Centrifugal Collector): In air pollution control, a controlled
descending vortex created to spiral objectionable gases and dust to the bottom
of a collector core.
Cyclone Separator: Rotating strainer that uses a centrifugal process to
remove particulates from water.
Cyclonic Scrubber: In air pollution control, radial liquid (usually water)
sprays introduced into cyclones to facilitate collection of particles.
Cyclonic Scrubber: In air pollution control, radial liquid (usually water)
sprays introduced into cyclones to facilitate collection of particles.
Cyclotron: A device for accelerating charged particles to high energies by
means of an alternating electric field between electrodes placed in a constant
magnetic field.
Cyclotron: A device for accelerating charged particles to high energies by
means of an alternating electric field between electrodes placed in a constant
magnetic field.
Cylinder: A device that converts fluid power into linear force and motion.
Cylinder head: Plate or cap which encloses compression end of compressor
cylinder.
Cylinder Oil (Steam Cylinder Oils): A medium to high viscosity oil used
for once-through lubrication of cylinders in air compressors and steam
engines, and for valves and other elements in the cylinder area. High
viscosities compensate for the thinning effects of the high temperatures
involved. Steam cylinder oils are compounded with fatty oils to function
where conditions are wet or saturated, or where low-pressure steam is
present.
Cylinder Stock: A heavy lubricating oil stock made from the distillation
residue of paraffin base crude; used primarily for blending.
Cylindrical Grinding: Grinding the outer cylindrical surface of a rotating
part.
Cylindrical Land: Land having zero relief.
D & I (Drawn & Ironed): Stock material primarily used for two piece beer
and beverage cans. (Draw a cup approximately finished can diameter and iron
the sidewall to the can height.)
D&d: Decontamination and decommissioning.
Dado: A metal "door" placed within the fireplace chimney. Normally closed
when the fireplace is not in use.
Dado: A groove cut into a board or panel intended to receive the edge of a
connecting board or panel.
Dado: A timber moulding fixed to the wall at waist level.
Dado : Concrete barrier on the sides of bridge approach slab; the part of
pedestal between cap and base.
Dalton's Law Of Partial Pressure: Dalton's law states that in a mixture of
non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of the partial
pressures of the individual gases
Dalton's law of partial pressure: Each constituent of a mixture of gases
behaves thermodynamically as if it alone occupied the space. The sum of the
individual pressures of the constituents equals the total pressure of the
mixture.
Damage Tolerance: (1) A design measure of crack growth rate. Cracks in
damage-tolerant designed structures are not permitted to grow to critical size
during expected service life. (2) The ability of a part component, such as an
aerospace engine, to resist failure due to the presence of flaws, cracks or
other damage for a specified period of usage. The damage tolerance approach
is used extensively in the aerospace industry.
Damages: The monetary compensation awarded to a party who has suffered
damage, loss or injury by another.
Damp proof course (dpc): A barrier, usually physical, built into masonry to
prevent moisture migrating up from the ground or down from above, e.g.
chimneys, parapets.
Damp proof course (dpc): An impermeable material built into a wall near
the ground to prevent rising damp. Types available include lead-based,
bitumen-based, or plastic-based. Two courses of impermeable engineering
bricks can also be used. The DPC must be at least 150mm above the external
ground level.
Damp proof membrane (dpm): Usually heavy duty polythene, incorporated
within floors built on the ground to prevent rising damp.
Damper: The black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the exterior of
a foundation wall.
Damper: A metal “door” placed within the fireplace chimney. Normally
closed when the fireplace is not in use.
Damper roll: A roll used to control the line tension on the plate.
Damper Roll: Damper is a Australian dish which was made by road
traveller.
Damper Systems: A damper system is a set of mechanical devices used to
regulate physical characteristics in a system. For example, in a heating,
ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system, the damper system is used
to regulate the flow rate of air through the ducting system. In a mechanical
system, dampers may be installed to limit the amount of vibration on
individual components and translating through the system.
Damper : A device used to vary the volume of air passing through an air
outlet, air inlet or duct.
Dampers: Damper is a Australian dish which was made by road traveller.
Damping: For floor vibrations, it is the rate of decay of amplitude.
Damping: The loss in energy measured as dissipated heat that results when a
material or material system is subjected to an oscillatory load or
displacement.
Damping Capacity: The ability of a material to absorb vibration (cyclical
stresses) by internal friction, converting the mechanical energy into heat.
Dampproofing: The end of a pipe (the terminal end) that is not attached to
anything.
Dampproofing: The black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the
exterior of a foundation wall.
Dark Smoke: Also known as soot, it is the result of incomplete fuel burning.
It is basically composed by carbon and small particles.
Dashpot: Damper is a vibrator which is used to brake the road for renovation
or other purpose
Dashpot: A damping device, usually consisting of a cylinder and a piston in
which relative motion of either displaces a fluid such as air or oil, resulting in
friction.
Data Center Design: This is a networking technique where common data is
stored at a one place that can access by any connected user,
Data Matrix : It’s a two dimensional code like as bar code. It consist white
and black box.
Datum: A predetermined level on a site from which all other levels are
established.
Datum : Any elevation taken as a reference point for levelling.
Datum plane: In layout and machining operations, the reference plane from
which dimensions are measured in the perpendicular direction.
Datum Plane: Plane is like a wall or drawing sheet where all the curves are
drawn. If the curves are in 2D so we can say the curves are in one plane.
Datum points: In layout and machining operations, the reference points on a
datum plane from which dimensions are measured.
Datum Points: From where all the dimension in the direction of XYZ
coordinate is set called datum point*
Daubing: Filling of cracks in molds or cores by specially prepared pastes or
coatings to prevent a mechanical penetration of metal into these cracks during
pouring. Also, the final plastering or coating of the cupola or ladle after
shrinkage has taken place during the drying period. Clay slurry or clay wash
with various coating compounds are applied.
Daubing: To cover the surface by some material to protect it
Daylight: An exterior security lock installed on exterior entry doors that can
be activated only with a key or thumb-turn. Unlike a latch, which has a
beveled tongue, dead bolts have square ends.
Daylight: The end of a pipe (the terminal end) that is not attached to
anything.
Daylight: The distance in the open position between the moving and the
fixed tables or the platens of a hydraulic press. In the case of a multiplaten
press, daylight is the distance between adjacent platens. Daylight provides
space for removal of the molded/formed part from the mold/die.
Db: It’s a logarithm unit of measurement in electronics industry
Dbh: diameter breast high – tree trunk diameter at 4-5’ off the ground.
DC: The second of two types of electricity. It stands for direct current. In a
DC circuit, current is always flowing in the same direction and (for a given
voltage) is of the same magnitude.
Dc Casting: A continuous method of making ingots or billets for sheet or
extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of the mold is a
platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the frozen shell
of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid metal below the wall of the mold.
The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement of water directly on the mold
or on the walls of the solid metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is
limited by the depth to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is
often called semicontinuous casting.
DC (Direct Chill) Casting: A continuous method of making ingots or billets
for sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of the
mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the
frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid metal below the wall of
the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement of water directly
on the mold or on the walls of the solid metal as it is lowered. The length of
the ingot is limited by the depth to which the platform can be lowered;
therefore, it is often called semicontinuous casting.
Dc Actuator: It’s a electromagnetic device which is driven by motor to
control the motion of machines or system
Dc Circuit Breakers: Circuit breaker is used to cut the flowing current and
not complete the circuit.
Dc Contactors: Contactor is used to connect the electric circuit. It completes
the circuit of electricity.
Dc Drive: The motor which is driven by a DC motor is called as DC drive.
Dc Gearmotors: In a direct current (AC) gearmotor, the DC drive current
creates a magnetic field which turns a shaft connected to a series of gears.
The gears are designed with a gear ratio that greatly increases the motor
torque while reducing the motor's output speed, therefore drawing a lower
current to function.
Dc Micromotor: A micromotor is a special class of low power motor,
typically fitting within a frame that is 35 mm square. A micromotor may also
be called a fractional horsepower motor and is usually rated at or below 746
watts. Micromotors are typically run off of DC power supplies and are often
used in actuator or control applications as servomotors or stepper motors.
Dc Motors: This motor has two-pole armature and permanent magnet having
the south and north pole.
Dc Oil Coolers: Oil cooler is used to cool the lubricant or engine oil.
Dc Overload Relays: When the load is increase to uncontrolled position than
overload relays breaker the circuit.
Dc To Ac Power Inverters: When an AC power supply is needed from a DC
source so DC to Ac inverter is used as current converter.
Dc To Dc Power Supply: These inverters are used to control the supply from
a DC source to Dc needed source
Dct: Direct
De Vent: To close the vent connection of a pressure control valve, permitting
the valve to function at its adjusted pressure setting.
Dead Annealing: To heat the material to above to its critical temperature to
increase the ductility of the material.
Dead Band: When a process is in process at one time a free time will be
there in which no action is there is little time is called as dead band
Dead band: In HVAC, a temperature range in which neither heating nor
cooling is turned on; in load management, a kilowatt range in which loads are
neither shed nor restored.
Dead bolt: The fixed, non-operable window section of a window unit.
Dead bolt: An exterior security lock installed on exterior entry doors that can
be activated only with a key or thumb-turn. Unlike a latch, which has a
beveled tongue, dead bolts have square ends.
Dead Center: Dead center is called as exact center of any object. But if we
talking about engine dead center than this is the nearest or forest position of
piston from crankshaft. Its known as TDC or BDC
Dead End: The end of a water line, the point where the flow stops.
Dead End: Dead end is the last end or no exit have road
Dead Flat: Perfectly flat. As pertaining to sheet, strip or plate. (see Stretcher
Leveling)
Dead Flat: The fureset form of flatness is called as Dead flat.
Dead light: To install the plywood or wafer board sheeting on the floor
joists, rafters, or trusses.
Dead light: The fixed, non-operable window section of a window unit.
Dead load: A permanent, inert load on a building or other structure due to
the weight of its structural members and the fixed loads they carry, which
impose definite stresses and strains upon the structure.
Dead load: Loads due to the weight of the components making up the
structure and that are intended to remain permanently in place.
Dead load: The weight of the materials which form a permanent part of the
structure, as opposed to imposed load.
Dead Loads: The loads on a structure which remain in a fixed position
relative to the structure. On a crane bridge such loads include the girders,
footwalk, cross shaft, drive units, panels, etc.
Dead Smooth: The term applied to the finest cut of a file.
Dead Smooth: The smoothness
Dead Soft Annealing: Heating metal to above the critical range and
appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or
ductility.
Dead Soft Annealing: Heating metal to above the critical range and
appropriately cooling to develop the greatest possible commercial softness or
ductility.
Dead Soft Steel: Steel, normally made in the basic open-hearth furnace or by
the basic oxygen process with carbon less than 0.10% and manganese in the
0.20-0.50% range, completely annealed.
Dead Soft Steel: To heat the material to above to its critical temperature to
increase the ductility of the material.
Dead Soft Temper: Condition of maximum softness of material mostly find
in wire, strip, or sheet metal in the annealed sated
Dead Steel: Fully killed steel, also applied to steel which fails to respond to
heat treatment.
Dead Steel: Fully killed steel, also applied to steel which fails to respond to
heat treatment.
Deadband: When a process is in process at one time a free time will be there
in which no action is there is little time is called as dead band
Deadburned: Term applied to refractory materials obtained by calcimining
at a temperature high enough to form a product inert to atmospheric moisture
and carbon dioxide, and less apt to contract.
Dead-burned: The state of a basic refractory material resulting from a heat
treatment that yields a product resistant to atmospheric hydration or
recombination with carbon dioxide.
Deadburned Dolonite: Dolonite burned at high temperature with additions
of an agent, such as oxide of iron.
Deadhead: (DH) Deadheading is to run a coil through a stand with the rolls
open; no reduction in gauge.
Deadhead (DH): Deadheading is to run a coil through a stand with the rolls
open; no reduction in gauge.
Deadtime: When no output is given by a process or we can say idle time for
that time for machine or system
Deaerating Heaters: Heaters are used to preheat the water for further heat
treatment in boiler or chemical industry. DE aerating heater is used to preheat
or remove dissolved gases from water.
De-aerating heaters: Mechanical device using steam to strip dissolve gases
from the boiler feedwater and heating the feedwater.
Deaeration: The process of removal the oxygen or other gases from feeded
water to boiler.
De-aeration: Act of separating air from substances.
Deaerator: dearator are used to preheat the water for further heat treatment
in boiler or chemical industry. DE aerating heater is used to preheat or
remove dissolved gases from water.
De-aerator : An apparatus or device which is used to remove dissolved air or
oxygen from water.
Deal: Softwood; a standard piece of softwood used for making joinery.
Dealkalization: The process of removal the alkaline ion from water
De-alkalization: The removal of alkalinity from a water supply by
neutralization or ion exchange.
Dealkalizer: The device or container used to remove the ion from water to
soften the water
De-alkalizer : An apparatus or device used to remove the alkaline carbonate
and bicarbonate ions from a water supply.
Dealloying: The selective corrosion of one or more components of a solid
solution alloy. Also called parting or selective leaching. See also
decarburization or graphitic corrosion. (see Decarburization) (see Graphitic
Corrosion)
Dealloying: The process of removal of one element from some selective are
or selective place of alloy or material by corrosion process
De-alloying : This is a corrosion process whereby one constituent of a metal
alloy is preferentially removed from the alloy, leaving an altered residual
microstructure.
Deashing: The process in which inorganic salt is removed from water to
make water ion free
Deashing: The removal from a solution of inorganic salts by means of
adsorption by ion-exchange resins of both the cations and the anions that
comprise the salts. See deionization.
Debar: (see Rebar)
Debris torrent: a mixture of water, soil, vegetation etc that flows with great
speed and force down a channel.
Deburr: deburr(chips) is unwanted scrap at the edge of the processing
material mainly in turning and milling.
Deburring: Removing the subtle ridge from the edge of strip metal that
results from cutting operation such as slitting, trimming, shearing or
blanking.
Deburring: deburr(chips) is removed by a debarring tool at time of proceed
is called as deburring.
Deburris: Horizontal knife used to remove burrs after slitting.
Deburris: Horizontal knife used to remove burrs after slitting.
Decalescence: A term used in reference to the absorption of heat without a
corresponding increase in temperature, when steel is heated through the
critical points (phase changes).
Decalescence: The process of removal of heat from a heated metal without
increase in heating temperature.
Decant: 1. Pour from one vessel to another. 2. Pour off molten metal without
disturbing the sludge.
Decant: Process of transferring the liquid from one container to other
container.
Decarbonation: The process of removal of a carbon from liquids to make
carbon ion free fluid
De-carbonation: Refers to the removal of carbon dioxide from the boiler
feedwater.
Decarburization: Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or steel,
usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Water vapor,
oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizes. Reheating with adhering
scale is also strongly decarburizing in action.
Decarburization: The process of removal of a carbon from liquids to make
carbon ion free fluid. This process is opposite to carburizing
Decibel: (dB)A decibel is a division of a logarithmic scale for expressing the
ratio of two quantities proportional to power or energy. The number of
decibels denoting such a ratio is ten times the logarithm of the
Decibel (dB): Unit for measuring the ration amounts of acoustical
power; 1/10 of a bel.
Deciduous: tree or shrub that loses its foliage during the winter.
Deciduous: trees that shed their leaves in fall
Deck: A floor or roof covering made out of gage metal attached by welding
or mechanical means to joists, beams, purlins, or other structural members
and can be galvanized, painted, or unpainted.
Deck : (1) A flat roof, a quay, jetty or bridge floor, generally a floor form
with no roof over upon which concrete for a slab is placed. (2) Formwork for
a level surfaces.
Deck type: The specific type of deck to be specified, such as Type "B" Wide
Rib, Type "F" Intermediate, Type "N" Deep Rib, Type "A" Narrow Rib,
Composite, Cellular, etc.
Deck : supported roadway on a bridge
Deck, decked: An electrical circuit that serves only one appliance (ie,
dishwasher) or a series of electric heaters or smoke detectors.
Deck, decked: To install the plywood or wafer board sheeting on the floor
joists, rafters, or trusses.
Decobaltification: Corrosion in which cobalt is selectively leached from
cobalt-base alloys or from-cemented carbides with cobalt binders. See also
dealloying and selective leaching. (see Dealloying) (see Selective Leaching)
Decohesive Rupture: A brittle fracture that exhibits little or no bulk plastic
deformation and does not occur by dimple rupture, cleavage or fatigue. This
type of fracture is generally the result of a reactive environment or a unique
microstructure and is associated almost exclusively with rupture along grain
boundaries.
Decommissioning: The retirement of a facility, including decontamination
and/or diantlement.
Decomposition: breakdown of organic materials
Decomposition: Separation of a compound into its chemical elements or
components.
Decomposition Potential (or Voltage): The potential of a metal surface
necessary to decompose the electrolyte of a cell or a component thereof.
Decompression: The name used to describe the change in pressure in a
hydraulic system from elevated pressure to a lower pressure.Normally the
change in pressure is mode in a controlled amount of time to cause an even
release of energy in the system.
Deconcentrator: The device used to remove the dissolved material from
feeding water
Deconcentrator: This is a cylindrical tank connected before the boiler to
receive the boiler feedwater before entering the boiler. It is designed to
promote settling of suspended solids, which then could be removed via its
own blowdown device. Was used for operation with very high suspended
solids.
Decontamination: The removal of unwanted hazardous contamination by a
chemical or mechanical process.
Dedendum (Gears): The distance between the pitch circle and the lower
working, or flank, half of the tooth that still has the involute tooth form.
Dedicated circuit: Breach of a mortgage contract (not making the required
payments).
Dedicated circuit: An electrical circuit that serves only one appliance (ie,
dishwasher) or a series of electric heaters or smoke detectors.
Deep Drawing: 1. The process of working metal blanks in dies on a press
into shapes which are usually more or less cup-like in character. 2. The
fabrication process of flat rolled steel to make drawn parts. The part is
mechanically formed through or in a die. The blank diameter is reduced; the
blank contracts circumferentially as it is drawn radially inward. (see Deep
Drawing Applications)
Deep Drawing: This is also called as puching process. In the part is made by
puching by puch to remove the specified piece from part
Deep Drawing Applications: Parts/applications that require deep drawing in
their fabrication. Examples are motor shells, fenders, quarter panels, door
panels.
Deep Drawing Applications: Application in coin making, puching and
blanking
Deep Drawing Steel (DDS): Sheet of this designation should be used when
Drawing Steel will not provide a sufficient degree of ductility for fabrication
of parts having stringent drawing requirements, or applications that require
the sheet be free from aging. This quality is made by special steelmaking and
finishing practices.
Deep Etching: Macroetching; etching for examination at a low (less than
10x) magnification, in a reagent that attacks the metal to a much greater
extent than normal for microscopic examination. Gross features may be
developed; i.e., abnormal grain size, segregation, cracks or grain flow.
Deep Etching: To make the texture on the material is called as etching,
mainly car dashboard having the etching.
Deep Groove Ball Bearings: Ball is placed in between the to face of plate in
ball bearings but if the groove is more deep from a normal than the bearing
have the more smoothness than normal.
Deepbed Filter: Filter is used having large removal particle having fluid.
These filter is used in the bottom
Default: A control mechanism used to operate a mechanical ventilation
system based upon the relative humidity in the home.
Default: Breach of a mortgage contract (not making the required payments).
Defect: 1. Anything that renders the steel unfit for the specific use for which
it was ordered. 2. A variety of quality problems in a coil.
Defect: The unwanted, unexpected and due to lack in process defect can
occur.
Defective: A quality control term describing a unit of product or service
containing at least one defect or having several lesser imperfections that
cause the unit not to fulfill its anticipated function.
Defendant: This term arises in civil actions. It is the name of the person or
entity to against whom an action is commenced. This party is defending
themselves against the action.
Deflection: The displacement of a structural member or system under load.
Deflection: Displacement due to bending or twisting in a vertical or lateral
plane, caused by the imposed live and dead loads.
Deflector Roll: A roll used to change the direction of the strip.
Deflector Roll: Roll is used to change or divert the direction og belt on belt
drive system
Deflocculant: It’s a chemical additive used to reduce the viscosity of
material
De-flocculant: An electrolyte adsorbed on colloidal particles in suspension
that charges the particles to create repulsion forces which maintain the
particles in a dispersed state, thus reducing the viscosity of the suspension.
Deform : to change shape
Deformation: The act of distorting or changing the shape or dimensions of a
structural element or body resulting from forces or stresses.
Deformation: A change in the form of a body due to stress, thermal change,
change in moisture or other causes. Measured in units of length.
Deformation Bands: Parts of a crystal that have rotated differently during
deformation to produce bands of varied orientation without individual grains.
Deformation Limit: In drawing, the limit of deformation is reached when
the load required to deform the flange becomes greater than the load-carrying
capacity of the cup wall. The deformation limit (limiting drawing ratio, LDR)
is defined as the ratio of the maximum blank diameter that can be drawn into
a cup without failure, to the diameter of the punch.
Deformation Test: An AGS test using an instrument such as the Dietert
Universal Sand-Strength Testing machine (with deformation accessory) to
determine the amount in inches that the sand specimen is compressed before
it ruptures.
Deformation Test: The test is done to check the overall or particular
deformation in material due to environmental condition o chemical reactions
Deformative Bands: Bands in which deformation has been concentrated
inhomogeneous
Deformed Bar: Concrete reinforcing bars in which the surface is provided
with lugs or protrusions (called deformations) which inhibit longitudinal
movement of the bars relative to the surrounding concrete. The surface
deformations are hot formed in the final roll pass by passing the bars between
rolls having patterns cut into them so that the surfaces of the bars are forced
into the depressions in the rolls to form characteristic deformations.
Deformed bar : A reinforcing bar with ridges to increase bonding between
the reinforcing bar and concrete.
Defrost Cycle: The cycle is used to heating of cooling coils in fridge to
remove the frost from them. Process is repeated after some time.
Defrost cycle: Refrigerating cycle in which evaporator frost and ice
accumulation is melted.
Defrost Timer: The timing is set for defrost cycle that how much time the
cycle is repeated
Defrost timer : Device connected into electrical circuit which shuts unit off
long enough to permit ice and frost accumulation on evaporator to melt.
Defrosting: The defrost cycle is used to heating of cooling coils in fridge to
remove the frost from them. Process is repeated after some time.
Defrosting: Process of removing frost accumulation from evaporators.
Defrosting Control: To control the timing of defrosting the device is used
called defroster as a sensor.
Defrosting control: Device to automatically defrost evaporator. It may
operate by means of a clock, door cycling mechanism or during "off" portion
of refrigerating cycle.
Defrosting Type Evaporator: The cycle is used to heating of cooling coils
in fridge to remove the frost from them. Process is repeated after some time.
Defrosting type evaporator: Evaporator operating at such temperatures that
ice and frost on surface melts during off part of operating cycle.
Degas Heat: A heat of degas steel is a heat that is produced to extremely low
carbon levels through vacuum degassing.
Degasifier: A substance that can be added to molten metal to remove soluble
gases that might otherwise be occluded or entrapped in the metal during
solidification.
Degasser: To prevent the making bubbles at the time of drilling degasser is
used which remove the gas from drilling fluids.
Degassing: Lowering the hydrogen and oxygen content of the steel by
placing the molten steel in a vacuum.
Degassing: The process is used to remove the unwanted gases from the
processing fluids.
Degassing Flux: A flux for removing gas from the melt.
Degassing Flux: Degassing flux is used in alloy process where hydrogen is
removed from alloy.
Degenerate Structure: Usually refers to pearlite that does not have an
ideally lamellar structure. The degree of degeneracy may vary from slight
perturbations in the lamellar arrangement to structures that are not
recognizably lamellar.
Degradation: A deleterious change in the chemical structure, physical
properties or appearance of a material.
Degrade: to decrease channel elevation by sediment removal (erosion or
extraction)
Degras (pronounced "de-grah"): An animal oil extracted from the skin or
wool of sheep, typically used to control corrosion.
Degreasing: The cleaning of grease and oil from metal parts in a machine
designed to expose the metal parts to a liquid, a vaporized solvent or a special
cleaning detergent. (see Vapor Degreasing)
Degreasing: This is a overall circumstance where a particular modules/ion
perform same function but in different condition for all perform different
result.
Degree Day: it’s a measuring day of heating and cooling.
Degree day : A unit, based upon temperature difference and time, used in
estimating fuel consumption and specifying nominal heating load of a
building in winter. For any one day, when the mean temperature is less than
65°F there exist as many degree days as there are Fahrenheit degrees
difference in temperature between the mean temperature for the day and
65°F.
Degree Of Ramming: The intent of hardness in the mold while in molding
process
Degrees of Freedom: The number of independent variables (such as
temperature, pressure or concentration within the phases present) that may be
altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at
equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to
define the system completely.
Degrees Of Superheat: The amount in which superheated temperature's
vapor increase the temperature of saturated vapor is called degree of
saturation
Degrees of superheat: The amount by which the temperature of a
superheated vapor exceeds the temperature of the saturated vapor at the same
pressure.
Dehumidification: The device used to reduce the humidity in the air,
generally used in house for dehumidification.
Dehumidification: The condensation of water vapor from air by cooling
below the dewpoint or removal of water vapor from air by chemical or
physical methods.
Dehumidifier: The device used to reduce the humidity in the air, its looks
like a air cooler but placed inside the room for dehumidification
Dehumidifier : -(1) An air cooler or washer used for lowering the moisture
content of the air passing through it; (2) An absorption or adsorption device
for removing moisture from air.
Dehumidifying: The process of removing the humidity from air.
Dehumidifying: Removal of moisture from the air.
De-humidistat: Separation of the plies in a panel due to failure of the
adhesive. Usually caused by excessive moisture.
De-humidistat: A control mechanism used to operate a mechanical
ventilation system based upon the relative humidity in the home.
Dehydration: The condition of human body when required water level in a
human body is reduced
Dehydration: The removal of water vapor from air, stored goods or
refrigerants.
Deionization: The process of filters the water controlling the electric charge
of ion.
Deionization: Deionization, a more general term than deashing, embraces the
removal of all charged constituents or ionizable salts (both inorganic and
organic) from solution.
Deionizer : It’s a gas cylinder used to make water deionized.
De-ionizer -: An apparatus or device used to remove the ions of dissolved
salts from water.
Delamination: A large (generally 20 Amp) electrical ON-OFF switch.
Delamination: Separation of the plies in a panel due to failure of the
adhesive. Usually caused by excessive moisture.
Delay Code: The code is used to express the screen
Delay Screen : It’s a cathode ray tube having screen show the electron beam
images for some time.
Delayed Relays: A relay, or switch, is used to open or close an electrical
circuit. In a delayed relay, an additional components is used to create a time-
lapse between the input signal to the relay and the actual opening or closing
of the contactors.
Delayed Yield: A phenomenon involving a delay in time between the
application of a stress and the occurrence of the corresponding yield-point
strain.
Deleterious Material: Undesirable content in an ore that can cause
complications in processing. In iron ore, common deleterious elements are:
Sulfur (S), Phosphorous (P), Aluminum (Al) and Silica (Si).
Delivery: To hand over something that was ordered booked by user and
provide by manufacturer called delivery
Delivery End: The exit end of the line.
Delivery End: The address where product will deliver is called delivery end.
Delivery Tail End: The outside lap of the produced coil on the delivery reel.
Del-jen, inc.: subsidiary that provides base operations support, logistics,
construction, education, and training to U.S. Government agencies.
Delta Connection: The electrically connection system in the form of closed
triangle for power, voltage and current.
Delta Ferrite: (see Ferrite)
Delta Iron: The form of pure iron that exists between 1,392°C and its
melting point in which the iron atoms are arranged in a body-centered cubic
(bcc) crystalline pattern.
Delta Iron: Iron is divided as per temperature zone, which is higher, middle
and lower temperature. Delta iron is in the higher temperature zone.
Delta layer : the second layer of zinc-iron alloy growth from the base steel
formed during the galvanizing process; the Delta layer’s chemical
composition is approximately 90% zinc and 10% iron; the Delta layer is 60%
harder than the base steel it protects from abrasion and corrosion
Demand -: The probable maximum rate of water flow as determined by the
number of water supply fixture units.
Demand charge -: That part of an electric bill based on kW demand and the
demand interval, expressed in dollars per kilowatt. Demand charges offset
construction and maintenance of a utility's need for a large generating
capacity.
Demand control: A device which controls the kW demand level by shedding
loads when the kW demand exceeds a predetermined set point.
Demand interval : The period of time during which kW demand is
monitored by a utility service, usually 15 or 30 minutes long.
Demand load: The actual amount of load on a circuit at any time. The sum
of all the loads which are ON. Equal to the connected load minus the loads
that are OFF.
Demand reading: Highest or maximum demand for electricity an individual
customer registers in a given interval, example, 15 minute interval. The
metered demand reading sets the demand charge for the month.
Demarest Process: A fluid forming process in which cylindrical and conical
sheet metal parts are formed by a modified rubber bulging punch. The punch,
equipped with a hydraulic cell, is placed inside the workpiece, which in turn
is placed inside the die. Hydraulic pressure expands the punch.
Demineralization Train: Two units, a cation tank and an anion tank,
working in conjugation. Water flows through the tanks and undergoes a
positive and negative ion exchange that removes hardness.
Demineralization Train: Two units, a cation tank and an anion tank,
working in conjugation. Water flows through the tanks and undergoes a
positive and negative ion exchange that removes hardness.
Demineralized Water: City water which is circulated through a series of
three demineralizing filters to soften it and remove residuals. It is then
delivered to a storage tank for use in overflowing the superheater elements
and headers on the boiler during hydrostatic tests. Filling the superheaters
with demineralized water prevents the raw water used in a hydrostatic test
from entering the superheaters where it could cause corrosion problems.
Demineralized Water: City water which is circulated through a series of
three demineralizing filters to soften it and remove residuals. It is then
delivered to a storage tank for use in overflowing the superheater elements
and headers on the boiler during hydrostatic tests. Filling the superheaters
with demineralized water prevents the raw water used in a hydrostatic test
from entering the superheaters where it could cause corrosion problems.
Demineralizer: A process to remove dissolved matter from boiler pretreated
water by contacting the water with ion-exchange resins.
Demulsibility (Typically Measured Using ASTM D 1401 or D 2711): The
ability of a fluid insoluble in water to separate from water after thorough
mechanical mixing.
Demulsifiers: Additives that promote separation of oil from water.
Dendrite: A crystal that has a tree like branching pattern, being most evident
in cast metals slowly cooled through the solidification range.
Dendrites: Crystals that form in a tree-like pattern during solidification.
Dendritic Powder: Particles usually of electrolytic origin typically having
the appearance of a pine tree.
Dendritic Segregation: Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements
through the arms of dendrites.
Denickelification: Corrosion in which nickel is selectively leached from
nickel-containing alloys. Most commonly observed in copper-nickel alloys
after extended service in fresh water. See also dealloying and selective
leaching. (see Dealloying) (see Selective Leaching)
Denil: fishway that rectangular in cross section and has many backward
facing vanes that cause water to flow black on itself and induce
extreme turbulence.
Densitometer: Instrument utilizing the photoelectric principle to determine
the degree of darkening of developed photographic film.
Density: Mass per unit volume.
Density altitude: pressure altitude (as indicated by the altimeter) corrected
for air temperature.
Density Analyzers: A density analyzer is a measurement device used to
determine the density of a material. There are many ways of determining the
density of a material, with techniques varying based on whether the material
of interest is solid, liquid, gaseous, or a packaged product where the density
refers to the number of components per unit weight or volume.
Density index : (relative density): is a measure of the tendency or ability to
compact soil during loading. The density index is equal to 1 for a very dense
soil; it is equal to 0 for a very loose soil
Density Ratio: The ratio of the determined density of a powder compact to
the absolute density of metal of the same composition usually expressed as a
percentage. Also referred to as percent theoretical density. (see percent
theoretical density)
Density : The ratio of the mass of a specimen of a substance to the volume of
the specimen. The mass of a unit volume of a substance. When weight can be
used without confusion, as synonymous with mass, density is the weight per
unit volume.
Density, absolute: The mass per unit volume of a solid material, expressed
in g/cm3, kg/m3, or Ib/ft3.
Density, absolute: Mass per unit volume of a solid material, expressed
usually in kg/m3.
Dent-Resistant–BH Series: Sheet of this designation is produced from
partially stabilized steel and offers a unique combination of as-received
formability and final properties after fabrication. Sheet of this designation
combines strength and high formability. Although this steel is non-aging at
room temperature, it gains strength from work-hardening during fabrication
and from carbon-aging during paint-baking. (Sometimes referred to as "bake
hardenable.")
Deoxidation: The practice of adding elements to liquid steel before it is cast
to reduce and control the level of dissolved oxygen in the liquid and therefore
to control the amount of carbon monoxide evolved during solidification.
Elements added for this purpose are Mn, Si and Al. Modern casting practice
requires the complete removal of gaseous oxygen before casting commences;
this steel is 'fully killed'.
Deoxidation: (1) Removal of oxygen from molten metals by use of suitable
chemical agents. (2) Sometimes refers to removal of undesirable elements
other than oxygen by the introduction of elements or compounds that readily
react with them.
Deoxidize: In the limited sense used in metallurgy, the removing of oxygen
from a batch of molten steel. Oxygen is present as iron oxide (FeO), which is
dissolved in the steel, and is removed by adding a deoxidizing agent such as
manganese, silicon or aluminum.
Deoxidized Copper: Copper from which cuprous oxide has been removed
by adding a deoxidizer such as phosphorus to the molten bath.
Deoxidizer: A substance that can be added to molten metal to remove either
free or combined oxygen.
Deoxidizing: (1) The removal of oxygen from molten metals through the use
of a suitable deoxidizer. (2) Sometimes refers to the removal of undesirable
elements other than oxygen through the introduction of elements or
compounds that readily react with them. (3) In metal finishing, the removal
of oxide films from metal surfaces by chemical or electrochemical reaction.
Deoxidizing: Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire technology,
the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the
amount of scale.
Dephosphorization: Elimination of phosphorus from molten steel.
Dephosphorization: Elimination of phosphorus from molten steel.
Depolarization: A decrease in the polarization of an electrode.
Deposit Corrosion: Corrosion occurring under or around a discontinuous
deposit on a metallic surface. See also poultice corrosion.(see Poultice
Corrosion)
Deposition: depositing of material by a stream, generally at points of reduced
stream flow
Deposition Efficiency (Arc Welding): The ratio of the weight of deposited
metal to the net weight of filler metal consumed, exclusive of stubs.
Deposition Sequence: The order in which the increments of weld metal are
deposited. See also buildup sequence and longitudinal sequence. (see Buildup
Sequence) (see Longitudinal Sequence)
Depth Card: A notched paper card used in setting the depth of the knives.
Depth of cover: depth of fill placed atop a culvert.
Depth of Cut: The thickness of material removed from a workpiece in a
single machining part.
Depth of Fusion: The distance that fusion extends into the base metal or
previous pass from the surface melted during welding.
Depth Of Fusion: The depth to which base matel melts during welding
Depth of joist: The out-to-out distance from the top of the top chord to the
bottom of the bottom chord taken a some reference location, usually at the
midspan of the joist or joist girder.
Depth of knowledge : Is quantified largely by the specialist engineering
sciences in the curriculum
Dermatis: An inflammation of the skin, which may be caused by allergy to
certain casting adjuncts, as resins; particularly in the shell process.
Desalination: Process of removing dissolved salt and other minerals from
water. Seawater is desalinated to produce fresh water suitable for human
consumption.
Desalination: The removal of inorganic dissolved solids from water.
Descaling: The process of removing scale from the surface of steel. Common
method of descaling is crack the scale by use of roughened rolls and remove
by a forceful water spray.
Descaling: The process of removing scale from the surface of steel. Scale
forms most readily when the steel is hot by union oxygen with iron. Common
methods of descaling are (1) crack the scale by use of roughened rolls and
remove by a forceful water spray, (2) throw salt or wet sand or wet burlap on
the steel just previous to its passage through the rolls.
Deseaming: A process of burning out defective areas on the surface of
ingots, blooms or billets. The condition of the surface is such that it can then
be rolled or forged into a satisfactory product.
Deseaming: A process of burning out defective areas on the surface of
ingots,blooms or billets. The condition of the surface is such that it can then
be rolled or forged intoa saticfactory product.
Desiccant : Any absorbent or adsorbent, liquid or solid, that will remove
water or water vapor from a material. In a refrigeration circuit, the desiccant
should be insoluble in the refrigerant.
Desiccant, liquid : A hygroscopic liquid, such as glycol, used to remove
water from other fluids.
Design and build contract: A building contract in which the builder is also
responsible for all or some of the design.
Design Base Line: The noise spectrum which is the goal of any particular
noise reduction program.
Design check: Evaluation of the design to determine whether it conforms
with the design brief and can be expected to provide a safe engineered
solution.
Design documents: The plans, details, sections, specifications, etc. prepared
by the building designer.
Design length: The 'span' of a joist or joist girder in feet minus 0.3333 feet.
Design loads: The loads specified in the contract drawings or specifications
which a building is to be designed for.
Design pressure : Highest or most severe pressure expected during
operation. Sometimes used as the calculated operating pressure plus an
allowance for safety.
Design strength: The resistance provided by a structure, member, or
connection to the forces imposed on it.
Design working pressure: The maximum allowable working pressure for
which a specific part of a system is designed.
Design : to create, fashion, execute, or construct steel according to plan so
that it will yield a quality hot-dip galvanized coating
Design-build: A system of contracting under which one entity performs both
architecture/engineering and construction under one single contract.
Deslagger: A rotating retractable steam lance used to remove slag from the
boiler tubes and walls.
Deslagger: A rotating retractable steam lance used to remove slag from the
boiler tubes and walls.
Despersion Hardening: Hardening by the formation of hard
microconstituents dispersed in a softer matrix. See Preciptitation Hardening
Dessert bag: A canvas bag which permits seepage of its liquid. The liquid
will evaporate and obtains the to evaporate partly from the content of the bag
and thus cooling its content.
Dessert bag : A canvas bag which permits seepage of its liquid. The liquid
will evaporate and obtains the to evaporate partly from the content of the bag
and thus cooling its content.
Dessicant: A desiccant is a hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a
state of dryness (desiccation) in its vicinity. Commonly encountered pre-
packaged desiccants are solids that absorb water and used to protect sensitive
parts or materials against moisture damage.
Destructive Testing: Any of the mechanical tests performed on an
expendable sample of tubing to check physical properties. These tests
include: tensile, yield, elongation, hardness, flare, flattening, bend and burst.
Desulfurization: Operation that injects a chemical mixture into a ladle full of
hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the Basic Oxygen
Furnace. Sulfur enters the steel from the coke in the blast furnace smelting
operation, and there is little the steelmaker can do to reduce its presence.
Because excess sulfur in the steel impedes its welding and forming
characteristics, the mill must add this step to the steelmaking process.
Desulfurization: Operation that injects a chemical mixture into a ladle full of
hot metal to remove sulfur prior to its charging into the Basic Oxygen
Furnace. Sulfur enters the steel from the coke in the blast furnace smelting
operation, and there is little the steelmaker can do to reduce its presence.
Because excess sulfur in the steel impedes its welding and forming
characteristics, the mill must add this step to the steelmaking process.
Desulfurizer: A material used to remove sulfur from molten metals and
alloys. Also, a form of holding ladle or basin in which the molten metal and
desulfurizing material are brought into contact.
Desulfurizer: A material used to remove sulfur from molten metals and
alloys. Also, a form of holding ladle or basin in which the molten metal and
desulfurizing material are brought into contact.
Desuperheater: Pressure-reducing station which reduces 800 psi high-
pressure steam to 225 psi low-pressure steam to supplement the low-pressure
system throughout the mill.
Desuperheater: Pressure reducing station which reduces 800 psi high
pressure steam to 225 psi low pressure steam to supplement the low pressure
system throughout the mill.
Detergent (Cleansers): Detergents in cleansers are surface-active
compounds that lower the surface tension of water or water solutions and
impart emulsifying and dispersing properties to them.
Detergent (Oils): A metallic salt additive used in engine oils to keep
insoluble particles in colloidal suspension and prevent the formation of
deposits and rust. With dispersants, detergents also remove existing surface
deposits.
Detergent additive : In lubrication technology, a surface active additive that
helps to keep solid particles suspended in an oil
Detergent cleaning : A boiler cleaning process using an alkaline solution,
primarily to remove oil and grease.
Detergent oil: A heavy duty oil containing a detergent additive. These oils
are mainly used in combustion engines.
Detergent-dispersant: A compound mixture of cleaning agents that have
both surface-active properties and suspending properties.
Detonation Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process variation in which
the controlled explosion of a mixture of fuel gas, oxygen and powdered
coating material is utilized to melt and propel the material to the workpiece.
Detour : A temporary route for traffic around a closed portion of a road.
Detroit Cup Test: A cupping test for sand, using a steel ball as plunger, the
depth of cup being shown on a dial
Developed Blank: A sheet metal blank that yields a finished part without
trimming or with the least amount of trimming.
Developed Hardness: Hardness capability of a metal or alloy after a
hardening heat treating process.
Developed Hardness: Hardness capability of a metal or alloy after a
hardening heat treating process.
Development: The improvement of land in order to make use of it, e.g. by
building structures on it or by adapting existing structures. Development can
either be for the developer's own use, or else speculative, i.e. for profit.
Deviation : Difference between the value and the average of a set.
Device: A combination of individual components that are arranged to form a
unit with a specific set of operating parameters.
DeVries Test: A test to give the relative hardness of deep hardening tests.
Dew Point: The dew point of the atmosphere inside the furnace. The higher
the negative number, the dryer the furnace. A dry furnace is desired.
Dew Point: The dew point of the atmosphere inside the furnace. The higher
the negative number, the dryer the furnace. A dry furnace is desired.
Dew point depression: The difference between dry bulb and dew point
temperatures.
Dew point temperature: The temperature at which condensation begins, if
air is cooled at constant pressure.
Dew point : Temperature at which vapor (at 100 percent humidity) begins to
condense and deposit as liquid.
Dewatering : The removal of groundwater bypumping so as to artificially
depress the water table and avoid the difficulties associated with construction
below the water table.
Dewatering Chemicals: A dewatering chemical is any chemical used to
remove water or moisture from an environment. Dewatering chemicals are
often used in conjunction with slurry and sludge treatement in wastewater
treatment facilities. Dewatering chemicals are often used in other industries
and are commonly used to facilitate drilling through mud in the petroleum
drilling industry.
Dewatering Pumps: The term dewatering pump refers to any of a class of
pumps used to remove water from an environment and is commonly used in
applications in the construction and marine industries. Sump pumps and bilge
pumps are both common types of dewatering pumps.
Dewaxing: A refinery process that removes paraffin wax from lubricating
oils to lower their pour points.
Dewaxing: The process of melting out the expendable was pattern from an
investment mold by the application of heat, usually at temperatures less than
250 B0F (121) B0C).
Dexidation: Removal of excess oxygen from molten metal, usually
accomplished by adding materials with a high affinity for oxygen, the oxides
of which are either gaseous or readily form slags.
Dextrin: Soluble gummy carbohydrate formed by the decomposition of
starch by heat, acids, or enzymes; it is use din core compounds, mold
compounds, mold washes, core pastes, and other compounds requiring high
dry compressive strengths.
Dezincing: A coating defect consisting of the removal of the zinc oxide in a
“C” enamel film by chemical reaction with food products. Dezincing appears
as a lack of opacity in the film and usually occurs in a random pattern.
Dezincing: A coating defect consisting of the removal of the zinc oxide in a
C enamel film by chemical reaction with food products. Dezincing appears as
a lack of opacity in the film and usually occurs in a random pattern.
Dezurik Valve: Butterfly or slideplate type stop valve that allows emergency
quencher and quencher flow to the bull nozzle of the ductwork. Name refers
to manufacturer.
Dezurik Valve: Butterfly or slide plate type stop valve that allows
emergency quencher and quencher flow to the bull nozzle of the ductwork.
Name refers to manufacturer.
Dh: Decision Height. Height on a precision approach at which the pilot must
have the runway approach lights in sight to continue descent, or if not, initiate
a GO-AROUND. Below the DH, the pilot has no other choice than land the
plane.
Dhs: U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Di: Direction Indicator. A gyro instrument which indicates the magnetic
heading of an aircraft. The DI, also known as the directional gyro (DG), is
free of the turning errors associated with magnetic compasses but is prone to
precession (wander) and must be reset against the magnetic compass at
intervals.
Dia Tester (Wolpert Hardness Tester): A hardness testing machine using
the Vickers or Brinell ball indenter.
Diagonal brace: An oblique framing member securing wall framing lateral
in vertical position
Diagonal bracing: Structural members which are inclined and are usually
carrying axial load which enable a structural frame to behave as a truss to
resist horizontal loads.
Diagonal bridging: Two angles or other structural shapes connected from
the top chord of one joist to the bottom chord of the next joist to form an 'X'
shape whose l/r ratio cannot exceed 200. The bridging members are almost
always connected at their point of intersection.
Diagonal Direction: 45° from the rolling direction.
Diagonal Passages (Lube Systems): Passages connecting the inlet and
discharge bores.
Diagram: A formal drawing showing the arrangement of components or
devices.
Diamagnetic Material: A material whose specific permeability is less than
unity and is therefore repelled weakly by a magnet. Compare with
ferromagnetic arerial and paramagnetic material.
Diameters: In microscopy, an indication of the amount of magnification.
1,000 diameters 3D 1,000 times the original size.
Diametral Pitch: Ratio of the number of teeth on a gear to the number of
inches of pitch diameter or the number of teeth to each inch of pitch diameter.
Diametral Pitch (Gears): Sometimes simply called “pitch”; the measure of
tooth size, equal to the number of teeth divided by the pitch diameter. Mating
gears have the same diametral pitch.
Diammonium Phosphate: Used to fireproof the clothing of foundry
workers.
Diammonium Phosphate: Used to fireproof clothing of foundry workers.
Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test: See Vickers Hardness Test. (see Vickers
Hardness Test)
Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test: This test, more commonly known as the
vickers test finds greater use in the laboratory than the workshop. It employs
a pyramid shaped diamond with an included angle of 136? which is
impressed into the specimen using loads of 5 to 120 kg making a small
square impression. This test is used for finished or polished components
because the impression can be very small. The diamond pyramid hardness
number is obtained from a calculation based on measuring the diagonals of
the impressions in the steel.
Diamond pyramid number : (DPN) system of assigning values to metals
quantifying their hardness
Diamond Tool: (1) A diamond shaped or formed to the contour of a single-
point cutting tool for use in precision machining of nonferrous or nonmetallic
materials. (2) An insert made from polycrystalline diamond compacts.
Diamond Wheels: A grinding wheel in which crushed and sized industrial
diamonds are held in a resinoid, metal or vitrified bond.
Diaphragm: Roof panel or decking, metal wall, or floor slab which provides
a larger in-plane shear stiffness and strength adequate to transmit horizontal
forces to the resisting structural system.
Diaphragm: A plate or partition between opposite parts of a member,
serving a definite purpose in the structural design of the member.
Diaphragm : (1) A stiffening plate in a bridge between the main girders in a
bridge or a stiffening web across a hollow building block. (2) Ligamentous
wall separating two cavities.
Diaphragm action: The resistance to a racking affect or in-plane shear
forces offered by roof deck, panels, or other structural members when
properly attached to a structural frame.
Diaphragm Couplings: Couplings are mechanical fasteners, usually used to
join two pieces of a shaft together for the purpose of driving rotating
equipment. Many shaft coupling are designed for tight tolerances and require
very accurate shaft alignment. A diaphragm coupling is a type of flexible
coupling that makes use of a pair of flexible plates joined by a spacer to
transfer torque from one plate to the other. The flexibility of the diaphragm
plates allow for slight misalignments.
Diaphragm Pumps: A diaphragm pump, also known as a membrane pump,
is a type of positive displacement pump that uses a pulsating diaphragm to
pump a fluid from a chamber through a discharge pump. All inlets and outlet
pipes must be incorporated with non-return check valves to ensure the motion
of the diaphraghm results in pumping of the fluid. Diaphragm pumps are
characterized as having good suction lift capabilities, resulting in the ability
to operate at low pressure with low flow and the ability to self-prime.
Diaphragm Shell Molding Machine: An arrangement for applying a
squeeze pressure with a high temperature silicone rubber diaphragm.
Diaphragm Valves: A diaphragm valve, also known as a membrane valve,
makes us of a diaphragm component to seal the valve inlet. The diaphragm
can be controlled by any of a number of different types of actuators which are
used to seal the diaphragm into the seat or saddle of the valve body.
Diaphragm : Flexible material usually made of thin metal, rubber or plastic.
Diaspore: A mineral, aluminum hydroxide.
Diaspore Clay: A rock consisting essentially of diaspore bonded by fireclay.
Diaspore Clay: A rocklike mineral consisting chiefly of diaspore (HAlO2)
bonded by fire clay substance with an alumina content higher than 63%.
Dia-Tester (Wolpert Hardness Tester): A hardness testing machine using
the Vickers or Brinell ball indenter.
Diathermometer: An instrument for examining the thermal resistance or the
heat conducting power of objects.
Diatomaceous Earth : A hydrous of silica which is soft, light in weight and
consists mainly of microscopic shells of diatoms or other marine organisms.
Diatomaceous earth filtration : Is a process in which a filter cake or precoat
of diatomaceous earth is used as a filter medium.
Dibble: rod-like tool used to plant live stakes, plugs etc.
Dichromate Treatment: A chromate conversion coating produced on
magnesium alloys in a boiling solution of sodium dichromate.
Didymium: A natural mixture of the rare-earth elements praseodymium and
neodymium often given the quasi-chemical symbol Di.
Die: A metal block used in forming materials by casting, molding, stamping,
threading or extruding.
Die: A metal block used in forming materials by casting, molding, stamping,
threading, or extruding.
Die Assembly: The parts of a die stamp or press that hold the die and locate
it for the punches.
Die Block: A block, often made of heat-treated steel, into which desired
impressions are machined or sunk and from which closed-die forgings or
sheet metal stampings are produced using hammers or presses. In forging, die
blocks are usually used in pairs, with part of the impression in one of the
blocks and the rest of the impression in the other. In sheet metal forming, the
female die is used in conjunction with a male punch. See also closed-die
forging. (see Closed-die Forging)
Die Body: The stationary or fixed part of a powder pressing die.
Die Casting: (1) A casting made in a die. (2) A casting process in which
molten metal is forced under high pressure into the cavity of a metal mold.
See also cold chamber machine and hot chamber machine. (see Cold
Chamber Machine) (see Hot Chamber Machine)
Die Cavity: The impression in a die into which pattern material is forced.
Die Cavity: The impression in a die into which pattern material is forced.
Die Cleaning Area: A section of the coating of the strip which is produced
when the Operator cleans the die.
Die Clearance: Clearance between a mated punch and die; commonly
expressed as clearance per side. Also called clearance or punch-to-die
clearance. (see Clearance) (see Punch-to-die Clearance)
Die Coating: See Release Agent
Die Cushion: A press accessory placed beneath or within a bolster plate or
die block to provide an additional motion or pressure for stamping or forging
operations; actuated by air, oil, rubber, springs or a combination.
Die Forging: A forging that is formed to the required shape and size through
working in machined impressions in specially prepared dies.
Die Forming: The shaping of solid or powdered metal by forcing it into or
through the die cavity.
Die Holder: A plate or block on which the die block is mounted having holes
or slots for fastening to the bolster plate or the bed of the press.
Die Impression: The portion of the die surface that shapes a forging or sheet
metal part.
Die Insert: A removable liner or part of a die body or punch.
Die Insert: A removable liner or part of a die body or punch.
Die Life: The productive life of a die impression, usually expressed as the
number of units produced before the impression has worn beyond permitted
tolerances.
Die Lines: Longitudinal marking which may be imparted to the surface of an
extrusion by irregularities in a die aperture
Die Lubricant: (1) A lubricant applied to the working surfaces of dies and
punches to facilitate drawing, pressing, stamping and/or ejection. In powder
metallurgy, the die lubricant is sometimes mixed into the powder before
pressing into a compact. (2) A compound that is sprayed, swabbed, or
otherwise applied on die surfaces or the workpiece during the forging or
forming process to reduce friction. Lubricants also facilitate release of the
part from the dies and provide thermal insulation. See also lubricant. (see
Lubricant)
Die Match: The condition where dies are in proper alignment relative to each
other after having been set up in a press or other equipment.
Die Opening: (1) In flash or upset welding the distance between the
electrodes usually measured with the parts in contact before welding has
commenced or immediately upon completion of the cycle but before
upsetting. (2) In powder metallurgy, the entrance to the die cavity.
Die Proof: A casting of a die impression made to confirm the accuracy of the
impression.
Die Radius: The radius on the exposed edge of a deepdrawing die over
which the sheet flows in forming drawn shells.
Die Set: In stamping, the parts of the press that hold the die and locate it in
proper relation to the punches.
Die Set: In stamping, the parts of the press that hold the die and locate it in
proper relation to the punches.
Die Shift: The condition that occurs after the dies have been set up in a
forging unit in which a portion of the impression of one die is not in perfect
alignment with the corresponding portion of the other die. This results in a
mismatch in the forging, a condition that must be held within the specified
tolerance.
Die Shift: The impression of the top die not being in alignment with the
impression of the bottom die, also, the amount of misalignment.
Die Shift: The impression of the top die not being in alignment with the
impression of the bottom die, also, the amount of misalignment.
Die Sinking: The machining of the die impressions to produce forgings of
required shapes and dimensions.
Die Sinking: Forming or machining a depressed pattern in a die.
Die Stamping: The general term for a sheet metal part that is fanned, shaped
or cut by a die in a press in one or more operations.
Die Stock: The frame and two handles (bars) which hold the dies (chasers)
used for cutting (chasing) external screw threads.
Die Stock: The frame and two handles (bars) which hold the dies (chasers)
used for cutting (chasing) external screw threads.
Die Welding: See preferred terms forge welding and cold welding. (see
Forge Welding) (see Cold Welding)
Dielectric: A nonconductor of electricity.
Dielectric fitting: A non conductive substance such as plastic that is placed
between two dissimilar metals to prevent galvanic current flow.
Dielectric Oven : A rapid drying high frequency electric oven used to bake
cores.
Dielectric Oven (Dryer): A rapid-drying high-frequency electric oven used
to bake cores.
Dielectric Strength (ASTM D 877): Measures the capacity of an insulating
material to withstand electric stress (voltage) without failure. Fluids with high
dielectric strength (usually expressed in kv) are good electrical insulators.
Dielectric Strength (ASTM D 877): Measures the capacity of an insulating
material to withstand electric stress (voltage) without failure. Fluids with high
dielectric strength (usually expressed in kv) are good electrical insulators.
Dielectric strength : A measure of the ability of a dielectric (insulator) to
withstand a potential difference across it without electric discharge.
Dies Knives (Galvanize): Air pressure devices in the Sheet Mill which,
depending on distance from coil, determine coating thickness by removing
excess metal from the strip; the farther the die is from the steel, the heavier
the coating.
Diesel Generator Sets: A diesel generator set is a power generation system
commonly used in areas where wired electrical power is not available or
where backup power is required. A diesel engine is used to drive a motor,
which in turn drives an alternator in order to generate electricity. Additional
equipment such as support bases, auxiliary structures, and devices for
electrical control, power distribution and fault protection may also make up
the overall diesel generator set.
Diester (Dibasic Acid Ester): A synthetic lubricant formed by reacting a
dicarboxylic acid with an alcohol, having a high viscosity index and low
volatility. With additives, it finds service in compressors, internal combustion
engines and fluid power systems.
Diester (Dibasic Acid Ester): A synthetic lubricant formed by reacting a
dicarboxylic acid with an alcohol, having a high viscosity index and low
volatility. With additives, it finds service in compressors, internal combustion
engines and fluid power systems.
Dietert Process: A patented process for the production of precision molds
involving blowing a contoured core around a pattern to form half a mold.
Dietert Process: A patented process for the production of precision molds
involving blowing a contoured core around a pattern to form half a mold.
Dietert Tester: A patented apparatus for the direct reading of a Brinell
hardness after impression without using magnification or conversion tables.
Dietert Tester: A patented apparatus for the direct reading of a Brinell
hardness after impression without using magnification or conversion tables.
Differential: The temperature or pressure difference between cut-in and cut-
out temperature or pressure of a control.
Differential (Chassis): A set or train of gears that change the direction of the
vehicle propeller shaft to that of the axle shafts; also adjusts the amount of
rotation between the right and left wheels on a particular driven axle to
prevent wheel skidding when turning a corner.
Differential Aeration Cell: An electrolytic cell; the electromagnetic force of
which is due to a difference in air (oxygen) concentration at one electrode as
compared with that at another electrode of the same material. See also
concentration cell. (see Concentration Cell)
Differential aeration cell : An electrolytic cell, the electromagnetic force of
which is due to a difference in air (oxygen) concentration at one electrode as
compared with that at another electrode of the same material. (see
concentration cell)
Differential Coatings: Coatings on flat rolled products whereby the
thickness of the coating on the one side is heavier than the other side.
Differential Coatings: Coatings on flat rolled products whereby the
thickness of the coating on the one side is heavier than the other side. At
Weirton Steel, the term is applied to a tin plate product which requires one
side of the steel to have a heavier tin coating than the other side.
Differential Current: The algebraic summation of the current in the torque
motor; measures in MA (milliamperes).
Differential Cylinder: Any cylinder in which the two opposed pistons are
not equal.
Differential Floatation: Separating a complex are into two or more valuable
minerals and gangue by flotation. See also selective flotation. (see Selective
Flotation)
Differential Heat Treatment: A heating process by which the temperature is
varied within the object so that, after cooling, various parts may have
different properties as desired.
Differential Heating: Heating that intentionally produces a temperature
gradient within an object such that after cooling a desired stress distribution
or variation in properties is present within the object.
Differential Heating: Heating that intentionally produces a temperature
gradient within an object such that, after cooling, a desired stress distribution
or variation in properties is present within the object.
Differential Pressure: In an orifice meter, the difference between the
pressures on the upstream and downstream sides of the orifice; also describes
the pressure drop across a filter that increases as the filter clogs.
Differential Pressure: The value or magnitude of pressure measured as the
absolute difference of the inlet pressure and outlet pressure.
Differential Pressure Gauges: A differential pressure gauge is a
measurement device used to measure pressure at the gauge inlet relative to
pressure at another location. The differential pressure can be measured
relative to atmospheric pressure or relative to the pressure as measured at
another location. For example, a differential pressure gauge may be used to
record the pressure drop across a constriction in a flow meter for the purpose
of determine the flow rate.
Differential Rolling: A process where steel is rolled thicker on flange than
on the other. Usually, this is done with uneven leg angles (bar rolling).
Differential solute concentration : A potential difference between an anode
and cathode on metal, because of a concentration cell due to dissolved
metals.
Diffuser : A circular, square, or rectangular air distribution outlet, generally
located in the ceiling and comprised of deflecting members discharging
supply air in various directions and planes, and arranged to promote mixing
of primary air with secondary room air.
Diffusion: Movement of atoms in solids. Heat provides the energy for atom
movement.
Diffusion Bonding: See preferred terms diffusion welding and diffusion
brazing. (see Diffusion Welding) (see Diffusion Brazing)
Diffusion Brazing: A brazing process that produces coalescence of metals
by heating them to suitable temperatures and by using a filler metal or an in
situ liquid phase. The filler metal may be distributed by capillary action or
may be placed or formed at the faying surfaces. The filler metal is diffused
with the base metal to the extent that the joint properties have been changed
to approach those of the base metal. Pressure mayor may not be applied.
Diffusion Coating: Any process whereby a base metal or alloy is either (1)
coated with another metal or alloy and heated to a sufficient temperature in a
suitable environment or (2) exposed to a gaseous or liquid medium
containing the other metal or alloy, thus causing diffusion of the coating or of
the other metal or alloy into the base metal with resultant changes in the
composition and properties of its surface.
Diffusion Coefficient: A factor of proportionality representing the amount of
substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in
unit time.
Diffusion Welding: A solid-state welding process that produces coalescence
of the faying surfaces by the application of pressure at elevated temperature.
The process does not involve macroscopic deformation, melting or relative
motion of parts. A solid filler metal (diffusion aid) may or may not be
inserted between the faying surfaces. See also forge welding, hot pressure
welding and cold welding.(see Forge Welding) (see Hot Pressure
Welding) (see Cold Welding)
Digger: Excavators with hydraulic transmission are ubiquitous in
groundwork. The first to be produced were made the J C Bamford company.
Digital Device: A device or component that responds to or produces a
discrete function based on a change in state.
Digital Flow Meter:
Digital Level Indicator: Devices that electronically measures the level of oil
in a tank. The readout is given in a percentage of the tank that is full (100%).
Digital Multimeters: A multimeter is an electrical measurement device used
to measure voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit. Digital
multimeters read the signal of the physical quantity being measured over
either a preselected range, or within a range set by an autorange function. The
analog signal read by the meter is passed through a series of electrical
components to precondition the signal before putting it through an analog to
digital converter. The output value is reported on an LCD or LED screen.
Dike: A patented flexible seal to prevent blow by in core boxes.
Dilatometer: An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or
contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature
and allotropy.
Dilatometer: An instrument for measuring the expansion or contraction of a
solid metal resulting from heating, cooling, polymorphic changes, etc.
Diluent (“Cutback Solvent”): Instead of heating, a solvent added to viscous
lubricants or compounds to permit application in cold weather. The solvent
evaporates after application, leaving the lubricant in place.
Dilution : Reducing a concentration of soluble material by adding pure
water.
Dimension: A measure of distance.
Dimensional Allowance: The specified diffferance in size between mating
parts
Dimensional Letters: Dimensional letters are alpha-numeric characters used
in the production of signs and displays. Dimensional letters come in a wide
range of sizes and materials, including magnetic sheeting, plastic, metal,
foam, and other options. The choice of material will largely depend on the
application surface, the method of adhesion, the environment the letters will
be exposed to, and the length of time the letters are required to last.
Dimensional Tolerance: A range by which a product's width and gauge can
deviate from those ordered and still meet the order's requirements. (see
Commercial Tolerance)
Dimensional Tolerance Grades: A system of classifying the tightness of
tolerances for the purpose of defining accurately the tolerances involved, and
for simplifying the communication process between customer and producer
regarding what is wanted, and what is possible, respectively.
Dimple Rupture: A fractographic term describing ductile fracture that
occurs through the formation and coalescence of microvoids along the
fracture path. The fracture surface of such a ductile fracture appears dimpled
when observed at high magnification and usually is most clearly resolved
when viewed in a scanning electron microscope.
Dimpling: (1) The stretching of a relatively small, shallow indentation into
sheet metal. (2) In aircraft, the stretching of metal into a conical flange for a
countersunk head rivet.
DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung): The German equivalent of ASTM.
www.din.de
Din Rail Enclosures: A DIN rail is a top-hat shaped rail, with specifications
that meet German Industry Standards known as DIN standards. A DIN rail
enclosure is a specialized box designed to install rail-mounted components
for the assembly of electronic circuits and systems.
Din Rail Power Supply: A power supply designed for installation in
electronic or mechanical devices on a DIN rail. A DIN rail is a top-hat shaped
rail, with specifications that meet German Industry Standards known as DIN
standards.
Diode Bridge: A diode is an electronic component with two ends, or
terminals, that only allows current flow in one direction. Depending on their
design, diodes can act as a regulator or check valve, rectifying and
controlling the current in its forward direction to achieve a specific response.
A diode bridge is a configuration of four or more diodes arranged such that
regardless of the input polarity, the same output polarity will always be
delivered by the bridge. Because of this ability, bridge diodes are often used
to convert alternating current signals to direct current.
Diode-Pumped Laser Markers: A diode-pumped laser is a solid-state laser
that uses a crystalline or glass element as the gain medium of the laser to
amplify the energy. Diode-pump lasers are capable of delivery very high
power levels in compact and efficient delivery mechanisms. When used in
laser marking systems, diode-pumped lasers are capable of producing deep
engravings and markings in higher strength materials.
Dip Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is furnished by a
molten chemical or metal bath. When a molten chemical bath is used, the
bath may act as a flux. When a molten metal bath is used, the bath provides
the filler metal.
Dip Coat: (1) In the solid mold technique of investment casting, an
extremely fine ceramic precoat applied as a slurry directly to the surface of
the pattern to reproduce maximum surface smoothness. This coating is
surrounded by coarser, less expensive and more permeable investment to
form the mold. (2) In the shell mold technique of investment casting, an
extremely fine ceramic coating called the first coat, applied as a slurry
directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce maximum surface
smoothness. The first coat is followed by other dip coats of different viscosity
and usually containing different grading of ceramic particles. After each dip,
coarser stucco material is applied to the coating that is still wet. A buildup of
several coats forms an investment shell mold. See also investment
casting. (see Investment Casting)
Dip Coat: In solid and shell mold investment casting, a fine ceramic coating
applied as a slurry to the pattern to produce maximum surface smoothness,
followed by a cheaper conventional investment. See Investment Precoat
Dip Plating: See immersion plating. (see immersion plating)
Dip Reed Lubrication: A method that lubricates rubbing surfaces by
dipping or partially submerging them in lubricant.
Dip Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is furnished
by a molten metal bath that provides the solder filler metal.
Dip Tank: A tank, preferably lined with rubber, epoxy or other non-metallic,
into which die castings are dipped for cooling after leaving the machine.
Dip Tank: A tank, preferably lined with rubber, epoxy, or other nonmetallic,
into which diecastings are dipped for cooling after leaving the machine.
Diphase Cleaning: Removing soil by an emulsion that produces two phases
in the cleaning tank: a solvent phase and an aqueous phase. Cleaning is
effected by both solvent action and emulsification.
Dipped Joint: A thin joint made by dipping of the brick in a thin mortar.
Dipped Joint: A thin joint made by dipping of the brick in a thin mortar.
Direct acting: Instruments that increase control pressure as the controlled
variable (such as temperature or pressure) increases; while reverse acting
instruments increase control pressure as the controlled variable decreases.
Direct Arc Furnace: An electric arc furnace in which the metal being melted
is one of the poles.
Direct Blowing: The term used when one blower is blowing to one furnace
at a time.
Direct Blowing: The term used when one blower is blowing to one furnace
at a time.
Direct Bonded Basic Brick: A fired refractory in which the grains are joined
predominately by a solid-state diffusion mechanism. The term "direct bond"
was initially applied to fired magnesite-chrome refractories.
Direct Casting: Teeming from the ladle into the casting mold without the
use of a tundish.
Direct Casting: Teeming from the ladle into the casting mold without the
use of a tundish.
Direct Chill Casting: A continuous method of making ingots for rolling or
extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of the mold is a
platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the frozen shell
of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid metal below the wall of the mold.
The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement of water directly on the mold
or on the walls of the solid metal as it is lowered. The length of the ingot is
limited by the depth to which the platform can be lowered; therefore, it is
often called semicontinuous casting.
Direct Current Arc Furnace: An electric arc furnace in which a single
electrode positioned at the center of the furnace roof is the cathode of the
system. Current passes from the electrode through the charge or bath to a
cathode located al the bottom of the furnace. Current from the bottom of the
furnace then passes through the furnace refractories to a copper base plate to
outside cables. Used in the production of ferroalloys, carbon and alloy steels
and stainless steels. See also arc furnace. (see Arc Furnace)
Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN): The arrangement of direct
current arc welding leads in which the work is the positive pole and the
electrode is the negative pole of the welding arc. Also referred to as straight
polarity. (see Straight Polarity)
Direct Current Electrode Positive: The arrangement of direct current arc
welding leads in which the work is the negative pole and the electrode is the
positive pole of the welding arc. Also referred to as reverse polarity. (see
Reverse Polarity)
Direct Current Reverse Polarity: See direct current electrode positive. (see
Current Electrode Positive)
Direct Current Straight Polarity: See direct current electrode negative. (see
Current Electrode Negative)
Direct current : A source of power for an electrical circuit which does not
reverse the polarity of its charge.
Direct flight: A flight that operates from point A to point B without
a connection. A direct flight is not necessarily non-stop.
Direct Quenching: 1. Quenching carburized parts directly from the
carburizing operation. 2. Also used for quenching pearlitic malleable parts
directly from the malleabilizing operation.
Direct Reduced Iron: WHAT Processed iron ore that is iron rich enough to
be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace steelmaking. WHY As mini
mills expand their product abilities to sheet steel, they require much higher
grades of scrap to approach integrated mill quality. Enabling the mini mills to
use iron ore without the blast furnace, DRI can serve as a low residual raw
material and alleviate the mini mills' dependence on cleaner, higher priced
scrap. HOW The impurities in the crushed iron ore are driven off through the
use of massive amounts of natural gas. While the result is 97% pure iron
(compared with blast furnace hot metal, which, because it is saturated with
carbon, is only 93% iron), DRI is only economically feasible in regions
where natural gas is attractively priced.
Direct Reduced Iron (DRI): Processed iron ore that is iron-rich enough to
be used as a scrap substitute in electric furnace steelmaking. As mini-mills
expand their product abilities to sheet steel, they require much higher grades
of scrap to approach integrated mill quality. Enabling the mini-mills to use
iron ore without the blast furnace, DRI can serve as a low residual raw
material and alleviate the mini-mills' dependence on cleaner, higher-priced
scrap. The impurities in the crushed iron ore are driven off through the use of
massive amounts of natural gas. While the result is 97% pure iron (compared
with blast furnace hot metal, which, because it is saturated with carbon, is
only 93% iron), DRI is only economically feasible in regions where natural
gas is attractively priced.
Direct Reduction: A family of processes for making iron from ore without
exceeding the melting temperature. No blast furnace is needed.
Direct Valve on a Pump: A valve that isolates a pump from the rest of the
pumping system.
Direct-expansion evaporator : One that contains only enough liquid to
continue boiling as heat is absorbed by it.
Directional drilling: drilling sideways under structures/roadways/streams etc
to place pipes, utility lines without excavation. Generally limited to less than
30cm diameter.
Directional Property: Property whose magnitude varies depending on the
relation of the test axis to a specific direction within the metal. The variation
results from preferred orientation or from fibering of constituents or
inclusions.
Directional Solidification: Controlled solidification of molten metal in a
casting so as to provide feed metal to the solidifying front of the casting.
Directional Solidification: The solidification of molten metal in a casting in
such a manner that liquid feed metal is always available for that portion that
is just solidifying.
Directional Valve: A valve whose primary function is to direct or prevent
flow through selected channels.
Directional Valves (Hydraulics): Devices that channel the fluid in a
hydraulic system to the proper location and/or prevent it from going to the
wrong location.
Director : The person responsible for resolving complaints brought before
Human Rights Commission. Directors of Human Rights Commissions have
the authority to make various determinations about your complaint before
they reach the tribunal stage. For example, a Director may decide that your
case should be dismissed or continued. The Directors' decisions are subject to
review by the Chief of the Commission and Tribunals.
Dirt Capacity: The measure of volume (or weight) of particles that a filter or
strainer will hold at the limit of operation.
Discard: The top, piped portion of an ingot which has been sheared off and
designated for remelting. A “cut” is usually taken from the bottom of the
ingot as well.
Discarding: An act of rejecting undesirable portions of an ingot.
Discharge: the amount of water flowing past a given point on a stream;
measured in cubic feet or cubic metres per second
Discharge: volume of water pumped at a specific head.
Discharge Chutes: A discharge chute is any variety of ramp or funneling
mechanicsm mounted at the exit of a piece of machinery and used to direct
the exit of material away from the machine and/or to a specific location.
Discharge Of Fluid:
Discharge Passage (Lube Systems): Passage leading from between the
lands of the inlet piston bore.
Discharge Valve : A valve that isolates a pump from the rest of the pumping
system.
Discoloration: A change in the visual appearance of the material caused by
formation of oxides when exposed to contaminating atmosphere, always at
elevated temperatures.
Discoloration: A change in the visual appearance of the material caused by
formation of oxides when exposed to contaminating atmosphere, always at
elevated temperatures.
Disconnect: A mortgage interest rate that is lower than the current rate for a
certain period of time, e.g. 2.00% below variable rate for 2 years.
Disconnect: A large (generally 20 Amp) electrical ON-OFF switch.
Disconnect: Mechanical device, resembling a large knife switch, that is used
as a safety device for isolating electrical equipment.
Disconnecting Means: A device, or group of devices, or other means
whereby the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from their power
source.
Discontinuity: (1) Any interruption in normal physical structure or
configuration of a part, such as cracks, laps, seams, inclusions or porosity. A
discontinuity mayor may not affect the utility of the part. (2) An interruption
of the typical structure of a weldment, such as a lack of homogeneity in the
mechanical, metallurgical or physical characteristics of the material or
weldment. A discontinuity is not necessarily a defect. See also defect and
flaw. (see Defect) (see Flaw)
Discontinuous Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid
solution in which the precipitate particles grow by short-range diffusion,
accompanied by recrystallization of the matrix in the region of precipitation.
Discontinuous precipitates grow into the matrix from nuclei near grain
boundaries, forming cells of alternate lamellae of precipitate and depleted
(and recrystallized) matrix. Often referred to as cellular or nodular
precipitation. Compare with continuous precipitation, localized
precipitation. (see Continuous Precipitation) (see Localized Precipitation)
Discontinuous Yielding: The nonuniform plastic flow of a metal exhibiting
a yield point in which plastic deformation is inhomogeneously distributed
along the gage length. Under some circumstances, it may occur in metals not
exhibiting a distinct yield point, either at the onset of or during plastic flow.
Discount rate: An automatic garage door opener.
Discount rate: A mortgage interest rate that is lower than the current rate for
a certain period of time, e.g. 2.00% below variable rate for 2 years.
Discrimination: A distinction, whether intentional or not but based upon
grounds relating to personal characteristics of the individual or group, which
has the effect of imposing burdens, obligations or disadvantages on such
individual or groups not imposed on others, or which withholds or limits
access to opportunities, benefits, and advantages available to other members
of society.
Dish: A concave surface departing from a straight line edge to edge.
Indicates transverse or across the width.
Dishing: Forming a shallow concave surface, the area being large compared
to the depth.
Disk Filter/Perforated Disk: A system utilizing metal disks as the filtering
medium; frequently termed “metal disk filter.”
Disk Grinding: Grinding with the flat side of an abrasive disk or segmented
wheel. Also called vertical spindle surface grinding.
Dislocation: A linear imperfection in a crystalline array of atoms. Two basic
types are recognized: (1) an edge dislocation corresponds to the row of
mismatched atoms along the edge formed by an extra, partial plane of atoms
within the body of a crystal; (2) a screw dislocation corresponds to the axis of
a spiral structure in a crystal, characterized by a distortion that joins normally
parallel planes together to form a continuous helical ramp (with a pitch of one
interplanar distance) winding about the dislocation. Most prevalent is the so-
called mixed dislocation, which is any combination of an edge dislocation
and a screw dislocation.
Dislocation: A linear defect in the structure of a crystal.
Disordered Structure: The crystal structure of a solid solution in which the
atoms of different elements are randomly distributed relative to the available
lattice sites. Contrast with ordered structure.
Disordering: Forming a lattice arrangement in which the solute and solvent
atoms of a solid solution occupy lattice sites at random. See also ordering and
superlattice. (see Ordering) (see Superlattice)
Dispersant: A non-metallic engine oil additive that helps to prevent sludge,
varnish, etc., by keeping particles suspended in a colloidal state. Similar to
and ordinarily used with detergents, dispersants are capable of keeping larger
quantities of particles in suspension, and they are ashless when burned.
Dispersant oil: A heavy duty oil containing a dispersant additive.
Dispersant : A chemical which causes particulates in a water system to
remain in suspension.
Dispersed execution: Use of multi-office execution teams across 's network
of global offices.
Dispersed Shrinkage: Small shrinkage cavities dispersed through the
casting, which are not necessarily cause for rejection.
Dispersed Shrinkage: Small shrinkage cavities dispersed through the
casting, which are not necessarily cause for rejection.
Dispersing Agent: A substance that increases the stability of a suspension of
particles in a liquid medium by deflocculation of the primary particles.
Dispersion Strengthening: The strengthening of a metal or alloy by
incorporating chemically stable submicron size particles of a nonmctallic
phase that impede dislocation movement at elevated temperature.
Dispersion-strengthened Material: A metallic material that contains a fine
dispersion of nonmetallic phase in combination or as a single, to increase the
hot strength of the metallic matrix. Examples include dispersion-strengthened
copper used for welding electrodes, silver used for electrical contacts and
nickel-chromium superalloys used for gas turbine components. See also
mechanical alloying. (see Mechanical Alloying)
Dispersoid: Finely divided particles of relatively insoluble constituents
visible in the microstructure of certain metallic alloys.
Displacement pump: Pumps in which energy is added to the water
periodically and the water is contained in a set volume.
Displacement volume : The volume displaced by the piston between top
dead center and bottom dead center.
Disruptive Strength: Maximum strength of a metal when subjected to three
principle tensile stresses at right angles to one another and of equal
magnitude.
Dissimilar metals : two or more different metals in contact; due to varying
surface conductivity, one or more metals may experience accelerated
corrosion; because zinc is high in the galvanic series (see Galvanic Series of
Metals), it preferentially corrodes to protect most dissimilar metals
Dissociated Ammonia: A low-cost substitute for a pure Hydrogen
atmosphere generally used in bright annealing or hardening stainless steels
and other metals and alloys. Dissociated Ammonia is 75% Hydrogen and
25% Nitrogen. It must be used in a very low dew point (i.e. -60°F) to ensure
that the moisture content is low in order to avoid oxidation of the surface of
the metal or alloy being heat-treated.
Dissolution : the act of dissolving, sundering, or separating into component
parts; separation
Dissolved Air Flotation (Daf): Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a process
used in water treatment, including the treatment of wastewaters, to capture
solids or other materials in the water. Air is dissolved in the water while
under pressure, then released on the surface of the water at atmospheric
pressure. The bubbles created during this process help to capture suspended
particles in the wastewater and float them to the surface for filtering or
removal.
Dissolved Carbon: Carbon in solution in steel in either the liquid or solid
state.
Dissolved Carbon: Carbon in solution in steel in either the liquid or solid
state.
Dissolved gases: Gases soluble in water.
Dissolved oxygen: oxygen dissolved in water; the amount depends on water
temperature, plant photosynthesis, plant and animal respiration, and physical
aeration
Dissolved solids: solid (generally inorganic) material in solution
Dissolved solids (tds): The measure of the total amount of dissolved matter.
Distillates: The lubricant and oil fractions produced in a distillation column,
except for bottoms and the natural gas liquids at the top of the column-
dividing head.
Distillation : Salt removal process from brackish or sea water by boiling and
condensation.
Distillation -: Involves boiling water and condensing the vapor.
Distillation (Fractionation): The first step in separating crude oil into its
various components uses a distillation tower, or pipe still, through which
heated crude oil vapors rise to progressively coolers levels, so that the various
hydrocarbons condense at different levels all the way to the top of the
column. The lower boiling point and lighter weight fractions rise to the top,
the highest boiling point and heaviest condense near the bottom, all others in
between. Gases, light oils and fuels are drawn off at the top, while heavy
products like heavy fuel oil and asphalt are drawn from the bottom, with
other products in between. This step is conducted at atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum distillation, mainly for lube stocks, is performed with heavy crudes
or bottoms at sub-atmospheric pressure, permitting fractionation at lower
temperatures. The still is called a vacuum tower.
Distorted Pattern: A pattern untrue to the specified dimensions.
Distortion: Any deviation from an original size, shape or contour that occurs
because of the application of stress or the release of residual stress.
Distortion : any deviation from an original size, shape or contour that occurs
when the application of heat during the galvanizing process releases stress
from the steel induced in the fabrication process or during the steel-making
process; distortion is of concern when galvanizing asymmetric structural
shapes and/or fabrications
Distressed Material (DM): A coil that is no longer being sent to its original
order.
Distribond: A siliceous clay containing Bentonite used as bond in molding
sands.
Distributed Control System (Dcs): In a distributed control system, the
control system components are distributed throughout the system, rather than
operating from a centralized location. Each subsystem has a dedicated
controller or control system and the collective conrol elements are monitored
and controlled through network communications.
Distributed I/O: A distributed input/output (I/O) system uses a network of
sensors, transmittors, transducers, and monitoring devices to control a
distributed system. Distributed I/O may be used in production systems, power
distribution systems, and many other applications. Distributed I/O
components are monitored and controlled by a control system with network
communications to all the I/O components and subsystems.
Distributed load: A load spread over a surface expressed in kilograms per
square metre, or along a length of member expressed in kilograms per metre.
Distribution, Sand Grain: Variation or uniformity in particle size of a sand
aggregate when properly screened by U.S. Standards screens.
District surveyor: Borough officers first appointed after the Great Fire of
London to supervise the Building Regulations. Now combined with the
Building Control Officer.
Distruptive Strength: Maximum strength of a metal when subjected to three
principal tensile stresses at right angles to one another and of equal
magnitude.
Disturbed Metal: The cold worked metal formed on a polished surface
during the processes of grinding and polishing.
Disturbed Metal: The cold-worked metal layer formed at a polished surface
during the process of mechanical grinding and polishing.
Disturbed Metal: The cold worked metal formed on a polished surface
during the processes of grinding and polishing.
Ditch : Long narrow excavation for drainage, irrigation or burying
underground pipelines.
Ditch Valve: A valve for controlling high pressure raw water jets. The jets
wash the ash from the sluice way to the ash pump hole.
Dither: A cyclic application of voltage across a solenoid or coil.Most often
used to assure that the device driven by the coil or solenoid remains in a state
of constant motion, thus reducing breakaway friction.
Diversion: 1. A situation that occurs when a coil/s intended for an order
doesn’t meet quality standards or customers specifications and is therefore
diverted to meet another customer's specifications. In addition, coils can be
diverted to complete another customer's order or for other reasons as
necessary. 2. Removing a product from its original order.
Diversion: 1.) A situation that occurs when a coil/s intended for an order
doesn't meet quality standards or customers specifications and is therefore
diverted to meet another customer's specifications. In addition, coils can be
diverted to complete another customer's order or for other reasons as
necessary. 2) Removing a product from it's original order. Synonymous with
Reapplication.
Diversion channel : a bypass created to divert water around a dam so that
construction can take place
Diversity: number of species in a particular community or habitat
Diverted Coil: (DRV) A coil that is no longer being sent to its original order
but is being sold elsewhere.
Diverted Coil (DRV): A coil that is no longer being sent to its original order
but is being sold elsewhere.
Diverter Valves: A diverter valve is generally described as an valve that
redirects the flow of a material from the main path. Diverter valves can be
used to redirect fluid or gas flow in a piping system or to act as a pressure
relief valve in some systems. Diverter valves take on many different forms
and functions, depending on the specific application.
Divided Cell: A cell containing a diaphragm or other means for physically
separating the anolyte from the catholyte.
Divided highway : A highway with separated travelled ways for traffic,
generally in opposite directions.
Divider Valve (Lube Systems): A series-progressive lubricant-metering and
distribution assembly containing an inlet section, at least three valve sections
and an end section.
Dividers, Springs: Dividers whose legs are held together at the hinged end
by the pressure of a c shaped spring.
Dividing Head : A machine tool holding fixture which positions the work for
accurately spacing holes,slots,flutes and gear teeth and for making geometric
shapes. When geared to the table lead screw, it can be used for helical milling
operations.
Dividing Head (Index Bead): A machine tool holding fixture which
positions the work for accurately spacing holes, slots, flutes and gear teeth
and for making geometric shapes. When geared to the table lead screw, it can
be used for helical milling operations.
Divorced Eutectic: A metallographic appearance in which the two
constituents of a eutectic structure appear as massive phases rather than the
finely divided mixture characteristic of normal eutectics. Often, one of the
constituents of the eutectics is continuous and indistinguishable from an
accompanying proeutectic constituent.
Divorced Pearlite : Pearlite in which the cementite has been spheroidized by
prolonged annealing just below the Ac1 point, or by annealing at the same
temperature after cold working.
Dma: Direct memory access. A process where block of data can be
transferred between main memory and secondary memory without processor
intervention.
Dme: Distance-Measuring Equipment. A combination of ground and
airborne equipment which gives a continuous slant range distance-from-
station readout by measuring time-lapse of a signal transmitted by the aircraft
to the station and responded back. DMEs can also provide groundspeed and
time-to-station readouts by differentiation.
DN Factor: Used as a guide to lubricant selection for rolling contact
bearings, it is also called a speed factor, the product of the bore of a rolling
contact bearing, expressed in mm (D), and the speed in rpm. Values up to
300,000 permit use of normal NLGI 2 grease; higher values indicate fluid oil
or specially-formulated greases, and values in the 1,000,000 range require
oil-mist or air-oil lubrication or specially-formulated greases.
Do All Saw: A trade name given to a type of band saw used for sawing
metal.
Doctor Blade Steel Strip: A hardened and tempered spring steel strip,
usually blued, produced from approximately 0.85 carbon cold rolled spring
steel strip specially selected for straightness and good edges. Sometimes hand
straightened or straightened by grinding and cut to desired lengths. This
product is used in the printing trade as a blade to uniformly remove excess
ink (dope) from the rolls; hence its name.
Doctor Blade Steel Strip: A hardened and tempered spring steel strip,
usually blued, produced from approximately .85 carbon cold rolled spring
steel strip specially selected for straightness and good edges. Sometimes hand
straightened or straightened by grinding and cur to desired lengths. This
product is used in the printing trade as a blade to uniformly remove excess
ink (dope) from the rolls; hence its name.
Dod: U.S. Department of Defense
Doe: U.S. Department of Energy
Dog: A clamping device (lathe dog) used to drive work being machined
between centers. Also, a part projecting on the side of a machine worktable to
trip the automatic feed mechanism off or to reverse the travel.
Doghouse: Structure on the BOP roof where the junction header power relief
vents through to the atmosphere.
Doghouse: Structure on the BOP roof where the junction header power relief
vents through to the atmosphere.
Dol: U.S. Department of Labor
Dolomite: A material that is used to add magnesium oxide to the sinter.
Dolomite Lime: A material that contains magnesium oxide.
Dolomite, Raw Refractory: Natural mineral mixture consisting
predominantly of magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) in approximately equal ratio and which after dead-burning is
suitable for use as a refractory material.
Domain, Magnetic: A substructure in a ferromagnetic material within which
all the elementary magnets (electron spins) are held aligned in one direction
by interatomic forces; if isolated, a domain would be a saturated permanent
magnet.
Dome : a curved roof enclosing a circular space; a threedimensional arch
Domestic hot water: Potable hot water as distinguished from hot water used
for house heating.
Door frame: A frame into which a door is fitted.
Door head: The upper part of the frame of a door
Door jambs: The two vertical members of a door frame.
Door leaves: In wide openings, a door may be made up into two or more
individual sections or “leaves”, which are hinged together.
Door operator: The wooden style that the door slab will rest upon when it's
in a closed position.
Door operator: An automatic garage door opener.
Door stop: The surrounding case into which and out of which a door closes
and opens. It consists of two upright pieces, called side jambs, and a
horizontal head jamb. These 3 jambs have the "door stop" installed on them.
Door stop: The wooden style that the door slab will rest upon when it’s in a
closed position.
Doorjamb, interior: An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which
projects out to form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.
Doorjamb, interior: The surrounding case into which and out of which a
door closes and opens. It consists of two upright pieces, called side jambs,
and a horizontal head jamb. These 3 jambs have the “door stop” installed on
them.
Doric order: The simplest of the ancient Greek orders of architecture. The
columns consist of a plain fluted shaft and a simple capital; there may be no
base or a simple round one. According to Roman writer Vitruvius the order
originated with a temple to Juno built by one Dorus.
Dormer: Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a sealed
air space between. Also known as Insulating Glass.
Dormer: An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to
form a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.
Dormer: A window projecting from the slope of a roof.
Dose: A quantity of radiation measured at a certain point expressed in
roentgens, rems or rads.
Dose: A quantity of radiation measured at a certain point expressed in
roentgens, rems or rads.
Dose Meter, Integrating: Ionization chamber and measuring system
designed for determining total radiation administered during an exposure. In
medical radiology the chamber is usually designed to be placed on the
patient's skin. A device may be included to terminate the exposure when it
has reached a desire value.
Dose Rate: Dose per unit time.
Dose, Exposure: Quantity of radiation measured in air in roentgens without
backscatter at a given point.
Dosimeter: Instrument used to detect and measure an accumulated dosage of
radiation; in common usage it is a pencil size ionization chamber with a built
in self reading electrometer; used for personal monitoring. See Dosimeter,
Pocket
Dosing Pumps: A dosing pump is a specialized pump designed to deliver
small and accurate quantities of liquids, chemicals, or medicines. While
dosing pumps are most often associated with medical treatment, they are also
used in chemical processing and in the water treatment industry. The specific
application of the dosing will determine the pump specifications and any
regulations that may apply to the design and use of the dosing pump.
Dot Peen Marking: Dot peen marking is a surface marking process that uses
impact force to create a pattern of indentations, or dots, in a surface. The
pattern of dots can be used to represent a graphic image or a series of
alphanumeric characters. The marking depth is typically on the order of 1 to
2 millimeters and is very consisent.
Double (Cold) Reduced (DR): Material that has been cold reduced in
thickness twice. Plate given a second major cold reduction following
annealing. Double reduced products are relatively hard, have limited
ductility, and highly directional mechanical properties. Aim Rockwell
hardness 30T hardness is 76; Aim yield strength (varying from materials) is
80,000 psi to 90,000 psi; approximate tensile strength is 90,000 psi.
Double Action Cylinders: A double action cylinder is a type of hydraulic
cylinder in which force is created on both the push and pull of the piston,
thereby creating force in both directions. The cylinder contains inlets and
seals on both sides. Due to the presence of the piston shaft on one side, the
force created by a double action cylinder is unbalanced, generating more in
the push direction when the full face of the piston is available.
Double Aging: Employment of two different aging treatments to control the
type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the
desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as
intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than
the second.
Double Annealing: As applied to hypoeutectoid steel, a process of heating to
above the upper critical point (AC3) and holding at that temperature until
complete solution of the carbide has been achieved then cooling rapidly and
reheating immediately to above A3 and slowly cooling.
Double Annealing: As applied to hypoeutectoid steel, a process of heating to
above the upper critical point (AC3) and holding at that temperature until
complete solution of the carbide has been achieved then cooling rapidly and
reheating immediately to above A3 and slowly cooling.
Double curvature: When end moments on a structural member produce a
bending effect which cause the member to form an S shape or has a reversal
in curvature.
Double Diaphragm Pumps: The Air Lift Pump is a type of deep well pump,
sometimes used to remove water from mines. It can also be used to pump a
slurry of sand and water or other "gritty" solutions. In its most basic form this
pump has NO moving parts, other than an air compressor. The efficiency of
the air compressor is a prime factor in determining the overall efficiency of
the pump. Increased efficiency in the pump itself can be achieved but with
added complexity. Shown here is a simple Air Lift Pump. Compressed air is
piped down a shaft. The air then returns up a Discharge Pipe carrying water
with it. The pump works by "aerating" the water in the discharge pipe. The
added air lowers the specific gravity of the fluid mixture. Since it is lighter
than the surrounding water, it is pushed upwards. This type of pump can lift
20 to 2000 gallons per minute, up to about 750 feet. The discharge pipe must
be placed deep into the water, from 70% of the height of the pipe above the
water level (for lifts to 20 feet) down to 40 percent for higher lifts.
Double Girder Crane: A crane having two bridge girders mounted between
and supported from the end trucks.
Double glass: A window with two vertically sliding sashes, both of which
can move up and down.
Double glass: Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a
sealed air space between. Also known as Insulating Glass.
Double Helical Gears/Herringbone Gears (Gears): Have both right-hand
and left-hand helical teeth, and operate on parallel axes; are used on all mill
pinions.
Double hung window: The difference between the sales price and the
mortgage amount. A downpayment is usually paid at closing.
Double hung window: A window with two vertically sliding sashes, both of
which can move up and down.
Double Impression Method: A way of determining approximate Brinell
hardness by placing a hardened steel ball between a specimen of known
hardness and the metal to be tested and pressurizing in an arbor press.
Double Skin : A defect consisting of a secondary layer of metal sometimes
found on top poured ingots.
Double Skin (Bottom Splash, Ingot Shell, Plaster): A defect consisting of a
secondary layer of metal sometimes found on top-poured ingots.
Double Tempering: A retempering operation sometimes necessary for steel
containing retained austenite which breaks down during cooling from the first
tempering to form a new and hence untempered martensite.
Double Tempering: A retempering operation sometimes necessary for steel
containing retained austenite which breaks down during cooling from the first
tempering to form a new and hence untempered martensite.
Double-acting Hammer: A forging hammer in which the ram is raised by
admitting steam or air into a cylinder below the piston, and the blow
imensified by admitting steam or air above the piston on the downward
stroke.
Double-action Die: A die designed to perform more than one operation in a
single stroke of the press.
Double-action Forming: Forming or drawing in which more than one action
is achieved in a single stroke of the press.
Double-action Mechanical Press: A press having two independent parallel
movements by means of two slides, one moving within the other. The inner
slide or plunger is usually operated by a crankshaft; the outer or blankholder
slide, which dwells during the drawing operation, is usually operated by a
toggle mechanism or by cams. See also slide. (see Slide)
Doublebruned: Deadburn; not be mistaken for two firing.
Double-dipping (see progressive-dipping) : the act of dipping steel, too
large in one dimension to completely fit into the galvanizing kettle, more than
once in cleaning solutions and molten zinc metal in order to produce a
coating that covers the entire surface of the steel
Double-welded Joint: In arc and oxyfuel gas welding, any joint welded from
both sides.
Doughnut: A venturi system that creates a draft with jets of water that draws
the molten slag from the spout and to the sluiceway.
Dove Tail: An interlocking connection frequently used for the assembly of
interlocking extrusions; it is assembled by a sliding action
Dove-Tail: An interlocking connection frequently used for the assembly of
interlocking extrusions; it is assembled by a sliding action.
Dow Process: A process for the production of magnesium by electrolysis of
molten magnesium chloride.
Dowel: A wood or metal pin used to strengthen a joint by its insertion partly
into each of the joined pieces
Dowel: (Concrete) A steel bar for transferring load across a joint. (Joinery) A
timber moulding with a circular cross section.
Dowel: 1. A wooden or metal pin of various types used in the parting surface
of parted patterns and core boxes. 2. In die casting dies, metal pins to ensure
correct registry of cover and ejector halves.
Dowel pins : Metal pins that guarantee exact alignment of a flange joint on a
horizontally split casing as found in turbine construction
Down Feed : A seldom used method of feeding work into milling cutters.
The work is fed in the same direction as the portion of the cuttere which
comes in contact with it.
Down flow : Conventional direction of solutions to be processed in ion-
exchange column operation, that is, in at the top, out at the bottom of the
column.
Down payment: A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from
the roof's horizontal gutters.
Down payment: The difference between the sales price and the mortgage
amount. A downpayment is usually paid at closing.
Downcoiler: A mandrel mechanism installed at the exit of the hot strip mill
to reel the strip into a coil.
Downcomers: Hollow pipes that allow the plater solution to return from the
plater cells to the distribution tank.
Downgate: See sprue.
Downhand Welding: See flat-position welding.
Downhand Welding: Welding deposited along a horizontal line and surface.
Downspout: A perforated, corrugated plastic pipe laid at the bottom of the
foundation wall and used to drain excess water away from the foundation. It
prevents ground water from seeping through the foundation wall. Sometimes
called perimeter drain.
Downspout: A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from the
roof’s horizontal gutters.
Downsprue : The first channel, usually vertical, which the molten metal
enters; so called because it conducts metal down into the mold.
Downsprue (Sprue, Downgate): The first channel, usually vertical, which
the molten metal enters; so called because it conducts metal down into the
mold.
Downstanding leg: The leg of a structural angle which is projecting down
from you when viewing.
Downstream: The refining or processing of crude oil into finished fuel
products.
Downstream : The passage beyond a device, normally at the outlet of
direction of flow.
Downstream : The outlet side of an instrument, a pump, valve, etc..
Downstream face : the side of the dam that is not against the water
Downtime: Time lost from normal casting activity, due to unscheduled
interruptions.
DQ: “Drawing quality” = more flexible grade of steel. (see Drawing Steel
(DS))
DQ: Draw quality, 3D, more flexible grade of steel.
DQ: Draw quality 3D more flexible grade of steel.
Draft: The measured positive or negative pressure maintained within the
boiler and produced by the use of forced draft and induced draft fans.
Negative draft helps ensure that the fire and exhaust gases are controlled
within the boiler.
Draft: Lower or bottom section of a mold or pattern.
Draft gauge: Instrument used to measure air movement by measuring air
pressure differences.
Drag: Lower or bottom section of a mold or pattern.
Dragon beam: In traditional pitched roof construction, a diagonal tying
timber across the corner of a hip.
Drain Line: A passage in a hydraulic system that is sized and assigned to
components that require a connection to a low pressure passage to the system
reservoir.
Drain tile: The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently
available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment schedule.
Drain tile: A perforated, corrugated plastic pipe laid at the bottom of the
foundation wall and used to drain excess water away from the foundation. It
prevents ground water from seeping through the foundation wall. Sometimes
called perimeter drain.
Drain Valve: A valve that is opened to remove oil pressure from a system or
a component of a system.
Drainage basin: watershed
Drainage maintenance: to remove sediments and vegetation from ditches/
canals etc in order to improve conveyance.
Drainage : the act, process, or mode of becoming emptied or freed of
cleaning solutions and/or zinc
Draw: (a) A member of a cornice or other horizontal exterior finish course
that has a projection beyond the other parts for throwing off water.(b) A
groove in the underside of a sill or drip cap to cause water to drop off on the
outer edge instead of drawing back and running down the face of the
building.
Draw: The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently
available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment schedule.
Draw: A term used for 1) to temper, 2) to remove pattern from mold, 3) an
external contraction defect on surface of mold.
Draw Bead: An insert or rib-like projection on the draw ring or hold-down
surfaces that aids in controlling the rate of metal flow during deep draw
operations. Draw beads are especially useful in controlling the rate of metal
flow in irregularly shaped stampings.
Draw Forging: See radial forging. (see Radial Forging)
Draw Head: Set of rolls or dies mounted on a drawbench for forming a
section from strip, tubing or solid stock. See also Turks-head rolls. (see
Turks-head Rolls)
Draw Marks: See scoring, galling and pickup. (see Scoring) (see
Galling) (see Pickup)
Draw Peg: A wooden peg used for drawing patterns.
Draw Plate: (I) In metalforming, a circular plate with a hole in the center
contoured to fit a forming punch; used to support the blank during the
forming cycle. (2) In casting, a plate attached to a pattern to facilitate drawing
of a pattern from the mold.
Draw Plate: A plate attached to a pattern to facilitate drawing of a pattern
from the mold.
Draw Quality: More flexible grade of steel
Draw Radius: The radius at the edge of a die or punch over which sheet
metal is drawn.
Draw Redraw: (DRD) Two piece. Process for making two piece cans in
which a circular blank is drawn into a die to form a shallow cup and then is
redrawn on a second or third die to produce a can body of the desired
dimensions. Plate is coated prior to the forming process.
Draw Ring: A ring-shaped die part (either the die ring itself or a separate
ring) over which the inner edge of sheet metal is drawn by the punch.
Draw Screw: A threaded rod with an eye screwed into a pattern to enable it
to be drawn from the mold.
Draw Spike: A steel spike used to rap and draw a pattern from the sand; it is
driven into the wood of the pattern, as opposed to a Draw Screw, which
threaded.
Draw Stock: The forging operation in which the length of a metal mass
(stock) is increased at the expense of its cross section; no upset is involved.
The operation includes converting ingot to pressed bar using "V," round or
flat dies.
Draw Thin Redraw: (DTR) An enhancement of the DRD process for
making two piece can body utilizing high tensile TFS that has an organic
polymeric coating applied prior to the forming operations. The patented DTR
process is a means of subjecting the coated feedstock to forming strains such
that the metal and coating avoid compacting and subsequent sidewall
burnishing, thus enhancing the integrity of the organic coating. The resultant
sidewall is thinned during the drawing and redrawing operations, thus
facilitating the specified can body dimensions using a smaller starting blank
size than that required for DRD.
Drawbench: The stand that holds the die and draw head used in drawing of
wire, rod and tubing.
Drawing: 1. Forming recessed parts by forcing the plastic flow of metal in
dies. 2. A misnomer for tempering.
Drawing Back: Reheating after hardening to a temperature below critical for
the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel (see tempering). (see
Temper)
Drawing Back: Reheating after hardening to a temperature below the critical
for the purpose of changing the hardness of the steel.
Drawing Compound: A compound, usually containing EP additives, used
during metal forming at the surface of the die to improve die life and metal
finish; also used in dies in wire mills.
Drawing Out: A stretching operation resulting from forging a series of
upsets along the length of the workpiece.
Drawing Quality: (DQ) Flat rolled products produced from either deep
drawing rimmed steel or extra deep drawing aluminum killed steels. Special
rolling and processing operations aid in producing a product, which can stand
extreme pressing, drawing or forming, etc., without creating defects.
Drawing Quality (DQ): Flat-rolled products produced from either deep
drawing rimmed steel or extra deep drawing aluminum killed steels. Special
rolling and processing operations aid in producing a product, which can stand
extreme pressing, drawing or forming, etc., without creating defects. (see
Drawing Steel (DS))
Drawing Steel (DS): Sheet of this quality has a greater degree of ductility
and is more consistent in performance than commercial steel because of
higher standards in production, selection and melting of the steel.
Drawings: Removing pattern from the mold or mold from pattern in
production work. See also Temper
Drawn: Mechanically formed by tension through or in a die.
Drawn: Mechanically formed by tension through or in a die.
Drawn & Ironed (D & I): A process primarily used to manufacture two-
piece beer or carbonated beverage can bodies, although some canned food
product is packaged in steel D&I can bodies. An appropriately sized circular
disk is drawn into a cup to approximately the finished can diameter. The side
wall height is created by forcing the cup through a series of rings, ironing the
metal thinner than the starting material thickness. Can bodies are coated with
organic lacquers after forming.
Drawn Over Mandrel: A procedure for producing specialty tubing using a
drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, giving excellent
control over the inside diameter and wall thickness. Advantages of this
technique are its inside and outside surface quality and gauge tolerance.
Major markets include automotive applications and hydraulic cylinders.
Drawn Shell: An article formed by drawing sheet metal into a hollow
structure having a predetermined geometrical configuration.
Drawn-Over-Mandrel: A procedure for producing specialty tubing using a
drawbench to pull tubing through a die and over a mandrel, giving excellent
control over the inside diameter and wall thickness. Advantages of this
technique are its inside and outside surface quality and gauge tolerance.
Major markets include automotive applications and hydraulic cylinders.
Draw-Redraw (DRD): Two-piece. Process for making two-piece cans in
which a circular blank is drawn into a die to form a shallow cup and then is
redrawn on a second or third die to produce a can body of the desired
dimensions. Plate is coated prior to the forming process.
Dredge : To dig or excavate under water.
Dressed: Timber that has passed through a planning machine to produce
smooth surfaces.
Dressing: (1) Cutting, breaking down or crushing the surface of a grinding
wheel to improve Its cutting ability and accuracy. (2) Removing dulled grains
from the cutting face of a grinding wheel to restore cutting quality.
Dressing: The act of removing the glaze and dulled abrasives from the face
of a ginding wheel to make it clean and sharp. See Truing.
Dried Sand: Sand which bas been dried by mechanical dryer prior to use in
core making.
Drier: A material, as alcohol ammonium nitrate, sodium perborate and
manganese oleate, added to a core or mold mixture to remove or reduce the
water content.
Drier : Substance or device used to remove moisture from a refrigeration
system.
Drierite : Desiccant which operates by chemical action.
Drift: The lateral movement or deflection of a structure.
Drift: (1) A flat piece of steel of tapering width used to remove taper shank
drills and corner tools from their holders. (2) A tapered rod used to force
mismated holes into line for riveting or bolting. Sometimes called a drift
pin. (see Drift Pin)
Drift: The measure of movement of a device after a preset condition is
applied.Normally drift is measured with varying temperature, although drift
may be plotted against any variable, such as humidity, etc.
Drift : Term used to describe the difference between the set point and the
actual operating or control point.
Drift index: The ratio of the lateral deflection to the height of the building.
Drift pin: A tapered pin used during the erection process to align holes in
steel members which are to be connected by bolting.
Drift Point: A point on a travel motion master switch or on a manual bridge
crane controller that maintains the brake released while the motor is not
energized. This allows for coasting.
Drift : Entrained water in the stack discharge of a cooling tower.
Drill and blast : The excavation of a tunnel, shaft, orcavern in rock using
explosive charges placed in holes drilled into the face.
Drill Bushing: A hardened steel guide inserted in jigs, fixtures or templates
for the purpose of providing a guide for the drill in drilling holes in their
proper or exact location.
Drill Bushing: A hardened steel guide inserted in jigs,fixtures or templates
for the purpose of providing a guide for the drill in drilling holes in their
proper or exact location.
Drill Chuck: A device used to grip and attach them to a rotating spindle.
Drill Chuck: A device used to grip and attach them to a rotating spindle.
Drill Jig: A jig which holds parts or units of a structure and by means of
bushings, guides the drill so that the holes are properly located.
Drill Jig : A jig which holds parts or units of a structure and by means of
bushings,guides the drill so that the holes are properly located.
Drill Pipe: Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well. Drill pipe is the
conduit between the wellhead motor and the drill bit. Drilling mud is pumped
down the center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the drill bit and
transmit the drilled core to the surface. Because of the high stress, torque and
temperature associated with well drilling, drill pipe is a seamless product.
Drill Pipe: Pipe used in the drilling of an oil or gas well. Drill pipe is the
conduit between the wellhead motor and the drill bit. Drilling mud is pumped
down the center of the pipe during drilling, to lubricate the drill bit and
transmit the drilled core to the surface. Because of the high stress, torque and
temperature associated with well drilling, drill pipe is a seamless product.
Drill Press: A drilling machine with a counterbalanced spindle which makes
it possible for the operator to control accurately the rate at which the drill is
fed into the work. The sensitive drill press usually contains drills that are less
than 1/2 inch diameter and which rotate at high speeds.
Drill Press: A drilling machine with a counterbalanced spindle which makes
it possible for the operator to control accurately the rate at which the drill is
fed into the work. The sensitive drill press usually contains drills that are less
than ? inch diameter and which rotate at high speeds.
Drill Rod: A term given to an annealed and polished high-carbon tool steel
rod, usually round and centerless ground. Drill rods are used principally by
machinists and tool and die makers for punches, drills, taps, dowel pins,
screw machine parts, small tools, etc.
Drill Rod: A term given to an annealed and polished high carbon tool steel
rod usually round and centerless ground. The sizes range in round stock from
.013 to 1 1/2 diameter. Commercial qualities embrace water and oil
hardening grades. A less popular but nevertheless standard grade is a non
deforming quality. Drill Rods are used principally by machinists and tool and
die makers for punches, drills, taps, dowel pins, screw machine parts, small
tools, etc.
Drill Sleeve: An adapter with an internal and external taper which fits
tapered shank tools such as drills or reamers to adapt them to a larger size
machine spindle.
Drill Sleeve: An adapter with an internal and external taper which fits
tapered shank tools such as drills or reamers to adapt them to a larger size
machine spindle.
Drill Socket: An adapter similar to a sleeve except that it is made to adapt a
larger tapered-shank tool to smaller size spindle.
Drill Socket: An adapter similar to a sleeve except that it is made to adapt a
larger tapered shank tool to smaller size spindle.
Drill, Center: A combination drill and countersink.
Drill, Center: A combination drill and countersink.
Drill, Twist: A commonly used metal cutting drill, usually made with two
fluted running around the body.
Drilling: Hole making with a rotary end-cutting tool having one or more
cutting lips and one or more helical or straight flutes or tubes for the ejection
of chips and the passage of a cutting fluid.
Drilling Muds: Drilling muds is a term given to the various types of liquids
used in drilling bore holes for petroleum, natural gas, and water. The liquids
are inserted into the bore hole throughout the drilling process to help prevent
unwanted liquids and gases from the surrounding formations from entering
the well. In addition, the drilling muds help to keep the drill bit cool and
clean and help to remove material from the well during the drilling process.
The type of drilling mud selected is based on the drilling job and the geologic
formations being drilled through.
Drip: A molding or metal flashing placed on the exterior topside of a door or
window frame to cause water to drip beyond the outside of the frame.
Drip: (a) A member of a cornice or other horizontal exterior finish course
that has a projection beyond the other parts for throwing off water.(b) A
groove in the underside of a sill or drip cap to cause water to drop off on the
outer edge instead of drawing back and running down the face of the
building.
Drip cap: To install the black roofing felt (tar paper) on the roof.
Drip cap: A molding or metal flashing placed on the exterior topside of a
door or window frame to cause water to drip beyond the outside of the frame.
Drip Tube: Small sight glasses used to check and adjust the rate of flow of
drive oil.
Drive Fit: One of several classes of fits in which parts are assembled by
pressing or forcing one part into another.
Drive Girder: The girder on which the bridge drive machinery is mounted.
Drive Oil: Lubricating oil used on different components of the finishing mill.
Drive Oil Alarm: A warning received when drive oil pressure is low or
pressure is stopped.
Drive Oil System: A system which encompasses all the components needed
to deliver drive oil to the finishing mill. It consists of both #1 and #2 drive
oils pumped from the roughing mill.
Drive Side: The side of the strip that is nearest to the drive motors that power
the line.
Drive Side: The side of the strip that is nearest to the drive motors that power
the line.
Driveshaft: A driveshaft is a mechanical component used to transfer
rotational motion and force, or torque, from one component to another.
Usually a driveshaft connects a drive motor on one side to the piece of
machinery being driven on the other. Driveshafts usually incorportate one or
more joings and coupling to assist in carrying the stresses associated with
transmitting torque.
Driving Head: A motor driven carrier head which is supported from and
propelled by the load bearing wheels.
DRL: Double Random Length. Line pipe with a 35 ft.+ average lengths.
DRL: Double random length line pipe with a 35?+ average lengths
Droop: A casting defect caused by sand dropping from the cope or other
overhanging section.
Droop : Terms used to describe the difference between the set point and the
actual operating or control point.
Drop Ball: A heavy weight, usually ball- or pear-shaped, dropped from a
height to break large pieces of metal scrap. Also used to strengthen warp
castings.
Drop Ball: A heavy weight, usually ball or pear shaped, dropped from a
height to break large pieces of metal scrap. Also used to strengthen warp
castings.
Drop Forging: (1) The forging obtained by hammering metal in a pair of
closed dies to produce the form in the finishing impression under a drop
hammer. (2) Forging method requiring special dies for each shape.
Drop Forging: A forging made with a drop hammer.
Drop Gate: A term for a pouring gate or runner leading directly into the top
of the mold.
Drop Gate: A term for a pouring gate or runner leading directly into the top
of the mold.
Drop Hammer: A term generally applied to forging hammers in which
energy for forging is provided by gravity, steam or compressed air. See also
air-lift. Hammer, board hammer, and steam hammer. (see Air-Lift)
Drop Hammer: A forging hammer than depends on gravity for its force.
Drop Hammer Forming: A process for producing shapes by the progressive
deformation of sheet metal in matched dies under the repetitive blows of a
gravity-drop or power-drop hammer. The process is restricted to relatively
shallow parts and thin sheet from approximately 0.6 to 1.6 mm (0.024 to
0.064 in.).
Drop Off Or Drop Out: Sand falling from the Cope of a mold. See Drop
Drop-Feed Lubrication/Drip Oiler: A system of lubrication that supplies
lubricant to the bearing surfaces in the form of drops at regular intervals.
Droplet Erosion: Erosive wear caused by the impingement of liquid droplets
on a solid surface. See also erosion. (see Erosion)
Dropping Point (Grease) (ASTM D 255 and D 2265): The temperature at
which a portion of grease releases liquid or passes from a semi-solid to a
liquid state under specified test conditions. Though this test is a good high-
temperature screening tool, it is not, by itself, an indicator of high-
temperature performance; continuous permissible operating temperatures
may be as much as 100ºF below the dropping point.
Drop-through: An undesirable sagging or surface irregularity, usually
encountered when brazing or welding near the solidus of the base metal,
caused by overheating with rapid diffusion or alloying between the filler
metal and the base metal.
Dross: Sediment which settles in bottom of the zinc pot on the galvanize line.
Also top dross, which floats on surface of pot and is skimmed off. A different
type of dross also occurs on the top of the zinc pot, which is skimmed off on
a regular time frame.
Dross: Sediment which settles in bottom of the ZINC pot on the galvanize
line. Also top dross, which floats on surface of pot and is skimmed off. A
different type of dross also occurs on the top of the zinc pot, which is
skimmed off on a regular time frame.
Dross inclusions : dross that is carried out on the work upon removal from
the galvanizing kettle
Dross : byproduct of the galvanizing process that forms by reactions between
zinc and loose particles of iron; dross may exist at all depths of the kettle, but
usually sinks to the bottom
Drossing : removing dross buildup from the bottom of the kettle
Drum: The cylindrical member around which rope is wound for lifting or
lowering the load. Also another name for brake wheel.
Drum Heads: Removable hinged man way cover on both ends of a boiler
drum.
Drum Ladle: A cylindrical refractory-lined ladle that is completely enclosed.
A removable cover at the pouring spout permits addition of molten metal.
Drum Ladle: A cylindrical refractory lined ladle that is completely enclosed.
A removable cover at the pouring spout permits addition of molten metal.
Drum Pusher: Device used to remove a steel drum from the entry coil
traverse car.
Drum Pusher: Device used to remove a steel drum from the entry coil
traverse car.
Drum Vent: Manual valve that is used to relieve pressure on drums.
Drum Vent: Manual valve that is used to relieve pressure on drums.
Drum water level line: The water level in the drum during the normal
operating mode.
Drum, Magnetic: An electrically energized pulley or drum used for
removing magnetic materials from sand, non-ferrous borings and turnings,
etc.
Dry /wet pit mining: to isolate gravel extraction to a confined hole in a bar.
Wet/dry refers to whether it goes below the water table at the time of
extraction.
Dry Analysis: A term applied to spectrographic analysis.
Dry Break Coupling: A dry break coupling is a type of hose or pipe
connector used to contain the fluid in the hoses upon disconnect. Dry break
couplings are common in applications involving chemicals that cannot be
leaked into the environment or where the cost of the fluid or safety of the
worker is a concern.
Dry bulb -: An instrument with a sensitive element to measure ambient air
temperature.
Dry bulb temperature -: The temperature registered by an ordinary
thermometer. The dry bulb temperature represents the measure of sensible
heat, or the intensity of heat.
Dry compression -: The compression of vapor, in a vapor-liquid vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle.
Dry Cyaniding: (Obsolete) Same as carbonitriding.
Dry Film Lubricant: A solid material, such as graphite, molybdenum
disulfide, boron nitride, or a plastic like a poly-tetra-fluorine resin, used with
loads in the boundary region of lubrication. These materials may be applied
as pastes, by spraying, dipping, brushing in an air-drying carrier, burnishing
or resin bonding.
Dry Film Weight: Dry coating film weight is normally calculated in grams
per square meter(gm/m²) or milligrams per square inch(mg/in²). Accurate
control of dry film weight is essential to ensure that the coating material will
possess its intended properties of physical and chemical resistance.
Dry Film Weight: Dry coating film weight is normally calculated in grams
per square meter(gm/m B2) or milligrams per square inch(mg/in B2).
Accurate control of dry film weight is essential to ensure that the coating
material will possess its intended properties of physical and chemical
resistance.
Dry galvanizing: dipping steel in an aqueous zinc ammonium chloride
solution and then thoroughly drying before immersing in the molten zinc bath
Dry ice : Refrigerating substance made of solid carbon dioxide which
changes directly from a solid to a gas (sublimates). Its subliming temperature
is -78°C.
Dry in: Wall board or gypsumA manufactured panel made out of gypsum
plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x
12' in size. The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints
are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type drywall has
a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used
in bathrooms and other "wet areas".
Dry in: To install the black roofing felt (tar paper) on the roof.
Dry Metric Tonne Unit: This is the internationally accepted unit of measure
for iron ore pricing. A dry metric tonne unit (dmtu) is 1% of iron (Fe)
contained in a tonne of ore, excluding moisture. The price per tonne of a
consignment of iron ore is calculated by multiplying the cents/dmtu price by
the percent Fe content of the ore in that shipment. For example, a 67% Fe
content iron ore will be priced at the contracted dmtu price multiplied by 67,
a 55% Fe content ore at the dmtu price multiplied by 55, etc. Iron ore contract
prices are quoted in US$ cents.
Dry Pan: A grinding machine of heavy rollers or millers testing on a bed.
Screens or slits allow fine material to pass through.
Dry Permeability: The property of a molded mass of sand bonded or
unbonded, dried at 220 230 B0F (105 110 B0C) and cooled to room
temperature that allows passage of gases resulting during pouring of molten
metal into a mold.
Dry pipe: A perforated or slotted pipe or box inside the drum and connected
to the steam outlet.
Dry Rolled Finish: Finish obtained by cold rolling on polished rolls without
the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material previously plain pickled,
giving a burnished appearance.
Dry Run: The process of checking the control panel to assure that all
controls are functioning properly.
Dry Sand Casting: The process in which the sand molds are dried at above
212 B0F (100 B0C) before using.
Dry Sand Mold: A casting mold made of sand and then dried at 100°C
(212°F) or above before being used. Contrast with green sand mold.
Dry Sand Mold: A mold from which the moisture has been removed by
heating.
Dry standby : A method of sealing al water and steam connections and
placing a desiccant in the unit and applying an airtight seal.
Dry Strength (casting): The maximum strength of a molded sand specimen
that has been thoroughly dried at 100 to 110°C (220 to 230°F) and cooled to
room temperature. Also known as dry bond strength.
Dry system: Refrigeration system which has the evaporator liquid refrigerant
mainly in the atomized or droplet condition.
Dryer: Dries the strip after a rinsing process.
Dryer: Dries the strip after a rinsing process.
Drying Oils: Oils that absorb oxygen (reacting with it) to form relatively
hard, tough, elastic films when exposed in thin layers to the atmosphere;
generally added to paint to promote drying (e.g., linseed oil).
Dryness fraction or quality: Weight fraction of the vapor in a vapor-liquid
mixture.
Drypack: A strong mixture of cement and sand damped with a small amount
of water, used to fill holes in existing walls for example in underpinning.
Dry-Rolled Finish: Finish obtained by cold-rolling on polished rolls without
the use of any coolant or metal lubricant, of material previously plain pickled,
giving a burnished appearance.
Drywall (or gypsum wallboard (gwb), sheet rock or plasterboard): The
heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal pipes installed for
distributing warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home. Also a
tunnel made of galvanized metal or rigid fiberglass, which carries air from
the heater or ventilation opening to the rooms in a building.
Drywall (or gypsum wallboard (gwb), sheet rock or plasterboard): Wall
board or gypsum- A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and
encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2″ thick and 4′ x 8′ or 4′ x 12′ in size.
The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints are taped
and covered with a ‘joint compound’. ‘Green board’ type drywall has a
greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in
bathrooms and other “wet areas”.
DSC/DTA: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermal
analysis (DTA) measure actual caloric heat changes to characterize physical
changes (phase changes in waxes, gels, grease or asphalt) and chemical
reactions (usually oxidation) in lubricants.
Dual Metal Centrifugal Casting: Centrifugal castings produced by pouring
a different metal into the rotating mold after the first metal poured.
Dual shaft gas turbine : a gas turbine which has one turbine on one shaft
driving the compressor and when the gas discharged from this turbine is
directed to another turbine on a separate shaft to drive a load.
Dual-phase Steels: A class of high-strength low-alloy steels characterized by
a tensile strength value of approximately 550 MPa (80 ksi) and by a
microstructure consisting of about 20% hard martensite particles dispersed in
a soft ductile ferrite matrix. The term dual phase refers to the predominance
in the microstructure of two phases, ferrite and martensite. However, small
amounts of other phases, such as bainite, pearlite or retained austenite, may
also be present.
Dual-temperature re-circulating water system: A closed re-circulating
water system that uses water either for cooling, by circulating it through a
chiller, or for heating, by circulating it through a boiler or heat-exchanger
depending upon need.
Duct: Any tube, pipe or other conduit by which air or fluid is transfered.
Duct : A protective tube or a brick or concrete trench or corridor along which
pipes or cables pass through the ground.
Duct : A small pipe through which electrical,telecommunications, and other
smaller underground utility lines run; also known as a “conduit.”
Duct opening: The round or square opening required through the web system
of a joist or joist girder to allow passage of a duct.
Ductile: A metal capable of being drawn into wire or thread.
Ductile Crack Propagation: Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by
noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from
outside the body. Contrast with brinle crack propagation.
Ductile Crack Propagation: Slow crack propagation that is accompanied by
noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from
outside the body.
Ductile Fracture: Fracture characterized by tearing of metal accompanied by
appreciable gross plastic deformation and expenditure of considerable
energy. Contrast with brittle fracture.
Ductile gouging : Referring to irregular wasting of the tube metal beneath a
porous deposit The micro structure of the metal does not change with this
process and the ductility remains, but the thinning leads to rapture.
Ductile Iron: A cast iron that has been treated while molten with an element
such as magnesium or cerium to induce the formation of free graphite as
nodules or spherulites, which imparts a measurable degree of ductility to the
cast metal. Also known as nodular cast iron, spherulitic graphite cast iron and
spheroidal graphite (SG) iron.
Ductile iron : molten iron treated with an element such as magnesium or
cerium to induce a measurable degree of ductility to the metal; these additives
do not affect galvanizeability
Ductility: Is the ability of a material to withstand large inelastic deformations
without fracture. Structural steel has considerable ductility.
Ductility: A qualitative, subjective property of material that indicates the
extent to which it can be deformed without fracture in metalworking
operations such as rolling, extrusion, fabrication, etc. It is generally expressed
as total permanent strain prior to fracture, measured as elongation or
reduction of area during tensile testing.
Ductility: The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing,
being measured by elongation or reduction of area in a tensile test, by height
of cupping in an Erichsen test or by other means.
Ductility: The ability of a material to deform plastically without fracturing.
Ductility : The ability of a metal to undergo cold plastic deformation without
breaking, particularly by pulling in cold drawing.
Ductility factor: The ratio of the total deformation at maximum load to the
elastic-limit deformation.
Ductility : the ability of a material to be formed without fracturing;
galvanized steel is ductile within certain recommended bending radii
Ducts: A clause in a mortgage contract requiring the borrower to pay the
entire outstanding balance upon sale or transfer of the property.
Ducts: The heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal pipes
installed for distributing warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the
home. Also a tunnel made of galvanized metal or rigid fiberglass, which
carries air from the heater or ventilation opening to the rooms in a building.
Ductwork: Air-handling pipes fabricated from sheet steel.
Ductwork: Ducts that carry exhaust solids from the boilers to the scrubber
area.
Due-on-sale: A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as a
ceramic tile backing material. Commonly used on bathtub decks. Sometimes
called Wonder board
Due-on-sale: A clause in a mortgage contract requiring the borrower to pay
the entire outstanding balance upon sale or transfer of the property.
Dummy Block: A tight-fitting steel block placed between the ram and the
billet in an extrusion press to prevent metal from leaking backward along the
ram during extrusion.
Dummy Block: A tight fitting steel block placed between the ram and the
billet in an extrusion press to prevent metal from leaking backward along the
ram during extrusion.
Dummy Cab: An operator’s compartment or platform on a pendant or radio
Bridge Crane Controlled crane, having no permanently-mounted electrical
Bridge Crane Controls, in which an operator may ride while Bridge Crane
Controlling the crane.
Dummy Cathode: (1) A cathode, usually corrugated to give variable current
densities, that is plated at low current densities to preferentially remove
impurities from a plating solution. (2) A substitute cathode that is used during
adjustment of operating conditions.
Dummy piston : The axial thrust in reaction turbines can be nearly
eliminated by the use of balance or dummy pistons. With the correct size of a
dummy piston exposed to two different bleed point pressures, the thrust is
nearly equalized. There is a small leakage across the labyrinth seal of the
dummy piston as steam leaks from the high to the lower bleed point
Dumping: Dumping occurs when imported merchandise is sold in, or for
export to, the domestic market at less than the normal value of the
merchandise, i.e., a price which is less than the price at which identical or
similar merchandise is sold in the comparison market, the home market
(market of exporting country) or third country market (market used as proxy
for home market in cases where home market cannot be used). The normal
value of the merchandise cannot be below the cost of production.
Dumping Margin: The amount by which the normal value exceeds the
export price or constructed export price of the subject merchandise.
Dumping Valve: A type of single solenoid valve that when energized will
open to quickly release the pressure in a hydraulic cylinder.
Dumping Valve: A type of single solenoid valve that when energized will
open to quickly release the pressure in a hydraulic cylinder.
Dumpy level: An optical levelling instrument
Dumpy level: Originally a simple but accurate optical instrument invented in
1832 by English civil engineer William Gravatt. Now applied to any optical
levelling instrument used by builders.
Dunker Roll: A roll used in the tanks that keeps the strip going through the
tank.
Dunker Roll: A roll used in the tanks that keeps the strip going through the
tank.
Dunnage: Loose packing material used to protect shipping products from
damage during transport.
Duplex: A category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium and
moderate nickel content. The duplex class is so named because it is a mixture
of austenitic (chromium-nickel stainless class) and ferritic (plain chromium
stainless category) structures. This combination was originated to offer more
strength than either of those stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels provide
high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (formation of cracks caused by a
combination of corrosion and stress) and are suitable for heat exchangers,
desalination plants, and marine applications.
Duplex: A category of stainless steel with high amounts of chromium and
moderate nickel content. The duplex class is so named because it is a mixture
of austenitic (chromium nickel stainless class) and ferritic (plain chromium
stainless category) structures. This combination was originated to offer more
strength than either of those stainless steels. Duplex stainless steels provide
high resistance to stress corrosion cracking (formation of cracks caused by a
combination of corrosion and stress) and are suitable for heat exchangers,
desalination plants, and marine applications.
Duplex Grain Size: The simultaneous presence of two grain sizes in
substantial amounts, with one grain size appreciably larger than the others.
Also termed mixed grain size.
Duplex Microstructure: A two-phase structure. Mixed microstructure of
ferrite and austenite with a composition centered around 26Cr-6.5Ni.
Duplex Stainless Steels: Stainless Steels exhibiting both austenitic and
ferritic, phases and characteristics.
Duplex Stainless Steels: Stainless steels having a fine-grained mixed
microstructure of ferrite and austenite with a composition centered around
26Cr-6.5Ni.
Duplex systems : galvanized steel that has been coated with an additional
corrosion-inhibiting product, typically liquid or powder paint; the two
separate coating systems work synergistically to provide enhanced corrosion
protection
Duplexing: Any two-furnace melting or refining process. Also called duplex
melting or duplex processing.
Dura board, dura rock: The section of a plumbing system that carries
water and sewer gases out of a home.
Dura board, dura rock: A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually
used as a ceramic tile backing material. Commonly used on bathtub decks.
Sometimes called Wonder board
Durability: The ability to accept permanent deformation.
Durability : The ability of materials to resist weathering action, chemical
attack, abrasion or other conditions of service.
Duralumin: The trade name applied to the first aluminum copper
magnesium type of age hardenable alloy (17S), which contains nominally 4%
Cu, 1/2% Mg. The term is sometimes used to include the class of wrought
aluminum copper magnesium alloys that harden during aging at room
temperature.
Duralumin (obsolete): A term frequently applied to the class of age-
hardenable aluminum-copper alloys containing manganese, magnesium or
silicon.
Dust: Small solid particles created by the breaking up of larger particles by
an process.
Dust boss : A moveable, high -pressured mistingsystem used to suppress
dust inside the mining cavern and on the surface level.
Dust Collection Systems: A dust collection system is a mechanical system
designed to remove dust and debris from a production environment. Dust
collections systems can be designed and used in small applications such as a
personal workshop or in large industrial-scale production environments. A
dust collection system usually includes the blower or vacuum driving the
system, a collection of hoses and fittings, filters and/or dust separators, and a
dust collection bin.
Dust mask: A device fitted over the nose and mouth to prevent inhalation of
toxic dust or fumes.
Dust Separators: A dust separator is a component of a dust collection
system designed to help filter out smaller particles from larger ones. A dust
separator is used in a two stage system in which the separator is placed
between the machine creating the dust and the suction device driving the dust
collection system.
Dust Suppression Systems: Dust suppression systems provide a means of
dust control, helping to minimize the amount of dust stirred up into the
environment during processes such as construction and farming. Misting, or
depositing small amounts of water to the surface is a popular form of dust
suppression.
Dust : An air suspension (aerosol) or particles of any solid material, usually
with particle size less than 100 microns.
Dustcatcher: Blast furnace primary gas cleaner which captures most of the
coarse particles before final cleaning by the wet scrubbers.
Dusting: (1) A phenomenon, usually affecting carbonbase electrical motor
brushes or other current-carrying contacts, wherein at low relative humidity
or high applied current density, a powdery "dust" is produced during
operation. (2) Applying a powder, such as sulfur to molten magnesium or
graphite to a mold surface.
Dutch Profiles: (see Bulb Flats)
Duty to accommodate: The obligation of an employer to change a
workplace or its policies to address the particular needs of employees to the
point that it would be too onerous or expensive to do so.
Dvor: Doppler VOR.
Dwarf wall: A brick wall from footing level or underside of floor framing.
Dwv (drain-waste-vent)-: A sum paid to the seller to show that a potential
purchaser is serious about buying.
Dwv (drain-waste-vent)-: The section of a plumbing system that carries
water and sewer gases out of a home.
D-x: size that X% of an aggregate sample is smaller than.
Dye Penetrant Inspection: A method for detecting surface porosity or
cracks in metal. The part to be inspected is cleaned and coated with a dye
which penetrates any flaws that may be present. The surface is wiped clean
and coated with a white powder. The powder absorbs the dye held in the
defects indicating their location.
Dye Penetrant Inspection: A method for detecting surface porosity or
cracks in metal. The part to be inspected is cleaned and coated with a dye
which penetrates any flawa that may be present. The surface is wiped clean
and coated with a a white powder. The powder absorbs the dye held in the
defects indicating their location.
Dyke : (1) A mound of earth along a river or channel bank to retain
floodwater. (2) Large ditch. (3) A tabular-shaped igneous intrusion.
Dynamic: A method of bridge crane controlling speed by using the motor as
a generator, with the energy being dissipated by resistance.
Dynamic Behavior: Describes how a control system or an individual unit
reacts with time when subjected to an input signal.
Dynamic Creep: Creep that occurs under conditions of fluctuating load or
fluctuating temperature.
Dynamic Demulsibility: Refers to a test procedure that simulates
temperature and circulating conditions in a rolling mill to determine the water
separation properties of an oil. (see Demulsibility (typically measured using
ASTM D 1401 or D 2711))
Dynamic discharge head : Static discharge head plus friction head plus
velocity head.
Dynamic Error: The error that results during the transient state, that is, the
state when the system is moving from one steady state condition to another.
Dynamic head: the total equivalent head drop due to the static head and all
friction losses.
Dynamic load: A load that varies with time which includes repeative loads,
seismic loads, and other loads created by rapid movement.
Dynamic load -: An imposed force that is in motion, that is, one that may
vary in magnitude, sense, and direction.
Dynamic Load (Gears): Load computed at the pitch line, including both
static transmitted load and loads superimposed by inertia of the rotating
masses, tooth form inaccuracies, spacing inaccuracies and misalignment.
Buckingham’s empirical equations take these forces into account; AGMA
uses service factors for the same purpose.
Dynamic Loading: Loads introduced into the machine or its components due
to accelerating or decelerating forces.
Dynamic Lowering: A method of bridge crane control by which the hoist
motor is so connected in the lowering direction, that when it is over-hauled
by the load, it acts as a generator and forces current either through the
resistors or back into the line.
Dynamic pumps: Pumps in which energy is added to the water continuously
and the water is not contained in a set volume.
Dynamic suction head : Positive static suction head minus friction head and
minus velocity head.
Dynamic suction lift: The sum of suction lift and velocity head at the pump
suction when the source is below pump centerline.
Dynamic system : An ion-exchange operation, wherein a flow of the
solution to be treated is involved.
Dynamic Viscosity: See absolute viscosity.
Dynamite : a blasting explosive, based on nitroglycerin, but much safer to
handle than nitroglycerin alone
Dyne: Standard c-g-s unit of force, equal to the force that produces an
acceleration of one centimeter per second per second on a mass of one gram.
E&c: Engineering and construction.
E&c: Energy & Chemicals
E.C. (or EC) Alloy or Grade: Electrical conductor aluminum, an alloy
specifically formulated for good electrical conductivity; it is about 99.5%
aluminum.
E.C.A. Number: Engineering Corporation of America. This is the
computerized annealing sequence number used by the Firing Model.
E.C.A. Number: Engineering Corporation of America This is the
computerized annealing sequence number used by the Firing Model.
Ear muff: A shield worn over ears to protect against excessive noise.
Ear plug: A device fitted over the nose and mouth to prevent inhalation of
toxic dust or fumes.
Earing: The formation of ears or scalloped edges around the top of a drawn
shell, resulting from directional differences in the plastic-working properties
of rolled metal across, at angles or with the direction of rolling.
Earing: Wavy projections formed at the open end of a cup or shell in the
course of deep drawing because of difference in directional properties. Also
termed scallop.
Earnest money: A metal strap used to secure gas hot water heaters to the
framing or foundation of a house. Intended to reduce the chances of having
the water heater fall over in an earthquake and causing a gas leak.
Earnest money: A sum paid to the seller to show that a potential purchaser is
serious about buying.
Earth Continuity Monitors: The earth is commonly used as a ground,
reference, or return path for electrical circuits and systems. An earth
continuity monitor is an electrical instrumentation device designed to
measure and monitor the earth connection. The continuity monitor is used as
part of the electrical control system.
Earth Continuity Relays: An earth continuity relay is an electronic switch
designed to monitor the continuity of the earth circuit in a supply cable and to
shut off power if earth continuity is at unsafe levels.
Earth Leakage Protection Relays: A protection relay is a switch designed
to trip and turn off a circuit in the event of unsafe conditions. Earth leakage
relays are specifically designed to detect earth fault currents and trip when a
pre-determined fault level is reached. Earth leakage protection relays perform
the same function as earth leakage circuit breakers, though the terminology
may vary depending on the specific location the relay or breaker is used.
Earthmoving Equipment Buckets: Earthmoving equipment buckets are
scoop or bucket-shaped attachments on constructions equipment such as
backhoes and bulldozers. The shape and size of the buckets vary based on the
machine it's being mounted to and the material being moved.
Earthquake strap: A formal contract which allows a party to use another
party's property for a specific purpose. e.g. A sewer easement might allow
one party to run a sewer line through a neighbors property.
Earthquake strap: A metal strap used to secure gas hot water heaters to the
framing or foundation of a house. Intended to reduce the chances of having
the water heater fall over in an earthquake and causing a gas leak.
Easement: The horizontal exterior roof overhang.
Easement: A formal contract which allows a party to use another party’s
property for a specific purpose. e.g. A sewer easement might allow one party
to run a sewer line through a neighbors property.
Easement : The right to use or control the property of another for designated
purposes.
Easement : The legal right to use a portion ofanother owner’s property. For
example, an underground tunnel easement would give the permanent right for
a subway tunnel to pass below private property.
Easy Open End: A convenience feature can end designed to be opened by
utilizing an integral tab opener to tear the container lid along a tear line
formed in the lid.
Eat: Estimated (or expected) Approach Time
Eave: The lower part of a roof that overhangs the walls
Eave: The line along the sidewall of a building formed by the intersection of
the plane of the roof and the plane of the wall.
Eave height: The vertical distance from finished floor to the eave.
Eave strut: A structural member located at the eave of a building which
supports a roof and/or wall panels.
Eaves-: A means of exiting the home. An egress window is required in every
bedroom and basement. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the minimum size
required
Eaves-: The horizontal exterior roof overhang.
EBIT: Earnings before interest and taxes.
EBITDA: Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
Ecam: Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor. A form of CRT
Eccentric: The condition that exists when a load is applied on a line of action
that does not pass through the centroid of the body it is applied to.
Eccentric: A circle not having a geometric center. Also, a device such as a
crankshift or a cam for converting rotarty motion to reciprocating motion.
Eccentric load : A load on a column applied at a point away from the
column centre and therefore putting a bending movement on the column
equal in amount to the load multiplied by the arm.
Eccentric Press: A mechanical press in which an eccentric is used to move
the slide instead of a crankshaft.
Eccentricity: The distance between a line of action of force and the centroid
of the member it is applied to.
Eccentricity: The degree to which two forms fail to share a common center;
for example, in a pipe or tube whose inside is off-center in regards to the
outside. In hollow extrusions: the difference between the maximum and
minimum wall thickness at any single cross-section. The degree of
eccentricity can be expressed by a plus or minus wall thickness tolerance.
ECCS: Electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated steel, is cold rolled
coil with a thin coating of metallic chromium (next to the substrate) and
chromium hydroxide surface layer.
ECCS: Electrolytic Chromium Coated Sheets.
ECM: An abbreviation for electrochemical machining.
Eco: Electro Catalytic Oxidation.
Econamine: s Econamine uses diglycolamine as the aqueous solvent for H2S
and CO2 removal from gas streams
Econamine fg: s Econamine FG technology is a carbon dioxide recovery
process. It has MEA scrubbing technology with special additives to prevent
excessive degradation and corrosion caused by oxidizing agents in flue gas.
Econamine fg plus: s Econamine FG Plus uses aqueous mono-ethanolamine
solutions for producing food grade CO2. Econamine FG Plus is also used for
carbon capture and sequestration projects.
Economizer: A specially designed bank of boiler tubes used to heat the
boiler feedwater before it enters the boiler drum. Boiler exhaust gases pass
across the economizers which are located in the exhaust ductwork and the
heat is transferred to the feedwater. Preheating of the feedwater helps to
reduce boiler fuel requirements.
Economizer: A specially designed bank of boiler tubes used to heat the
boiler feed water before it enters the boiler drum. Boiler exhaust gases pass
across the economizers which are located in the exhaust ductwork and the
heat is transferred to the feed water. Preheating of the feed water helps to
reduce boiler fuel requirements.
Economizer Recirculator: Line that connects the waterwall to the
economizer to ensure positive flow through the economizer so as to not allow
steam in the economizer during O2 blow.
Economizer Recirculator: Line that connects waterwall to economizer to
ensure positive flow through economizer so as to not allow steam in the
economizer during O2 blow.
Economizer : A series of tubes located in the path of flue gases. Feed water
is pumped through these tubes on its way to the boiler in order to absorb
waste heat from the flue gas.
Econosolv: process that uses dimethylether of polyethylene glycol as a
solvent for removal of contaminants such as H2S, CO2, COS, Mercaptans,
and others. Selective removal is also possible.
Ecosystem: the organisms, physical environment, and climate in a given area
Ecs : Empire City Subway Company is a whollyowned subsidiary of Verizon
that specializes in subsurface engineering and construction services.
Eddy Current Separator: In magnetics, an eddy current is created when a
conductor and the magnetic field source are moving relative to each other.
This relative motion causes a changing magnetic field that generates a
magnetic flux counter to that created by the magnetic field. The result is a
repulsive force between the magnet and the conductor. An eddy current
separator makes use of this magnetic reaction to remove non-ferrous metals
from magnetic metals, usually in conjunction with a converyor belt system
transporting the mixed material.
Eddy Current Testing: Nondestructive testing method in which eddy curent
flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in
the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent analysis by
suitable instrumentation and techniques.
Eddy current testing: An electromagnetic nondestructive testing method in
which eddy-current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in flow caused
by variations in the object are deflected into a nearby coil or coils where they
are measured.
Eddy Currents: A condition caused by an uneven roll surface. It is seen on
the edges of a coil, not across the full width of the coil.
Eddy currents (electricity): An electromagnetic nondestructive testing
method in which eddy-current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in
flow caused by variations in the object are deflected into a nearby coil or
coils where they are measured.
Eddy currents (steam turbines): Impulse TurbineAs the steam passes
through convergent nozzles, if the exit pressure is less than 0.577 x inlet
pressure (the critical pressure for nozzles), eddy-currents are developed and
the exit velocity will be less than calculated.
Eddy-Current: (see Eddy-current Braking)
Eddy-Current Braking: A method of Bridge Crane Control by which the
motor drives through an electrical induction load brake.
Eddy-Current Testing: Non-destructive testing method in which eddy-
current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by
variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent
analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.
Edge: 1. To turn by 90° a piece of steel which is being rolled so it goes to the
mill on its edge. 2. To roll a piece which has been so turned.
Edge angle: 1) A structural angle that is connected around the edge of a joist
extension or other member 2) An angle used around the sides of a floor to
contain the concrete when it is being poured which is also called a Pour Stop.
Edge Break: A condition caused by an uneven roll surface. It is seen on the
edges of a coil, not across the full width of the coil.
Edge Buckle: Edge buckle is similar to center buckle except that the
condition occurs in one, or both edges, of the strip and is generally confined
to a narrow portion of the width.
Edge Buckle: Edge buckle is similar to center buckle except that the
condition occurs in one, or both edges, of the strip and is generally confined
to a narrow portion of the width.
Edge Buildup: Condition that results when burred or damaged plate causes
the edge of the coil to be higher in coating than the center of the coil.
Edge Buildup: Condition that results when burred or damaged plate causes
the edge of the coil to be higher in coating than the center of the coil.
Edge Condition: Mill edge is the normal edge produced in rolling, and does
not conform to any definite contour. A sheared edge is one that has been cut
after rolling. A slit edge results when a strip is cut into multiple widths by
means of a rotary knife.
Edge Dislocation: See dislocation. (see Dislocation)
Edge distance: The distance from the center of a hole to the edge of a
connected part.
Edge Filing: A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are
passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at
various angles. This method may be used for deburring only or filing to a
specific contour including a completely rounded edge.
Edge Filing: A method whereby the raw or slit edges of strip metal are
passed or drawn one or more times against a series of files, mounted at
various angles. This method may be used for deburring only or filing to a
specific contour including a completely rounded edge.
Edge Rolling : Rolling a strip of steel to smooth the edges. By removing the
burr off the coil, it is safer for customers to manipulate.
Edge Strain: Transverse strain lines or Lüders lines ranging from 25 to 300
mm (1 to 12 in.) in from the edges of cold rolled steel sheet or strip. See also
Lüders Lines. (see Lüders Lines)
Edge Strain Or Edge Breaks: Creases extending in from the edge of the
temper rolled sheet.
Edge strip: The width or region around the edges of a building where uplift
values are higher than in the interior of the roof.
Edge Wave: A condition in the band of steel where the edges (in the
direction of rolling) are longer than the center.
Edge Wave: A condition in the band of steel where the edges (in the
direction of rolling) are longer than the center.
Edger (Edging Impression): The portion of a die impression that distributes
metal during forging into areas where it is most needed. This occurs to
facilitate filling the cavities of subsequent impressions that will be used in the
forging sequence. See also fuller (fullering impression). (see Fuller)
Edges: Many types of edges can be produced in the manufacture of flat
rolled metal products. Over the years the following types of edges have
become recognized as standard in their respective fields. . Copper Base
Alloys Slit, Slit and Edge Rolled, Sheared, Sawed, Machined or Drawn .
Sheet Steels or Aluminum Sheet Mill Edge, Slit Edge or Sheared Edge. .
Strip Steels and Stainless Strip . No. 1 Edge A Smooth, uniform, round or
square edge, either slit or filed or slit and edge rolled as specified, width
tolerance +/ .005. . No. 2 Edge A natural sound mill edge carried through
from the hot rolled band. Has not been slit, filed, or edge rolled. Tolerances
not closer than hot rolled strip limits. . No. 3 Edge Square, produced by
slitting only. Not filed. Width tolerances close. . No. 4 Edge A round edge
produced by edge rolling either from a natural mill edge or from slit edge
strip. Not as perfect as No. 1 edge. Width tolerances liberal. . No. 5 Edge An
approximately square edge produced by slitting and filing or slitting and
rolling to remove burr. . No. 6 Edge A square edge produced by square edge
rolling, generally from square edge hot rolled occasionally from slit strip.
Width tolerances and finish not as exancting as No. 1 edge.
EDM: Abbreviation for electrical discharge machining.
Edta: A chelating agent used with boiler water treatment. Often referred as
the replacement for the phosphate-hydroxide treatment method.
Educational accord : An agreement that provides benchmarking of
educational standards and mutual recognition benefits to individuals who
hold qualifications accredited by signatories.
Educational objectives : A statement of the intended achievement that
graduates of a programme must be capable of, often with emphasis on the
early years after graduation.
Eelectromagnetic Forming: A process for forming metal by the direct
application of an intense, transient magnetic field. The workpiece is formed
without mechanical contact by the passage of a pulse of electric current
through a forming coil. Also known as magnetic pulse forming. (see Pulse
Forming)
Effective Crack Size: The physical crack size augmented for the effects of
crack tip plastic deformation. Sometimes the effective crack size is calculated
from a measured value of a physical crack size plus a calculated value of a
plastic zone adjustment. A preferred method for calculation of effective crack
size compares compliance from the secant of a load deflection trace with the
elastic compliance from a calibration for the type of specimen.
Effective depth: The distance from the centroid of the top chord to the
centroid of the bottom chord.
Effective Draw: The maximum limits of forming depth that can be achieved
with a multiple-action press; sometimes called maximum draw or maximum
depth of draw.
Effective length: The equivalent length, KL, used in compression formulas.
This method estimates the interaction effects of the total frame on a
compression member by using K factors to equate the strength of a framed
compression member of length L to an equivalent pin-ended member of
length KL subject to axial load only.
Effective length: A concept used in the design of structural members. May
be more or less than the actual length to compensate for the degree of
restraint of the ends of the member, a member which is more rigidly held at
the ends being stronger.
Effective length factor (k): The ratio between the effective length and the
unbraced length of a member measured between center of gravities of the
bracing members. K values are given for several idealized conditions in
which joint rotation and translation are realized.
Effective moment of inertia: The moment of inertia of the cross section of a
member that remains elastic when partial plastification takes place. See
Moment of Inertia.
Effective temperature: Overall effect on a human of air temperature,
humidity and air movement.
Effective width: The transverse distance indicating the amount of slab that
acts in conjuction with the supporting member.
Efficiency: The ratio of output to input. Volumetric efficiency of a pump is
the actual output, in gpm, divided by the theoretical or design output.
Efficiency : It is the power output divided by the power input.
Efflorescence: A white or coloured powder sometimes formed on the surface
of masonry by deposit of soluble salts.
Effluent: waste liquid from a house, industry, sewage treatment plant, etc.
Effluent: A combination of water and particulates pulled from exhaust gases
that is sent out for treatment.
Effluent: A combination of water and particulates pulled from exhaust gases
that is sent to Hydromation for treatment.
Effluent : The solution which emerges from an ion-exchange column.
Efis: Electronic Flight Instrument System, in which multi-
function CRT displays replace traditional instruments for providing flight,
navigation and aircraft systems information, forming a so-called “glass
cockpit”.
Egress: A plumbing or electrical fitting that lets you change directions in
runs of pipe or conduit.
Egress: A means of exiting the home. An egress window is required in every
bedroom and basement. Normally a 4′ X 4′ window is the minimum size
required
Egt: Exhaust Gas Temperature. One of the flight deck’s engine gauges.
Eicas: Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System. A CRT display
indicating engine performance and alerts.
Eis : Environmental Impact Statement.
Ej: Abbrevbation for 'Expansion Joint'.
Ejector: A device mounted in such a way that it removes or assists in
removing a formed part from a die.
Ejector Half: The movable half of a die-casting die containing the ejector
pins.
Ejector Pins: Movable pins in the pattern die that "push" to remove cast
pattern from the dies.
Ejector Pins: Moveable pins in tahe pattern die tha t?push? to remove cast
pattern form the dies.
Ejector Rod: A rod used to push out a fonned piece.
Elastic analysis: The analysis of a member which assumes that material
deformation disappears on removal of the force that produced it and the
material returns to its original state.
Elastic Constants: The factors of proportionality that relate elastic
displacement of a material to applied forces. See also bulk modulus of
elasticity, Poisson's ratio and shear modulus. (see Bulk Modulus of
Elasticity) (see Poisson's ratio) (see Shear Modulus)
Elastic Deformation: Stretching of the material below the point at which a
permanent "set" takes place. That is, in the range where the metal acts spring-
like or elastic.
Elastic Deformation: Stretching of the material below the point at which a
permanent set takes place. That is, in the range where the metal acts spring
like or elastic.
Elastic design: See Allowable Stress Design and Working Stress Design.
Elastic Hysteresis: A misnomer for an anelastic strain that lags a change in
applied stress, thereby creating energy loss during cyclic loading. More
properly termed mechanical hysteresis. (see Mechanical Hysteresis)
Elastic Limit: The maximum stress a metal can withstand without any
permanent strain (deformation) remaining when the load is removed.
Elastic Limit: Maximum stress that a material will withstand without
permanent deformation. See Yield Strength
Elastic limits : -
Elastic Ratio: Yield point divided by tensile strength.
Elastic Resistance Welded Pipe: ERW pipe is made from strips of hot
rolled steel, which are passed through forming rolls and welded. While
seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive than ERW pipe,
ERW technology is improving and the technique now accounts for
approximately 48% of annual tonnage shipments of oil country tubular
goods.
Elastic Resistance Welded Pipe: ERW pipe is made from strips of hot
rolled stee, which sre passed through forming rolls and welded. While
seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive than ERW pipe,
ERW technology is improving and the technique now accounts for
approximately 48% of annual tonnage shipments of oil country tublular
goods.
Elastic Springback: When stainless steel is bent, the metal towards the
outside of the bend is in tension and the metal towards the inside is in
compression. If the applied bending force is not sufficient to cause permanent
plastic flow at either the inner or outer surfaces, the metal will return
elastically to its original shape. Stainless steel has a greater elastic springback
than mild steel.
Elastic Strain: Dimensional changes accompanying stress where the original
dimensions are restored upon release of the stress.
Elastic Strain Energy: The energy expended by the action of external forces
in deforming a body elastically. Essentially all the work performed during
elastic deformation is stored as elastic energy, and this energy is recovered
upon release of the applied force.
Elasticity: Property of certain solid materials that makes them capable of
recovering their original size and shape after deformation.
Elasticity: The property of a material which enables it to return to its original
shape and dimensions when the stress on it causing these changes is
removed.
Elastohydrodynamic (EHL or EHD) Lubrication: A thin-film form of
lubrication in which an elastic deformation occurs between two non-
conforming components in loaded contact; at the same time, the high load in
this small contact area causes a temporary, extreme increase in viscosity that
traps the lubricant momentarily in the contact area, greatly increasing its
load-carrying capacity.
Elastomer: A rubber or rubber-like natural or synthetic material that can be
stretched repeatedly and that returns to its approximate original dimensions
when the stress is released.
Elastomer : Elastic rubber like substance, neoprene, etc.
Elb: Emergency Locator Beacon. See ELT (below).
Elbow (ell)-: The trench or area in the yard where the electric service line
(from a transformer or pedestal) is located, or the work of installing the
electric service to a home.
Elbow (ell)-: A plumbing or electrical fitting that lets you change directions
in runs of pipe or conduit.
Electocleaning : An anodic treatment. A cleaning, polishing, or oxidizing
treatment i which the specimen or work is made the anode in a suitable
electrolyte; an inert metal is used as cathode and a potential is applied.
Electric Actuators: An actuator is a mechanical device used to move one
component relative to another. An electrical actuator is an electrically-driven
device that is used to turn on or off another device. There is no one design for
an electrical actuator - they are designed specifically for the job they need to
perform. The actuator may be linear, rotational, or oscillatory, with a short or
long travel distance.
Electric Arc Furnace: (EAF or EF) An economical method of steelmaking
that is energized by an electric arc flowing between two bottom electrodes.
Furnace charges consist of purchased scrap.
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF): A furnace which refines iron and scrap into
steel. In this process, the proportion of scrap used can be increased to 100%
of the metal charge. Once the furnace is charged and covered, graphite
electrodes are lowered through holes in the roof. The electric arc travelling
between the electrodes and the metallic charge creates intense heat which
melts the charge. Alloying elements can be added during the process.
Electric Baffle: Conductors that are wired to cut off electric power to
approaching motor-driven equipment if track switches, drop sections, and
other movable track devices are not properly set for passage of equipment.
Electric defrosting : Use of electric resistance heating coils to melt ice and
frost off evaporators during defrosting.
Electric Drum Heaters: An electric drum heater is a metallic band used to
heat drums of materials, usually chemicals, in process applications. The drum
heater usually includes a spring clamps to securely fasten the band to the
drum and a thermostat to help regulate the temperature of the drum contents.
Electric Furnace Steel: Steel made in any furnace where heat is generated
electrically, almost always by arc. Because of relatively high cost, only tool
steels and other high value steels are made by the electric furnace process.
Electric Header Valve: An electric valve that will isolate a blower from the
rest of the blowers that are on line.
Electric lateral: Metal wires that heat up when electric current passes
through them and are used in baseboard heaters and electric water heaters.
Electric lateral: The trench or area in the yard where the electric service line
(from a transformer or pedestal) is located, or the work of installing the
electric service to a home.
Electric Linear Actuator: An actuator is a mechanical device used to move
one component relative to another. An electrical actuator is an electrically-
driven device that is used to turn on or off another device. There is no one
design for an electrical actuator - they are designed specifically for the job
they need to perform. In a linear actuator, the motion of the actuator and the
driven component is constrained to linear motion.
Electric Motor: An electromechanical device that converts electrical power
into rotary motion. The resultant power output is measured in horsepower.
Electric Overhead Traveling Crane: An electrically operated machine for
lifting, lowering and transporting loads, consisting of a movable bridge
carrying a fixed or movable hoisting mechanism and traveling on an
overhead runway structure.
Electric resistance coils: The entry point of the electrical power including:
(1) the 'strike' or location where the overhead or underground electrical lines
connect to the house, (2) The meter which measures how much power is used
and (3) The 'panel' or 'circuit breaker box ' (or 'fuse box') where the power
can be shut off and where overload devices such a fuses or circuit breakers
and located.
Electric resistance coils: Metal wires that heat up when electric current
passes through them and are used in baseboard heaters and electric water
heaters.
Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipe: Pipe made from strips of hot-
rolled steel which are passed through forming rolls and welded. While
seamless pipe is traditionally stronger and more expensive than comparable
ERW pipe, ERW technology is improving and the technique now accounts
for approximately 48% of OCTG shipments by tonnage.
Electric Shears: Tool used to cut heavy gauge steel.
Electric Steering Gear: An electric steering gear is a component used in
automobile power steering systems. The steering gear is connected to an
electric motor which provides a steering assist force based on the conditions
of the road and the response between the steering wheel and the driveshaft.
Electrical Braking System: A method of Bridge Crane Controlling crane
motor speed when in an overhauling condition, without the use of friction
braking.
Electrical circuit -: A power supply, a load, and a path for current flow are
the minimum requirements for an electrical circuit.
Electrical Discharge Grinding: Grinding by spark discharges between a
negative electrode grinding wheel and a positive workpiece separated by a
small gap containing a dielectric fluid such as petroleum oil.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM): Metal removed by a rapid spark
discharge between different polarity electrodes, one on the workpiece and the
other the tool separated by a gap distance of 0.013 to 0.9 mm (0.0005 to
0.035 in). The gap is filled with dielectric fluid and metal particles that are
melted, in part vaporized, and expelled from the gap.
Electrical Discharge Wire Cutting: A special form of electrical discharge
machining wherein the electrode is a continuous moving conductive wire.
Also referred to as traveling wire electrical discharge machining.
Electrical Disintegration: Metal removal by an electrical spark acting in air.
It is not subject to precise control, the most common application being the
removal of broken tools such as taps and drills.
Electrical Distribution Boards: An electrical distribution board is an
electrical system component that is used to divide an electrical power signal
into multiple branch circuits. The distribution board should also be equipped
with circuit breakers or other forms of fault protection to protect the circuits
and the environment to which power is supplied.
Electrical engineer : an engineer concerned with electrical devices and
systems and with the use of electrical energy
Electrical entrance package: Work performed by the Electrical Contractor
after the plumber and heating contractor are complete with their phase of
work. Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes are
installed (before insulation).
Electrical entrance package: The entry point of the electrical power
including: (1) the ‘strike’ or location where the overhead or underground
electrical lines connect to the house, (2) The meter which measures how
much power is used and (3) The ‘panel’ or ‘circuit breaker box ‘ (or ‘fuse
box’) where the power can be shut off and where overload devices such a
fuses or circuit breakers and located.
Electrical Forklift Trucks: An electrical forklift truck is a human-operated
piece of machinery used to lift and move equipment and materials. Forklifts
are powered from a battery and have transmissions and controls to
manipulate the forklift's drive system and the mechanism controlling the
forks. Forklifts are often coutnerbalanced, with significant weight placed at
the aft end of the vehicle to counter the weight of the load on the forks.
Electrical isolation : separating two conductive materials from electrical
contact; galvanized steel is sometimes electrically isolated in order to prevent
rapid consumption of the zinc coating
Electrical Pitting: The formation of surface cavities by removal of metal as a
result of an electrical discharge across an interface.
Electrical Precipitator: In air pollution control, the use of electrodes in stack
emissions emitting high voltage; particles 0.1 micron and smaller can be
attached and collected at the discharge electrode.
Electrical Precipitator: In air pollution control, the use of electrodes in stack
emissions emitting high voltage; particles 0.1 micron and smaller can be
attached and collected at discharge electrode.
Electrical rough: Work performed by the electrical contractor when the
house is nearing completion. The electrician installs all plugs, switches, light
fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance "pig tails", bath ventilation fans, wires
the furnace, and "makes up" the electric house panel. The electrician does all
work necessary to get the home ready for and to pass the municipal electrical
final inspection
Electrical rough: Work performed by the Electrical Contractor after the
plumber and heating contractor are complete with their phase of work.
Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes are
installed (before insulation).
Electrical Steel: Steel that includes silicon. The silicon content allows the
steel to minimize energy loss during electrical applications. (See Silicon
Electrical Steel)
Electrical Steels: Specially manufactured cold rolled sheet and strip
containing silicon, processed to develop definite magnetic characteristics for
use by the electrical industry. (see Silicon Electrical Steel)
Electrical trim: The page on the blue prints that depicts the house or room as
if a vertical plane were passed through the structure.
Electrical trim: Work performed by the electrical contractor when the house
is nearing completion. The electrician installs all plugs, switches, light
fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance “pig tails”, bath ventilation fans, wires
the furnace, and “makes up” the electric house panel. The electrician does all
work necessary to get the home ready for and to pass the municipal electrical
final inspection
Electrically Interlocked: An electrical device in the starter circuit which
prevents a short circuit when opposite Bridge Crane Controls are operated at
the same time.
Electrification: The track mounted conductor system by which the moving
equipment receives its electrical power.
Electro dialysis : This is a membrane process where an applied electric
charge draws impurity ions through permeable membranes to create high
purity feed water streams or low purity waste streams.
Electro Galvanizing: Galvanizing by Electro deposition of zinc on steel
Electro Mechanical Assembly: An electro-mechanical assembly is a
collection of electrical components and mechanical connectors put together
into an assembled unit. This term is often applied to cable assemblies, in
which one or more different types of conductors are combined into a cable
bundle and terminated with a pin connector.
Electro Mechanical Protection Relays: A protecion relay is a type of switch
used in electrical circuits to monitor and protect against an overload or fault
condition. The protection relay may operate by monitoring any type of
electrical measurement, include current, voltage, and frequency. Electro
mechanical protection relays are often used in larger scale power distribution
applications. Rather than using a bimetallic strip of metal to open like in a
traditional circuit breaker, an electro mechanical relay uses two
electromagnetic coils, one to open the breaker contacts and one to close them.
The protective relay monitors for the overload or fault condition, then
energizes the open coil when a fault is detected.
Electro regeneration : Hydrogen and hydroxyl ions are formed be electrical
splitting of water molecules and are swept through the unit by steady, low-
voltage direct current, continuously cleansing the resin beads and carrying
away the unwanted salts
Electrochemical: Pertaining to chemical reactions induced by an electric
current, such as electrolysis or electroplating.
Electrochemical: Pertaining to chemical reactions induced by an electric
current, such as electrolysis or electroplating
Electrochemical Cell: An electrochemical system consisting of an anode and
a cathode in metallic contact and immersed in an electrolyte. The anode and
cathode may be different metals or dissimilar areas on the same metal
surface. See also cathodic protection.
Electrochemical Corrosion: Contact corrosion, electrolytic corrosion,
galvanic corrosion. Localized corrosion from exposure of an assembly of
dissimilar metals in contact or coupled with one another, i.e., electrochemical
action.
Electrochemical Corrosion: Corrosion that is accompanied by a flow of
electrons between cathodic and anodic areas on metallic surfaces.
Electrochemical Corrosion: Contact corrosion, Electrolytic corrosion,
Galvanic corrosion) Localized corrosion from exposure of an assembly of
dissimilar metals in contact or coupled with one another, i.e., electrochemical
action.
Electrochemical Discharge Machining: Metal removal by a combination of
the processes of electrochemical machining and electrical discharge
machining. Most of the metal removal occurs via anodic dissolution (ie.,
ECM action). Oxide films which form as a result of electrolytic action
through an electrolytic fluid are removed by intermittent spark discharges
(i.e., EDM action). Hence, the combination of the two actions.
Electrochemical Equivalent: The weight of an element or group of elements
oxidized or reduced at 100% efficiency by the passage of a unit quantity of
electricity. Usually expressed as grams per coulomb.
Electrochemical Grinding: A process whereby metal is removed by
deplating. The workpiece is the anode; the cathode is a conductive aluminum
oxide-copper or metal-bonded diamond grinding wheel with abrasive
particles. Most of the metal is removed by deplating; 0.05 to 10% is removed
by abrasive cutting.
Electrochemical Machining (ECM): Controlled metal removal by anodic
dissolution. Direct current passes through flowing film of conductive solution
which separates the workpiece from the electrode tool. The workpiece is the
anode and the tool is the cathode.
Electrochemical Potential: The partial derivative of the total
electrochemical free energy of a constituent with respect to the number of
moles of this constituent where all factors are kept constant. It is analogous to
the chemical potential of a constituent except that it includes the electric as
well as chemical contributions to the free energy. The potential of an
electrode in an electrolyte relative to a reference electrode measured under
open circuit conditions.
Electrochemical Reaction: A reaction caused by passage of an electric
current through a medium that contains mobile ions (as in electrolysis); or, a
spontaneous reaction made to cause current to flow in a conductor external to
this medium (as in a galvanic cell). In either event, electrical connection is
made to the external portion of the circuit via a pair of electrodes. See also
electrolyte.
Electrochemical reactions : A metal wasting process, due to the fluid (boiler
water) being subjected to an electrical current.
Electrocleaning (Electrolytic Brightening): An anodic treatment. A
cleaning, polishing or oxidizing treatment in which the specimen or work
makes the anode in a suitable electrolyte; an inert metal is used as a cathode
and a potential is applied.
Electrode: The device through which current is conducted thru to the arc or
base metal during the process of welding.
Electrode: A carbon (graphite) rod that carries electricity to melt the scrap in
an EAF.
Electrode: Compressed graphite or carbon cylinder or rod used to conduct
electric current in electric arc furnaces, arc lamps, carbon arc welding, etc.
Electrode (electrochemistry): One of a pair of conductors introduced into an
electrochemical cell, between which the ions in the intervening medium flow
in opposite directions and on whose surfaces reactions occur (when
appropriate external connection is made). In direct current operation, one
electrode or "pole" is positively charged while the other is negatively
charged. See also anode, cathode, electrochemical reaction, and electrolyte.
Electrode (welding): (1) In arc welding, a current-carrying rod that supports
the arc between the rod and work or between two rods as in twin carbon-arc
welding. It may or may not furnish filler metal. See also bare electrode. (2) In
resistance welding, a part of a resistance welding machine through which
current and, in most instances, pressure are applied directly to the work. The
electrode may be in the form of a rotating wheel, rotating roll, bar, cylinder,
plate, clamp, chuck or modification thereof. (3) In arc and plasma spraying,
the current-carrying components that support the arc. (see Bare Electrode)
Electrode boiler : A boiler which generates steam or hot water by the action
of immersed electrodes which conduct electricity through the boiler water,
which, in turn, generates heat by its resistance to electric current.
Electrode Deposition: The weight of weld-metal deposit obtained from a
unit length of electrode.
Electrode Extension: For gas metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, and
submerged arc welding, the length of unmelted electrode extending beyond
the end of the contact tube.
Electrode Force: The force between electrodes in a spot, seam and
projection weld.
Electrode Holder: A device used for mechanically holding the electrode
while conducting current to it.
Electrode Indentation (resistance welding): The depression formed on the
surface of workpieces by electrodes.
Electrode Lead: The electrical conductor between the source of arc welding
current and the electrode holder.
Electrode Polarization: Change of electrode potential with respect to a
reference value. The change may be caused, for example, by the application
of an external electrical current or by the addition of an oxidant or reductant.
Electrode Potential: The potential of an electrode in electrolysis as
measured against a reference electrode. The electrode potential does not
include any resistance losses in potential in either the solution or external
circuit. It represents the reversible work to move a unit charge from the
electrode surface through the solution to the reference electrode.
Electrode Reaction: Interfacial reaction equivalent to a transfer of charge
between electronic and ionic conductors. See also anodic reaction and
cathodic reaction.
Electrode : see anode or cathode, whichever is appropriate
Electrodeposition: (1) The deposition of a conductive material from a
plating solution by the application of electrical current. (2) The deposition of
a substance on an electrode by passing electric current through an electrolyte.
Electroplating, electroforming, electrorefining and electrotwinning result
from electrodeposition.
Electrodeposition: Application of a coating by immersing the parts in a bath
of water containing resin, electrolytic stabilizers and pigments. An electric
current is passed through the bath using the parts as anodes, plating them
with resins and colors.
Electrodeposition: Application of a coating by immersing the parts in a bath
of water containing resin, electrolytic stabilizers and pigments. An electric
current is passed through the bath using the parts as anodes, plating them
with resins and colors.
Electroforming: Making parts by electrodeposition on a removable form.
Electrogalvanized: Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on the
positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel.
The thickness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. By increasing the
electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the
coating will thicken
Electrogalvanizing: A continuous process used to produce a zinc coating on
steel sheet by electroplating. Both sulfuric or hydrochloric acid solutions are
used. The most common method uses sulfuric acid with insoluble anodes.
Produces thin coatings generally less than 10 um (0.4 mils) thick.
Electrogas Welding (EGW): An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler
metal electrode and the work. Molding shoes are used to confine the molten
weld metal for vertical position welding. The electrodes may either be flux
cored or solid. Shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally
supplied gas or mixture.
Electrohydraulic Servo Valve: A servo valve which is capable of
continuously controlling hydraulic output as a function of an electrical input.
Electroless Plating: (1) A process in which metal ions in a dilute aqueous
solution are plated out on a substrate by means of autocatalytic chemical
reduction. (2) The deposition of conductive material from an autocatalytic
plating solution without the application of electrical current.
Electrolysis: The separation of a chemical compound into its components by
passing an electric current through it.
Electrolysis : The separation of a chemical compound into its components by
passing an electric current through it.
Electrolysis : Chemical decomposition caused by action of an electric current
in a solution.
Electrolyte: A dissolved or fused substance capable of conducting an electric
current; examples include the molten solution electrolyzed in an aluminum
reduction cell, or the acid solution in a wet-cell battery.
Electrolyte : an ionized chemical substance or mixture, usually liquid, that
will conduct electric currents; water, soil, or many chemical solutions
Electrolyte : A chemical compound which dissociates or ionizes in water to
produce a solution which will conduct an electric current; an acid, base, or
salt.
Electrolytic Cell: An assembly consisting of a vessel, electrodes and an
electrolyte in which electrolysis can be carried out.
Electrolytic Cleaning: A process of removing soil, scale or corrosion
products from a metal surface by subjecting it as an electrode to an electric
current in an electrolytic bath.
Electrolytic Copper: Copper that has been refined by electrodeposition,
including cathodes that are the direct product of the refining operation,
refinery shapes cast from melted cathodes, and by extension fabricators
products made therefrom. Usually when this term is used alone, it refers to
electrolytic tough pitch copper without elements other than oxygen being
present in significant amounts. See also tough pitch copper. (see Tough Pitch
Copper)
Electrolytic Galvanized: Application of a coating of zinc by
electrodeposition; used for applications in which corrosion resistance and
paintability is a primary concern.
Electrolytic Galvanized: Cold Rolled or Black Plate to which a coating of
zinc is applied by electro deposition; used for applications in which corrosion
resistance and paintability is a primary concern.
Electrolytic Grinding: A combination of grinding and machining wherein a
metal-bonded abrasive wheel, usually diamond, is the cathode in physical
contact with the anodic workpiece, the contact being made beneath the
surface of a suitable electrolyte. The abrasive particles that produce grinding
act as nonconducting spacers permitting simultaneous machining through
electrolysis.
Electrolytic Machining: Controlled removal of metal using an applied
potential and a suitable electrolyte to produce the shapes and dimensions
desired.
Electrolytic Picking: Pickling in which electric current is used; the work
being one of the electrodes.
Electrolytic Polishing: An electrochemical polishing process in which the
metal to be polished is made the anode in an electrolytic cell where
preferential dissolution at high points in the surface topography produces a
specularly reflective surface. Also referred to as electropolishing.
Electrolytic Powder: Powder produced by electrodeposition or by
pulverizing of an electrodeposit.
Electrolytic Protection: See preferred term cathodic protection. (see
Cathodic Protection)
Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets (ETCS): Cold rolled sheet coated with tin
by electrodeposition through an acid or alkaline process.
Electrolytic Tin Plate: (ETP) 1) Light gauge, low carbon, cold reduced steel
on which tin has been electrodeposited. 2) Black plate coated with Tin Sn
electron deposition.
Electrolytic Tin Plate (ETP): 1. Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel
on which tin has been electrodeposited. 2. Black plate coated with Tin Sn
electron deposition.
Electrolytic Tough Pitch: A term describing the method of raw copper
preparation to ensure a good physical- and electrical-grade copper-finished
product.
Electromagnetic Clutches: A clutch is a mechanical device used to transmit
force from one mechanism to another. Typically rotating, the clutch
component is engaged by moving it into a contact position with the
mechanism that is being driven. In an electromagnetic clutch, a magnetic
field is created and used to pull the armature component into the rotor
component. When the air gap between these two components is closed, the
electromagnetic clutch is engaged and the rotation in the driven mechanism is
started. The strength of the magnetic attraction and the friction between the
two components then transmits torque through the clutch.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Energy propagated at the speed of light by an
electromagnetic field.
Electromechanical Polishing: An attack-polishing method in which the
chemical action of the polishing fluid is enhanced or controlled by the
application of an electric current between the specimen and the polishing
wheel.
Electro-Mechanical Protection Relays: A protecion relay is a type of
switch used in electrical circuits to monitor and protect against an overload or
fault condition. The protection relay may operate by monitoring any type of
electrical measurement, include current, voltage, and frequency. Electro-
mechanical protection relays are often used in larger scale power distribution
applications. Rather than using a bimetallic strip of metal to open like in a
traditional circuit breaker, an electro-mechanical relay uses two
electromagnetic coils, one to open the breaker contacts and one to close them.
The protective relay monitors for the overload or fault condition, then
energizes the open coil when a fault is detected.
Electromechanical : Converting electrical input into mechanical action. A
relay is an electromechanical switch.
Electrometallurgy: Industrial recovery or processing of metals and alloys by
electric or electrolytic methods.
Electromotive Force: (1) The force that determines the flow of electricity; a
difference of electric potential. (2) Electrical potential; voltage.
Electromotive Force Series (emf series): A series of elements arranged
according to their standard elecltrode potentials with "noble" metals such as
gold being positive and "active" metals such as zinc being negative. In
corrosion studies, the analogous but more practical galvanic series of metals
is generally used. The relative positions of a given metal are not necessarily
the same in the two series.
Electron Bands: Energy states for the free electrons in a metal, as described
by the use of the band theory (woe theory) of electron structure. Also called
Brillouin zones.
Electron Beam Beat Treating: A selective surface hardening process that
rapidly heats a surface by direct bombardment with an accelerated stream of
electrons.
Electron Beam Cutting: A cutting process that uses the heat obtained from a
concentrated beam composed primarily of high-velocity electrons. which
impinge on the workpieces to be cut; it may or may not use an externally
supplied gas.
Electron Beam Machining: Removing material by melting and vaporizing
the workpiece at the point of impingement of a focused high-velocity beam
of electrons. The machining is done in high vacuum to eliminate scattering of
the electrons due to interaction with gas molecules. The most important use
of electron beam machining is for hole drilling.
Electron Beam Microprobe Analyzer: An instrument for selective chemical
analysis of a small volume of material. An electron beam bombards the area
of interest and x-radiation thereby emitted is analyzed in a spectrometer.
Electron Beam Microprobe Analyzer: An instrument for selective chemical
analysis of a small volume of material. An electron beam bombards the area
of interest and x radiation thereby emitted is analyzed in a spectrometer.
Electron Beam Welding (EBW): A welding process that produces
coalescence of metals with the heat obtained from a concentrated beam
composed primarily of high-velocity electrons impinging on the surfaces to
be joined.
Electron Microprobe Analyzer: An instrument for selective analysis of a
microscopic area, in which an electron beam bombards the point of interest in
Vacuo at a given energy level. Intensity of backscatter is measured to
interpret which chemical elements are present, and by scanning a large area
the microprobe can analyze chemical composition and indicate the
distribution of an element.
Electronic Overload Relays: An electronic overload relay is a type of
switch used in electric motors to monitor and protect against a voltage or
current overload condition. Rather than using a thermal overload trip, an
electronic overload relay enables a trip circuit that shuts off power to the
motor starter when an overload condition is detected.
Electrophoresis: Transport of charged colloidal or macromolecular materials
in an electric field.
Electroplate: The application of a metallic coating on a surface by means of
electrolytic action.
Electroplating: A batch process used to produce a zinc coating on
manufactured articles. These may be functional (for corrosion protection) or
decorative coatings. Electric current is used to force the deposition of
negatively charged zinc ions from an acid solution onto the positively
charged cathode, which is the article to be coated. Produces thin coatings
generally less than 10 um (0.4 mils) thick.
Electroplating: Electro deposition of a metal or alloy in an adherent form on
to a cathodic piece.
Electroplating: The electrodeposition of an adherent metallic coating on an
object serving as a cathode for the purpose of securing a surface with
properties or dimensions different from those of the substrate.
Electroplating: The production of a thin coating of one metal on another by
electodeposition. It is very extensively used in industry and is continuing to
enlarge its useful functions. Various plated metal and combinations therof are
being used for different purposes, to illustrate: 1. Decorative and protection
against corrosioncopper, nickel and chromium . 2. Protection against
corrosioncadmium or zinc 3. Protection against wearchromium . 4. Build up
of a part or parts undersizechromium or nickel . 5. Pate for rubber
adhesionbrass . 6. Protection against carburization and for brazing
operationscopper and nickel
Electropolishing: A technique commonly used to prepare metallographic
specimens where preferential dissolution at high points smooths the surface.
A high polish is produced making the specimen the anode in an electrolytic
cell. Also referred to as electrolytic polishing.
Electrorefining: Using electric or electrolytic methods to convert impure
metal to pure metal, or to produce an alloy from impure or partly purified raw
materials.
Electrorheological Fluids: Fluids currently under development whose
rheological properties change in the presence of an electric field. Typically,
these fluids increase in viscosity in the presence of the field, then revert back
to their previous viscosity when the field is shut off.
Electroslag Refining: A specialised steel making process in which a rolled
or a cast ingot in the form of an electrode is remeltec in a water cooled copper
mould. The melting is activated by resistive heaat generated in a conductive
slag. The resulting product has a similar basic chemical composition to the
original ingot, but is characterised by high purity and low inclusion content.
Typical applications include high integrity components for the aerospace
industry.
Electro-Slag Remelting (ESR): A refining process which uses the heat of
resistance of molten slag to an electric arc to remelt an electrode in open
atmosphere. ESR results in metals of higher purity, more uniform grain size
and improved mechanical properties.
Electroslag Welding (ESW): A welding process that produces coalescence
of metals with molten slag that melts the filler metal and the surfaces of the
workpieces. The weld pool is shielded by this slag, which moves along the
full cross section of the joint as welding progresses. The process is initiated
by an arc that heats the slag. The arc is then extinguished by the conductive
slag that is kept molten by its resistance to electric current passing through
the electrode and the work pieces.
Electrostatic Charge: Phenomenon in hydraulic and lubrication systems that
is caused by the generation of electrical charge, its accumulation and eventual
discharge within or outside of the system. It is known to cause damage to
filters, hoses, heat-exchangers, etc.
Electrostatic Oiler: Machine that uses electrostatically charged oil particles
to deposit coating oils on steel sheets.
Electrostatic Oiler: A device used to apply a thin coating of oil to the strip.
Electrostatic Spraying: Application of a coating by applying a static
electricity charge to the droplets of a spray and an opposite charge to the part
being sprayed, which then attracts the droplets directly to its surface.
Electrostatic Spraying: Application of a coating by applying a static
electricity charge to the doplets of a spray and an opposite charge to the part
being sprayed, which then attracts the droplets directly to its surface.
Electrostrictive Effect: The reversible interaction exhibited by some
crystalline materials between an elastic strain and an electric field. The
direction of the strain is independent of the polarity of the field. Compare
with piezoelectric effect.
Electrotinning: Electroplating tin on an object.
Electrotyping: The production of printing plates by electroforming.
Electrowinning: An electrochemical process in which a metal dissolved
within an electrolyte is plated onto an electrode. Used to recover metals such
as cobalt, copper, gold, and nickel from solution in the leaching of ores,
concentrates, precipitates, matte, etc.
Electrowinning: Recovery of a metal from an ore by means of
electrochemical processes.
Element: Matter which cannot be broken up into simpler substances by
chemical action, that is, whose molecules are all composed of only one kind
of atom.
Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means
to a simpler substance.
Elevated Temperature Drawing: A process of drawing steel bars at
elevated temperatures (normally 250-300°C) which under optimum
conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield strengths than
those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction.
Elevated Temperature Drawing: A process of drawing steel bars at
elevated temperatures (normally 250 300oC) which under optimum
conditions produce steels that have higher tensile and yield strengths than
those cold drawn with the same degree of reduction. The process is little used
in the united kingdom.
Elevation: A geometrical drawing of a facade of a building.
Elevation head: The energy possessed per unit weight of a fluid because of
its elevation.
Elevation sheet: The "valuation" that you own in your home, i.e. the
property value less the mortgage loan outstanding.
Elevation sheet: The page on the blue prints that depicts the house or room
as if a vertical plane were passed through the structure.
Elevator Buckets: Elevator buckets are the transport buckets used in elevator
lines to move bulk materials like grain or granular products. The buckets
come in various sizes, shapes and material choices depending on the material
being moved in the elevator line.
Elongation: 1. This term is used on orders specifying tensile test on which a
minimum elongation between give points and distances has to be met. This
elongation is expressed as percent of stretch over a given length. 2. Total
plastic strain before fracture, measured as a percent or axial strain during
tensile testing.
Elongation: Increase in length which occurs before a metal is fractured,
when subjected to stress. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the
original length and is a measure of the ductility of the metal.
Elongation After Fracture: In tensile testing, the increase in the gauge
length measured after fracture of the specimen within the gauge length and
usually expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length.
Elongation Percent: The extension of a uniform section of a specimen
expressed as a percentage of the original gage length.
Elt: Emergency Locator Transmitter. Small radio transmitter fixed on the
aircraft’s structure, automatically activated by impact or water immersion,
transmitting a code enabling SAR satellites or search units equipped with
Direction Finders to locate the aircraft’s crash site. Also
called ADELT or ELB.
Elution: The stripping of adsorbed ions from an ion-exchange material by
the use of solutions containing other ions in concentrations higher than those
of the ions to be stripped.
Elutriation: A test for particle size in which the speed of a liquid or gas is
used to suspend particles of a desired size, with larger sizes settling for
removal and weighing, while smaller sizes are removed, collected and
weighed at certain time intervals.
Embankment : A ridge of earth or rock placed, shaped and compacted to
carry a road, railway, canal, etc., or to contain water.
Embankment dam : a dam composed of a mound of earth and rock; the
simplest type of gravity dam
Embedment: A steel member such as a plate, bolt, stud, or bar cast into a
concrete structure which is used to transmit applied loads to the concrete.
Embossed Aluminum: Flat rolled aluminum with a surface appearance that
has a stucco or grained look.
Embossed Aluminum: Flat rolled aluminum with a surface appearance that
has a stucco or grained look.
Embossed Sheet: An embossed sheet is one having a prominent, impressed
texture or pattern on its surface(s). If the defined texture is applied to
essentially on surface only, it is most properly termed a coined surface. If the
texture or pattern carries through the entire body of the sheet and appears on
both surfaces it is a true embossed surface.
Embossing: A stamping/forming operation to produce a raised (in relief)
impression.
Embrittlement: Loss of malleability of a metal due to chemical treatment or
physical change.
Embrittlement: Loss of ductility of a metal due to chemical or physical
change. See Acid Embrittlement and Hydrogen Embrittlement
Embrittlement : reduction in the normal ductility of a metal due to a
physical or chemical change that may occur when cold-worked steel is
immersed in molten zinc in the galvanizing kettle
Emergency Stack Damper: Set of two per boiler. An open damper allows
exhaust to vent to the atmosphere rather than to the scrubber.
Emery: A natural abrasive used for grinding or polishing. It is being largely
replaced by artificial abrasives.
EMF: An abbreviation for electromotive force.
Emission Spectroscopy: The branch of spectroscopy treating the theory,
interpretation and application of spectra originating in the emission of
electromagnetic radiation by atoms, ions, radicals and molecules.
Emissions Optimizing Furnace (EOF): The energy optimizing furnace
(EOF) burns coal, enhanced by oxygen injection, to generate the thermal
energy needed to preheat and then melt a mixture of scrap and pig iron, or
other steelmaking raw materials, in an enclosed hearth. It is a vertical process
with the hearth at the base, and chambers above in which scrap etc. is
preheated by offgases before descending into the melting zone. Steel is
tapped off at the bottom of the vessel. The technology was pioneered in
Brazil, but most working examples are in India, and commercial units are
typically in the 500,000-600,000 tonnes/year range. The EOF is recognized
as a way of producing good quality steel with relatively low investment and
operating costs, and is ideal where power networks cannot support the heavy
electrical loads imposed by electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking. However,
the EOF may be more environmentally damaging than the EAF.
Emissions Reduction Units (ERU): Emissions Reduction Units are carbon
credits, each with a value of one tonne of greenhouse gas emissions, which
are granted to projects in the Joint Implementation (JI) scheme. Like Certified
Emissions Reductions, they can be used under the European Emissions
Trading System (ETS), but only to account for a certain percentage of a
plant's emissions. (see Joint Implementation (JI))
Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS): An emissions trading scheme (or
system) is a way to price carbon emissions and thus encourage investment in
greenhouse gas emission reductions. It also indirectly serves to make
steelmaking more efficient. At the end of a year, plants must relinquish
carbon credits equal to the value of the emissions they produce. For example,
a plant that emits 1m tonnes of greenhouse gases in a year will have to hand
over 1m carbon credits at the end of that year. In the European emissions
trading system, the only fully functioning international scheme, most plants
currently receive their carbon credits for free from national governments.
They therefore only have to buy additional credits when their emissions
exceed expectations. However, this should change slowly from 2013 when
phase III (2013-2020) of the program begins. The number of free allocations
is expected to decrease, forcing plants to buy an ever greater number of
credits on the market or cut their emissions.
Emissions:: The gases and airborne particles produced during Combustion.
Emissivity: Ratio of the amount of energy or of energetic particles radiated
from a unit area of a surface to the amount radiated from a unit area of an
ideal emitter under the same conditions.
Empirical formula : A formula or rule based on one or many series of
observations or trials, but with no theoretical calculation.
Emulsibility: The capacity of a fluid insoluble in water to form an emulsion
with water.
Emulsifier: A substance that promotes the formation of a stable emulsion. In
industrial maintenance cleaning, emulsifiers are used to modify the surface
tension of liquid droplets (dispersed phase) to keep them from coalescing
(agglomerating); the resulting emulsion suspends soil in solution.
Emulsion: Colloidal dispersion of one immiscible liquid in another; the
second suspends, but does not dissolve, the first. Emulsions of oil and water
are formed either by agitation or with the aid of an emulsifying agent. In the
water-in-oil type, water droplets are held in suspension as the internal phase;
in the oil-in-water type, oil droplets are held in suspension and water is the
continuous phase. Both types exhibit a milky or cloudy appearance. The
water-in-oil type is known as an invert emulsion, as the oil is the continuous
phase.
Emulsion: A coolant formed by mixing soluble oils or compounds with
water.
Emulsion : A mixture with water. Asphalt emulsions are produced by adding
a small amount of emulsifying soap to asphalt cement and water. When the
water evaporates, the asphalt sets.
Emulsion : A colloidal dispersion of one liquid in another.
EN: Euronorm (A European standards organization.)
Enabling legislation: The statute (written law passed by legislature) that
grants an administrative board, tribunal, or commission the authorization for
it to take certain actions. For example, the enabling legislation of the Alberta
Human Rights Commission is the Alberta Human Rights Act.
Enamel: Organic material, which is applied in a film to protect or decorate
aluminum, tinplate, blackplate or paper.
Enamel: Organic material, which is applied in a film to protect or decorate
aluminum, tinplate, blackplate or paper.
Enameling Iron: A low-carbon, cold-rolled sheet steel produced specifically
for use as a base metal for porcelain enamel.
Enantiotropy: The relation of crystal forms of the same substance in which
one form is stable above a certain temperature and the other form is stable
below that temperature. For example, ferrite and austenite are enantiotropic in
ferrous alloys.
Enantiotropy: The relation of crystal forms of the same substance in which
one form is stable above a certain temperature and the other form stable
below that temperature. Ferrite and austenite are enantiotropic in ferrous
alloys, for example.
Enclosed Conductor: A conductor or group of conductors substantially
enclosed to prevent accidental contact.
Enclosure (Electrical): A housing to contain electrical components, usually
specified by a NEMA classification number.
Encoders: An encoder is is any device or method used to translate
information from one format to another. In the case of machinery systems,
encoders are typically used to convert transducer signals measure position
and orientation to a signal that is sent to a processed by a control system.
Encroachment : The use of the highway right-of-way for no highway
structures or other purposes.
End Approach: The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the runway,
between the outermost extremities of the crane and the centerline of the
hook.
End bay: The bay which is located from the end of a building to the first
interior main frame.
End diagonal or web: The first web member on either end of a joist or joist
girder which begins at the top chord at the seat and ends at the first bottom
chord panel point.
End distance: The horizontal distance from the first top chord panel point at
the end of a joist to the first bottom chord panel point.
End lap: The lap at the end of a sheet of deck which bears over the primary
support (joist or beam).
End Mark: A roll mark caused by the end of a sheet marking the roll during
hot or cold rolling.
End matching: Milled tongue and groove on the ends of flooring boards.
End Milling: A method of machining with a rotating cutting tool with
cutting edges on both the face end and the periphery. See also face milling
and milling. (see Face Milling) (see Milling)
End moment: A moment which is generated at one end or both ends of a
joist, joist girder, or beam due to continuous frame action which can be
caused by wind, live load, or dead load moment.
End panel: The distance from the panel point at thejoist seat to the first top
chord panel point towards the interior.
End Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device
normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy-
absorbing ability.
End Tie: A structural member other than the end truck which connects the
ends of the girders to maintain the squareness of the bridge.
End Truck: An assembly consisting of the frame and wheels which support
the crane girder(s) and allow movement along the runway.
End wall: An exterior wall which is perpendicular to the ridge of the
building.
End-of-Line System (Lube Systems): System in which the two main supply
lines are dead-ended at the last measuring valve; usually installed where
lubrication points are in a line.
Endothermic: A chemical change in which there is absorption of heat.
Endothermic Atmosphere: A gas mixture produced by the partial
combustion of a hydrocarbon gas with air in an endothermic reaction. Also
known as endogas.
Endothermic Reaction: The reaction which occurs with absorption of heat.
Endothermic Reaction: The reaction which occurs with absorption of heat.
Endothermic reaction: Pertaining to a chemical reaction which is
accompanied by an absorption of heat.
End-quench Hardenability Test: A laboratory procedure for determining
the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous alloy; widely referred to as the
Jominy test. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen
above the upper critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so
that a stream of cold water impinges on one end and, after cooling to room
temperature is completed, measuring the hardness near the surface of the
specimen at regularly spaced intervals along its length. The data is normally
plotted as hardness versus distance from the quenched end.
Endurance Limit: The maximum stress that a material can withstand for an
infinitely large number of fatigue cycles. See also fatigue limit and fatigue
strength.
Endurance Limit: Maximum alternating stress which a given material will
withstand for an infinite number of times without causing fatigue failure.
Same as fatigue limit
Endurance Limit Stresses (Gears): Stresses that can be imposed repeatedly,
indefinitely, without causing surface fatigue failure. Following Buckingham,
AGMA uses the endurance limit for reversed bending as the working stress in
bending for gear teeth; these values approximate 250 times the Bhn.
Endurance Ratio: The ratio of the endurance limit for completely reversed
flexural stress to the tensile strength of a given material.
Energy: The ability to do work. Energy can exist in one of several forms,
such as heat, light, mechanical, electrical or chemical. Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, but can be transferred from one form to another.
Energy can also exist in one of two states, either potential or kinetic.
Energy : A capacity for doing work, expressed in work units. Energy may be
inherent in the speed of a body (Kinetic energy) or in its position relative to
another body (Potential energy).
Energy (consumption) charge: That part of an electric bill based on kWh
consumption (expressed in cents per kWh). Energy charge covers cost of
utility fuel, general operating costs, and part of the amortization of the
utility's equipment.
Energy Consumption: This is measured in Giga Calorie (i.e. 1000 million
calorie) per tonne of Crude Steel produced(Gcal/TCS).
Engaged columns (piers): Columns or pilasters attached to a wall.
Engine -: Prime mover; device for transforming fuel or heat energy into
mechanical energy.
Engine oil : An oil used to lubricate an internal combustion engine.
Engineer: In English, the term is associated with engines, although this is a
historical accident, the first engineers having been military engineers who
were responsible for 'engines of war' such as tunnels and seige towers.
Engineers engaged on public works such as canals, highways and railways
called themselves 'civil engineers' to distinguish themselves from military
engineers. There are now many kinds of engineer. The word itself is
unprotected in the UK, so that anybody can call themselves an engineer, such
as in the joke job descriptions 'rodent control engineer' and 'domestic
engineer'. In France the equivalent word 'ingenieur' seems closer to words
signifying ingenuity, and is a controlled designation requiring its holder to
have appropriate qualifications.
Engineer : The State (Client) Representative Engineer, acting by and under
the authority of the laws of the State (Client). The Engineer is responsible for
the Engineering monitoring and checking of construction work progress and
conformance to the project specifications requirements.
Engineered Capacity: The theoretical volume of a mill, given its constraints
of raw material supply and normal working speed.
Engineered Product: Custom components that can be made from a wide
range of material including advanced ceramics, carbides, specialty alloys or
other specialty materials.
Engineering : The science through which the properties of matter and the
sources of power are utilized for man's benefit.
Engineering (n) : An activity that seeks to meet identified needs of people
and societies by the purposeful application of engineering sciences,
technology and techniques to achieve predicted solutions that use available
resources efficiently, are economical, that manage risks; engineering is
carried out by practitioners performing roles differentiated by the level of
problem analysis and solution, the activity to be managed, risk and
responsibility.
Engineering activities : Engineering Activities include but are not limited to
design; planning; investigation and problem resolution; improvement of
materials, components, systems or processes; engineering operations and
maintenance; project management; research, development and
commercialization
Engineering Analysis: Engineering analysis is the act of using sound
engineering and scientific principles and procedures for the purpose of
analyzing a systems condition or peformance.
Engineering application : Engineering application a situation in which
engineering knowledge, skills and methods are brought to bear to provide a
beneficial result.
Engineering brick: A type of brick which is particularly strong and
impermeable. The traditional product was blue in colour; other colours and
qualities are available.
Engineering design: Engineering design is the systematic process of
conceiving and developing materials, components, systems and processes to
serve useful purposes. Design may be procedural, creative or open-ended and
requires application of engineering sciences, working under constraints, and
taking into account economic, health and safety, social and environmental
factors, codes of practice and applicable laws.
Engineering Design: Engineering design is the act of using sound
engineering and scientific principles and procedures for the purpose of design
individual components or an entire system. Engineering design is often
associated with the creation of dimensioned engineering drawings and
models for the purpose of production.
Engineering design knowledge : Knowledge that supports engineering
design in a practice area, including codes, standards, processes, empirical
information, and knowledge reused from past designs.
Engineering education programme : Engineering education programme an
educational programme that aims to provide the educational base toward
becoming an engineering professional and satisfies criteria prescribed by an
engineering accreditation body.
Engineering fundamentals : Engineering fundamentals a systematic
formulation of engineering concepts and principles based on mathematical
and basic sciences to support applications.
Engineering graduate : Engineering graduate the holder of an engineering
qualification
Engineering knowledge : Engineering knowledge is based on fundamental
engineering sciences, engineering specialist knowledge and engineering
contextual knowledge
Engineering management: Engineering management the generic
management functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling,
applied together with engineering knowledge in contexts including the
management of projects, construction, operations, maintenance, quality, risk,
change and business
Engineering practice area : Engineering practice area a generally accepted
or legally defined area of engineering work or engineering technology.
Engineering practitioner : Engineering practitioner a person in an
engineering role or category recognized in the context, for example
engineers, engineering technologists and engineering technicians
Engineering problem : Engineering problem is a problem that exists in any
domain that can be solved by the application of engineering knowledge and
skills and generic competencies
Engineering qualifications : Engineering qualifications an award granted at
the end of an engineering education programme
Engineering sciences : Engineering sciences include engineering
fundamentals that have roots in the mathematical and physical sciences, and
where applicable, in other natural sciences, but extend knowledge and
develop models and methods in order to lead to applications and solve
problems, providing the knowledge base for engineering specializations
Engineering specialist knowledge : Engineering specialist knowledge the
knowledge associated with an engineering specialization.
Engineering speciality or specialization : Engineering specialty or
specialization a generally-recognized practice area or major subdivision
within an engineering discipline, for example Structural and Geotechnical
Engineering within Civil Engineering; the extension of engineering
fundamentals to create theoretical frameworks and bodies of knowledge for
engineering practice areas.
Engineering Steels: (see SBQ)
Engineering Strain: A term sometimes used for average linear strain or
conventional strain in order to differentiate it from true strain. In tension
testing, it is calculated by dividing the change in the gage length by the
original gage length.
Engineering Stress (s): The load divided by the original area.
Engineering Stress (S): The load divided by the original area.
Engineering technician : Engineering technician and engineering
practitioner whose role is to apply established the methods or techniques of
an area of practice
Engineering technologist : Engineering technologist an engineering
practitioner whose competence lies in the application of particular
engineering technologies to a class of applications.
Engineering technology : Engineering technology is an established body of
knowledge, with associated tools, techniques, materials, components, systems
or processes that enable a family of practical applications and that relies for
its development and effective application on engineering knowledge and
competency
Engineering : a profession in which a knowledge of math and natural
science is applied to develop ways to utilize the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of all human beings
English bond: Alternate rows of bricks consist of all headers and all
stretchers. Traditionally considered to be the strongest bond, it is often found
in engineering works like bridges and retaining-walls.
English garden wall bond: Most brickwork bonds are designed so that one
side of the wall can be built 'fair-faced' (suitable for viewing as finished
work); the other side, inside the building, will be plastered so the brickwork
can be left rough. Garden walls however will be seen from both sides, so
Garden Wall bond is designed with a minimum number of headers so that
both sides can be built fair-faced.
Engulfers: predators that eat their prey whole
Enhanced oil recovery systems: CO2 (raw-gas production, handling,
treating, dehydration, compression, injection, metering, etc.)
Enthalpy: The total quantity of heat energy contained in a substance, also
called total heat; the thermodynamic property of a substance defined as the
sum of its internal energy plus the quantity Pv/J, where P = pressure of the
substance, v = its volume, and J = the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Entrainment -: The transport of water into a gas stream. In a boiler, this is
carryover, in a cooling tower, drift.
Entrainment (hvac) -: The capture of part of the surrounding air by the air
stream discharged from an outlet (some times called secondary air motion).
Entropy -: A thermodynamic measure of the amount of energy unavailable
for useful work in a system undergoing change. The ratio of the heat added
to a substance to the absolute temperature at which it is added.
Envelope: A graphical plot indicating the maximum magnitude of an internal
force effect such as flexual stess, shear stress, axial stress, torsional stress,
etc. due to a series of load combinations.
Enveloping Worm (Gears): Worm with one or more threads, increasing in
diameter from its middle portion toward each end, to conform to the
curvature of the gear, has more surface contact than a straight worm.
Environment -: The aggregate of all conditions (such as contamination,
temperature, humidity, radiation, magnetic and electric fields, shock,
vibration) that externally influence the performance of a material or
component.
Environment : the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors
(climate, soil, living things) that act upon metal and ultimately affect the
corrosion rate
Environmental : Relating to the analysis, design and planning and operation
of measures and processes to improve air, water, or land resources, to supply
clean water, to improve air quality and to remediate land degradation and
pollution
Environmental Cracking: Brittle fracture of a normally ductile material in
which the corrosive effect of the environment is a causative factor.
Environmental cracking is a general term that includes corrosion fatigue,
high-temperature hydrogen attack, hydrogen blistering, hydrogen
embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, stress-
corrosion cracking and sulfide stress cracking. The following terms have
been used in the past in connection with environmental cracking but are
becoming obsolete: caustic embrittlement, delayed fracture, season cracking,
static fatigue, stepwise cracking, sulfide corrosion cracking and sulfide stress-
corrosion cracking. See also embrittlement. (see Embrittlement)
Environmental engineer : an engineer who designs and operates systems to
provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution in water, in
the air, and on the land
Eod: Abbreviation for 'Edge of Deck'.
Eoj: Abbreviation for 'Edge of Joist'.
Eos: Abbreviation for 'Edge of Slab'.
EP (Extreme Pressure) Lubricants: Lubricants formulated with additives to
prevent sliding metal surfaces from direct contact and seizing under extreme
loads; under such conditions, the high local temperature at the interface
causes the additives to react, combining chemically with the metal surfaces to
form a protective film that prevents welding or seizure. The principal EP
additives are compounds of sulfur, phosphorus and chlorine; common
laboratory tests for EP properties include ASTM D 2509 and D 2782 and
ASTM D 2596 and D 2783.
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.). www.epa.gov
Epc: Engineering, procurement and construction.
Epc&m: Engineering, procurement, construction, and maintenance.
Epcm: Engineering, procurement, and construction management.
Epcmv: Engineering, procurement, construction management, and
validation.
Ephemeral streams: ones that flow only during and shortly after extreme
rainfall or snowmelt
Epitaxy: Growth of an electrodeposit or vapor deposit in which the
orientation of the crystals in the deposit are directly related to crystal
orientations in the underlying crystalline substrate.
Epitaxy: Induced orientation of the lattice of a crystal of a surface deposit by
the lattice of the substrate crystal.
Epoxide, epoxy, ethoxylene resin : A synthetic, usually two-part material
that can set and harden under water or be used for bonding roof bolts or for
repairing concrete in heavily trafficked areas, etc.
Epoxy Amino: Clear thermosetting coating with a combination epoxy resin
and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good
chemical and solvent resistance.
Epoxy Amino: Clear thermosetting coating with a combination epoxy resin
and amino resin to give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good
chemical and solvent resistance.
Epoxy Concrete Repair: Epoxy concrete repair makes use of a two-
component compound created by the combination of a polymer resin with an
organic compound that acts as a hardener. When mixed, the consitutive
elements of the two compounds form a strong and rigid covalent bond. The
resulting compound can be used to fill and seal cracks and small holes in
concrete.
Epoxy Phenolic: Physical blends of epoxy and phenolic resins. Gold
thermosetting coating with a combination of epoxy resin and amino resin to
give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good chemical and
solvent resistance.
Epoxy Phenolic: Physical blends of epoxy and phenolic resins. Gold
thermosetting coating with a combination of epoxy resin and amino resin to
give adhesion, flexibility and toughness. They offer good chemical and
solvent resistance.
Epsilon: Designation generally assigned 10 intermetallic, metal-metalloid
and metal-nonmetallic compounds found in ferrous alloy systems, for
example, Fe2Mo2, FeSi, and Fe3P.
Epsilon Carbide: Carbide with hexagonal close-packed lattice that
precipitates during the first stage of tempering of primary martensite. Its
composition corresponds to the empirical formula Fe2.4C.
Epsilon Structure: Structurally analogous close-packed phases or electron
compounds that have ratios of seven valence electrons to four atoms.
Epson salt : Magnesium sulfate.
Eqilibrium Diagram: A graphical representation of the temperature,
pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they
exist under conditions of thermodynamical equilibrium. In condensed
systems, pressure is usually considered constant.
Equalizer: A device which compensates for unequal length or stretch of a
rope or chain.
Equalizing hole (steam turbine) : A hole in the turbine disc designed to
equalize axial thrust with impulse bladed turbines.
Equations of equilibrium: The equations relating a state of static
equilibrium of a member or structure when the resultant of all forces and
moments are equal to zero. Three equations must be fulfilled simultaneously:
Sum of the forces in the X-direction must equal zero, sum of the forces in the
Y-direction must equal zero, and the sum of the moments about any point
must equal zero for a two dimensional structure.
Equiaxed Crystals: Crystals, each of which has axes approximately equal in
length. These are normally present in the center of a steel ingot.
Equiaxed Crystals: Crystals,each of which has axes approximately equal in
length. These are normally present in centre of a steel ingot.
Equiaxed Structure: A structure in which the grains have approximately the
same dimensions in all directions.
Equilibrium: A dynamic condition of balance between atomic movements,
where the resultant is zero and the condition appears to be one of rest rather
than change.
Equilibrium: A dynamic condition of balance between atomic movements,
where the resultant is zero and the condition appears to be one of rest rather
than change.
Equilibrium Diagram: A graph of the temperature, pressure and
composition limmits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under
conditions of thermodynamical equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is
usually considered constant. Compare with phase diagram.
Equilibrium Diagram: A graphical representation of the temperature,
pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they
exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is
usually considered constant.
Equilibrium reactions: The interaction of ionizable compounds in which the
products obtained tend to revert to the substance from which they were
formed until a balance is reached in which both reactants and pacts are
present in definite ratios.
Equity: The handling of funds or documents by a third party on behalf of the
buyer and/or seller.
Equity: The “valuation” that you own in your home, i.e. the property value
less the mortgage loan outstanding.
Equivalent uniform load: A uniform load (in plf) derived from the
maximum reaction (in lbs) or the maximum moment (in inch-lbs) of a
member carrying various loads.Formula: Weq= 2 * max. reaction (in lbs)
divided by length (in feet) orWeq=(8 * max. moment) divided by (lenght^2
(in feet) * 12)
Equivalent weight : Refers to the amount of an element combining with a
unit weight of hydrogen. In terms of water treatment, a method used to
calculate the concentration of a given ion in terms of its calcium carbonate.
Er: Extended Range. Suffix used by some aircraft models (for example
Boeing 767-300ER)
Erection: The process of installing joists, joist girders, beams, bridging,
deck, or other structural members in order to construct a structure.
Erection plan: Floor or roof plans that identify individual marks,
components, and accessories furnished by the joist manufactures in a detailed
mannner to permit proper erection of the joist and joist girders. See Framing
Plan and Placing Plan.
Erector: The person or company that actually does the erecting of the joist or
joist girders for a job.
Ergonomics: The science which deals with the interaction between people,
their workplace and environment. It also considers the physiology of workers
in the design of tools, equipment and the work methods needed.
Ergonomics: The science which deals with the interaction between people,
their work place and environment. It also considers the physiology of
workers in the design of tools, equipment, and the work methods needed.
Erichsen Test: A cupping test used to assess the ductility of sheet metal. The
method consists of forcing a conical or hemispherical-ended plunger into the
specimen and measuring the depth of the impression at fracture.
Erichsen Test: A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal, restrained
except at the center, is deformed by a cone shaped spherical end plunger until
fracture occurs. The height of the cup in millimeters at fracture is a measure
of the ductility.
Erosion: movement of soil by water and wind
Erosion: The continuous depletion of a material due to mechanical
interaction with a liquid, a multicomponent fluid, or solid particles carried
with the fluid.
Erosion : Wearing or scouring caused by the abrasive action of moving
water or wind.
Erosion , abrasive: Erosive wear caused by relative motion of solid particles
which are present in fluids and are moving parallel to a solid surface.
Erosion, cavitations : Progressive loss of original material from a solid
surface due to continuing exposure to cavitation.
Erosion, impingement : Loss of material from a solid surface due to liquid
impingement.
Erosion, liquid : Removal of films or metal by mechanical action and
corrosion of active metal.
Erosion-Corrosion: An accelerated loss of material concerning corrosion
and erosion that results from corrosive material interacting with the material.
Erosion-corrosion: A conjoint action involving corrosion and erosion in the
presence of a moving corrosive fluid, leading to the accelerated loss of
material.
Erosivity: The characteristic of a collection of particles, liquid stream or a
slurry that expresses its tendency to cause erosive wear when forced against a
solid surface under relative motion.
Erratic : Values which seem to vary excessively from the average.
Error : A difference from an average value. An unintentional deviation from
correct value.
ERW: Electric Resistance Weld. Most common form of manufacturing for
pipe in sizes from 23/8-22 inch OD.
ERW: Electric resistance weld ? most common form of manufacturing for
pipe in sizes from 2 3/8 22? OD
Escrow: An ornamental plate that fits around a pipe extending through a wall
or floor to hide the cut out hole
Escrow: The handling of funds or documents by a third party on behalf of
the buyer and/or seller.
Escutcheon: The amount of labor, materials, and other costs that a contractor
anticipates for a project as summarized in the contractor's bid proposal for the
project.
Escutcheon: An ornamental plate that fits around a pipe extending through a
wall or floor to hide the cut out hole
ESR and VAR: Like holding a popsicle upside down a few inches above a
very cold glass. As the popsicle melts, the drops fall onto the glass and re-
freeze. A vacuum or the slag removes the things you don't want as the drops
fall. Because only a little metal is melted at a time and is frozen very quickly,
the steel tends to be very solid with no pipe cavities. VAR is produced only
in round ingots. ESR can be round, rectangular, or even hollow.
Essential Oils (Odor Masks): Natural oily liquids with marked
characteristic odors obtained from plants, flowers, leaves, etc; often used for
masking odors or imparting odors, especially to metalworking fluids or gear
oils. Pine and lemon oils are most commonly used.
Ester: Chemical compound produced by the reaction of an acid and an
alcohol, resulting in an elimination of a molecule of water.
Estimate: The process of calculating the cost of a project. This can be a
formal and exact process or a quick and imprecise process.
Estimate: The amount of labor, materials, and other costs that a contractor
anticipates for a project as summarized in the contractor’s bid proposal for
the project.
Estimating: The part of a cooling system that absorbs heat from air in your
home. Also see condensing unit.
Estimating: The process of calculating the cost of a project. This can be a
formal and exact process or a quick and imprecise process.
Eta: Estimated Time of Arrival
Eta layer : the fourth, outer layer of the galvanized coating solely comprised
of zinc
Etch: A steel sample treated with acid to reveal its microstructure; used to
visually check conditions such as porosity, large inclusions, or other non-
conformities.
Etch Cleaning: Removing soil by dissolving away some of the underlying
metal.
Etch Cracks: Shallow cracks in hardened steel containing high residual
surface stresses produced by etching in an embrittling acid.
Etch Figures: Characteristic markings produced on crystal surfaces by
chemical attack, usually having facets parallel to low-index crystallographic
planes.
Etchant: A chemical solution used to etch a metal to reveal structural details.
See also etching. (see Etching)
Etchant: A chemical solution used to etch a metal to reveal structural details.
Etching: In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the
preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface.
Etching: Subjecting the surface of a metal to preferential chemical or
electrolytic attack to reveal structural details.
ETCS: (see Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets (ETCS))
ETCS: Electrolytic Tin Coated Sheets.
Etd: Estimated Time of Departure
Ete: Estimated Time Enroute
Ethane (r-170) : Refrigerant sometimes added to other refrigerants to
improve oil circulation.
Ethanol: Fuel extracted from biomass.
Ethernet Adaptor: An ethernet adaptor is a piece of computer equipment
used to enable a piece of hardware or a computer system to communicate
with other components over a computer network. This network is most often
an ethernet-type network with well-established protocols. All components on
the ethernet network are identified by their Media Access Control (MAC)
address, a 48-bit serial number unique to the network component.
Ethernet Cable: An ethernet cable is a specialized computer cable designed
to connect to ethernet adapters and carry ethernet signals over a computer
network. Ethernet cables can be consructed of coaxial cable, twisted-pair
conductors, or fiber optic cable and the throughput speeds capable are
dependent on the type of cable, the connector type, and the cable length.
Ethyl hexanol : Term used to describe the difference between the set point
and the actual operating or control point.
Etops: Extended-range Twin Operations. Certification given to two-engine
aircraft for long overwater flights. Popular deformation of this term is
“Engines Turning Or Passengers Swimming”!
ETP: (see Electrolytic Tin Plate (ETP))
ETP: Electrolytic Tin Plate.
EUE: External Upset Ends. Forging of ends on (API) tubing and pipe to
provide additional thickness for strengthening connections.
EUE: External upset ends ? forging of ends on (API) tubing and pipe to
provide additional thickness for strengthening connections
European Union Allowance (EUA): European Union Allowances are
carbon credits, each with a value of one tonne of CO2emissions, and are the
main kind of credit in Europe's Emissions Trading System. Currently, in
phase II (2008-2012) of the program, most EUA's are allocated by national
governments to polluting plants. Plants with more EUA's than they need can
sell them on carbon markets, while plants which emit more gases than they
have allocations for have to buy EUA's to cover the shortfall. In phase III
(2013-2020) of the ETS free allocations of EUA's will be slowly reduced,
forcing facilities to cut emissions or buy more credits to cover their
emissions. (see Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS))
Eutectic: The mixture of two or more components whose melting point is
lower than that of any individual component.
Eutectic : 1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution
decomposes, on cooling, into two or more intimately mixed solids. The
number of solids formed are the same number of components in the system.
2) An alloy having the chemical composition indicated by the eutectic point
on a equilibrium diagram.
Eutectic : An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid solution is
converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling.
Eutectic Carbide: Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually
insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys.
Eutectic Carbide: Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually
insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys.
Eutectic Melting: Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition
corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system.
Eutectic Melting: Melting of localized microscopic areas whose composition
corresponds to that of the eutectic in the system.
Eutectic Point: The composition of a liquid phase in univariant equilibrium
with two or more solid phases; the lowest melting alloy of a composition
series.
Eutectic point: Freezing temperature for eutectic solutions.
Eutectoid: 1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution on
cooling is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids. The number of
solids formed are the same number of components in the system. 2) An alloy
having the same chemical composition indicated by the eutectoid point on a
equilibrium diagram.
Eutectoid Steel: Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the iron-
carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid temperature
being about 1,333°F. Such steel in the annealed condition consists
exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less than this quota of carbon are known
as hypo- and hyper-eutectoid and contains free cementite. The presence of
certain elements, such as nickel or chromium, lowers the eutectoid carbon
content.
Eutectoid Steel: Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the iron
carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid temperature
being about 1333 (degrees) F. Such steel in the annealed condition consists
exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less than this quota of carbon are known
as hypo eutectoid and contain free ferrite in addition to the pearlite. When
more carbon is present, the steel is known as hyper eutectoid and contains
free cementite. The presence of certain elements, such as nickel or chromium,
lowers the eutedtoid carbon content.
Evacuation : The removal of gases from a system.
Evaluate: Making judgments based on criteria and standards, including
checking and critiquing. (Anderson-Krathwohl form)
Evaporation: conversion of water from liquid to vapour
Evaporation: The change of state from liquid to vapor, for example as water
evaporates to a vapor in a cooling tower.
Evaporative condenser: A condenser which has water flowing over coils
containing the refrigerant gas which is thus cooled and condensed by
evaporation of that water.
Evaporative condenser: Device which uses open spray or spill water to cool
a condenser. Evaporation of some of the water cools the condenser water and
reduces water consumption.
Evaporative Cooling Systems: An evaporative cooling system utilizes the
evaporation of water to cool air in an environment. Evaporative cooling
systems are especially useful in environments where the air temperature is
hot and the humidity is low. During the process, latent heat is extracted from
the surrounding air in order to trigger the evaporative process. The result is
that the surrounding air and components are cooled by the evaporation.
Evaporative cooling : The adiabatic exchange of heat between air and a
water spray or wetted surface. The water approaches the wet-bulb
temperature of the air, which remains constant during its traverse of the
exchanger.
Evaporative Loss: The portion of a lubricant that volatizes in use or in
storage; applies especially to lubricants containing solvents or water, with
high vapor pressures (see ASTM D 972 and D 2595).
Evaporator: The heat exchanger in which the medium being cooled, usually
air or water, gives up heat to the refrigerant through the exchanger transfer
surface. The liquid refrigerant boils into a gas in the process of the heat
absorption.
Evaporator coil: Fibrous material (@1/2" thick) installed in and around a
concrete slab to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along the non-
moving foundation wall.
Evaporator coil: The part of a cooling system that absorbs heat from air in
your home. Also see condensing unit.
Evaporator fan: Fan which increases airflow over the heat exchange surface
of evaporators.
Evaporator pressure regulator: Automatic pressure regulating valve
mounted in suction line between evaporator outlet and compressor inlet. Its
purpose is to maintain a predetermined pressure and temperature in the
evaporator.
Evaporator, flooded : Evaporator containing liquid refrigerant at all times.
Evapotranspiration: water lost from plants through evaporation and
photosynthesis
Event Data Recorder: An event data recorder is a monitoring instrument
used in automobiles, aircraft, or other machinery systems to record fault
conditions as they occur. During maintenance periods or failure
investigations, the event data recorder can be analyzed to determine the state
of system components in an effort to piece together a timeline of the system
performance.
Excavation: A hole made by removing earth
Excavator: generally tracked vehicle with rotating body and front mounted
digging arm.
Excess Base: (E.B.) A chemical analysis that indicates the percent of basic
over acid of the sinter.
Excess zinc : extra amounts of zinc that may accumulate on the steel because
of chemical composition of the steel or the profile/design of the steel and/or
fabrication
Exciter: The part of the generator that produces the DC current that is
required to make an electromagnet out of the rotating part (called the rotor) of
the generator.
Exciter: The part of the generator that produces the DC current that is
required to make an Electromagnet out of the rotating part (called the rotor)
of the generator.
Exemplar : A model or pattern for the outcomes of an educational
programme available to be copied or imitated in designing national standards
by a party seeking to obtain signatory status of an Educational accord
Exflltration: A type of corrosion that progresses approximately parallel to
the outer surface of the metal, causing layers of the metal to be elevated by
the formation of corrosion product.
Exflltration : The flow of air outward from a space through walls, leaks, etc.
Exfoliation: Corrosion that proceeds laterally from the sites of initiation
along planes parallel to the surface, generally at grain boundaries. Corrosion
products are formed that force metal away from the body of the material
giving rise to a layered appearance. Most commonly associated with wrought
aluminum alloys.
Exfoliation: Scaling off of a surface in flakes or layers as the result of
corrosion.
Exhaust Ducting: Exhaust ducting refers to the piping or ductwork
connected to the exit of a mechanical system, usually directing the exhaust to
an external environment.
Exhaust Line: A passage that is open to atmosphere. Normally used in
systems using pressurized air or gas, which may be dispersed into the
atmosphere.
Exhaust Steam: Steam that is exhausted from a turbine. This steam is
reduced in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine and is returned to
the plant for heating and various feedwater treatment needs. Normal exhaust
steam pressure is 2 to 3 psi and the temperature averages 225°F.
Exhaust Steam: Steam that is exhausted from a turbine. This steam is
reduced in pressure and temperature as it exits the turbine and is returned to
the plant for heating and various feed water treatment needs. Normal exhaust
steam pressure is 2 to 3 psi and the temperature averages 225 degrees
Fahrenheit.
Exhaustion: The state in which the adsorbent is no longer capable of useful
ion exchange; the depletion of the exchanger's supply of available ions. The
exhaustion point is determined arbitrarily in terms of (1) a value in parts per
million of ions in the effluent solution; and (2) the reduction inequality of the
effluent water determined by conductivity bridge which measures the
resistance of the water to the flow of an electric current.
Exit End: The delivery end of the line.
Exit End: The delivery end of the line.
Exit Reel: (Delivery Reel or Prime Reel) Reel used to wind the strip after the
side trimming process.
Exit Reel (Delivery Reel or Prime Reel): Reel used to wind the strip.
Exit-level outcome : Exit-level outcome is a statement of the learning
outcomes the student must demonstrate at the exit level to qualify for award
of a qualification; these actions indicate the student’s capability to fulfil the
educational objectives
Exogenous Inclusion: An inclusion that is derived from external causes.
Slag, dross, entrapped mold materials and refractories are examples of
inclusions that would be classified as exogenous. In most cases, these
inclusions are macroscopic or visible to the naked eye. Compare with
indigenous inclusion.
Exothermic: A chemical change in which there is liberation of heat.
Exothermic: Formed by or characterized by heat reaction as in oxidation.
Exothermic Atmosphere: A gas mixture produced by the partial combustion
of a hydrocarbon gas with air in an exothermic reaction. Also known as
exogas.
Exothermic Reaction: A reaction that liberates heat, for example the
burning of fuel or when certain plastic resins are cured chemically.
Exothermic Reaction: Chemical reactions involving the liberation of heat.
See Endothermic Reaction.
Exothermic Welding Flux: Exothermic welding is a special form of welding
that uses a chemical reaction to join two electrical conductors without the
need for an external heat source. An exothermic welding flux is used with the
welding chemicals to create a rapid chemical reaction that locally superheats
the conductors and bonds them together.
Exothermic : Chemical reaction in which heat is released.
Expanded Mesh: An expanded mesh product is one which a metal is
processed using slitting, rolling, or stretching techniques to create a strong,
single-piece mesh with a high strength-to-weight ratio. Expanded meshes are
often used to create barriers or fences in order enclose, protect, support, or
filter an environment. Expanded meshes can be consructed of many different
metals, including aluminum, copper, titanium, steel and steel alloys.
Expander Steel: Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon content
about 1.00, chromium 0.17. Used for the expanders in oil piston rings.
Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes for grooves 3/32 to 1/4 inch wide
with the steel approximately 0.003 less than the grooves and thickness from
0.012 to 0.020.
Expander Steel: Hardened and tempered, blue polished. Carbon content
about 1.00, Chromium .17. Used for the expanders in oil piston rings.
Hardness 30 N 70 to 73. Range of sizes run for grooves 3/32 to 1/4 wide with
the steel approximately .003 less than the grooves and thickness from .012 to
.020.
Expanding: A process used to increase the diameter of a cup, shell or tube.
See also bulging. (see Bulging)
Expansion joint: Earth that swells and contracts depending on the amount of
water that is present. ("Betonite" is an expansive soil).
Expansion joint: A joint in a building to permit thermal movement or creep.
Expansion joint: A break in construction or a special design detail to allow
for thermal expansion and contraction of the materials of a structure.
Expansion joint: Fibrous material (@1/2″ thick) installed in and around a
concrete slab to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along the non-
moving foundation wall.
Expansion joint -: Device in piping designed to allow movement of the pipe
caused by the pipe's expansion and contraction.
Expansion Joint Bellows: An expansion joint is a gap or clearance or
specialized joint designed to allow for the expansion and contraction of
materials due to temperature changes, vibration, or other external influences.
The bellows is the component of the expansion joint that provides the
flexibility in the joint to account for the external factors. There are many typs
of expansion joints, and therefore, many different bellows designs.
Expansion or contraction joint : A gap or space in the steel or the concrete
to accommodate both thermal expansion and contraction.
Expansion strip: A soft, resilient material used to fill the void provided for
the expansion and contraction of any two adjacent substances.
Expansion Tank : A component of the cooling system that keeps the coolant
volume constant.
Expansion tank -: A reservoir usually above a closed re-circulating water
system that is blanketed with a gas to permit expansion and contraction of
water in the system during temperature changes.
Expansion valve : Device in refrigerating system which reduces the pressure
from the high side to the low side and is operated by pressure.
Expansion valve, capillary tube : A tube of small internal diameter used as
liquid refrigerant flow control and pressure reducer between high and low
sides. Also used to transmit pressure from the sensitive bulb of some
temperature controls to the operating element.
Expansion valve, thermostatic: Control valve operated by temperature and
pressure within evaporator. It controls flow of refrigerant. Control bulb is
attached to outlet of evaporator.
Expansive soils: A method of finishing concrete which washes the
cement/sand mixture off the top layer of the aggregate usually gravel. Often
used in driveways, patios and other exterior surfaces.
Expansive soils: Earth that swells and contracts depending on the amount of
water that is present. (“Betonite” is an expansive soil).
Expendable Pattern: A pattern that is destroyed in making a casting. It is
usually made of wax (investment casting) or expanded polystyrene (lost foam
casting).
Expendable refrigerant system : System, which discards the refrigerant
after it has evaporated.
Experiment: An experiment is an orderly procedure carried out with the goal
of verifying, refuting, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis.
Explosion Welding: A solid-state welding process that produces coalescence
by a controlled detonation that causes the parts to move together at high
velocity. The resulting bond zone has a characteristically wavy appearance.
Explosive Forming: The shaping of metal pans in which the forming
pressure is generated by an explosive charge that takes the place of the punch
in conventional forming. See also high-energy rate forming. (see High-energy
Rate Forming)
Exposed aggregate: decorative technique for driveways, walks etc that
involves washing half set concrete so as to expose gravel aggregate.
Exposed aggregate finish: Additional work requested of a contractor, not
included in the original plan, which will be billed separately and will not alter
the original contract amount, but increase the cost of building the home.
Exposed aggregate finish: A method of finishing concrete which washes the
cement/sand mixture off the top layer of the aggregate usually gravel. Often
used in driveways, patios and other exterior surfaces.
Expressway : A divided arterial highway for through traffic with full or
partial control of access.
Extended end: The extended part of a joist top chord with also the seat
angles extended from the end of the jost extension back into the joist
maintaining the standard 2 1/2 inch end bearing depth over the entire length
of the extension.
Extensometer: An instrument used in the testing of metals to measure small
increments of deformation.
Extensometer Test: The measurement of deformation during stressing in the
elastic range, permitting determination of elastic properties such as properties
such as proportional limit, proof stress, yield strength by the offset method
and so forth. Requires the use of special testing equipment and testing
procedures such as the use of an extensometer or the plotting of a stress strain
diagram.
External drive: Term used to indicate a compressor driven directly from the
shaft or by a belt using an external motor. Compressor and motor are
serviceable separately.
External equalizer -: Tube connected to low-pressure side of a thermostatic
expansion valve diaphragm and to exit end of evaporator.
External treatment : Refers to the treatment of water before it enters the
boiler.
External Undercut: Any recess or projection on the outside of the die block
which prevents its removal from the cavity.
External Undercut: Any recess or projection on the outside of the die block
which prevents its removal from the cavity.
External venting : holes that prevent high-pressure gas buildup in enclosed
fabrications dipped in the molten zinc of the galvanizing bath
External works: The landscaping, roads and paths created in the parts of the
site not occupied by the building.
Extra Hard Temper: In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B & S
numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage.
Extra Hard Temper: In brass mill terminology, Extra Hard is six B&S
numbers hard or 50.15% reduction from the previous annealing or soft stage.
Extra Spring Temper: In brass mill terminology, Extra Spring is 10
numbers hard, or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous annealing
or soft stage.
Extra Spring Temper: In brass mill terminology. Extra Spring is ten
numbers hard or 68.55% reduction in thickness from the previous annealing
or soft stage.
Extra work : Additional construction work for which no price or
compensation is provided for in the contract and for which the Contractor is
not deemed liable under any other provision of the contract, but found by the
Engineer to be necessary or desirable for the satisfactory completion of the
contract.
Extraction turbine : are turbines where steam is extracted at one or more
points at constant pressure. Extraction turbines may be single or double-
extraction-condensing turbines or single-or double-extraction back-pressure
turbines. The extracted steam is used for process. Do not call these bleed
turbines where steam is used for heating feed water.
Extractive Metallurgy: The branch of process metallurgy dealing with the
winning of metals from their ores. Compare with refining.
Extrados: The upper surface of an arch.
Extrapolate : To project tested values, assuming a continuity of an
established pattern.
Extras: To install nails into the vertical face of a bearing header or beam.
Extras: Additional work requested of a contractor, not included in the
original plan, which will be billed separately and will not alter the original
contract amount, but increase the cost of building the home.
Extreme-pressure Lubricant: A lubricant that imparts increased load-
carrying capacity to rubbing surfaces under severe operating conditions.
Extreme-pressure lubricants usually contain sulfur, halogens or phosphorus.
Extruded: The forming of materials such as clay to a desired cross-section
by forcing it through a die.
Extruded Abs: ABS plastic is a copolymer made from combining
acrylonitryl, butadiene, and styrene. The composition of the ABS resin is
dictated by the application of the material with styrene usually making up
about 50% of the compound and providing a hard, shiny surface. The
acrylonitrile provides strength and the butadiene adds resiliency. Extruded
ABS is the result of using an extrusion manufacturing process to pull the
ABS plastic through a die, resulting in long pieces of material with a constant
cross-sectional shape.
Extruded Aluminum Tubing: Extruded aluminum tubing is the result of
using an extrusion manufacturing process to pull the aluminum through a die
with a center plug, resulting in long pieces of aluminum tubing with a
constant cross-sectional shape. The extrusion process results in accurate and
straight tubes, with a consistent thickness and surface finish.
Extruded Flexible Tubing: Extruded flexible tubing is the result of using an
extrusion manufacturing process to pull a flexible material, such as
polypropylene plastic, through a die with a center plug. The process results in
long pieces of tubing with a constant cross-sectional shape. The extrusion
proces results in accurate tubes with a consistent thickness and surface finish.
Extruded flexible tubing is in many different applications, including as a
replacement for traditional copper pipe in residential and commercial
plumbing systems.
Extruded Hole: A hole formed by a punch that first cleanly cuts a hole and
then is pushed farther through to form a flange with an enlargement of the
original hole.
Extruded Polypropylene: Extruded polypropylene tubing is the result of
using an extrusion manufacturing process to pull the plastic through a die
with a center plug, resulting in long pieces of tubing with a constant cross-
sectional shape. The extrusion proces results in accurate tubes with a
consistent thickness and surface finish. Extruded polypropylene tubing is
often used in piping systems for moving fluids or gases, especially in
applications where high temperature and high pressure are encountered.
Polypropylene is also resistant to manner different chemicals and acids.
Extrusion: A shaped piece of stainless steel produced by forcing the bloom,
bar or rod through a die of the appropriate shape.
Extrusion: Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it
through a die Of an appropriate shape.
Extrusion : Forming rods, tubes, or sections of specified shape by pushing
hot or cold metal or plastics through a shaped die to the required section.
Extrusion Billet: A metal slug used as extrusion stock.
Extrusion Forging: (1) Forcing metal into or through a die opening by
restricting flow in other directions. (2) A part made by the operation.
Extrusion Pipe: A central oxide-lined discontinuity that occasionally occurs
in the last 10 to 20% of an extruded metal bar. It is caused by the oxidized
outer surface of the billet flowing around the end of the billet and into the
center of the bar during the final stages of extrusion. Also called coring.
Extrusion Process: Forcing heated alloy billet through a die by pressure.
Extrusion Process: Forcing heated alloy billet through a die by pressure
Extrusion Stock: A rod, bar, or other section used to make extrusions.
Ex-Works: The ex-works price of a consignment is the price at the
plant/works gate. No transport included, as distinct from CFR, C&F, CIF,
etc.
Eye Bands: Metal bands wrapped through the center or “eye” of the coil to
prevent it from uncoiling and to hold strip mults together.
Eye Bands: Metal bands wrapped through the center or eye of the coil to
prevent it from uncoiling and to hold strip mults together.
Eye Bolts: An eye bolt is a type of fastener that has screw threads on one end
and a loop on the end where a traditional screw head is usually found. The
loop is used to clip or tie other components for the purpose of fastening or
hanging an object from the eye bolt.
Eyeholing: A coating defect, similar to cratering, but with exposed metal in
the void.
Eyeholing: A coating defect, similar to cratering, but with exposed metal in
the void.
Eyeleting: The displacing of material about an opening in sheet or plate so
that a lip protruding above the surface is formed.
EZY OUT: A tool for removing broken bolts or studs from a hole.
Ezy Out: A tool for removing broken bolts or studs from a hole.
F. D. Fan: Forced Draft Fan.
F.A.O.: An abbreviation of “Finish All Over”; it designates that a forging
must have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the drawing so that all
surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the dimensions shown on the
drawing. The amount of additional stock necessary for machining allowance
depends on the size and shape of the part and is agreed on by the vendor and
the user.
F.A.O.: An abbreviation of ?finish all over?; it designates that a forging must
have sufficient size over the dimensions given on the drawing so that all
surfaces may be machined in order to obtain the dimensions shown on the
drawing. The amount of additional stock necessary for machining allowance
depends on the size and shape of the part and is agreed on by the vendor and
the user.
F.D. Fan: Forced Draft Fan.
F.O.B.: Prices denote the so called free on board payment, for material that a
consumer or agent will give when he picks it up at a dealer's dock. The f.o.b.
prices are usually less than delivered to works prices for the same items.
F/a: Flight Attendant. Also known as Air Hostess in the UK, formerly
known as Steward(ess) in North America.
F/e: Flight Engineer. Also known as Second Officer.
F/o: First Officer. Also known as Co-Pilot.
Faa: Federal Aviation Administration. A national aviation authority in
charge of defining aviation safety standards in the United States. In some
countries, such as the United Kingdom, an equivalent organization is called
the CAA.
Fabricating Ingot: A cast form suitable for subsequent working by such
methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. (see Forging Ingot)(see Rolling
Ingot) (see Extrusion Ingot)
Fabricating Ingot: A cast form suitable for subsequent working by such
methods as rolling, forging, extruding, etc. (?Rolling ingot.? ?Forging ingot.?
?Extrusion Ingot.?)
Fabrication: The manufacturing process to convert raw materials into a
finished product by cutting, punching, welding, cleaning, and painting.
Fabrication: The joining, usually by welding, of two or more parts to
produce a finished assembly. The components of the assembly may be a
combination of cast and wrought materials.
Fabrication: The joining, usually by welding, of two or more parts to
produce a finished assembly. The components of the assembly may be a
combination of cast and wrought materials.
Fabrication : steel configurations constructed from diverse and usually
standardized steel members
Fabricator: A producer of intermediate products that does not also produce
primary metal. For example, a rebar fabricator purchases rebar and processes
the material to the specifications of a particular construction project. (see
Reinforcing Bar (rebar))
Fabricator: A producer of intermediate products that does not also produce
primary metal. Examples include brass, wire and rod mills which buy copper
and other primary or secondary metals to produce brass and other copper
alloys or take raw forms of metal and make
building,magnet,telecommunications and/or industrial wire,rod and similar
products.
Face: To machine a flat surface, as in the end of a shaft in the lathe. The
operation is known as facing.
Face: To machine a flat surface, as in the end of a shaft in the lathe. The
operation is known as facing.
Face area:: The total plane area of the portion of a grille, coil, or other items
bounded by a line tangent
Face Centered (Concerning Cubic Space Lattices): Having equivalent
points at the corners of the unit cell and at the centers of its six faces. A face
centered cubic space lattice is characteristic of one of the slose packed
arrangements of equal hard spheres.
Face Milling: Milling a large flat surface with a milling cutter that operates
in a plane that is at right angles to its axis.
Face Milling: Milling a large flat surface with a milling cutter that operates
in a plane that is at right angles to its axis.
Face nail: To finish the front and all vertical sides of a concrete porch,
step(s), or patio. Normally the "face" is broom finished.
Face nail: To install nails into the vertical face of a bearing header or beam.
Face Plate: A large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting the
workpiece to be machined. It is attached to the headstock of a lathe.
Face Plate: A large circular plate with slots and holes for mounting the
workpiece to be machined. It is attached to the headstock of a lathe.
Face puttying: The process of applying putty to the edge faces of a window
sash after inserting the glass in a rebate.
Faced concrete: The brick used and exposed on the outside of a wall.
Usually these have a finished texture.
Faced concrete: To finish the front and all vertical sides of a concrete porch,
step(s), or patio. Normally the “face” is broom finished.
Facing: The process of making a flat or smooth surface (usually the end) on
a piece of stock or material.
Facing: The process of making a flat or smooth surface (usually the end) on
a piece of stock or material.
Facing brick: Horizontal boards attached to rafter/truss ends at the eaves and
along gables. Roof drain gutters are attached to the fascia.
Facing brick: The brick used and exposed on the outside of a wall. Usually
these have a finished texture.
Facing Sand: Specially prepared molding sand mixture used in the mold
adjacent to the pattern to produce a smooth casting surface.
Facing Sand: Specially prepared molding sand mixture used in the mold
adjacent to the pattern to produce a smooth casting surface.
Factor of safety: Is the ratio of the ultimate load for a member divided by the
allowable load for a member and must always be greater than unity.
Factor of safety : The stress at which failure is expected, divided by the
design stress (maximum permissible stress).
Factored load: The product of the nominal load and a load factor.
Factory Automation: Factory automation is the process of using an
integrated collection of technologies to perform the functions typically
completed by one of more human laborers. Factory automation makes use of
sensors, computer systems, network communications and control systems to
monitor and control the process being automated. One of the advantages of
automation is an increase in the efficiency of the production process and
therefore a reduction in the unit cost.
Factory Ventilation: Factory ventilation is the term used to describe the
systems used to control the environment and air quality in a factory or
facility. The ventilation system may be used to control temperature, humidity,
air quality, and to remove contaminants such as hazardous gases, odors, and
particles.
Fading: A coating defect consisting of the condition in a colored coating
where the color, either transparent or opaque, appears to get lighter or
bleached out. Heat, light, or chemical exposure usually causes fading.
Fading: A coating defect consisting of the condition in a colored coating
where the color, either transparent or opaque, appears to get lighter or
bleached out. Heat, light, or chemical exposure usually causes fading.
Fahrenheit: A thermometric scale in which 32 (¡F) denotes freezing and 212
(¡F) the boiling point of water under normal pressure at sea level (14.696 psi).
Fahrenheit (°F): On the Fahrenheit thermometric scale, the freezing
point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point 212°F
(at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and freezing points
of water exactly 180 degrees apart.
Fail safe : In load management, returning all loads to conventional control
during a power failure. Accomplished by a relay whose contacts are normally
closed.
Fail-Safe: A provision designed to automatically stop or safely Bridge Crane
Control any motion in which a malfunction occurs.
Fail-Safe Braking Systems: Fail safe braking systems are often used in
heavy transportation such as trains and trucks to ensure that any failure in the
braking system results in a process designed to minimize damage to the
vehicle and its passengers. In trains and trucks, air brakes are often used and
are desiged such that, in the event of a failure in the system, the brakes are
applied and used to bring the vehicle to a stop.
Failure: A general term used to imply that a part in service (a) has become
completely inoperable, (b) is still operable but incapable of satisfactorily
performing its intended function or © has deteriorated to the point that it has
become unreliable or unsafe for continued use.
Failure: A rupture, break, or disintegration of a metal or part of an HVAC
system.
Failure Mechanism: A structural or chemical process, such as corrosion or
fatigue, that causes failure.
Fall Arresters: Fall arresters are part of a safety system designed to help
protect humans in the event of an accidental fall from a building, platform, or
other elevated structure. Fall arresters are used to stop a fall once it has
already begun and take on two forms - netting systems and lifelines - both
designed to catch the falling person and limit how far they fall.
Fall Prevention Equipment: Fall prevention equipment is a collection of
parts used to create a safety system designed to help prevent accidental falls
from a building, platform, or other elevated structure. Fall prevention
equipment also includes components such as fall arresters to help protect the
person in the event the fall is not prevented.
False Bottom: An insert put in either member of a die set to increase the
strength and improve the life of the die.
False brineling : Damage to a solid bearing surface characterized by
indentations not caused by plastic deformation resulting from overload, but
thought to be due to other causes such as fretting corrosion.
False Brinelling: A form of fretting corrosion, caused by vibration, that
occurs in rolling element bearings while sitting idle and subject to friction
oxidation.
Falsework: Temporary structure used to support a permanent structure while
it is not self-supporting.
Falsework : Support for concrete formwork or for an arch during
construction.
Fan performance curve: Fan performance curve refers to the constant speed
performance curve. This is a graphical presentation of static or total pressure
and power input over a range of air volume flow rate at a stated inlet density
and fan speed. It may include static and mechanical efficiency curves. The
range of air volume flow rate which is covered generally ex tends from
shutoff (zero air volume flow rate) to free delivery (zero fan static pressure).
The pressure curves are generally referred to as the pressure-volume curves.
Fan tube axial : A propeller or disc type wheel within a cylinder and
including driving mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct
connection.
Fan, centrifugal: A fan rotor or wheel within a scroll type housing and
including driving mechanism sup ports for either belt drive or direct
connection.
Fan, propeller : A propeller or disc type wheel within a mounting ring or
plate and including driving mechanism supports for either belt drive or direct
connection.
Fan, vane axial: A disc type wheel within a cylinder, a set of air guide vanes
located either before or after the wheel and including driving mechanism
supports for either belt drive or direct connection.
Far Side: The drive side of the line (farthest away from the pulpit).
Far Side: The drive side of the line (farthest away from the pulpit).
Farad : A unit of electric capacity, designated by F.
Farside: For joists and joist girders, when looking at the member with the
tagged end to the right, it is the side that is opposite the side you see first.
Farval System: A lubrication system. See Grease System.
Fascia: Tar paper. Installed under the roof shingles. Normally 15 lb. or 30 lb.
Fascia: A board fixed horizontally to the lower ends of the rafters, to which
guttering may be fixed. Also forms the outside board of a boxed eave
Fascia: The flat surface located at the outer end of a roof overhang or
cantilever end or also a decorative trim or panel which projects from the face
of a wall.
Fascia: Horizontal boards attached to rafter/truss ends at the eaves and along
gables. Roof drain gutters are attached to the fascia.
Fascia: In roof construction, a decorative board fixed to the ends of the
rafters. Also the name board over a shop-front.
Fascine: a bundle of live branches (generally willow or cottonwood) placed
perpendicular to a slope to form a stable edge.
Fast: Analytical Schedule Technique Management Plan.
Fast track: A scheduling process in which design and construction activities
overlap. Design documents and equipment and trade subcontracts are
released in phases.
Fastener: Term for a connecting device such as a weld, bolt, rivet, etc.
Fasteners : manufactured steel products (bolts, nails, etc.) used to connect
two or more steel members
Fastmet: A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets that
can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of scrap. This
process is designed to bypass the coke oven-blast furnace route to produce
hot metal from iron ore. It is also one of several methods that mini-mills
might use to reduce their dependence on high-quality scrap inputs. (see
Direct Reduced Iron (DRI))(see Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI))
Fastmet: A process to directly reduce iron ore to metallic iron pellets that
can be fed into an electric arc furnace with an equal amount of scrap. This
process is designed to bypass the coke oven blast furnace route to produce
hot metal from iron ore. It is also one of several methods that mini mills
might use to reduce their dependence on high quality scrap inputs (see Direct
Reduced Iron and Hot Briquetted Iron).
Fat: Raw material used in the manufacture of most greases, composed of
various fatty acids and glycerol (glycerine) that form tri-glyceride esters. Fats
are found in nature but may also be made synthetically.
Fatigue: The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating
stresses whose maximum value is less than the tensile strength of the
material.
Fatigue: The phenomenon leading to fracture under repeated or fluctuating
stresses having maximum value less than the ultimate strength of the
material.
Fatigue : The lowering of the breaking-load of a member by repeated
reversals of stress so that the member fails at a much lower stress than it can
withstand under static loading.
Fatigue Crack or Failure: A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is
an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress and propagating through the metal.
The surface is smooth and frequently shows concentric (sea shell) markings
with a nucleus as a center.
Fatigue Crack Or Failure: A fracture starting from a nucleus where there is
an abnormal concentration of cyclic stress. The fracture surface is smooth and
frequently shows concentric (sea shell) markings with a nucleus as a center.
Fatigue Life: (1) The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified
character that a given specimen sustains before failure of a specified nature
occurs. (2) The number of cycles of deformation required to bring about
failure of a test specimen under a given set of oscillating conditions (stresses
or strains). See also S-N curve. (see S-N Curve)
Fatigue Life: The number of cycles of stress that can be sustained prior to
failure for a stated test condition.
Fatigue Limit: The maximum stress that a metal will withstand without
failure for a specified large number of cycles of stress.
Fatigue Limit: The maximum stress below which a materiel can presumable
endure an infinite number of stress cycles. If the stress is not completely
reversed, the value of the mean stress, the minimum stress or the stress ratio
should be stated.
Fatigue Limit (Endurance Limit): Maximum stress that a material can
presumable endure without failure for an infinite number of load cycles.
Fatigue Ratio: The ratio of fatigue strength to tensile strength. Mean stress
and alternating stress must be stated.
Fatigue Strength: Maximum stress that a material will endure without
failure for a specified number of load cycles.
Fatigue Strength: Maximum stress that a material will endure without
failure for a specified number of load cycles.
Fatigue strength : the maximum stress that can be sustained for a specified
number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely reversed within
each cycle unless otherwise stated
Fatigue Striation: Parallel lines frequently observed in electron microscope
fractographs or fatigue fracture surfaces. The lines are transverse to the
direction of local crack propagation; the distance between successive lines
represents the advance of the crack front during the one cycle of stress
variation.
Fatigue Test: A method for determining the range of alternating (fluctuating)
stresses a material can withstand without failing.
Fatigue Tester: Fatique tests are made with the object of determining the
relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be
applied before causing failure. Testing machines are used for applying
cyclically varying stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and
bending or a combination of these stresses.
Fatigue Wear: (1) Removal of particles detached by fatigue arising from
cyclic stress variations. (2) Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising
from material fatigue. See also spoiling. (see Spoiling)
Fatigue-strength Reduction Factor.: The ratio of the fatigue strength of a
member or specimen with no stress concentration to the fatigue strength with
stress concentration. This factor has no meaning unless the stress range and
the shape, size and material of the member or specimen are stated.
Fatique Testing: Fatique tests are made with the object of determining the
relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be
applied before causing failure. Testing machines are used for applying
cyclically varying stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and
bending or a combination of these stresses.
Fatty Acids: Components of all animal and vegetable oils, with the general
chemical formula of CnH(2n+1)CO2H; palmitic, stearic and oleic are the
most prominent.
Fatty Oil: An oil of animal, vegetable or marine origin that is liquid at
normal temperature, whose composition resembles that of solid fat, except
for differing types and percentages of fatty acids. Owing to “polarity”, these
oils have a physical affinity for metal; they increase load-carrying ability by
enhancing “oiliness.”
Fault: A short circuit either line to line, or line to ground.
Faulting : The difference in elevation of two adjacent concrete slabs at a
joint, primarily caused by the traffic-induced movement of base material
particles from under one joint edge to under the adjacent joint edge.
Faying Surface: The mating surface of a member that is in contact with or in
close proximity to another member to which it is to be joined.
Faying surfaces : the surface of a piece of metal (or a member) in contact
with another to which it is or is to be joined
Fbo: Fixed-Base Operator. Supplier of fuel, maintenance, aircraft rental or
sale, flight training, etc, at the airport.
Fbw: Fly-By-Wire. Aircraft controls where the pilot’s commands (bank,
yaw…) are transmitted to control surfaces electronically or via fiber optics,
instead of mechanical linkage. Also called FBL (Fly-By-Light).
Fc: Abbreviation for 'Field Cut'.
FDA: Food and Drug Adminstration. An agency of the United States
Department of Health and Human Services that reviews the toxicology of
fluids and additives, amoung other things.
Fdr: Flight Data Recorder. One of the so-called “black boxes”. It is actually
painted bright orange to be easily identified among aircraft debris, and
records various parameters such as altitude, heading, airspeed, engine
statistics, etc… It is used to investigate in the case of an accident.
Fe: Chemical symbol for Iron.
Feasibility Study (Bankable Feasibility Study): A detailed study looking at
the technical, economic, social and legal viability of a mining project. Risks
are identified and quantified. Provides enough information to decide whether
or not the project should go ahead. A bankable feasibility study is the basis
on which lenders provide the necessary capital for a project.
Feather Edge: A sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band which is
caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of the same width
material. This is done for coating control on edge. The gauge variations on a
feathered edge generally does not extend in from the edge more than one
inch.
Feather Edge: A sharp reduction in gauge on the edge of a band which is
caused be grooves worn in rolls due to extensive rolling of the same width
material. This is done for coating control on edge. The gauge variations on a
feathered edge generally does not extend in from the edge more than one
inch.
Feather-edge board: A board which is thicker one side than the other. Used
for fencing, where they are fixed vertically and overlapping. Sometimes
found in tiled roofs, fixed horizontally, with the thicker edge at the top to
provide a hanging point for tiles.
Federal court: Canada's national trial court that hears and decides legal
disputes arising in the federal jurisdiction. Federal court is a statutory court,
meaning it only has the authority to determine issues that have been
specifically delegated to it by a written law. Presently, it hears cases
involving the federal government, intellectual property rights, admiralty and
maritime disputes, and appeals against decisions of federal boards and
tribunals (including the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal).
Feed: Front-end engineering and design.
Feed: The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the work, expressed in
inches per minute or in inches per revolution.
Feed: The rate of travel of a cutting tool across or into the work, expressed in
inches per minute or in inches per revolution.
Feed Mechanism: The mechanism,often automatic, which controls the
advancing movement (ffed) of the cutting tools used in machines.
Feed Water: Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam heated, raw
water used for steam generation within the boiler. The temperature of feed
water normally is 275 280 B0 F.
Feed water heater : A device used to heat feed water with steam.
Feed water line: The piping leading to a system through which the feed
water flows.
Feed Water Pumps: Four pumps (3 in service) used to supply water to the
boiler.
Feed water : Water which is fed to a system such as a boiler or cooling
tower.
Feedback: The practice of using a measure of output to modify input; in
hydraulics, the controlled output, such as position, velocity or pressure,
would be measured and compared with the input valve to modify the input.
Feedback: Part of a closed loop system, which monitors back information
about the condition under control for comparison.
Feedback Loop: Any closed circuit consisting of one or more forward
elements and one or more feedback elements.
Feeder: Also called "riser", it is part of the gating system that forms the
reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses due to shrinkage
as the metal solidifies.
Feeder: Also called ?Riser?, it is part of the gating system that forms the
reservoir of molten metal necessary to compensate for losses due to shrinkage
as the metal solidifies.
Feeder Table: A round table that rotates material onto the #10 and #21
conveyor belts.
Feeding: The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for volume
shrinkage while the casting is solidifying.
Feeding: The process of supplying molten metal to compensate for volume
shrinkage while the casting is solidifying.
Feedstock: Stock from which material is taken to be fed into a processing
unit.
Feedstock: Any raw material.
Feedstock: Any raw material.
Feedwater: Cleaned and softened, chemically treated and steam heated, raw
water used for steam generation within the boiler. The temperature of
feedwater normally is 275-280°F.
Feedwater Pumps: Water pumps used to supply water to the boiler.
Feeler Gauge: 1. Gauge used to gap the slitter knives. The steel being side-
trimmed determines the gap between the slitter knives. The gauge slides
between the knives measuring the gap between them. 2. A tool used to set the
gap of the slitter knives.
Feeler Gauge: 1) Gauge used to gap the slitter knives. The steel being side
trimmed determines the gap between the slitter knives. The gauge slides
between the knives measuring the gap between them. 2) A tool used to set the
gap of the slitter knives.
Felt: Any part, such as a nut or fitting, into which another (male) part can be
inserted. Internal threads are female.
Felt: Tar paper. Installed under the roof shingles. Normally 15 lb. or 30 lb.
Fema: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Female: Metal tubes used to keep roof gutters "open". Long nails (ferrule
spikes) are driven through these tubes and hold the gutters in place along the
fascia of the home.
Female: Any part, such as a nut or fitting, into which another (male) part can
be inserted. Internal threads are female.
Female Part: A concave piece of equipment which receives a mating male
(convex) part.
Female Part: A concave piece of equipment which receives a mating male
(convex) part.
Ferralloy: A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in
steelmaking, usually containing iron and otheer metals to aid various stages
of the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization and adding
strength. Examples: ferrochrome,ferromanganese and ferrosilicon.
Ferrand: A device that senses the amount of travel of the A.G.C. cylinders.
Ferric coagulant: Ferric sulfate Fe2(SO4)3 act to precipitate ferric
hydroxide, coagulate at 4.011.0 pH range.
Ferric hydroxide: The complete reaction product of iron, water, and oxygen,
which forms a red precipitate in water [Fe(OH)3]
Ferric ion: An iron atom that has a positive electric charge of +3. (Fe2+)
Ferrimagnetic Material: (1) A material that macroscopically has properties
similar to those of a ferromagnetic material but that microscopically also
resembles an antiferromagnetic material in that some of the elementary
magnetic moments are aligned antiparallel. If the moments are of different
magnitudes, the material may still have a large resultant magnetization. (2) A
material in which unequal magnetic moments are lined up antiparallel to each
other. Permeabilities are of the same order of magnitude as those of
ferromagnetic materials, but are lower than they would be if all atomic
moments were parallel and in the same direction. Under ordinary conditions
the magnetic characteristics of ferrimagnetic materials are quite similar to
those of ferromagnetic material.
Ferrite: A solid solution of one or more elements in alpha or delta iron.
Ferrite Banding: Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of
working. Sometimes referred to as ferrite streaks.
Ferrite Banding: Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of
working. Sometimes referred to a ferrite streaks.
Ferrite Inductor: An inductor is an electrical component used to store the
energy resulting from current passing through it in a magnetic field. An
inductor is made by wrapping a conducting wire into a coil around a central
core, with each turn of the wire termed a winding. The number of windings in
the coil is directly related to the inductance. Ferrite inductors use iron or iron
alloys for the core material. Ferrite has a high magnetic permeability, or
ability to generate a magnetic field. As a result, the use of a ferrite core
greatly increases the inductance.
Ferrite Number: An arbitrary, standardized value designating the ferrite
content of an austenitic stainless steel weld metal. This value directly replaces
percent ferrite or volume percent ferrite and is determined by the magnetic
test described in AWS A4.2
Ferrite Pearlite Banding: Inhomogeneous distribution of ferrite and pearlite
aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working.
Ferrite-pearlite Banding: lnhomogeneous distribution of ferrite and pearlite
aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working.
Ferritic: The second-largest class of stainless steel, constituting
approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic stainless steels are plain
chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results
in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium-nickel stainless
steels). Ferritics are best suited for general and high-temperature corrosion
applications rather than services requiring high strength. They are used in
automotive trim and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot
water tanks. Two of the most common grades are type 430 (general-purpose
grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409 (low-
cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures).
Ferritic: The second largest class of stainless steel, constituting
approximately 25% of stainless production. Ferritic stainless steels are plain
chromium steels with no significant nickel content; the lack of nickel results
in lower corrosion resistance than the austenitics (chromium nickel stainless
steels). Ferritics are best suited for general and high temperature corrosion
applications rather than services requiring high strength. They are used in
automotive trim and exhaust systems, interior architectural trim, and hot
water tanks. Two of the most common grades are type 430 (general purpose
grade for many applications, including decorative ones) and type 409 (low
cost grade well suited to withstanding high temperatures).
Ferritic Grain Size: Samples are etched with nitric acid in alcohol to
observe the crystal size of the grains under magnification. In general, the
larger the grains (lower numbers), the softer and lower the strength of the
steel. In general, the larger the grains (lower numbers) the softer and lower
the strength of the steel.
Ferritic Grain Size: The grain size of the ferric matrix of a steel.
Ferritic Stainless Steels: Without nickel in its composition, this steel grade
presents chrome contents ranging between 11 and 30%. Some of them can
have contents of molybdenum, silicon, aluminum, titanium, niobium, sulfur
and selenium in order to acquire certain characteristics. Resistance to
corrosion under tension and to oxidation at high temperatures, low heat
expansion and good drawability are some of their characteristics.
Ferritizing Anneal: A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron
to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the
final microstructure desired or the time-temperarure cycle used must be
specified.
Ferritizing Anneal: A treatment given as-cast gray or ductile (nodular) iron
to produce an essentially ferritic matrix. For the term to be meaningful, the
final microstructure desired or the time-temperature cycle used must be
specified.
Ferro Alloy: A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in
steelmaking, usually containing iron and other metals, to aid various stages of
the steelmaking process such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and adding
strength. Examples: ferrochrome, ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon.
Ferro Manganese: An alloy of iron and manganese (80% manganese) used
in making additions of manganese to steel or cast iron. Ferroalloy, An alloy
of iron with a sufficient amount of some element or elements such as
manganese, chromium, or vanadium for use as a means in adding these
elements into molten steel.
Ferroalloy: A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed in
steelmaking, usually containing iron and other metals that improve the
physical and chemical properties of the final steel product.
Ferrochrome: A finishing material which contains about 70% chromium. It
is used when it is desired to add chromium to steel.
Ferrochrome: An alloy of iron and chromium with up to 72% chromium.
Ferrochrome is commonly used as a raw material in the making of stainless
steel.
Ferroelectric: A crystalline material that exhibits spontaneous electrical
polarization, hysteresis and piezoelectric properties.
Ferroelectric Effect: The phenomenon whereby certain crystals may exhibit
a spontaneous dipole moment, which is called ferroelectric by analogy with
ferromagnetism exhibiting a pennanent magnetic moment. Ferroelectric
crystals often show several Curie points, domain structures and hysteresis,
much as do ferromagnetic crystals.
Ferrography (Direct Read and Analytical): Method that examines ferrous
wear particles in used fluid; used in preventive and predictive maintenance
programs.
Ferromagnetic: The ability to become highly magnetic and have the ability
to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary magnetic dipoles
inside the domain are all oriented in a direction parallel to each other.
Ferromagnetic: The ability to become highly magnetic and have the ability
to retain a permanent magnetic moment. The elementary magnetic dipoles
inside the domain are all oriented in a direction parallel to each other.
Ferromagnetism: A property exhibited by certain metals, alloys and
compounds of the transition (iron group), rare-earth, and actinide elements
(below a certain temperature termed the Curie temperature), in which the
atomic magnetic moments tend to line up in a common direction.
Ferromagnetism is characterized by the strong attraction of one magnetized
body for another. See also Curie temperature. Compare with
paramagnetism. (see Curie Temperature)
Ferromanganese: A product of the blast furnace, containing, besides iron,
78 to 82% of manganese and some silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and carbon. It
is used as a deoxidizer and for the introduction of manganese into steel.
Ferrophosphorus: A finishing material which contains about 18%
phosphorus. It is used when it is necessary to add phosphorus to steel.
Ferrosilicon: A product of the blast furnace which contains 8 to 15% silicon.
It is used as a deoxidizer and for adding silicon to steel.
Ferrous: Metals that consist primarily of iron.
Ferrous hydroxide : The reaction product of iron and water in the absence
of oxygen; it remains soluble in the water [Fe(OH)2].
Ferrous ion: An iron atom that has a positive electric charge of + 2(Fe2+).
Ferrous Metallurgy: That section of general metallurgy which embraces the
science and knowledge applying to iron and steel products, their preparation
and adaptation to their numerous uses.
Ferrous metals : metals containing iron
Ferrous : Metallic materials in which the principle component is iron.
Ferrovanadium: A product which contains iron and about 38% vanadium.
Used as a finisher for adding vanadium to steel.
Ferrule: Metal straps that are used to repair a bearing wall "cut-out", and to
"tie together" wall corners, splices, and bearing headers. Also, they are used
to hang stairs and landings to bearing headers.
Ferrule: Metal tubes used to keep roof gutters “open”. Long nails (ferrule
spikes) are driven through these tubes and hold the gutters in place along the
fascia of the home.
Ferrules: A ferrule is a type of fastener often used to create a loop from
materials such as rope or wire. The ferrule is a tube-like fastener through
which one or more strands of the material are passed through. A tool such as
a pliers or other crimping device is then used to crimp the ferrule down
around the material until it is tight enough to restrict movement through the
ferrule.
Festoon System: A festoon system is a specialized suspension system
designed to hang, suport and move hoses and cables around a working
environement. Depending on the application, the festoon system will include
a pulley or trolley system, support clips or clamps, handling equipment, and a
control unit.
Fettle: To prepare a furnace for charging and melting by repairing eroded
areas of the refractory.
Fettle: British term meaning the process of removing all runners and risers
and cleaning off adhering sand from the casting. Also refers to the removal of
slag from the inside of the cupola and in Britain to repair the bed of an open
hearth.
Fettling: The protection of the hearth or lower walls of a furnace with loose
granular refractory material.
Fgd: Flue gas desulfurization.
Fha strap: To take measurements (cabinets, countertops, stairs, shower
doors, etc.) in the home itself instead of using the blueprints.
Fha strap: Metal straps that are used to repair a bearing wall “cut-out”, and
to “tie together” wall corners, splices, and bearing headers. Also, they are
used to hang stairs and landings to bearing headers.
Fibc Bulk Bag: A flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC), also known
as a bulk bag, is used to store bulk materials such as grain, sand, or other
granular products. FIBC bags are typically made of a thick, woven plastic
material and are capable of holding on the order of 1000 kg of material. FIBC
bags typically have some type of loop in order to support the mounting and
movement of the bags in bag handling systems.
Fiber: 1. The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional
properties. It is revealed by etching a longitudinal section or manifested by
the fibrous appearance of a fracture. It is caused chiefly by extension of the
constituents of the metal, both metallic and non-metallic, in the direction of
working. 2. The pattern of preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given
deformation process.
Fiber: (1) The characteristic of wrought metal that indicates directional
properties. It is revealed by etching a longitudinal section or manifested by
the fibrous appearance of a fracture. It is caused chiefly by extension of the
constituents of the metal, both metallic and nonmetallic, in the direction of
working. (2) The pattern of preferred orientation of metal crystal after a given
deformation process.
Fiber Metallurgy: The technology of producing solid bodies from fibers or
chopped filaments, with or without a metal matrix. The fibers may consist of
such nonmetals as graphite or aluminun oxide or of such metals as tungsten
or boron. See also metal-matrix composites. (see Metal-matrix Composites)
Fiber Optic Cable Joining: Fiber optic cable joining is the process of
splicing two pieces of fiber optic cable together. Joining fiber optic is usually
accomplished by using a pair of mating connectors, each used to terminate an
end of the cable to be joined. The connectors are designed to ensure proper
alignment of the fiber cores in each piece. In addition, the ends must be
cleaned cut and pieced together end-to-end, with no gap, to minimize signal
loss due to the splice.
Fiber Optic Sensors: A fiber optic sensor is a measurement device that uses
transparent fiber to detect and measure physical quantities. Fiber optic
sensors can be used to measure pressure, temperature, and other physical
attributes as a result of measuring their impact on the light spectrum
transported in the fiber. There are many different types of sensors covering a
wide range of applications. An advantage of fiber optic sensors is that
external power sources are not necessary to supply power to the sensor as
with traditional electronic sensors.
Fiber Optics: Fiber optics is the term applied to the study and application of
optical fibers in many different applications. Fiber optics makes use of
transparent fibers that are capable of transmitting light over long distances, at
high bandwidths and with limited signal loss. Fiber optics is guided by the
scientific principle of refraction, or the bending of light, first seen
experimentally in the 1840's. Practical applications of fiber optics began to
appear in the early 1900's and can not be found in engineering sensors,
communications, lighting, and media applications.
Fiber Or Fibre: Direction in which metals have been caused to flow, as by
rolling, with microscopic evidence in the form of fibrous appearance in the
direction of flow.
Fiber Stress: Local stress through a small area (a point or line) on a section
where the stress is not uniform, as in a beam under a bending load.
Fiber Stress: Unit stress which exists at any given point in a structural
element subjected to load; given as load per unit area.
Fibering: Elongation and alignment of internal boundaries, second phases
and inclusions in particular directions corresponding to the direction of metal
now during deformation processing.
Fibers: Ensures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the knives in the
sheet mill. Fibers are used to hold the strip just above the knife to prevent
knife marks on the steel.
Fibers: Ensures the proper alignment of the strip as it enters the knives in the
Sheet Mill.. Fibers are used to hold the strip just above the knife to prevent
knife marks on the steel.
Fibre cement: A product made of cellulose fibre, fillers, Portland cement
and water.
Fibrous Fracture: A gray and amorphous fracture that results when a metal
is sufficiently ductile for the crystals to elongate before fracture occurs. When
a fibrous fracture is obtained in an impact test, it may be regarded as definite
evidence of toughness of the metal. See also crystalline fracture and silky
fracture. (see Crystalline Fracture) (see Silky Fracture)
Fibrous Fracture: A fracture whose surface is characterized by a dull gray
or silky appearance.
Fibrous Grease: Describes a specific type of grease that exhibits a
distinctive fibrous structure when portions of the grease are pulled apart. The
gelling agents for many greases have unique fibrous structures, depending on
the type of soap or thickener employed, that are easily distinguished under an
electron microscope. Some greases are smooth and buttery to the feel, even
though they have microscopic fibrous structures. It is customary to use the
term “fibrous grease” for grease that resists being pulled apart.
Fibrous Structure: (1) In forgings, a structure revealed as laminations, not
necessarily detrimental, on an etched section or as a ropy appearance on a
fracture. It is not to be confused with silky or ductile fracture of a clean
metal. (2) In wrought iron, a structure consisting of slag fibers embedded in
ferrite. (3) In rolled steel plate stock, a uniform, fine-grained structure on a
fractured surface free of laminations or shale-type discontinuities.
Fids: Flight Information Display System. Real-time flight arrival and
departure data for an airport, either as a board inside or near the airport
terminal or a virtual version on a website or teletext.
Field: A term used for the jobsite or building site where construction of the
project will take place.
Field measure: A manufacturing process of interlocking two shorter pieces
of wood end to end to create a longer piece of dimensional lumber or
molding. Often used in jambs and casings and are normally painted (instead
of stained).
Field measure: To take measurements (cabinets, countertops, stairs, shower
doors, etc.) in the home itself instead of using the blueprints.
Field weld: The specific term used for the welding of structural members out
at the actual jobsite and not in a fabricators shop.
Field Wiring: The wiring required after erection of the crane.
Fieldbus Components: FieldBus is a network communications protocal used
for the purpose or real-time control in industrial applications. FieldBus
components include any of the individual parts of the distributed network,
including sensors, controllers, Ethernet adapters, and cabling. The
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) publishes standards for all
electrical, electronic and related technologies. IEC 61158 provided standards
for the design and application of FieldBus systems
Fieldbus Systems: FieldBus is a network communications protocal used for
the purpose or real-time control in industrial applications. FieldBus
components include any of the individual parts of the distributed network,
including sensors, controllers, Ethernet adapters, and cabling. The
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) publishes standards for all
electrical, electronic and related technologies. IEC 61158 provided standards
for the design and application of FieldBus systems
Filamentary Shrinkage: A fine network of shrinkage cavities, occasionally
found in steel castings, that produces a radiographic image resembling lace.
File Hardness: Hardness as determined by the use of a file of standardized
hardness on the assumption that a material cannot be cut with the file is as
hard as, or harder than, the file. Files covering a range of hardnesses may be
employed.
File Hardness: Hardness as determined by the use of a steel file of
standardized hardness on the assumption that a material that cannot be cut
with the file is as hard as, or harder than, the file. Files covering a range of
hardnesses may be employed; the most common are files heat treated to
approximately 67 to 70 HRC.
File Hardness: Hardness as determined by the use of file of standarized
hardness on the assumption that a material which cannot be cut with the file
is as hard as,or harder than the file. Files covering a range of hardnesses may
be employed.
File Rasp: Tool used to remove zinc or tin buildup from the welder wheels.
File Test: A test for hardness in which a corner of a file is run across the
piece of metal being tested. The hardness is shown by the dent the file
makes.
File Test: A test for hardness in which a corner of a file is run across the
piece of metal being tested. The hardness is shown by the dent the file makes.
Filed Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by
drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This is the usual and
accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed spring steel strip after
slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks are objectionable or slitting
burr is to be removed.
Filed Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by
drawing the strip over a series of small steel files. This is the usual and
accepted method of dressing the edges of annealed spring steel strip after
slitting in cases where edgewise slitting cracks are objectionable or slitting
burr is to be removed.
Filiform Corrosion: Corrosion that occurs under some coatings in the form
of randomly distributed threadlike filaments.
Fill : Earthwork in embankment or backfilling.
Filler: A rod, plate, or angle welded between a two angle web member or
between a top or bottom chord panel to tie them together usually located at
the middle of the member. See Tie or Plug.
Filler Cap: A mechanical device which provides an access for filling a
reservoir or tank. Normally equipped with a fine screen to strain out dirt
particles.
Filler joist floor: An obsolete but commonly-found form of floor comprising
a concrete slab reinforced with steel I-beams known as rolled steel joists.
Filler Metal: Metal added in making a brazed, soldered or welded joint. See
also brazing filler metal, electrode (welding), solder, welding rod and
welding wire.
Filler Metal: A third material that is melted concurrently with the parent
metal during fusion or braze welding. It is usually, but not necessarily, of
different composition from the parent metals.
Fillers: An extensive variety of solid substances, primarily inorganic
powders or flakes such as mica, talc, graphite, molybdenum disulfide and
others that are added to grease to increase bulk or incorporated into non-
metallic bearing materials to improve lubrication under high loads, low
speeds and/or high temperatures.
Fillet: A concave corner piece used on foundry patterns, a radius joint
replacing sharp inside corners.
Fillet : 3 to 6 inches wide shamfer for column to add beauty and strength by
avoiding sharp angels.
Fillet Curve (Gears): The concave portion of the tooth profile where it joins
the bottom of the tooth space at the root circle.
Fillet weld : A weld of roughly triangular cross-section between two pieces
at right angles.
Film Strength: General term indicating the capacity of an oil to maintain an
unbroken film on a lubricated surface under operating conditions; used
without reference to the type of film. “Load-carrying capacity” is another
general term used in calculations. Film strength additives are usually
considered anti-wear additives, not EP additives.
Filming amines : Amines that form a impervious non-wettable film, which
acts as a barrier between the metal and the condensate and provide protection
against carbon dioxide and oxygen. These amines do not neutralize carbon
dioxide.
Filter: A porous substance or device that cleans fluids by removing
suspended matter.
Filter -: A device to remove solid material from a fluid.
Filter Bags: Filter bags are used in filtration systems to capture and contain
particulates separated from the environment. Filter bags are often
manufactured from a woven fabric or plastic material such that very fine
particles are contained within the bag. Filter bags come in many different
sizes, shapes, and materials depending on the specific application.
Filter Beta Rating: A measure of filter's particle removal efficiency in terms
of the ratio of the number of incoming particles to the number of outgoing
particles in a defined size range. Beta ratio of 1,000 indicates that for every
1,000 particles per unit volume of the fluid entering the filter, one particle
will pass through the filter ISO 16889 is the test method used to determine
Beta ratings.
Filter Canister: The portion of the filter assembly that holds the filter
element.
Filter Canister: The portion of the filter assembly that holds the filter
element.
Filter Element: Removable portion of a filter that houses the filtering
medium.
Filter Element: A series of wire or fabric meshes, which are bonded together
by caps or perforated cylinders and are fitted into hydraulic system passages
to strain fine particles and silt from passed through the passage.
Filter Housing: (Head). The portion of the filter assembly in which the filter
element is seated.
Filter Housing: (Head)The portion of the filter assembly in which the filter
element is seated.
Filter layer: cobble, gravel, etc placed under riprap to prevent native fines
from washing out through the riprap. Geotextile may be used to supplement
or replace this layer.
Filter Nominal Rating: A measure of filter's particle removal efficiency that
has no universally accepted definition. Each vendor defines what it means for
their filters.
Filter Presses: A filter press is an industrial machine used to separate solid
material from liquid-solid solutions, also known as slurries. Filter presses
uses pressure applied to filter plates to squeeze liquid out of the slurry, leave
the solid material behind. The remaining solid is called the filter cake and is
progressively built up with the processing of additional slurry solution. Filter
presses are often used in the food processing, pharmaceutical and chemical
industries.
Filter Sludge: A material that is produced when the water from the
clarification tanks is filtered for the scrubber system.
Filter-drier: A combination device used as a strainer and moisture remover.
Filtering collectors: aquatic invertebrates that feed by filtering small organic
particles from the water
Filtration Systems: Filtration systems are used to separate solids from a
liquid or gas. Filtration systems take on many different forms, depending on
the application and the environment. Filtration systems can be used to
remove particulates and odors from the air in air filtration systems, to clean
micro-organisms and waste out of fish tanks, or to separate solids from slurry
solutions in industrial processing applications. The processes and equipment
used in the filtrations system will depend on the specific application.
Filtration : Is the process of passing a liquid containing suspended matter
through a suitable porous material in such a manner as to effectively remove
the suspended matter from the liquid.
Fin: A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the metal
under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or around the die
inserts.
Fin: A thin projection on a forging resulting from trimming or from the metal
under pressure being forced into hairline cracks in the die or around die
inserts
Fin number: See FN below.
Fin Stock: Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, and thickness
ranges suitable for the manufacture of fins for heat-exchanger applications.
Fin Stock: Coiled sheet or foil in specific alloys, tempers, an thickness
ranges suitable for manufacture of fins for heat exchanger applications
Fin : An extended surface to increase the heat transfer area, as metal sheets
attached to tubes.
Final: Final Approach. One of the many words describing the approach
segments. The part of a landing sequence or aerodrome circuit procedure in
which the aircraft has made its final turn and is inbound to the active runway.
See picture on the right.
Final Annealing: An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a
non-ferrous alloy prior to shipment.
Final Annealing: An imprecise term used to denote the last anneal given to a
nonferrous alloy prior to shipment.
Final Polishing: A polishing process in which the primary objective is to
produce a final surface suitable for microscopic examination.
Fine aggregate: Sand used in making concrete, mortar etc.
Fine aggregate : (1) Sand or grit for concrete which passes the No. 4 sieve
(4.76 mm) and retained in the No. 200 sieve (74 micron or 0.074 mm). (2)
Sand or grit for bituminous road-making which passes a sieve of 3 mm
square opening.
Fine Grain Steel: Steels that resist grain growth over a considerable
temperature range, when held at temperature for a reasonable length of time
as is customary in heat treatment of steel.
Fine particulate organic matter : (FPOM)organic material <1 mm in
diameter
Fine Silver: Silver with a fineness of three nines (999); equivalent to a
minimum content of 99.9% Ag with the remaining content unrestricted.
Fine Wire Quality Wire Rods: Suitable for direct drawing from 7/32” (5.5
mm) into wire sizes as fine as 0.035” without intermediate annealing. These
rods are generally rolled from the steel grades 1005 and 1006.
Fineness: A measure of the purity of gold or silver expressed in parts per
thousand fines. Predominating size in a batch or lot of foundry sand. (3) 1be
portion of a powder composed of particles smaller than a specified size.
Usually 44 Jlm (325 mesh).
Finery: A charcoal-fueled hearth furnace used in early processes for
converting cast-iron to wrought iron by melting and oxidizing it in an air
blast, then repeatedly oxidizing the product in the presence of a slag. The
carbon oxidizes more rapidly than the iron, so that a wrought iron of low-
carbon content is produced.
Finery: A charcoal fueled hearth furnace used in early processes for
converting cast iron to wrought iron by melting and oxidizing it in an air
blast, then repeatedly oxidizing the product in the presence of a slag. The
carbon oxidizes more rapidly than the iron so that a wrought iron of low
carbon content is produced.
Fines: (1) The product lhat passes through the finest screen in sorting
crushed or ground material. (2) Sand grains that are substantially smaller than
the predominating size in a batch or lot of foundry sand. (3) The portion of a
powder composed of particles smaller than a specified size, usually 325
mesh.
Fines: Material that passes through a standard screen on which coarser
fragments are retained. In iron ore terms, fines is used to classify material that
is usually between 1-10mm in size.
Finger joint: Short horizontal members sometimes nailed between studs,
usually about halfway up a wall. See also 'Fire stop'.
Finger joint: A manufacturing process of interlocking two shorter pieces of
wood end to end to create a longer piece of dimensional lumber or molding.
Often used in jambs and casings and are normally painted (instead of
stained).
Fingerprint Neutralizer: A polar compound used in rust preventives for
steel surfaces that prevents corrosive attacks from perspiration during
handling.
Finish: In deck terminology, the coating on the deck sheet, i.e., galvanized,
painted, or unpainted.
Finish: The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.
Finish: The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.
Finish Allowance: (1) The amount of excess metal surrounding the intended
final configuration of a formed pan; sometimes called forging envelope,
machining allowance or cleanup allowance. (2) Amount of stock left on the
surface of a casting for machining.
Finish Allowance: The amount of stock left on the surface of a casting,
forging or mill products for machining.
Finish Annealing: A subcritical annealing treatment applied to cold-worked
low- or medium-carbon steel. Finish annealing, which is a compromise
treatment, lowers residual stresses, thereby minimizing the risk of distortion
in machining while retaining most of the benefits to machinability
contributed by cold working. Compare with final annealing. (see Final
Annealing)
Finish Grinding: The final grinding action on a workpiece. The objectives
are surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
Finish Machining: A machining process analogous to finish grinding.
Finish Mark: A symbol (F, F1, F2, etc.) appearing on the line of a drawing
that represents the edge of the surface of the casting to be machined or
otherwise finished.
Finish Mark: A symbol (f, f1, f2, etc.) appearing on the line of a drawing
that represents the edge of the surface of the casting to be machined or
otherwise finished.
Finish strip: A roof deck accessory made out of gage metal for finishing out
runs of deck for small areas of coverage where full sheet coverage is
impractical.
Finish Welding: Production welding carried out in order to ensure the agreed
quality of the casting.
Finished Steel: Steel that is ready for the market without further work or
treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet bars and wire rods are termed
semifinished produced by the in-the-line thermal treatment following
electrodeposition.
Finished Steel: Steel that is ready for the market without further work or
treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet bars, and wire rods are termed semi
finished produced by the in the line thermal treatment following
electrodeposition.
Finisher: The die impression that imparts the final shape to a forged part.
Finishes: The final applied coat or natural surface of a material used in walls,
ceilings or floors of a building.
Finishes: The texture of the steel surface which is determined by the grit on
the rolls or by the grind on the rolls in the case of bright finish.
Finishes: The surface appearance of the various metals after final treatment
such as rolling, etc. Over the years the following finishes have become
recognized as standard in their respective fields ALUMINUM SHEET (A)
Commercially Bright (B) Bright one side (C) Bright both sides BLACK
PLATE (A) Dull finish without luster produced by use of roughened rolls.
(B) Bright finish ? a luster finish produced by use of rolls having a
moderately smooth surface. COLD ROLLED STEEL SHEETS (A)
Commercial finish. A dull satin surface texture produced by roughened rolls
(B) Commercial Bright Finish. Bright in appearance with a texture between
luster and a very fine matte finish. (C) Luster Finish. Produced by use of
ground and polished rolls. (Note: This is not a number 3 finish). COLD
ROLLED STRIP STEELS No. 1 Finish ? A dull finish produced without
luster by rolling on roughened rolls. No. 2 Finish ? A regular bright finish
produced by rolling on moderately bright rolls. No. 3 finish ? Best Bright
Finish. A lustrous or high floss finish produced by rolling on highly polished
rolls. Also referred to as ?Mirror Finish?. COPPER BASE ALLOYS Acid
Dipped ? Dry rolled finished. Produced by dry cold rolling bi chromate
dipped alloy with polihed rolls, resulting in a burnished appearnace and
retaining the color obtained by dipping(True Metal Color). Bright Dipped
Finish ? Finish resulting from an acid dip. Buffed or Polished Surface ? a
finish obtained by buffing, resulting in a high gloss or polished finish. Cold
Rolled Finish ? A relatively smooth finish obtained by cold rolling plain
pickled strip with a lubricant. Dry rolled Finish ? A burnished finish resulting
from dry cold rolling by use of polished rolls without any metal lubricant Hot
Rolled Finish ? A dark relatively rough oxidized finish resulting from rolling
the metal while hot. May subsequently be pickled or bright dipped but the
rough surface remains. Stretched Brushed Finish (Satin finish) Obtained by
mechanically brushing with wire brushes or by buffing. FLAT WIRE No.2
Finish ? A regular bright finish. No.3 Finish ? Best Bright High Gloss finish
produced by use of poplished rolls. Or by special buffing ? this is a
negotiated finish STAINLESS COLD ROLLED SHEET and STRIP NOS.
1,2B & 2D No.1 finish ? C.R. Annealed and pickled appearance varies from
dull gray matte finish to a fairly reflective surface No.2B Finish ? Same as
No.1 finish followed by a final light cold rolled pass generally on highly
polished rolls. No.2D finish ? A dull cold rolled finish produced by cold
rolling on dull rolls. STAINLESS C.R. SHEET ? Polished Finishes No.3
Finish ? This is an intermediate polished finish. No.4 Finish ? Ground and
polished finish. No.6 Finish ? Ground,polished and Tampico Brushed. No.7
Finish ? Ground and High Luster Polished No.8 Finish ? Ground and
polished to Mirror Finish. TEMPERED and UNTEMPERED COLD
ROLLED CARBON SPRING STEEL STRIP Classified by description as
follows: (A). Black Oil Tempered (B). Scaless Tempered (C). Bright
Tempered (D). Tempered and Polished (E). Tempered, Polished and Colored
(Blue or Straw) TIN PLATE(A). Bright Hot Dipped Finish (B). Electro Matte
Dull finish (C). Electro Bright Reflow Finish ? produced by the in the line
thermal treatment following electrodeposition
Finishing Die: The temperature at which hot working is completed.
Finishing Facilities: The portion of the steelmaking complex that processes
semifinished steel (slabs or billets) into forms that can be used by others.
Finishing operations can include rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills,
annealing facilities and temper mills.
Finishing Facilities: The portion of the steelmaking complex that processes
semi finished steel (slabs or billets) into forms that can be used by others.
Finishing operations can include rolling mills, pickle lines, tandem mills,
annealing facilities, and temper mills.
Finishing Stand: The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the
surface finish and final gauge.
Finishing Stand: The last stand in a rolling mill, which determines the
surface finish and final gauge.
Finishing Temperature: The Hot Mill Rolling temperature at which hot
mechanical working of metal is completed.
Finishing Temperature: The temperature at which hot working is
completed.
Finishing : final stages of inspection and preparing galvanized steel so that it
complies with specification(s)
Finite Difference Analysis (FDA): A computerized numerical modeling
approach for solving differential equations. Used primarily in solving heat
transfer and solidification problems.
Finite Difference Analysis (Fda): A computerized numerical modeling
approach for solving differential equations. Used primarily in solving heat
transfer and solidification problems.
Finite Element Analysis: A computerized numerical analysis technique used
for solving differential equations to primarily solved mechanical engineering
problems relating to stress analysis.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA): A computerized numerical analysis
technique used for solving differential equations to primarily solved
mechanical engineering problems related to stress analysis.
Finmet: The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of
fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briquetted.
Finmet: The process reduces iron ore fines with gas in a descending series of
fluidized bed reactors. The reduced iron is hot briquetted.
Finned Tube Heat Exchangers: A heat exchanger is any type of device
used to transfer heat from between mediums. In a finned tube heat exchanger,
the exhaust fluid that must be heated or cooled is circulated through a series
of tubes mounted into a shell. Air or a second fluid is then circulated through
the shell on the outside of the tube bundle to transfer heat to or from the
tubes. Fins are placed longitudinally along the shell to increase the surface
area and improve the heat transfer capabilities. Design of finned tube heat
exchangers is very specific to the application and takes into account the
amount of heat that must be transferred, the flow rate required both inside
and outside the tubesl, the diameter, thickness and length of the tubes, and the
layout of the tube bundles and fins.
Fire block-: Brick made of refractory ceramic material which will resist
high temperatures. Used in a fireplace and boiler.
Fire block-: Short horizontal members sometimes nailed between studs,
usually about halfway up a wall. See also ‘Fire stop’.
Fire brick-: A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the
flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.
Fire brick-: Brick made of refractory ceramic material which will resist high
temperatures. Used in a fireplace and boiler.
Fire Cracks: An irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet caused by
rolling with a fire cracked roll. Fire cracks will develop when a roll is not
properly cooled.
Fire Cracks: An irregular pattern of lines on the surface of a sheet caused by
rolling with a fire cracked roll. Fire cracks will develop when a roll is not
properly cooled.
Fire Dampers: Fire dampers are components installed in heating, ventilation,
and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to prevent the system ductwork from
spreading a fire from one area of a building to another. Fire dampers are
typically a sheet of metal fins that drop into place to seal off a duct in the
event of a fire. The dampers can be passive, dropping into place when the
heat of the fire causes a retaining clip to melt, or active, controlled by an
automatic fire safety system in which sensors and control systems are used to
detect a fire and close the dampers.
Fire Detection Alarm Systems: A fire detection alarm system is designed to
monitor an environment for heat build-up, smoke, or chemicals such as
carbon monoxide generated in the event of a fire. A fire detection system
includes a network of sensors wired together to provide distributed coverage
around the entire building. Each sensor either contains a self-contained alarm
unit or feeds a signal back to a central processing unit that sends a signal to
all the alarms throughout the building. A fire detection system may also
include manual alert stations, enabling people in the building to activate the
fire alarm system prior to automatic detection.
Fire point: The temperature at which a material will continue to burn for at
least 5 seconds without the benefit of an outside flame.
Fire point (Cleveland Open Cup, or COC; ASTM D 92): The temperature
to which a combustible liquid must be heated so that the vapor released will
burn continuously when ignited under specific conditions.
Fire proofing: The process of coating a structural steel member with a fire
retardant material to make the member resistant to fire.
Fire retardant chemical: A solid, tight closure of a concealed space, placed
to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through such a space. In a frame wall,
this will usually consist of 2 by 4 cross blocking between studs. Work
performed to slow the spread of fire and smoke in the walls and ceiling
(behind the drywall). Includes stuffing wire holes in the top and bottom plates
with insulation, and installing blocks of wood between the wall studs at the
drop soffit line. This is integral to passing a Rough Frame inspection. See
also 'Fire block'.
Fire retardant chemical: A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to
reduce the flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.
Fire stop: A large sheet of metal that is installed around and perpendicular to
the fireplace flue pipe. It's purpose is to confine and limit the spread of fire
and smoke to a small area.
Fire stop: A solid, tight closure of a concealed space, placed to prevent the
spread of fire and smoke through such a space. In a frame wall, this will
usually consist of 2 by 4 cross blocking between studs. Work performed to
slow the spread of fire and smoke in the walls and ceiling (behind the
drywall). Includes stuffing wire holes in the top and bottom plates with
insulation, and installing blocks of wood between the wall studs at the drop
soffit line. This is integral to passing a Rough Frame inspection. See also
‘Fire block’.
Fire Suppression Equipment: Fire suppression equipment can include
manual components used by firefighters or automatic systems used in
conjunction with automatic fire detection systems. Fire suppression can be
accomplished with water supplied through pump and hose systems or
sprinkler systems. In environments where the use of water is undesirable,
such as facilities containing extensive electronic and computer equipment,
fire suppression may be done with compressed gases such as argon or with
chemical agents sprayed or spread on the fire.
Fire tube : A tube, in a boiler, through which the hot gases flow and transfer
heat to the water on the outside of the tube.
Fire wall : The back end of a boiler, opposite the burner, at which the hot
gases change direction of flow.
Firebrick : A refractory brick, often made from fire clay, that is able to
withstand temperature in the range of 1500 to 1600°C, and is used to line
furnaces.
Firebrick, Insulating: A clay-based refractory brick characterized by low
thermal conductivity and low heat capacity.
Fireclay: An earthy or stony mineral aggregate which has the essential
constituent hydrous silicates of aluminum with or without free silica; plastic
when sufficiently pulverized and wetted; rigid when subsequently dried; and
of suitable refractoriness for use in commercial refractory products.
Firecracker Welding: A variation of the shielded metal arc welding process
in which a length of covered electrode is placed along the joint in contact
with the workpieces. During the welding operation, the stationary electrode is
consumed as the arc travels the length of the electrode.
Fireplace chase flashing pan: Applies to materials that are not combustible
in the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least
1 hour. Drywall used in the garage and party walls are to be fire rated, 5/8",
Type X.
Fireplace chase flashing pan: A large sheet of metal that is installed around
and perpendicular to the fireplace flue pipe. It’s purpose is to confine and
limit the spread of fire and smoke to a small area.
Fire-refined Copper: Copper that has been refined by the use of a furnace
process only including refinery shapes and by extension fabricators' products
made therefrom. Usually, when this term is used alone it refers to fire-refined
tough pitch copper without elements other than oxygen being present in
significant amounts.
Fire-resistance: The ability of a joist or other structural member to resist a
fire due to the type of protection it has, such as membrane protection or spray
on protection. There are hundreds of floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling assemblies
with their fire-resistance rating given in the Underwriters Laboratory Fire
Directory.
Fire-Resistant (FR) Fluids: Hydraulic fluids that exhibit fire-resistant
properties; they include the water-in-oil emulsions known as invert
emulsions, water-glycol fluids, non-aqueous synthetic fluids like phosphate
esters, silicones and halogenated hydrocarbons and high water-base fluids
(95% water) and microemulsions.
Fire-resistive or fire rated: A long strip of spring steel used for fishing
cables and for pulling wires through conduit.
Fire-resistive or fire rated: Applies to materials that are not combustible in
the temperatures of ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1
hour. Drywall used in the garage and party walls are to be fire rated, 5/8″,
Type X.
Firesetting : an ancient tunneling technique in which rock is heated with fire
and then doused with cold water, causing the rock to fracture
Firing Model: the furnace, the ECA, and the Cycle Number. The system
determines the furnace type, base type, heat hours, cool hours, uncover
temperature, and gas stream.
Firring: A piece of timber cut as a wedge and fixed to the top of a joist. Used
to give flat roofs a fall for drainage, or to level up uneven floors.
First fix: Electrical and plumbing first fix are the fixing of the wires and
pipes in the fabric of the building, before plastering. Carpentry first fix is the
provision of joists, studs and rafters.
First floor: The floor which is next above the floor at ground level
First-order stream: stream with no tributaries
Fir-tree Crystal: A type of dendrite.
Fish Eyes: A coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles in the
coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles are usually
resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with the appearance of the
eye of a fish.
Fish Eyes: A coating defect consisting of the undissolved particles in the
coating usually surrounded by a circular crater. The particles are usually
resinous and are raised up from the cured surface with the appearance of the
eye of a fish.
Fish ladder: a stepped fishway with water flowing over it
Fish Mouthing:
Fish tape: A wood or plywood piece used to fasten the ends of two members
together at a butt joint with nails or bolts. Sometimes used at the junction of
opposite rafters near the ridge line. Sometimes called a gang nail plate.
Fish tape: A long strip of spring steel used for fishing cables and for pulling
wires through conduit.
Fishmouthing: See alligatoring. (see Alligatoring)
Fishplate (gusset): A contract with a set price for the work. See Time and
Materials Contract.
Fishplate (gusset): A wood or plywood piece used to fasten the ends of two
members together at a butt joint with nails or bolts. Sometimes used at the
junction of opposite rafters near the ridge line. Sometimes called a gang nail
plate.
Fishscale: A scaly appearance in a porcelain enamel coating in which the
evolution of hydrogen from the base metal (iron or steel) causes loss of
adhesion between the enamel and the base metal. The scales are somewhat
like blisters that have cracked partway around the perimeter but still remain
attached to the coating around the rest of the perimeter.
Fishtail: A common name for the center gauge. It is used to set thread cutting
tools and has scales on it for determining the number of threads per inch.
Fishtail: A common name for the center gage. It is used to set thread cutting
tools and has scales on it for determing the numbet of threads per inch.
Fissure: A small crack-like weld discontinuity with only slight separation
(opening displacement) of the fracture surfaces. The prefixes macro or micro
indicate relative size.
Fitted Bearings: Partial journal bearings in which the radius of the bearing
surface is the same as the radius of the journal surface.
Fitting: A mechanical device used to attach two pieces of tubing/ piping
together or to attach a piece of tubing/pipe to a component.
Fixed Axle: An axle which is fixed in the truck and on which the wheel
revolves.
Fixed cost: An expenditure or expense that does not vary with volume level
of activity.
Fixed costs : Any necessary labour, material and equipment costs, directly
expended on the item or items under consideration which remain constant
regardless of the quantity of the work done.
Fixed displacement pump: A pump in which the displacement per cycle
cannot be varied.
Fixed Oils: Obsolete term, generally applied to fatty oils, indicating fluids
that tend to decompose during distillation instead of remaining intact during
the process; such oils are also known as non-volatile oils.
Fixed Pad Bearing: An axial or radial load type of bearing equipped with
fixed pads (or lands), the surfaces of which are contoured to promote the
establishment of a hydrodynamic film.
Fixed price contract: A loan where the initial payments are based on a
certain interest rate for a stated period . The rate payable will not change
during this period regardless of changes in the lender's standard variable rate.
Fixed price contract: A contract with a set price for the work. See Time and
Materials Contract.
Fixed rate: A mortgage with an interest rate that remains the same over the
years.
Fixed rate: A loan where the initial payments are based on a certain interest
rate for a stated period . The rate payable will not change during this period
regardless of changes in the lender’s standard variable rate.
Fixed rate mortgage: Flat stones (1 to 4 inches thick) used for walks, steps,
floors, and vertical veneer (in lieu of brick).
Fixed rate mortgage: A mortgage with an interest rate that remains the same
over the years.
Fixed-end support: A condition where no rotation or horizontal or vertical
movement can occur at that end. This type of support has no degrees of
freedom. Three reactive forces exist at the rigidly fixed end. See also Rigid
Connection.
Fixed-feed Grinding: Grinding in which the wheel is fed into the work. or
vice versa, by given increments or at a given rate.
Fixed-position Welding: Welding in which the work is held in a stationary
position.
Fixture: A production workholding device used for machining duplicate
workpieces. Although the term is used interchangeably with a jig, a fixture is
not designed to guide the cutting tools as the jig does.
Fixture: A production work holding device used for machining duplicate
workpieces. Although the term is used interchangeably with jig, a fixture is
not designed to guide the cutting tools as the jig does.
Fl: Flight Level. Altitude at barometric setting of 1013.2 millibars or 29.92
inches of mercury, expressed in rounds hundreds of feet. This is usual mostly
above 18,000 feet. FL350 is 35,000 feet.
Flag: a piece of survey ribbon.
Flag: A marker inserted adjacent to the edge at a splice or lap in a roll or foil
Flagstone (flagging or flags): A manufactured wood panel made out of 1"2"
wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior
wall and roof sheathing. Also called OSB or wafer board.
Flagstone (flagging or flags): Flat stones (1 to 4 inches thick) used for
walks, steps, floors, and vertical veneer (in lieu of brick).
Flake Graphite: Graphitic carbon, in the form of platelets, occurring in the
microstructure of gray iron.
Flakeboard: An oil burner, designed to hold the flame near the nozzle
surface. Generally the most efficient type for residential use.
Flakeboard: A manufactured wood panel made out of 1″- 2″ wood chips and
glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof
sheathing. Also called OSB or wafer board.
Flakes: Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed to
stresses produced by localized transformation and decreased solubility of
hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In a fractured surface, flakes
appear as bright silvery areas; on an etched surface they appear as short
discontinuous cracks. Also called shatter cracks and snowflakes.
Flakes: Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed to
stresses produced by lacalized transformation and decreased solubility of
hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In a fractured surface, flakes
appear as bright silvery areas; on an etched surface thay appear as short
discontinuous cracks. Also called shatter cracks and snowflakes.
Flaking: A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating become
loosened due to inadequate adhesion.
Flaking: A condition in coated sheet where portions of the coating become
loosened due to inadequate adhesion
Flaking : Peeling off of the coating.
Flame Annealing: A process of softening a metal by the application of heat
from a high-temperature flame.
Flame Annealing: Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a
flame.
Flame Cleaning: Cleaning metal surfaces of scale, rust, dirt and moisture by
use of a gas flame.
Flame Cutting: 1. Severing a piece of steel by burning a portion out by
means of an oxyacetylene torch, or 2. Removing a part of the surface by
means of the burning torch, as in conditioning. (More properly called
"scarfing").
Flame Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it
above the transformation range by means of a high-temperature flame, and
then cooling as required.
Flame retention burner: Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall
construction to protect a building from water seepage.
Flame retention burner: An oil burner, designed to hold the flame near the
nozzle surface. Generally the most efficient type for residential use.
Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process in which an oxyfuel gas flame
is the source of heat for melting the surfacing material. Compressed gas may
or may not be used for atomizing and propelling the surfacing material to the
substraIe.
Flame Straightening: Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized
heating with a gas flame.
Flame Straightening: Correcting distortion in metal structures by localized
heating with a gas flame.
Flameproof Cable Boxes: Flameproof cable boxes are specialized electrical
junction boxes designed to resist damage in the event of a fire. These boxes
are typically tightly sealed, with special connectors for the incoming wires
that eliminate access of air and fire into the box and the attached wires.
Flameproof Cable Connectors: Flameproof cable connectors are
specialized connectors used in conjunction with flameproof cable boxes. The
connectors are designed to be air-tight to eliminate access of air and fire into
the junction box and the attached wires.
Flammable Fluids: Describes fluids with COC flash points under 100ºF, as
determined by the National Fire Protective Association (NFPA). (see
Combustible Fluids)
Flange: The projecting edge of a structural member.
Flange: The top and bottom plates of an I- or H-beam, or of a channel. The
top and bottom flanges of a beam are usually in compression and tension
respectively.
Flange Adapter: A flange is a lip, plate, or rim attached to a component to
provide a bearing surface and the ability to make a mechanical connection to
another part. A flange adapter is a connector with a flange, often used to
make a connection in piping systems. The use of flange adapters is
widespread across many different industries and applications; therefore,
many different designs exist specific to the application of the adapter.
Flange brace: A structural bracing member used to provide lateral support to
the flange of a beam, the bottom chord or a joist girder, or a column.
Flange Mounted Gearboxes: A gearbox is a transmission device that uses
gears to transfer speed and torque from a rotating component to another
component. Flange mounted gearboxes are used when the flange is necessary
for mounting of the gearbox and the removal of significant loads generated
from the force transmission process.
Flanged Hoses: Flanged hoses are specially designed hoses that are
terminated with a mounting plate, the flange, on the end. The flange is used
to provide a connection point to other hoses or equipment and to carry any
mechanical stresses present in the system. Flanged hoses are used in many
different applications, resulting in a wide variety of designs, sizes, and
material choices.
Flank: The end surface of a tool that is adjacent to the cutting edge and
below it when the tool is in a horizontal position, as for turning.
Flank Wear: The loss of relief on the flank of the tool behind the cutting
edge due to rubbing contact between the work and the tool during cutting;
measured in terms of linear dimension behind the original cutting edge.
Flap gate: a passive "trap door" device placed on culvert outlets to prevent
inflow. The hinge can be on the top or side of the culvert.
Flapper Valve Steel: An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate to
gauge, polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced from
approximately 1.15% carbon. The name is derived from its common and
principle usage.
Flapper Valve Steel: An extremely flat, very smooth, very accurate to gage,
polished, hardened and tempered spring steel produced from approximately
1.15 carbon. The name is derived from its common and principle usage.
Flare Test: A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion over a
cone. Similar to pin expansion test.
Flare Test: A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion over a
cone. Similar to pin expansion test.
Flaring: (1) Forming an outward acute-angle flange on a tubular part. (2)
Forming a flange by using the head of a hydraulic press.
Flash: (1) In forging, metal in excess of that required to fill the blocking or
finishing forging impression of a set of dies completely. Flash extends out
from the body of the forging as a thin plate at the line where the dies meet
and is subsequently removed by trimming. Because it cools faster than the
body of the component during forging, flash can serve to restrict metal flow
at the line where dies meet, thus ensuring complete filling of the impression.
See also closed-die forging. (2) In casting, a fin of metal that results from
leakage between mating mold surfaces. (3) In welding, the material that is
expelled or squeezed out of a weld joint and that forms around the weld. (see
Closed-die Forging)
Flash: The portion of a superheated fluid converted to vapor when its
pressure is reduced.
Flash chamber : A separating tank placed between the expansion valve and
the evaporator to separate and bypass any gas formed in the expansion valve.
Flash Extension: That portion of flash remaining on a forged part after
trimming; usually included in the normal forging tolerances.
Flash Extension: The amount of metal extending beyond the part at the flash
line.
Flash gas : The gas resulting from the instantaneous evaporation of
refrigerant in a pressure-reducing device to cool the refrigerant to the
evaporating temperature obtaining at the reduced pressure.
Flash Land: Configuration in the blocking or finishing impression of forging
dies designed to restrict or to encourage the growth of flash at the parting
line, whichever may be required in a particular case to ensure complete filling
of the impression.
Flash Line: The line left on a forging after the flash has been trimmed off.
Flash Line: A line left on a forging where flash has been removed
Flash Plate: A very thin final electrodeposited film of metal.
Flash point: The temperature at which a material to give off sufficient vapor
to form a flammable mixture.
Flash Point (ASTM D 92, D 93, D 56): The temperature to which a
combustible liquid must be heated to give off sufficient vapor to form a
flammable mixture with air; this mixture should burn momentarily without
sustaining combustion when a small flame is applied under specific
conditions. Because it indicates the temperature at which a flammable vapor
is produced, flash point is generally the most useful single index of fire
hazard potential.
Flash Stain: A stain that occurs in the rinse tanks when the line has stopped.
It appears blue, green or black.
Flash Stain: A stain that occurs in the rinse tanks when the line has stopped.
It appears blue, green, or black.
Flash Sticker: An ingot that will not separate from the mold because of
leakage that occurred between the mold and the mold stool.
Flash Tank: Where blow down is converted to water for feed water and
steam for the plant header.
Flash tank: A vessel used for separating the liquid phase from the gaseous
phase formed from a rise in temperature and/or a reduction of pressure on the
flowing stream.
Flash Tanks: Where blowdown is converted to water for feedwater and
steam for the plant header.
Flash Welding: A resistance welding process that produces coalescence at
the faying surfaces of abutting members by a flashing action and by the
application of pressure after heating is substantially completed. The flashing
action, caused by the very high current densities at small contacts between
the parts, forcibly expels the material from the joint as the parts are slowly
moved together. The weld is completed by a rapid upsetting of the
workpieces.
Flash Welding: A resistance butt welding process in which the weld is
produced over the entire abutting surface by pressure and heat, the heat being
produced by electric arcs between the members being welded.
Flashback: A recession of the welding or cutting torch flame into or back of
the mixing chamber of the torch.
Flashburn: A defect made by contact rolls when an arc is passed through the
strip.
Flashburn: A defect made by contact rolls when an arc is passed through the
strip. Generally on lighter baseweight. (D.R. coils)
Flashing: Thin wood strips installed over the butt seam of cabinet skins.
Flashing: A strip of impervious material used to prevent the ingress of water
between two surfaces.
Flashing: Pieces of sheet metal or the like used to cover and protect joints,
etc. where a roof comes in contact with a wall or chimney.
Flashing: Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to
protect a building from water seepage.
Flashing: Lead (or other durable metal sheets) to protect junctions of roofs
and walls from water ingress. (Fr. bande (f) de recouvrement).
Flashing: A coating defect consisting of the uneven, random distribution of a
coating on coated substrate. A variation in the color of a coating which is due
to variations of the Film weight. A coating defect consisting of the flame
weight fluctuation is caused by disproportionate amount of coating
transferring from the application roll.
Flashing: Evaporation of a liquid into a vapor.
Flashless: A coating defect consisting of the uneven, random distribution of
a coating on coated substrate. A variation in the color of a coating which is
due to variations of the Film weight. A coating defect consisting of the flame
weight fluctuation is caused by disproportionate amount of coating
transferring from the application roll.
Flask: A metal frame used for making or holding a sand mold. The upper
part is the cope and the bottom half is the drag.
Flask: A metal frame used for making or holding a sand mold. The upper
part is the cope and the bottom half is the drag.
Flask Bar: A reinforcing member attached within either half of a flask to
assist in holding the rammed sand in position.
Flask Clamp: A device for holding together the cope, drag, and cheek of a
flask.
Flask Pin Guides: Guides used to accurately align the match plate pattern in
the flask and flask to flask location.
Flat Back: A pattern with a flat surface at the joint of the mold. It lies wholly
within the drag and the joint of the cope is a plane surface.
Flat Band: A band with location marks used to position a coil on reel.
Flat Belt : Coil that has collapsed center.
Flat Coil: Coil that has collapsed center. (Out-of-round). Caused by low mill
tension at the beginning of the coil as it is wound onto the mandrel or reel.
Flat Die Forging: Forging worked between flat or simple contour dies by
repeated strokes and manipulation of the workpiece. Also known as ?hand?
or ?smith? forging.
Flat Die Forging (Open Die Forging): Forging worked between flat or
simple contour dies by repeated strokes and manipulation of the workpiece.
Also known as "Hand" or "Smith" forging.
Flat Drill: A rotary end-cutting tool constructed from a flat piece of material,
provided with suitable cutting lips at the cutting end.
Flat Edge Trimmer: A machine for trimming notched edges on shells. The
slide is cam-driven so as to obtain a brief dwell at the bottom of the stroke. At
which time the die, sometimes called a shimmy die, oscillates to trim the
part.
Flat Latch Needle Steel: Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon content
0.85%. Supplied in both coil and flat length. Used to make flat latch needles,
which are used in the manufacture of knitted goods.
Flat Latch Needle Steel: Supplied cold rolled and annealed. Carbon content
.85. Supplied both in coil and flat length. Used to make flat latch needles
which are used in the manufacture of knitted goods.
Flat mold: An interior paint that contains a high proportion of pigment and
dries to a flat or lusterless finish.
Flat mold: Thin wood strips installed over the butt seam of cabinet skins.
Flat paint: Common word for concrete floors, driveways, basements, and
sidewalks.
Flat paint: An interior paint that contains a high proportion of pigment and
dries to a flat or lusterless finish.
Flat Products: A product that is produced by rolls with smooth surfaces and
ranges of dimension, varying in thickness and width. They include hot and
cold rolled sheet, plates and coils.
Flat Products: A type that is produced by rolls with smooth surfaces and
ranges of dimension, varying in thickness. The two major flat steel product
categories are thin, flat products (between 1mm and 10mm in thickness) and
plates (between 10mm and 200mm thick and used for large welded pipes,
ship building, construction, major works and boilers).
Flat Rolled Steel: Steel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively smooth,
cylindrical rolls. The width to thickness ratio of flat rolled products is usually
fairly large. Examples of flat rolled steel are hot-rolled, cold rolled, and
coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc.
Flat Rolled Steel: Steel produced on rolling mills utilizing relatively smooth,
cylindrical rolls. The width to thickness ratio of flat rolled products is usually
fairly large. Examples of flat rolled steel are hot rolled, cold rolled, and
coated sheets and coils, tin mill products, etc.
Flat roof: A roof with a slope or pitch less than ten degrees from the
horizontal.
Flat Wire: A flat cold rolled, prepared edge section up to 1/4" wide,
rectangular in shape. Generally produced from hot rolled rods or specially
prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling operations, primarily for the
purpose of obtaining the size and section desired. May also be produced by
slitting cold rolled flat metal to the desired width, followed by edge dressing.
Flat Wire: A flat Cold Rolled, prepared edge section up to 1 1/4 wide,
rectangular in shape. Generally produced from hot rolled rods or specially
prepared round wire by one or more cold rolling operations, primarily for the
purpose of obtaining the size and section desired. May also be produced by
slitting cold rolled flat metal to desired with followed by edge dressing.
Flatness: The absence of any gap or clearance when a strip is placed, without
applying any pressure, between two parallel-faced plates. Wherever a gap
exists under this condition, the strip is "unflat". There are two kinds of
"unflatness"--thickness non-uniformity (such as frown, profile, etc.) and
geometric non-uniformity called shape defects such as (wavy strip, bent strip,
coil set, center buckle, etc.).
Flatness: (1) For rolled products, a distortion of the surface of sheet such as a
bulge or a wave, usually transverse to the direction of rolling. Often
described by location across width, i.e., edge buckle, quarter buckle, center
buckle, etc. (2) For extrusions, flatness (off contour) pertains to the deviation
of a cross section surface intended to be flat. Flatness can be affected by
conditions such as die performance, thermal effects and stretching
Flat-Rolled Stainless Steel (Flat Product): Category of stainless steel that
includes shapes such as sheet, strip, and plate.
Flattening: Standard commercial flatness is obtained by roller leveling. This
consists in passing sheets singly or in packs through a machine having a
series of small diameter rolls.
Flattening Dies: Dies used to flatten sheet metal hems, that is, dies that can
flatten a bend by closing it. These dies consist of a top and bottom die with a
flat surface that can close one section (flange) to another (hem, seam).
Flattening Test: A quality test for tubing in which a specimen is flattened to
a specified height between parallel plates.
Flatwork: The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the
job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float or bull float.
Flatwork: Common word for concrete floors, driveways, basements, and
sidewalks.
Flaw: A nonspecific term often used to imply a cracklike discontinuity. See
preferred terms discontinuity and defect. (see Discontinuity)(see Defect)
FLD: Full length drift ( as opposed to ?end drift?) ? usually performed as
part of used tubing or casing (OCTG) inspection
Fleet Angle: The angle formed by the wire rope and the drum groove or
sheave groove in the plane which contains the wire rope and is parallel to the
drum or sheave axis.
Flemish bond: The most common bond in brickwork 225mm or more in
thickness, it consists of alternating headers and stretchers, with each header
being in the middle of the stretchers above and below.
Fletton: The common type of machine-made yellow/orange frogged brick
used in the south-east of England and London. Named after Fletton, near
Peterborough.
Flex Roll: A movable jump roll designed to push up against a metal sheet as
it passes through a roller leveler. Tile flex roll can be adjusted to deflect the
sheet any amount up to the roll diameter.
Flex Rolling: Passing metal sheets through a flex roll unit to minimize yield-
point elongation in order to reduce the tendency for stretcher strains to appear
during forming.
Flexibility Flexibility: The quality or state of a material that alloys it to be
flexed or bent repeatedly without undergoing fracture.
Flexible Cam: An adjustable pressure-control cam of spring steel strips used
to obtain varying pressure during a forming cycle.
Flexible Conveyor: A flexible conveyor is specialized type of conveyor
system in which the support rails are designed to allow for extension and
making variable bends in order to position the conveyer system around
obstacles. The conveyer typically uses metal or plastic rollers fastened to a
flexible chain the drives the conveyor.
Flexible Coupling: A device that connects two rotating shafts, designed to
accept limited varying amounts of misalignment between shafts; a common
coupling for mill spindles is a spade and yoke design with mill slippers.
Flexible Heating Elements: Flexible heating elements include any heating
component capable of conforming to the surface it is heating. Flexible
heating elements come in a variety of shapes and sizes, from thermal
blankets, to thin film heaters, to silicon tubes used in floor heating
applications.
Flexible Metallic Hoses: Flexible metallic hoses comes in a number of
different types including corrugated thin walled tubing, helical coiled tubing,
or braided hoses made of a metal fiber sheath. Flexible metal hoses are used
as piping or tubing in applications requiring expansion due to heat or pressure
or in installations that allow for misalignments or require flexibility for
installation, operation or maintenance. Flexible hoses can be manufactured
from many of the standard metals and alloys including bronze, aluminum,
stainless steel, inconel, monel and other alloys.
Flexible pavement : An asphaltic pavement structure having sufficiently low
bending resistance to maintain intimate contact with the underlying structure,
yet having the required stability furnished by aggregate interlock, internal
friction between particles and cohesion to support traffic.
Flexible Screw Conveyors: A screw conveyor moves solid or liquid material
by moving it on the threads of the screw. The screw is usually located in
either a trough or tube and is oriented at a slight incline or vertically. As the
screw rotates, material clings to the screw surface and is transported up the
shaft. The pitch of the screw - the linear distance is takes to complete one
complete revolution around the shaft - determines how slowly or quickly the
material progresses from one end to the next at a given shaft speed. In a
flexible screw conveyer, the screw is manufactured from a flexible material.
The advantage provided by a flexible screw is that it automatically self-
centers within the tube, providing clearance between the screw and tube wall.
As a result, the material being transported by the screw is less likely to get
caught and damaged between the screw and the wall.
Flexible Stainless Steel Pipe: Flexible stainless steel pipe is typically made
of corrugated or braided stainless steel in order to provide enhanced
flexibility and pipe expansion properties. It is used frequently in HVAC and
other piping applications to transport liquids and gases.
Flexural Strength: A property of solid material that indicates its ability to
withstand a flexural or transverse load.
Flexure : Word meaning bending.
Flint-lime brick: A kind of calcium silicate brick.
Flitched beam, flitch: A timber beam strengthened with one or more steel
plates bolted or screwed to it, often sandwiched between timbers.
Float switch: float that can be set to turn pump on or off at set water level.
Float Switches: A float switch is a mechanical device that floats on the
surface of a liquid in a reservoir or tank. The float switch is used to monitor
the level of the fluid and trigger an event, such as a refill operation, when the
liquid reaches one or more predetermined levels. Depending on the
application, float switches can be very simple or complex with multiple
settings and operations.
Float Valves: A float valve, also known as a ballcock, is a mechanical device
used to monitor the amount of water in a tank. The float is attached to a lever
arm that is in turn attached to a valve that controls the flow of water into the
tank. When the water in the tank reaches a certain level, the float moves the
arm such that it closes the input valve. Float valves are most commonly used
in flush toilets.
Floating: A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so
that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart if the
concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage
slabs.
Floating: The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off the
job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float or bull float.
Floating Aerators: Floating aerators are mechanical devices used to promote
oxidation and mixing in retentions ponds and basins associated with
wastewater treatment facilities. The floating aerators sit on the surface of the
water, drawing air from the atmosphere and delivering it into the pond where
it promotes biologic oxidation of the wastewater. The process of injecting the
air into the pond also effectively mixes the water, helping to improve the
efficiency of the pond treatment process.
Floating Die: (1) In metalforming, a die mounted in a die holder or punch
mounted in its holder such that a slight amount of motion compensates for
tolerance in the die parts, the work or the press. (2) A die mounted on heavy
springs to allow vertical motion in some trimming, shearing and forming
operations.
Floating Plug: In tube drawing, an unsupported mandrel that locates itself at
the die inside the tube, causing a reduction in wall thickness while the die is
reducing the outside diameter of the tube.
Floating wall: Round metal ring which fits around the heat flue pipe after the
pipe passes out of the roof.
Floating wall: A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed
so that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart if the
concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on basements and garage
slabs.
Flocculants: Flocculants are chemicals used in water treatment operations to
help separate suspended solids from water. Flocculants are used to help bind
dispersed solids into larger clumps. The resulting clumps then become large
enough to settle or be removed from the water through filtration, straining, or
floatation. While flocculants are often used in wastewater treatment
operations, they can also be used to capture and remove microparticles from
swimming pools and drinking water. There are a number of different
chemicals, polymers and natural products used as flocculants, depending on
the application.
Flocculants: An electrolyte added to a colloidal suspension to cause the
particles to aggregate and settle out as the result of reduction in repulsion
between particles.
Flocculation: A coating defect consisting of the formation of clusters of
particles separable by relatively weak mechanical forces, or by a change in
the physical forces at the interface between the liquid and the dispersed
particles.
Flocculation: A coating defect consisting of the formation of clusters of
particles separable by relatively weak mechanical forces, or by a change in
the physical forces at the interface between the liquid and the dispersed
particles.
Flocculation : The process of agglomerating coagulated particles into
settable flocs, usually of a gelatinous nature.
Flock Dosing System: A flock dosing system is a controlled pumping system
designed to deliver doses of flock, or flocculants, in measured amounts and at
regular intervals. Flocculants are chemicals used in water treatment
operations to help separate suspended solids from water. Flocculants are used
to help bind dispersed solids into larger clumps. The resulting clumps then
become large enough to settle or be removed from the water through
filtration, straining, or floatation. While flocculants are often used in
wastewater treatment operations, they can also be used to capture and remove
microparticles from swimming pools and drinking water. There are a number
of different chemicals, polymers and natural products used as flocculants,
depending on the application.
Flood: stream flow greater than the channel can contain
Flood back: The condition of liquid refrigerant returning, usually from an
overfed evaporator, to the compressor through the suction line.
Floodplain: area along a stream or river subject to flooding; often the
location of human development
Floodplain: the region flanking a river channel that is subject to periodic
innundation.
Floor Bridge Crane Controlled: Motor propelled units which are Bridge
Crane Controlled by an operator on the floor by means of pushbutton station
suspended from the overhead equipment.
Floor Grating: Floor grating is a term used to describe flooring panels or
tiles, typically made of metal, that are used to provide drainage access. Floor
grating can be manufactured from perforated metal panels, wire mesh, or
welded metal bar stock, in addition to other options. Floor grating is often set
into recessed troughs in order to maintain a level floor surface while
providing access to the drainage area. Floor grating may also include anti-slip
surfaces or coatings for safety purposes.
Floor Plate: Usually carbon (but also alloy and stainless) steel plate rolled
with raised lug patterns to provide traction for feet and wheels; as the name
suggests, used widely for flooring.
Floor Plate: Usually carbon (but also alloy and stainless) steel plate rolled
with raised lug patterns to provide traction for feet and wheels; as the name
suggests, used widely for flooring.
Floor Scales: Floor scales are weight measurement devices designed to sit on
the floor, often in industrial and commerical facilities. Floor scales may be
designed for small package size application or for much larger-scale
measurement needs. They are commonly used in production and shipping
facilities.
Flop Forging: A forging in which the top and bottom die impressions are
identical, permitting the forging to be turned upside down during the forging
operation.
Flospinning: Forming cylindrical, conical and curvilinear shaped parts by
power spinning over a rotating mandrel. See also spinning.(see Spinning)
Flotation: A liquid concentration process in which the desirable mineral
particles attach themselves to bubbles and float away from the waste
particles.
Flotation : A process of separating solids from water by developing a froth.
Flow Brightening: (1) Melting of an electrodeposit followed by
solidification, especially of tin plate. (2) Fusion (melting) of a chemically or
mechanically deposited metallic coating on a substrate, particularly as it
pertains to soldering.
Flow Control Valve: A valve that is adjusted to allow oil to move through it
at a predetermined rate.
Flow Control Valve: A valve that is adjusted to allow oil to move through it
at a predetermined rate.
Flow Divider: A mechanical device used to divide the fluid in a passage into
two or more separate fluid streams.
Flow Indicators: A flow indicator is a device used to measure the flow rate
of a liquid or gas in a piping system. A flow indicator may provide a wide
range of functions, from simply indicating if flow is present to measuring the
flow speed, mass flow, or volumetric flow rate of the fluid or gas. Because of
the wide range of flow applications, there are many different types of flow
indicators.
Flow Line: (1) Texture showing the direction of metal flow during hot or
cold working. Flow lines often can be revealed by etching the surface or a
section of a metal part. (2) In mechanical metallurgy, paths followed by
volume elements of metal during deformation.
Flow Lines: 1. Texture showing the direction of metal flow during hot or
cold working. Flow lines often can be revealed by etching the surface or a
section of a metal part. 2. In mechanical metallurgy, paths followed by
volume elements of metal during deformation.
Flow Loggers: A flow logger, also known as a flow meter, is a measurement
device used to measure and record the flow rate of a fluid or gas in a system.
Depending on the design and application, a flow logger may record flow
speed, mass flow rate, or volumetric flow rate.
Flow Marks: A coating defect consisting of the poor flow out of the coating
on the substrate causing a ribbed (ribbing) or ridged appearance.
Flow Marks A Coating: A coating defect consisting of the poor flow out of
the coating on the substrate causing a ribbed (ribbing) or ridged appearance.
Flow Meters: A flow meter, also known as a flow logger, is a measurement
device used to measure and record the flow rate of a fluid or gas in a system.
Depending on the design and application, a flow logger may record flow
speed, mass flow rate, or volumetric flow rate.
Flow Off (Pop Off): A large vent, usually located at the high of the mold
cavity. In addition to letting air and mold gases escape as metal fills the mold
cavity, the flow off fills with metal and acts to relieve the surge of pressure
near the end of the pouring.
Flow Rate: The volume mass, or weight of a fluid passing through any
conductor per unit of time.
Flow rate : The volume of solution which passes through a given quantity of
resin within a given time. Flow rate is usually expressed in terms of feet per
minute per cubic foot of resin or as milliliters per minute per milliliter of
resin.
Flow Stress: The stress required to produce plastic deformation in a solid
metal.
Flow Stress: The shear stress required to cause plastic deformation of solid
metals.
Flow Switch: A digital device that opens or closes a contact when a preset
flow passes over the sensing element. Normally mounted in a fluid flow
passage with a paddle or wand perpendicular to the fluid stream.
Flow Through: A forging defect caused by metal flow past the base of a rib
with resulting rupture of the grain structure.
Flow Through: A forging defect caused when metal flows past the base of a
rib resulting in rupture of the grain structure.
Flow, laminar or streamline: Fluid flow in which each fluid particle moves
in a smooth path substantially parallel to the paths followed by all other
particles.
Flow, turbulent : Fluid flow in which the fluid moves transversely as well as
in the direction of the tube or pipe axis, as opposed to streamline or viscous
flow.
Flowabililty: (1) In casting, a characteristic of a foundry sand mixture that
enables it to move under pressure or vibration so that it makes intimate
contact with all surfaces of the pattern or core box. (2) In welding, brazing or
soldering, the ability of molten filler metal to flow or spread over a metal
surface.
Flowlines: Always visible to a greater or less degree when a longitudinal
section has been subjected to Macro etching, indicating the direction of
working or rolling.
Flowmeter: An analog device, which indicates the volume of fluid passing
through its interior, passage. The output signal may be a visual one or a low
level electrical signal.
Flow-Off (Pop-Off): A large vent, usually located at the high part of the
mold cavity. In addition to letting air and mold gases escape as metal fills the
mold cavity, the flow-off fills with metal and acts to relieve the surge of
pressure near the end of the pouring.
Flue: 2-foot lengths, fire clay or terra-cotta pipe (round or square) and
usually madein all ordinary flue sizes. Used for the inner lining of chimneys
with the brick or masonry work done around the outside. Flue linings in
chimneys runs from one foot below the flue connection to the top of the
chimney.
Flue: Round metal ring which fits around the heat flue pipe after the pipe
passes out of the roof.
Flue: Channel formed with masonry or specially made blocks or pipes
through which the products of combustion pass to the outside. Until the
middle 20th century, the need to stack flues from storey to storey imposed a
discipline on architecture which is now absent.
Flue: Any duct or passage for air or gas in a furnace.
Flue collar: An automatic door located in the flue that closes it off when the
burner turns off; purpose is to reduce heat loss up the flue from the still-warm
furnace or boiler.
Flue collar: An automatic door located in the flue that closes it off when the
burner turns off; purpose is to reduce heat loss up the flue from the still-warm
furnace or boiler.
Flue damper: Large pipe through which fumes escape from a gas water
heater, furnace, or fireplace. Normally these flue pipes are double walled,
galvanized sheet metal pipe and sometimes referred to as a "B Vent".
Fireplace flue pipes are normally triple walled. In addition, nothing
combustible shall be within one inch from the flue pipe.
Flue damper: Large pipe through which fumes escape from a gas water
heater, furnace, or fireplace. Normally these flue pipes are double walled,
galvanized sheet metal pipe and sometimes referred to as a “B Vent”.
Fireplace flue pipes are normally triple walled. In addition, nothing
combustible shall be within one inch from the flue pipe.
Flue Gas Analyzer: A flue gas analyzer is used to measure and monitor
toxic gases in the exhaust pipe of furnaces, fireplaces, or other heat
productions devices. In these devices, carbon monoxide and other hazardous
chemicals are produced during the combustion process and the probe from
the flue gas analyzer is used to detect and measure the concentration of these
chemicals. The concentration of chemicals in the flue can also be used to
provide information on the efficiency of the combustion process.
Flue lining: A fluorescent lamp is a gas-filled glass tube with a phosphur
coating on the inside. Gas inside the tube is ionized by electricity which
causes the phosphur coating to glow. Normally with two pins that extend
from each end.
Flue lining: 2-foot lengths, fire clay or terra-cotta pipe (round or square) and
usually madein all ordinary flue sizes. Used for the inner lining of chimneys
with the brick or masonry work done around the outside. Flue linings in
chimneys runs from one foot below the flue connection to the top of the
chimney.
Fluid: A media used in a fluid power system for transfer of energy (work).
Fluid: The general term that includes gas, vapor or liquid
Fluid Cleanliness Monitor (Mesh Blockage): Devices that measure the
fluid cleanliness by measuring the differential pressure (DP) across mesh
screens blocked by the oil borne contaminant. The mesh DP is calibrated to
provide corresponding fluid cleanliness in terms of cleanliness codes such as
ISO and NAS.
Fluid Drive (Hydraulics): Drive in which hydraulic fluid transmits power
from one part of the system to another, without a mechanical connection
between them.
Fluid Drive Couplings: A fluid drive coupling is a special type of coupling
commonly found in power transmission systems to transfer torque from one
component to another. Rather than a mechanical coupling that connect two
shafts, a pair of rotating blade rows is used. The rotating blade set on one
shaft acts as a pump and turns the fluid. The rotating fluid then turns the
turbine - the rotating blade row attached to the second shaft, thereby
transmitting the torque by means of the fluid. Due to friction losses in the
blades, a fluid coupling is not 100% efficient.
Fluid Forming: A modificaIion of the Guerin process, fluid forming differs
from the fluid-cell process in that the die cavity, called a pressure dome, is
not completely filled with rubber, but with hydraulic fluid retained by cup-
shaped rubber diaphragm. See also rubber-pad forming. (see Rubber-pad
Forming)
Fluid Friction: Friction resulting from fluid molecules sliding past each
other during flow through a duct (pipe, tube, hose). Its value depends on the
duct diameter, flow rate, fluid density and viscosity. Where all other factors
remain constant, the higher the viscosity, the greater the fluid friction.
Fluid Friction: The measure of the resistance of flow of fluid in a passage,
measured in psi (pounds per square inch) or other measures of pressure.
Fluid head : The static pressure of fluid expressed in terms of the height of a
column of the fluid, or of some manometric fluid, which it would support.
Fluid mechanics: The science of the properties and motion of liquids and
gases.
Fluid Motor: A mechanical device that transforms the flow of pressurized
fluid into rotary motion.
Fluid Power: Energy transmitted and controlled by a pressurized fluid.
Fluid Power System: The term used to describe a system of components that
use a pressurized fluid to transfer energy (do work).
Fluid Power System (Hydraulics): A system that transmits and controls
power by moving pressurized fluid through fluid conductors to actuators, for
accomplishment of work.
Fluid-cell Process: A modification of the Guerin process for forming sheet
metal, the fluid-cell process uses higher pressure and is primarily designed
for forming slightly deeper parts, using a rubber pad as either the die or
punch. A flexible hydraulic fluid cell forces an auxiliary rubber pad to follow
the contour of the form block and exert a nearly uniform pressure at all points
on the workpiece. See also fluid forming and rubber-pad forming. (see Fluid
Forming) (see Rubber-pad Forming)
Fluidity: The ability of liquid metal to run into and fill a mold cavity.
Fluidize: To impart fluid-like properties to powders or sands, e.g., fluidized
beds.
Fluidize: To impart fluid like properties to powders or sands e.g. fluidized
beds.
Fluidized Bed: A contained mass of a finely divided solid that behaves like a
fluid when brought into suspension in a moving gas or liquid.
Fluidized bed : A contained mass of finely divided solid that behaves like a
fluid when brought into suspension in a moving gas.
Flume : A wooden, steel or concrete open channel to carry or measure water
flows.
Fluorescent lighting: End rafters of the gable overhang supported by roof
sheathing and lookouts.
Fluorescent lighting: A fluorescent lamp is a gas-filled glass tube with a
phosphur coating on the inside. Gas inside the tube is ionized by electricity
which causes the phosphur coating to glow. Normally with two pins that
extend from each end.
Fluoroscopy: An inspection procedure in which the radiographic image of
the subject is viewed on a fluorescent screen, normally limited to low-density
materials or thin sections of metals because of the low light output of the
fluorescent screen at safe levels of radiation.
Flush: A smooth-faced door
Flush joint: To place two adjacent surfaces together in the same plane. To
form an invisible joint between two such surfaces, eg sheets of plaster-board.
Flush Joint: Connection with male and female threads cut directly in pipe (as
opposed to T and C). This provides the same I.D. clearance as in the middle
of the tube, once lengths are joined.
Flush Joint: Connection with male and female threads cut directly in pipe (as
opposed to T&C). This provides the same ID clearance as in the middle of
the tube, once lengths and joined.
Flush pointing: Flush with the surface of the bricks.
Flushing Oil: Oil used to flush dirt out of a newly constructed or rebuilt
circulating or hydraulic system, generally after chemical cleaning.
Flute: The fold or bend in a sheet of deck which forms a groove or furrow.
Flute: (1) As applied to drills, reamers and taps, the channels or grooves
formed in the body of the tool to provide cutting edges and to permit passage
of cutting fluid and chips. (2) As applied to milling cutters and hobs, the chip
space between the back of one tooth and the face of the following tooth.
Flute: The groove in a cutting tool which provides a cutting edge and a space
for the chips to escape and pernits the cutting fluids to reach the cutting
edges.
Flutes: Elongated grooves or voids that connect widely spaced cleavage
planes.
Fluting: Visible line markings that sometimes appear on the surface of flat
rolled products during forming; associated with non-uniform yielding of the
cold roll metal; occurs when the steel is formed into cylindrical or arc shaped
parts.
Fluting: 1) Visible line markings that sometimes appear on the surface of flat
rolled products during forming; associated with non uniform yielding of the
metal; occurs when the steel is formed into cylindrical or arc shaped parts. 2)
The kinking, or breaking of a sheet generally caused by curing the sheet on
two small a diameter. Fluting, or paneling as it is often called, can be avoided
by working the steel before bending. Steel with a definite yield point (a
visible break in the stress strain curve) will generally tend to flute.
Flux: A slag-making ingredient or the increased fluidity of slag.
Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW): An arc welding process that joins metal
by heating them with an arc between a continuous tubular filler-metal
electrode and the work. Shielding is provided by a flux contained within the
consumable tubular electrode. Additional shielding may or may not be
obtained from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture. See also flux cored
elctrode. (see Flux Cored Elctrode)
Flux Cored Electrode: A composite filler metal electrode consisting of a
metal tube or other hollow configuration containing ingredients to provide
such functions as shielding atmosphere, deoxidation, arc stabilization and
slag formation. Minor amounts of alloying materials may be included in the
core. External shielding may or may not be used.
Flux Density: In magnetism, the number of flux lines per unit area passing
through a cross section at right angles.
Flux inclusions : Flux carried out onto the work from the top flux blanket
incorporated in the ‘wet’ process; occurs only in the ‘wet’ galvanizing
process
Flux Lines: Imaginary lines used as a means of explaining the behavior of
magnetic and other fields. Their concept is based on the pattern of lines
produced when magnetic particles are sprinkled over a permanent magnet.
Sometimes called magnetic lines of force.
Flux : chemicals used to protect steel from oxidation prior to entering the
molten zinc-containing kettle
Fluxing : the process by which steel is dipped in aqueous zinc ammonium
chloride to remove undesirable substances and to protect it from further oxide
formation prior to entering the galvanizing bath
Fly ash -: A finely divided siliceous material formed during the combustion
of coal, coke, or other solid fuels.
Fly Cutter: A single-point cutter mounted on a bar in a fly cutter holder or a
fly cutter arbor. Used for special applications for which a milling cutter is not
available.
Fly Cutter: A single point cutter mounted on a bar in a fly cutter holder or a
fly cutter arbor. Used for special applications for which a milling cutter is not
available.
Fly rafters: Continuous 8" or 10" thick concrete pad installed before and
supports the foundation wall or monopost.
Fly rafters: End rafters of the gable overhang supported by roof sheathing
and lookouts.
Fly-ash : The ash which goes to the chimney from pulverized coal and is
caught in the flue-gas dust extractors. It is used as pozzolan or as an
admixture to cement.
Flying Shear: A shear which severs steel as the piece continues to move. In
continuous mills, the piece being rolled cannot be stopped for the shearing
operation, so the shear knives must move with it until it is severed.
Flying Shear: A shear which severs steel as the piece continues to move. In
continuous mills, the piece being rolled cannot be stopped for the shearing
operation, so the shear knives must move with it until it is severed.
Fms: Flight Management System
Fms (factory mutual system): A leader in property loss prevention
engineering and adjustment. It helps companies prevent and control property
loss through research, engineering, and education.
Fn: Fleet Number. Internal number, for the use of the airline, identifying a
particular aircraft within the fleet.
Foam Adhesive: Foam adhesive is a compound often used in construction
for the purpose of joining one material to another. Foam adhesives are
usually polymer compounds such as a polyurethane, providing strong
adhesion, water resistance, and the ability to join many different materials
together.
Foam carryover: Is the development of excessive moisture in the steam
from carryover of foam from the drum. Usually common in low pressure
boilers due to high concentration of dissolved solids.
Foam Test: Usually ASTM D 892. Measures the ability of a lubricant to
resist foaming caused by excessive agitation, contamination or air ingression
in suction lines.
Foaming : Formation of steam bubbles on the surface of the boiler water due
to high surface tension of the water.
FOB Pricing: Freight on board pricing--phrase that explains whether the
transportation costs of the steel are included. “FOB mill” is the price of steel
at the mill, not including shipping. Freight equalization – A common industry
practice when a mill sells steel outside its geographic area; it will assume any
extra shipping costs (relative to the competition) to quote the customer an
equivalent price to get the business.
Focus process: Process in which conceptual design of a project is developed
collaboratively with all project disciplines and input from client.
Fog Quenching: Quenching in a fine vapor or mist.
Fog Quenching: Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. Thick.
Foil: Metal with a maximum width of 0.005 inches.
Foil: A rolled product rectangular in cross section of thickness less than
0.006 inch. In Europe, foil is equal to and less than 0.20 mm
Fold: (1) A defect in metal, usually on or near the surface, caused by
continued fabrication of overlapping surfaces. (2) A forging defect caused by
folding metal back onto its own surface during its flow in the die cavity. See
also lap.
Folding partition: A moveable wall on a track suspended from a joist or
beam which usually folds like an accordion and can be stored in a closet or
pocket in a wall.
Folds: Defects caused in metal by continued fabrication of overlapping
surfaces.
Follow Board: In foundry practice, a board contoured to a pattern to
facilitate the making of a sand mold.
Follow Die: A progressive die consisting of two or more parts in a single
holder; used with a separate lower die to perform more than one operation
(such as piercing and blanking) on a part in two or more stations.
Follower Plate: A plate fitted to the surface of lubricating grease in a
container, designed to employ atmospheric pressure to assist gravitational
forces in delivering grease to the inlet of the dispensing systems.
Follower Rest: A support for long, slender work turned in the lathe. It is
mounted on the carriage, travels close to and with the cutting tool and keeps
the work from springing away.
Follower Rest: A support for long,slender work turned in the lathe. It is
mounted on the carriage,travels close to and with the cutting tool and keeps
the work from springing away.
Foot: Unit of length in the Imperial system; one-third of a yard, equal to
304.8mm.
Foot Valve: A check valve installed at the entrance to the suction line.
Foot Walk: The full length walkway with handrail and toeboards, attached to
the bridge or trolley for access purposes. Not to be confused with an access
platform (usually a short platform provided only to access endtruck).
Footage of Coil: The length of the steel strip that makes up a coil. Also
called lineal footage.
Footage Of Coil: The length of the steel strip that makes up a coil.
Footer, footing: A common form of heating with natural gas, propane, oil or
electricity as a fuel. Air is heated in the furnace and distributed through a set
of metal ducts to various areas of the house.
Footer, footing: Continuous 8″ or 10″ thick concrete pad installed before and
supports the foundation wall or monopost.
Footing: The construction whereby the weight of the structure is transferred
from the base structure to the foundation.
Footing: A concrete pad or mat located under a column, wall, or other
structural member that distributes loads from that member into the supporting
soil.
Footstock: Part of an indexing attachment which has a center and serves the
same purpose as the tail stock of a lathe.
Force: That which can accelerate a mass. An example of a force is weight,
which acts to accelerate any mass towards the centre of the earth. Structural
engineering is about providing structures which are strong enough to resist
the weight and other forces acting on them. In the SIsystem, force is
measured in Newtons.
Force: The action on a body which tends to change its relative condition as
to rest or motion.
Force : That which tends to accelerate a body or change its movement (i.g.,
the weight of a body is a force which tends to move it downwards).
Force Fit: A fitting which one part is forced-pressed into another to form a
single unit. There are different classes of force fits, depending on standard
limits between mating parts.
Force Fit: A fitting which one part is forced pressed into another to form a
single unit. There are different classes of force fits depending on standard
limits between mating parts.
Force Gauges: A force gauge is an instrumentation device designed to
measure force. Force gauges can measure either compression (pushing) or
tension (pulling) and come in many sizes and styles. A force gauge can be
either a mechanical device that incorporates a spring or a digital instrument
that makes use of an electronic load sensor.
Force Majeure: A common clause in contracts that essentially frees both
parties from liability or obligation when an extraordinary event or
circumstance beyond the control of the parties, such as a war, strike, riot,
crime, or an event described by the legal term act of God (such as hurricane,
flooding, earthquake, volcanic eruption, etc.), prevents one or both parties
from fulfilling their obligations under the contract. In practice, most force
majeure clauses do not excuse a party's non-performance entirely, but only
suspends it for the duration of the force majeure.
Force pump: A device used to inject a solution into a closed system through
an opening such as a drain valve.
Force : any action that tends to maintain or alter the position of a structure
Force, Breakaway: The force that must be applied to a magnet to remove it
from a piece of ferromagnetic material to which it is magnetically attached.
Forced air heating : Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during
placing and initial hardening.
Forced air heating : A common form of heating with natural gas, propane,
oil or electricity as a fuel. Air is heated in the furnace and distributed through
a set of metal ducts to various areas of the house.
Forced convection: Movement of fluid by mechanical force such as fans or
pumps.
Forced draft cooling tower: Cools water by mechanically forcing air
through the tower.
Forced Draft Fan: A fan that provides ambient air to the boiler to facilitate
proper combustion.
Forced-air Quench: A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against
relatively small pans such as a gear.
Force-Feed Lubrication: Describes a kind of self-contained lubricator,
designed to pump small quantities of oil sequentially from its small reservoir
into individual tubes leading to the various points to be lubricated.
Lubricators are usually belt driven, to ensure delivery of oil during operation.
These lubricators find service in once-through applications, with each feed
line independently adjusted, metered to deliver feeds in drops per min.
Force-feed oiling : Lubrication system which uses a pump to force oil to
surfaces of moving parts.
Forebay: the inlet structure for a pump, often holds the trash rack.
Forefront of knowledge in an engineering discipline/speciality: Forefront
of knowledge in an engineering discipline/specialty defined by current
published research in the discipline or specialty
Forefront of the professional discipline/branch : Forefront of the
professional discipline/branch defined by the most advanced practice in the
specializations within the discipline.
Foreman: Trades foremen, for example foreman plasterer, electrician, are in
charge of their tradesmen on a site. The general foreman is in charge of the
trades foremen. The term does not specify gender.
Forensic Failure Analysis: Forensic failure analysis is a process which
which forensic science techniques to collect and analyze data related to a
component or system failure.
Forge: To form or shape heated metal by hammering. Also, the name of the
unit used for heating metal, such as the blacksmiths forge.
Forge Welding: Solid-state welding in which metals are heated in a forge (in
air) and then welded together by applying pressure or blows sufficient to
cause permanent deformation at the interface.
Forge Welding: Welding hot metal by applying pressure or blows.
Forgeability: Term used to describe the relative ability of material to deform
without fracture. Also describes the resistance to flow from deformation. See
also formability. (see Formability)
Forgeability: The term used to describe the relative workability of forging
material
Forged Roll Scleroscope Hardness Number (RFRSc or HFRSd): A
number related to the height of rebound of a diamond-tipped hammer
dropped on a forged steel roll. It is measured on a scale determined by
dividing into 100 units the average rebound of a hammer from a forged steel
roll of accepled maximum hardness. See also Scleroscope hardness number
and Scleroscope hardness test. (see Scleroscope Hardness Number) (see
Scleroscope Hardness Test)
Forged steels : steels formed by plastically deforming metal, usually hot,
into desired shapes with compressive force, with or without dies
Forged Structure: The macrostructure through a suitable section of a
forging thaI reveals direction of working.
Forging: Forming hot metal in the desired shape by means of hammering or
pressing.
Forging Billet: A wrought metal slug used as forging stock.
Forging Billet: The term Forging Stock is preferred
Forging Compound: A general term signaling a product used at the die: cold
forging requires anti-friction and EP properties to prevent metal pickup and
extend die life; compounds used in hot forging employ solid lubricants with
thermal stability that resist burn-off and the formation of deposits on the die.
Forging Dies: Forms for making forgings; they generally consist of a top and
bottom die. The simplest will form a completed forging in a single
impression; the most complex, consisting of several die inserts, may have a
number of impressions for the progressive working of complicated shapes.
Forging dies are usually in pairs, with part of the impression in one of the
blocks and the rest of the impression in the other block.
Forging Envelope: See finish allowance. (see Finish Allowance)
Forging Ingot: A cast metal slug used as forging stock.
Forging Ingot: A cast form intended and suitable for subsequent working by
the forging process
Forging Machine (upsetter or header): A type of forging equipment,
related to the mechanical press, in which the principal forming energy is
applied horizontally to the workpiece that is gripped and held by prior action
of the dies. See also heading, hot upset forging and upsetting. (see
Heading) (see Hot Upset Forging) (see Upsetting)
Forging Plane: A reference plane or planes normal to the direction of
applied force from which all draft angles are measured.
Forging Plane: A reference plane or planes normal to the direction of
applied force from which all draft angles are measured
Forging Press: Type of hot working in which metal is heated until workable
and then pressed into the desired shape by compressing it between a pair of
dies.
Forging Quality: Term describing stock of sufficiently superior quality to
make it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings.
Forging Quality: Term describing stock of sufficiently superior quality to
make it suitable for commercially satisfactory forgings.
Forging Range: Temperature range in which a metal can be forged
successfully.
Forging Rolls: Power-driven rolls used in preforming bar or billet stock that
have shaped contours and notches for introduction of the work. See also roll
forging. (see Roll Forging)
Forging Stock: A wrought rod, bar or other section suitable for subsequent
change in cross section by forging.
Forging Stock: A wrought or cast rod, bar or other section suitable for
forging
Forging Strains: Differential strains that result from forging or from cooling
from the forging temperature, and that are accompanied by residual stresses.
Forging, Blocker-Type: A forging made in a single set of impressions to the
general contour of a finished part.
Forging, Cold Coined: A forging that has been restruck cold in order to
obtain closer dimensions, to sharpen corners or outlines and in non-heat-
treatable alloys, to increase hardness.
Forklift: Warehouse rubber wheeled vehicle for moving palleted loads.
Form: The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor
construction, or below grade, including the footings.
Form: Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing and
initial hardening.
Form: wood or metal structure that concrete is poured into.
Form Block: Tooling, usually the male part, used for forming sheet melal
contours; generally used in rubber-pad forming.
Form Die: A die used to change the shape of a sheet metal blank with
minimal plastic flow.
Form Grinding: Grinding with a wheel having a contour on its cutting face
that is a mating fit to the desired form.
Form Oil: An oil used to lubricate wooden or metal concrete forms to keep
cement from sticking to them.
Form Rolling: Hot rolling to produce bars having contoured cross sections;
not to be confused with roll forming of sheet metal or with roll forging.
Form Tool: A single-edge, nonrotating cutting tool, circular or flat, that
produces its inverse or reverse form counterpart upon a workpiece.
Formability: The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through
plastic deformation.
Formability: The relative ease with which a metal can be shaped through
plastic deformation.
Formation level : The surface level or elevation of the ground surface after
all digging and filling, but before concreting.
Formative development : Formative development the process that follows
the attainment of an accredited education programme that consists of training,
experience and expansion of knowledge.
Formed Cutters: Milling cutters which will produce shaped surfaces with a
single cut and so designed that they may be sharpened without changing their
outline or shape.
Formed Cutters: Milling cutters which will produce shaped surfaces with a
single cut and so designed that they may be sharpened without changing their
outline or shape.
Forming: To shape or fashion with the hand or tools or by a shape or mold.
Forming Limit Diagram (FLD): A diagram in which the major strains at the
onset of necking in sheet metal are plotted vertically and the corresponding
minor strains are plotted horizontally. The onset-of-failure line divides all
possible strain combinations into two zones: the safe zone (in which failure
during forming is not expected) and the failure zone (in which failure during
forming is expected).
Forming Properties: Those physical and mechanical properties that allow a
steel to be formed without injury to the steel in the finished product.
Forming Tool: Tool ground to a desired shape to reproduce this shape on the
workpiece.
Form-relieved Cutter: A cutter so relieved that by grinding only the tooth
face of the original form is maintained throughout its life.
Forms: Prepared forms of timber or other material for the casting of
concrete.
Formwork: A mould into which concrete is cast.
Formwork : The wood melds used to hold concrete during the placement
and curing processes.
Formwork : The term given to either temporary orpermanent molds into
which concrete or similar materials are poured.
Forward Extrusion: Same as direct extrusion. See extrusion. (see
Extrusion)
Fouling: An accumulation of marine organism deposits on a submerged
metal surface.
Fouling: Deposits of impurities, dirt or foreign matter that clog systems or
restrict flow and interfere with heat transfer.
Fouling factor : The degree of interference with heat transfer.
Foundation: Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in
place during the concrete pour.
foundation: Formed in 1952, the Foundation invests in communities,
nonprofit organizations, and education. Since that time, the Foundation has
contributed more than $145 million to projects around the world.
Foundation: The ground upon which the footings of a building are
constructed.
Foundation: The substructure which supports a building or other structure.
Foundation: The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor
construction, or below grade, including the footings.
Foundation: The part of a building or structure which transmits loads to
the soil. Foundations may be stepped masonry, mass or reinforced concrete,
orpiled. (Fr. fondation, f).
Foundation failure : Foundations of buildings can fail in one of two ways,
first by differential settlement, secondly by shear failure of the soil.
Foundation ties: High-quality below-grade moisture protection. Used for
below-grade exterior concrete and masonry wall damp-proofing to seal out
moisture and prevent corrosion. Normally looks like black tar.
Foundation ties: Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar
in place during the concrete pour.
Foundation waterproofing: The act of inspecting the home's structural
integrity and it's complianceto local municipal codes.
Foundation waterproofing: High-quality below-grade moisture protection.
Used for below-grade exterior concrete and masonry wall damp-proofing to
seal out moisture and prevent corrosion. Normally looks like black tar.
Foundry: A place where metal is cast into shapes.
Foundry Returns: Metal in the form of gates, sprues, runners, risers and
scrapped castings of known composition returned to the furnace for
remelting.
Foundry Returns: Metal (of unknown compostion) in the form of gates,
sprues,rummers,risers and scraped castings returned to the furnace or re
melting.
Four Way: A term used to describe a valve that has four ports, normally a
pressure (inlet) port, a return (tank) port, an 'A' ('1') work port and a 'B' ('2')
work port.
Four-high Mill: A type of rolling mill, commonly used for flat-rolled mill
products, in which two large-diameter backup rolls are employed to reinforce
two smaller work rolls that are in contact with the product. Either the work
rolls or the backup rolls may be driven. Compare with two-high mill and
cluster mill.
Four-point Press: A press whose slide is actuated by four connections and
four cranks, eccentrics or cylinders, the chief merit being to equalize the
pressure at the corners of the slides.
Four-Way Slide Valve (Lube Systems): Device that alternates pressure
between the two main supply lines.
Fpl: Filed Flight Plan
Fpm: Feet Per Minute. Unit of measure of an aircraft’s rate of climb or
descent.
Fractionation column: Generally a vertical vessel containing trays or
packing; when in service, it extracts from the process system a certain
required fraction such as butane or propane.
Fractography: Descriptive treatment of fracture of materials, with specific
reference to photographs of the fracture surface. Macrofractography involves
photographs at low magnification (<25x); microfractography, photographs at
high magnification (>25x).
Fractography : Descriptive treatment of fracture,especially in metal,with
specific reference to photography of the fracture surface.
Fracture: The irregular surface produced when a piece of metal is broken.
See also brittle fracture, cleavage fracture, crystalline fracture, decohesive
rupture, dimple rupture, ductile fracture, fibrous fracture, granular fracture,
intergranular fracture and silky fracture. And transgranular fracture. (see
Brittle Fracture) (see Cleavage Fracture) (see Crystalline Fracture)
Fracture: Fractures are often described by the appearance of the surface of
the break in a piece of steel. Crystalline is bright and glittering, failure having
developed along the cleavage planes of individual crystals and can be typical
of brittle material. A silky fracture has a smooth dull grain indicative of
ductile material such as mild steel. In tensile testing fractures are described
by shape, e.g.cup and cone.
Fracture Grain Size: Grain size determined by comparing a fracture of a
specimen with a set of standard fractures. For steel, a fully martensitic
specimen is generally used, and the depth of hardening and the prior
austenitic grain size are determined.
Fracture Mechanics: A quantitative analysis for evaluating structural
behavior in terms of applied stress, crack length and specimen or machine
component geometry. See also linear elastic fracture mechanics.
Fracture Strength: The normal stress at the beginning of fracture.
Calculated from the load at the beginning of fracture during a tension test and
the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Fracture Stress: The true, normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional
area at the beginning of fracture. The term usually applies to tension tests of
unnotched specimens.
Fracture Surface Markings: Fracture surface features that may be used to
determine the fracture origin location and the nature of the stress that
produced the fracture.
Fracture Test: Breaking a piece of metal for the purpose of examining the
fractured surface to determine the structure or carbon content of the metal or
to detect the presence of internal defects.
Fracture Test: Nicking and breaking a bar by means of sudden impact, to
enable macroscopic study of the fractured surface.
Fracture Toughness: A generic term for measures of resistance to extension
of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of fracture mechanics
tests, which are directly applicable in fracture control. However, the term
commonly includes results from simple tests of notched or precracked
specimens not based on fracture mechanics analysis. Results from tests of the
latter type are often useful for fracture control, based on either service
experience or empirical correlations with fracture mechanics tests. See also
stress-intensity factor. (see Stress-intensity Factor)
Fracture Toughness: A generic term for measure of resistance to extension
of a crack. The term is sometimes restricted to results of a fracture mechanics
test, which is directly applicable to fracture control.
Fragmentation: The subdivision of a grain into small discrete crystallites
outlined by a heavily deformed network of intersecting slip bands as a result
of cold working. These small crystals or fragments differ from one another in
orientation and tend to rotate to a stable orientation determined by the slip
systems.
Fragmentation: The subdivision of a grain into small discrete crystallites
outlined by a heavily deformed network of intersecting slip bands as a result
of cold working. These small crystals or fragments differ from one another in
orientation and tend to rotate to a stable orientation detemined by the slip
systems.
Frame: A structural framing system consisting of members joined together
with moment or rigid connections which maintain their original angular
relationship under load without the need for bracing in its plane. See Rigid
Frame.
Frame clamp or cramp: Metal component screwed to the window or door
frame and built into the masonry wall.
Frame inspection: -The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber and
erects the frame, flooring system, interior walls, backing, trusses, rafters,
decking, installs all beams, stairs, soffits and all work related to the wood
structure of the home. The framer builds the home according to the blueprints
and must comply with local building codes and regulations.
Frame inspection: The act of inspecting the home’s structural integrity and
it’s complianceto local municipal codes.
Framed opening: Headers or other structural members which surround an
opening in a roof which can be for mechanical units, straiwells, etc.
Framer: Lumber used for the structural members of a building, such as
studs, joists, and rafters.
Framer: -The carpenter contractor that installs the lumber and erects the
frame, flooring system, interior walls, backing, trusses, rafters, decking,
installs all beams, stairs, soffits and all work related to the wood structure of
the home. The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must
comply with local building codes and regulations.
Framing: In house construction a horizontal member connecting the top of
the siding with the soffit of the cornice.
Framing: Lumber used for the structural members of a building, such as
studs, joists, and rafters.
Framing plan: Floor or roof plans that identify individual marks,
components, and accessories furnished by the joist manufactures in a detailed
mannner to permit proper erection of the joist and joist girders. See Erection
Plan and Placing Plan.
Freckling: A type of segregation revealed as dark spots on a macroetched
specimen of a consumable-eletrode vacuum-arc-remelted alloy.
Free Bend: The bend obtained by applying forces to the ends of a specimen
without the application of force at the point of maximun bending.
Free board: the vertical distance from water surface to top of channel, dike
etc.
Free Carbon: The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present
in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined
carbon.
Free Carbon: The part of the total carbon in steel or cast iron that is present
in elemental form as graphite or temper carbon. Contrast with combined
carbon.
Free Cut: An additional cut with no advancement of depth.
Free Ferrite: (1) Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of
hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation
of cementite. (2) Ferrite formed into separate grains and not intimately
associated with carbides as in pearlite. Also called proeutectoidferrite.
Free Ferrite: Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of
hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation
of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite.
Free Fit: A class of fit intended for use where accuracy is not essential or
where large temperature variations are likely to be encountered or both
conditions.
Free Fit: A class of fit intended for use where accuracy is not essential or
where large temperature variations are likely to be encountered or both
conditions.
Free Loop Pit: Area below floor level (delivery end No. 5 Pickler; where
free running strip ensures synchronization between the tank section and the
delivery end. If the delivery end runs too fast, the coil strip is pulled out of
the pit and the line shuts down.
Free Machining: Grades of stainless steel that, by virtue of their chemistry
or processing, are easier to machine into parts.
Free Machining: Pertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy to
which one or nmore ingredients have been inrroduced to produce small
broken chips, lower poweer consumption, betteer surface finish, and longer
tool life; among such additions are sulfur or lead to steel, lead to brass, lead
and bismuth to aluminum, and sulfur or selenium to stainless steel.
Freeboard: The space provided above the resin bed in an ion-exchange
column to allow for expansion of the bed during backwashing.
Free-body diagram: A diagram on which all of the external forces acting on
a body are shown at their respective points of application.
Freecutting Steels: Steels which have had additions made to improve
machinability. The most common additives are sulfur and lead, other
elements include tellurium, selenium and bismuth.
Freecutting Steels: Steels which have had additions made to improve
machinability. The most common additives are sulphur and lead, other
elements used include tellurium, selenium and bismuth.
Freedom of the air: Commercial aviation right governing carriage
of PAYLOADbetween or within countries. The following are recognized by
the ICAO
Freeway : A divided arterial highway with full control of access.
Freeze: To solidify molten steel as it cools from the liquid to solid state.
Freezer -: A refrigerating device designed to lower the temperature below
0°C.
Freezer burn: Condition applied to food which has not been properly
wrapped and that has become hard, dry and discolored.
Freeze-up : (1) Formation of ice in the refrigerant control device which may
stop the flow of refrigerant into the evaporator. (2) Frost formation on an
evaporator which may stop the airflow through the evaporator.
Freezing Point: See preferred term liquidus and solidus. See also melting
point. (see Liquidus) (see Solidus) (see Melting Point)
Freezing point: The temperature at which a liquid becomes solid.
Freezing Range: That temperature range between liquidus and solidus
temperatures in which molten and solid constituents coexist.
Freezing : Change of state from liquid to solid.
Frenchman: A tool for forming the shape of pointing.
Freon : Trade name for a family of synthetic chemical refrigerants.
Frequency: A measure of floor vibration. It is the speed of the oscillations of
vibration and is expressed in cycles per secong or Hz (Hertz).
Frequency: The number of repetitions of a periodic process in a unit of time
Frequency -: The number of vibrations, waves, or cycles of any periodic
phenomenon per second. In architectural acoustics, the interest lies in the
audible frequency range of 20 to 20000 cps Hertz (cycles per second).
Frequency and Severity: Rating for inclusions and stringers as allowed per
each individual grade specification. The quantity of inclusions per square
inch equals the frequency. The length of the inclusions per square inch is the
severity. The ideal F/S rating would be "0/0". Each grade of steel has its own
F/S.
Frequency Bands: A division of the audible range of frequencies into sub
groups for detailed analysis of sound.
Frequency Converters: A Frequency Converter takes an incoming AC
frequency and converts it to another AC frequency. They work by first
rectifying the incoming AC power to a DC power and then inverting it to the
desired AC frequency.
Frequency Counters: A Frequency Counter is used to count the number of
times an event happens within a certain time frame, such as the number of
oscillations in a repetitive signal.
Frequency Inverters: A Frequency Inverter is used to turn DC power, such
as that produced by a battery, into AC power.
Frequency Rate: The number of accidents per million hours of exposure to
risk during a certain period.
Frequency Relay: A device that monitors the frequency of the electricity in a
given area of the plant. Should the frequency drop off from 60 Hz, the
frequency relay is designed to trip at its designated frequency and open
various circuit breakers. Frequency relays in the plant are set up to operate
from 59 Hz down to 58 Hz.
Frequency Relay: A device that monitors the frequency of the electricity in a
given area of the plant. Should the frequency drop off from 60 Hz, the
frequency relay is designed to trip at its designated frequency and open
various circuit breakers. Frequency relays in the plant are set up to operate
from 59 Hz down to 58 Hz.
Frequency Response: How well a servo or proportional valve output follows
the electrical input. The concept is critical in system design because of
system stiffness.
Frequency Response Analysis: A control system analysis, which by
introducing a varying rhythmic change (like alternating current) into a
process or control unit observes what effect, these changes have on the
output.Since the information determines how a system or control unit will
react, it is possible to use this method of analysis to predict what the addition
of new equipment will mean to an operation.
Fresh water: Water that has little or no salt dissolved in it.
Fresh water : sodium-chloride-free water, especially when considered as a
natural resource
Freshet: a sharp rise in discharge or a flood event associated with rainfall or
snow melt
Fretting: A type of wear that occurs between tight-fitting surfaces subjected
to cyclic relative motion of extremely small amplitude. Fretting is usually
accompanied by corrosion, especially of the very fine wear debris. Also
referred to as fretting corrosion and false brinelling (in rolling-element
bearings).
Fretting Corrosion (Ferrous Corrosion): A combination of corrosive and
abrasive wear that results from fretting of ferrous metals where the wear
particles oxidize to a reddish, abrasive iron oxide (Fe2O3).
Fretting Fatigue: (1) Fatigue fracture that initiates at a surface area where
fretting has occurred. The progressive damage to a solid surface that arises
from fretting. Note: If particles of wear debris are produced, then the term
fretting wear may be applied.
Fretting Wear: Wear resulting from fretting.
Friction: The resisting force tangential to the common boundary between
two bodies when under the action of an external force one body moves or
tends to move relative to the surface of the other.
Friction -: Friction is the resistance found at the duct and piping walls.
Resistance creates a static pressure loss in systems. The primary purpose of a
fan or pump is to produce a design volume of fluid at a pressure equal to the
frictional resistance of the system and the other dynamic pressure losses of
the components.
Friction Bearing: Obsolete term for plain bearing or sliding bearing. (see
Plain Bearing)
Friction Clutches: A Friction Clutch is a device for interfacing a prime
mover (such as a an engine or motor) with a transmission. The basic principle
of operation is that a rotating flywheel, attached to the output shaft of the
motor, interacts with the friction disc of the clutch, which is attached to input
shaft of the transmission. When the clutch is engaged, the friction disc is
pressed against the flywheel, and rotation is transferred between the motor
and transmission shafts. When the clutch is released, the contact between the
friction disc and flywheel is broken, and rotation can not be transferred to the
transmission. Friction Clutches are used in automobiles, as well as other
applications.
Friction Gouges Or Scratches: A series of relatively short surface scratches
variable in form and severity. Refer to Galling.
Friction head: The pressure in psi or feet of the liquid pumped which
represents system resistance that must be overcome.
Friction Welding: Friction Welding describes a number of welding methods
that fuse metal or plastic by generating heat with friction, typically by
rubbing two pieces together.
Friction Welding (FRW): A solid-state welding process that produces
coalescence of materials under compressive force contact of workpieces
rotating or moving relative to one another to produce heat and plastically
displace material from the faying surfaces.
Frictional soil : A clean silt, sand or gravel that is a soil whose shearing
strength is mainly decided by the friction between particles. In Coulomb's
equation, sand shear strength is given by the statement S = P tan O, since
sand has no cohesion.
Frictional Wear: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles
from a surface as a consequence of being in contact with another moving
component.
Frictional Wear: The displacement and/or detachment of metallic particles
from a surface as a consequence of being in contact with another moving
component.
Frieze: Round metal lid that is installed on a water meter pit.
Frieze: In house construction a horizontal member connecting the top of the
siding with the soffit of the cornice.
Frigorific mixture: Are substances used in laboratory methods of producing
a drop in temperature. A common example is a mixture of snow and salt.
Frog: The recess in a machine-made brick.
Front age: The line or lines marking the division between a building site and
a street.
Front Cone (Gears): The inner ends of the teeth in a bevel gear with
elements perpendicular to those of the pitch cone. Though the surface of the
gear blank at the inner ends of the teeth is customarily formed to such a front
cone, occasionally it takes the form of a plane on a pinion or a cylinder in a
nearly flat gear.
Front End: The inside lap of the produced coil, or the outside lap of the
consumed coil.
Front End: The inside lap of the produced coil, or the outside lap of the
consumed coil.
Front End Loaders: A Front End Loader is a tractor that is equipped with a
bucket that can be used to scoop and lift earth, rubble, or other bulk solids.
Frontage road : A local street or road auxiliary to, and located on the side of
an arterial highway for service to an abutting property and adjacent areas, and
for control of access.
Front-end engineering and design: Engineering and design phase, early in
project lifecycle, to develop project definition and optimize clients' capital
resources.
Frost: Frozen condensation.
Frost : Weather during which dew is deposited as ice. The danger to
construction caused by frost is that water expands by about 9% of its volume
when it freezes. Therefore concrete or mortar which have not set and contain
free water are disintegrated by it.
Frost back -: Condition in which liquid refrigerant flows from evaporator
into suction line; usually indicated by sweating or frosting of the suction line.
Frost control -: SemiautomaticControl which starts defrost part of a cycle
manually and then returns system to normal operation automatically.
Frost free refrigerator : Refrigerated cabinet which operates with an
automatic defrost during each cycle.
Frost lid: The depth of frost penetration in soil and/or the depth at which the
earth will freeze and swell. This depth varies in different parts of the country.
Frost lid: Round metal lid that is installed on a water meter pit.
Frost line: Strips of wood, often 1 X 2 and used to shim out and provide a
level fastening surface for a wall or ceiling.
Frost line: The depth of frost penetration in soil and/or the depth at which
the earth will freeze and swell. This depth varies in different parts of the
country.
Frosting type evaporator: Refrigerating system which maintains the
evaporator at frosting temperatures during all phases of cycle.
Froude Number: Used in hydraulics as an analog to the Reynolds number. It
is the ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces.
Froude Number: Used in hydraulics as an analog to the Reynolds number. It
is the ratio of inertial forces to gravitational forces.
Fry: recently emerged fish, after the yolk sac has been absorbed
FTC: Federal Trade Commission (U.S.).
FTP: Federal Test Procedure (EPA).
Fuel Air: A controller for fuel air dampers on boilers. To maintain proper
combustion on oil fire.
Fuel Flow: The measured flow of the various fuels supplied to the boilers.
Fuel Gases: Gases usually used with oxygen for heating such as acetylene,
natural gas, hydrogen, propane, stabilized methylacetylene propadiene and
other synthetic fuels and hydrocarbons.
Fuel knock: A hammer like noise produced when fuel is not burned properly
in a cylinder.
Fulcrum: The point or support on which a lever turns.
Fulcrum: The point or support on which a lever turns.
Full Annealing: Heating iron-based alloys above the critical temperature
range, holding the temperature above that range for a proper period of time,
and then slowly cooling to below the range either in the furnace or in a
thermal insulating material.
Full Annealing: Annealing a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then cooling
slowly through the transformation range. The austenitizing temperature to
hypoeutectoid steel is usually above Ac3; and for hypereutectoid steel,
usually between Ac1 and Ac (cm).
Full Center: Mild waviness down the center of a metal sheel or strip.
Full Finish Plate: Steel sheet or strip, reduced either hot or cold, cleaned,
annealed, and then cold rolled to a bright finish.
Full Flow: A filter in which oil the fluid must pass through the filter element
or medium.
Full Flow Filtration: A system of filtration in which the total flow of a
circulating fluid system passes through a filter.
Full Hard: Cold rolled coils coming from the Strip Steel that have not been
annealed.
Full Hard: Cold rolled coils coming from the Strip Steel that have not been
annealed.
Full Hard Cold Rolled: Hot rolled pickled steel that is cold reduced to a
specified thickness and subject to no further processing (not annealed or
temper rolled). The product is very stiff; it is intended for flat work where
deformation is very minimal.
Full Hard Cold Rolled: Hot rolled pickled steel that is cold reduced to a
specified thickness and subject to no further processing (not annealed or
temper rolled). The product is very stiff; it is intended for flat work where
deformation is very minimal.
Full Hard Temper: Full hard cold rolled steel produced to a Rockwell
hardness of 84 and higher on the B scale.
Full Hard Temper: (A) (No. 1 Temper) In low carbon sheet or strip steel,
stiff and springy, not suitable for bending in any direction. It is the hardest
temper obtainable by hard cold rolling. (B) In Stainless Steel Strip, tempers
are based on minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium Nickel grades
Full Hard temper is 185,000 TS, 140,000 YS Min. Term also used in
connection with copper base alloys and considered synonymous with Hard
Temper.
Full load current: See Running Current.
Full Mold: A trade name for an expendable pattern casting process in which
the polystyrene pattern is vaporized by the molten metal as the mold is
poured. See also lost foam casting.
Fuller (fullering impression): Portion of the die used in hammer forging
primarily to reduce the cross section and to lengthen a portion of the forging
stock. The fullering impression is often used In conjunction with an edger
(edging impression).
Fume Exhaust Hoods: It control the flow of fumes or guide the fumes to the
chimnies.it is mainly used is hotels kitchens to throw the fumes out threw
chimneys
Fume Scrubbers: The fume scrubber is a device used in fume exaught hood
.it removes the dangerous gases or chemical vapor from air or smoke.
Fumes: Fumes are a type of AIR, GAS or Smoke. The fume having rich
quantity of vapor compare to normal air. When the air having more chemical
vapor which is dangerous for health.
Fumes : Solid particles commonly formed by the condensation of vapors
from normally solid materials such as molten metals. Fumes may also be
formed by sublimation, distillation, calcinations, or chemical reaction
wherever such processes create airborne particles predominantly below one
micron in size. Such solid particles sometimes serve as condensation nuclei
for water vapor to form smog.
Function Generators: It is a electronics item which create the electrical
waveforms. Which is used for develop, repair and testing of electrical items.
Functional feeding groups: classification of aquatic invertebrates by their
feeding method
Fungicide: A substance that kills, prevents or retards the growth of fungi.
Fungicides and biocides are most often used with fluids like soluble oils that
contain water.
Fungus -: A lower form of plant life which does not contain chlorophyll, for
example, a mold.
Furlong: Unit of length in the Imperial system; ten chains, or 660 feet, one-
eighth of a mile, equal to 201.168 metres.
Furnace: Furnace is high temperature having heated chamber which is used
for melting the metals to its critical temperature.(The furnace word is coming
from Greek work fornex. Which mean OVEN.
Furnace Brazing: A mass-production brazing process in which the filler
metal is pre-placed on the joint, then the entire assembly is heated to brazing
temperature in a furnace. Usually, a protective furnace atmosphere is
required, and wetting of the joint surfaces is accomplished without using a
brazing flux.
Furnace Brazing: A mass-production brazing process in which the filler
metal is preplaced on the joint, then the entire assembly is heated to brazing
temperature in a furnace.
Furnace Pressure: The pressure of
Furring strips: A device often found in older homes designed to prevent
overloads in electrical lines. This protects against fire. See also 'circuit
breakers'.
Furring strips: Strips of wood, often 1 X 2 and used to shim out and provide
a level fastening surface for a wall or ceiling.
Fuse: The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
Fuse: A device often found in older homes designed to prevent overloads in
electrical lines. This protects against fire. See also ‘circuit breakers’.
Fuse Switches: The fuse switches are mainly used as a circuit breaker. The
overlad current is cause burning of electronics goods. So the FUSE
SWICHES is brake the circuit when overload current is coming.
Fused or Fusion Cast Refractory: A solidified material made by melting
refractory ingredients and pouring it into molds. (see Molten Cast
Refractory)
Fused Spray Deposit: A self-fluxing spray deposit which is deposited by
conventional thermal spraying and subsequently fused using either a heating
torch or a furnace.
Fused Zone: See preferred terms fusion zone, nugget and weld
interface. (see Fusion Zone) (see Nugget) (see Weld Interface)
Fusible Alloys: A group of binary, ternary, quaternary and quinary alloys
containing bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium and indium. The term "fusible alloy"
refers to any of more than 100 alloys that melt at relatively low temperatures,
that is, below the melting point of tin-lead solder (183°C or 360°F). The
melting points of these alloys range as low as 47 °C (116 °F).
Fusible Plug: The Fusible plug is made of Bronze, brass. It has the threads
and a hole threw the whole length. And the end of the hole length a low
melting point seal is placed which is broken when the pressure is become so
high. The pressure cooker is the simplest form where the "Fusible Plug" is
used.
Fusible plug : Plug or fitting made with a metal of a known low melting
temperature. Used as safety device to release pressures in case of fire.
Fusion: A change of state from solid to liquid; melting.
Fusion: The melting together of filler metal and base metal (substrate), or of
base metal only, which results in coalescence. See also depth of fusion. (see
Depth of Fusion)
Fusion Welding: Any welding process that uses fusion of the base metal to
make the weld.
Fusion Welding: Terms are related to welding process. It is basically melting
of two-similar material for joining purpose.
Fusion welding : The welding of metals or plastics by any method which
involves melting of the edges of the parts to be joined without pressure.
Usually a filler rod provides the weld metal.
Fusion Zone: The area of base metal melted as determined on the cross
section of a weld
Futureflex: FutureFlex is a program that defines a manufacturing facility
concept with optimal flexibility and minimal cost. This approach allows to
conceptualize, initiate, and validate design across an Owner's life-cycle asset.
Futures Contract: It is a finance terms. Which is mainly used for future
contract between two parties for sale and purchase of the goods or asset.
FZG: Acronym for German gear test rig, also known as four-square gear oil
tester. The test uses small gears driven under increasing loads in a heated oil
bath until failure, at which point a 10-mg weight loss has occurred. Results
are expressed as load stage at the time of failure.
G Coatings: Galvanize Coatings
Ga: Chemical symbol for Gallium
Gabion Baskets: A Gabion Basket is a large container used to build
retaining walls and other structures in civil engineering applications.
Gabions : Compartmented rectangular containers made of galvanized
hexagonal steel wire mesh and filled with stone. Gabions are used to stabilize
and protect embankment slopes from erosion.
Gable: A steel plate attached to both sides at each joint of a truss. Sometimes
called a fishplate or gussett.
Gable: The triangular end of a house formed at the end of a pitched roof,
from eaves level to apex
Gable: The triangular portion of a roof located above the elevation of the
eave line of a double sloped roof.
Gable: The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
Gable: The triangular wall at the end of a building with pitched roofs. (Fr.
pignon, m).
Gable joist: A non-standard type of joist where the top chord is double
pitched at an extreme pitch (say 3/12) and the bottom chord is straight or
level.
Gable roof: A roof shape consisting of two sloping surfaces.
Gage: 1) The thickness of a sheet of deck or 2) The distance from centerline
hole to centerline hole across a set of holes, usually perpendicular to the joist
or joist girder.
Gage: (1) The thickness of sheet or the diameter of wire. The various
standards are arbitrary and differ with regard to ferrous and nonferrous
products as well as sheet and wire. (2) An aid for visual inspection that
enables an inspector to determine more reliably whether the size or contour of
a formed part meets dimensional requirements. (3) An instrument used to
measure thickness or length.
Gage: Any one of a large variety of devices for measuring or checking the
diemsions of objects.
Gage Length: The original length of that portion of the specimen over which
strain, change of length and otber characteristics are measured.
Gage Length: The original length of that portion of the specimen over which
strain or change of length is determined.
Gage Marks: Reference marks; in tensile testing, the marks which indicate
the gage length, used in determination of tensile elongation.
Gage pressure: Absolute pressure minus atmospheric pressure.
Gaggers: Metal pieces of irregular shape used to reinforce and support the
sand in the mold.
Gagging: Checking dimensional requirement by means of a gage.
Galfan: A galvanized product coated with 95% free zinc, 5% aluminum and
traces of mish metal in the coating; provides extra corrosion protection with
lighter coating weight; has improved formability over regular free zinc
coatings (hot dipped galvanized regular products).
Galfan: A galvanized product coated with 95% free zinc, 5% aluminum and
traces of mish metal in the coating; provides extra corrosion protection with
lighter coating weight; has improved formability over regular free zinc
coatings (hot dipped galvanized regular products).
Gall: To damage the surface of a powder metallurgy compact or die part,
caused by adhesion of powder to die cavity wall or a punch surface.
Gall/Galling: Surface condition on one or both mating surfaces where
excessive friction results in localized welding with subsequent spalling and a
further roughening of the surface.
Galling: The damaging of one or both metallic surfaces by removal of
particles from localized areas due to seizure during sliding friction.
Galling : a condition whereby excessive friction between high spots on two
different steel parts results in localized welding
Galvalume: Steel sheet with a unique coating of 55% aluminum and 45%
zinc that resists corrosion. The coating is applied in a continuous hot-dipped
process, which improves the steel's weather resistance. Galvalume is a
trademark of BHP Steel, and the product is popular in the metal building
market.
Galvalume(R): Steel sheet with a unique coating of 55% aluminum and 45%
zinc that resists corrosion. The coating is applied in a continuous hot dipped
process, which improves the steel's weather resistance. Galvalume A8 is a
trademark of BHP Steel, and the product is popular in the metal building
market.
Galvaneal Coating (A): Coatings on hot dipped galvanized steels processed
to convert the coating completely to zinc iron alloys; dull gray in appearance,
have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for painting.
Galvanic Action: When iron and steel are subject to conditions of aqueous
corrosion the incidence and rate at which the corrosion takes place will alter
if the steel is coupled with other metals or alloys that are also exposed to the
electrolyte. Copper, brass, bronze, lead and nickel are more ?noble? and act
as auxiliary cathodes to the steel and accelerate its anodic dissolution, that is,
its corrosion. Magnesium, zinc and zinc base alloy are nearly always less
noble and tend to divert the attack from the steel to themselves. The galvanic
relationship of various metals is an important factor affecting corrosion.
Galvanic action : Wasting away of two unlike metals due to electrical
current passing between them. The action is increased in the presence of
moisture.
Galvanic Cell: (1) A cell in which chemical change is the source of electrical
energy. It usually consists of two dissimilar conductors in contact with each
other and with an electrolyte, or of two similar conductors in contact with
each other and with dissimilar electrolytes. (2) A cell or system in which a
spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction occurs, the resulting flow of
electrons being conducted in an external part of the circuit.
Galvanic cell: Electrolytic brought about by the difference in electric
potential between two dissimilar metals.
Galvanic Corrosion: Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an
electrical contact with a more noble metal or non-metallic conductor in a
corrosive electrolyte.
Galvanic Corrosion: Corrosion associated with the current of a galvanic cell
consisting of two dissimilar conductors in an electrolyte or two similar
conductors in dissimilar electrolytes. Where the two dissimilar metals are in
contact, the resulting action is referred to as couple action.
Galvanic corrosion : corrosion associated with the current of a galvanic cell
consisting of two dissimilar conductors in an electrolyte solution, or two
similar conductors in dissimilar electrolytes
Galvanic Couple: A pair of dissimilar conductors, commonly metals, in
electrical contact. See also galvanic corrosion. (see Galvanic Corrosion)
Galvanic couple : The connection of two dissimilar metals in an electrolyte
that results in current flow through the circuit.
Galvanic Current: The electric current that flows between metals or
conductive nonmetals in a galvanic couple.
Galvanic Isolators: A Galvanic Isolator is any system used to separate
electrical current between two circuits while still allowing for energy or
signal transmission. Examples include, transformers, opto-couplers, and
magnetocouplers.
Galvanic Series: A list of metals and alloys arranged according to their
relative corrosion potentials in a given environment. Compare with
electromotive force series.
Galvanic series of metals : a listing of metals and alloys arranged according
to their relative electrode potentials in a specified environment; indicates
what metal(s) will corrode first when two or more metals are in contact
Galvanize: A sheet product substrate to which free zinc is applied either by
hot-dipping or electro-plating.
Galvanize: A sheet product substrate to which free zinc is applied either by
hot dipping or electro plating.
Galvanize Coatings (G): Free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled or cold
rolled steel to produce Galvanized steel. The coating can be applied by the
hot-dip or electrodeposition process.
Galvanize Coatings (G): Free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled or cold
rolled steel to produce Galvanized steel. The coating can be applied by the
hot dip or electrodeposition process.
Galvanized: The process of coating steel with zinc for corrosion resistance.
Galvanized Pipes: A Galvanic Pipe refers to pipe to steel pipe that has been
coated with zinc for the purpose of corrosion protection.
Galvanized Steel: Steel coated with zinc to provide corrosion-resistance for
a wide range of products including automobiles, bridges, storage tanks,
structural steel, fasteners, duct work, light poles, pipe, sign supports,
reinforcing steel and wire.
Galvanized Steel: Steel coated with a thin layer of zinc to provide corrosion
resistance in underbody auto parts, garbage cans, storage tanks, or fencing
wire. Sheet steel normally must be cold rolled prior to the galvanizing stage.
HOT DIPPED. Steel is run through a molten zinc coating bath, followed by
an air stream wipe that controls the thickness of the zinc finish.
ELECTROGALVANIZED. Zinc plating process whereby the molecules on
the positively charged zinc anode attach to the negatively charged sheet steel.
The thickness of the zinc coating is readily controlled. By increasing the
electric charge or slowing the speed of the steel through the plating area, the
coating will thicken. DIFFERENCES. Electrogalvanizing equipment is more
expensive to build and to operate than hot dipped, but it gives the steelmaker
more precise control over the weight of the zinc coating. The automotive
manufacturers, because they need the superior welding, forming and painting
ability of electrogalvanized steel, purchase 90% of all tonnage produced.
Galvanizing: Coating steel with a thin layer of zinc to increase its corrosion
resistance. Most galvanizing is done on a hot-dip operation, but
electrogalvalizing is becoming more important today. Electrogalvanizing is a
cold coating electroplating process that, unlike the hot-dip process, does not
influence the mechanical properties of the sheet steel. Electrogalvanizing
provides a more uniform coating.
Galvanizing: Coating steel with a thin layer of zinc to increase its corrosion
resistance. Most galvanizing is done on a hot dip operation, but
electrogalvalizing is becoming more important today. Electrogalvanizing is a
cold coating electroplating process that, unlike the hot dip process, does not
influence the mechanical properties of the sheet steel. Electrogalvanizing
provides a more uniform coating.
Galvanizing: The coating of metal with another by an electrolytic process;
for example, electrolytically zinc-coat steel is called galvanized steel.
Galvanizing Pot: Holds the molten free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled
or cold rolled steel to produce Hot-dip Galvanized steel.
Galvanizing Pot: Holds the molten free zinc coatings applied to a hot rolled
or cold rolled steel to produce Hot dip Galvanized steel.
Galvanizing Services: A Galvanizing Service is a company that will
galvanize steel components for corrosion protection purposes.
Galvanizing temperature : the temperature at which the molten zinc bath is
kept in order to react with the steel; typically, this temperature is between 830
F (443 C) and 850 F (454 C)
Galvanizing : the act of coating steel with zinc in order to provide barrier
and cathodic protection from corrosion
Galvanneal Coating (A): Coatings on hot-dipped galvanized steels
processed to convert the coating completely to zinc-iron alloys; dull gray in
appearance, have no spangle, and after proper preparation, are well suited for
painting.
Galvanneal Furnace: A furnace which is placed over the strip as it exists the
zinc bath for the purpose of producing a fully alloyed iron-zinc coating. The
furnace can be gas fired or induction.
Galvannealed: An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied to a
soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven at about
1,200° F. The resulting coat is dull gray without spangle especially suited for
subsequent painting.
Galvannealed: An extra tight coat of galvanizing metal (zinc) applied to a
soft steel sheet, after which the sheet is passed through an oven at about 1200
degrees F. The resulting coat is dull gray without spangle especially suited
for subsequent painting.
Gambrel: A roof having two slopes on each side, the lower slope usually
steeper than the upper one.
Gamma Iron: The form of iron (also called austenite) which exists between
910°C and 1,392°C in which the iron atoms are arranged in a face centered
cubic (fcc) crystalline pattern, i.e., an atom at each corner of a cube, and a
further atom in the center of each face. (see Austenite)
Gamma Iron: A face centered cubic form of pure iron, stable from 1670 to
2551 B0F (910 to 1400 B0C).
Gamma layer : the first layer of zinc-iron alloy growth from the base steel
formed during the galvanizing process; the chemical composition of this
layer is approximately 75% zinc and 25% iron; the Gamma layer has a DPN
of 250, compared to the base steel’s DPN of 159
Gamma Ray: Short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation, similar to x-rays
but of nuclear origin. See also electromagnetic radiation.(see Electromagnetic
Radiation)
Gamma Structure: Structurally analogous phases or electron compounds
having ratios of 21 valence electrons to 13 atoms. This is generally a large,
complex cubic structure.
Gang Milling: A milling setup where a number of cutters are arranged on an
arbor so that several surfaces can be machined at one time. It is commonly
used for production purposes.
Gang Milling: A milling set up where a number of cutters are arranged on an
arbor so that tseveral surfaces can be machine at one time. It is commonly
used for production purposes.
Gang nail plate: The trench or area in the yard where the gas line service is
located, or the work of installing the gas service to a home.
Gang nail plate: A steel plate attached to both sides at each joint of a truss.
Sometimes called a fishplate or gussett.
Gang Slitter: A machine with a number of pairs of rotary cutters spaced on
two parallel shafts used for slitting metal into strips or for trimming the edges
of sheets.
Ganger: The leader of a work gang, for example, a concrete gang.
Gangue: The worthless minerals extracted when mining an ore deposit.
Gangue Depressants: A Gangue Depressant is a chemical treatment used to
separate gangue in a flotation cell. Gangue is the worthless material that must
be separated from valuable ore.
Gannister: An acid (silicious) refractory often used in furnace linings.
Gannister: An acid (silicious) refractory often used in furnace linings.
Gantry : (1) A temporary staging for carrying heavy loads, such as earth. (2)
Overhead structure that supports signs, usually built of square timbers or steel
joists
Gantry Crane: A crane similar to an overhead crane except that the bridge
for carrying the trolley or trolleys is rigidly supported on two or more legs
running on fixed rails or other runway.
Gantry Crane: A gantry is type of overhead crane in which the hoist
mechanism is mounted onto trolley mechanism and allowed to move along a
set of rails or beams. The gantry may be a fixed structure, or it may be
support on wheels allowing the entire gantry structure to be mobile.
Gantry Leg: The structural member which supports a bridge girder or end tie
from the sill.
GAO: General Accounting Office (U.S.)
Gap: The distance between the slitter knives (ex .001, .002).
Gap-frame Press: A general classification of press in which the uprights or
housings are made in the form of a letter C, thus making three sides of the die
space accessible.
Gas Analysers/Analyzers: A Gas Analyser is a device used to determine the
chemical composition of a gas. Most commercial gas analyzers are based on
an infrared spectrum analyzing technique but may also be combined with
mass spectrometry.
Gas Atomization: An atomization process whereby molten metal is broken
up into particles by a rapidly moving inert gas stream.
Gas Burners : A Blast Furnace Gas Burner is a specially designed burner for
converting blast furnace gas to heat. Blast furnace gas is a by product of iron
production and can be used to generate heat or power from secondary plant
operations.
Gas Carburising: A heat treatment method used in the case hardening of
steel. Carbon is absorbed into the outer layers of the components by heating
in a current of gas, rich in carbon compounds. The process is more versatile
than some other methods as the depth of the case and the limiting carbon
content of the case can be controlled by the composition of the atmosphere,
the dew point and the temperature.
Gas Carburizing: A method of carburizing carried out in an atmosphere of
carburizing gases, including carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons as butane,
ethane, methane and propane.
Gas Classification: The separation of a powder into its particle size fractions
by means of a gas stream of controlled velocity flowing counterstream to the
gravity-induced fall of the particles. The method is used to classify submesh-
size particles.
Gas constant: The coefficient "R" in the perfect gas equationPV = MRT.
Gas Cyaniding: A misnomer for carbonitriding.
Gas Engine Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a fluid or
gas from one place to another. In a gas engine pump, the gas engine is used to
provide the energy and torque to turn a blade-driven pump. The size of the
gas engine and pump is based on the application and the required delivery
pressure or speed.
Gas Filled Surge Suppressors: A Gas Filled Surge Suppressor is used to
protect electrical systems from overvoltages, and are commonly used in the
telecommunications industry.
Gas Fired Boilers: A Gas Fired Boiler provides heat via gas combustion.
They are common in both industrial and residential environments.
Gas Holes: Holes in castings or welds that are formed by gas escaping from
molten metal as it solidifies. Gas holes may occur individually, in clusters or
throughout the solidified metal.
Gas lateral: A valve that lets you completely stop—but not modulate—the
flow within a pipe.
Gas lateral: The trench or area in the yard where the gas line service is
located, or the work of installing the gas service to a home.
Gas Leak Detection: Gas Leak Detection is the application of any number of
sensor technologies to detect hazardous gas leaks. Sensor technologies
include Infrared, electrochemical, and ultrasonic methods.
Gas lubrication: A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative
motion of the sliding surfaces cause the formation of a gas film having
sufficient pressure to separate the surfaces.
Gas Metal Arc Cutting: An arc cutting process used to sever metals by
melting them with the heat of an arc between a continuous metal
(consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is oblained entirely from an
externally supplied gas or gas mixture.
Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW): An arc welding process that produces
coalesceoce of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler
metal electrode and the workpieces. Shielding is obtained entirely from an
externally supplied gas.
Gas Oil: Partially refined liquid petroleum distillate having an intermediate
viscosity between that of kerosene and that of lubricating oil.
Gas Pocket: A cavity caused by entrapped gas.
Gas Porosity: A condition existing in a casting by the trapping of gas in the
molten metal or by mold gases evolved during the pouring of the casting.
Gas Porosity: A condition existing in a casting by the trapping of gas in the
molten metal or by mold gases evolved during the pouring of the casting.
Gas refrigeration cycle : Where the refrigerant remains in the gaseous phase
throughout.
Gas Shielded Arc Welding: A general term used to describe gas metal arc
welding, gas tungsten arc welding and flux cored arc welding (when gas
shielding is employed).
Gas Stream Temp: The temperature of has stream used in heating the coils.
Typical temperatures range from 1180 degrees to 1330 degrees. The system
will accept a number < 1500 degrees F.
Gas Torch: See preferred terms cutting torch and welding torch. (see Cutting
Torch (Arc)) (see Welding Torch)
Gas Tungsten Arc Cutting: An arc-cutting process in which metals are
severed by melting them with an arc between a single tungsten
(nonconswnable) electrode and the workpiece. Shielding is obtained from a
gas or gas mixture.
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW): An arc welding process that
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a
tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from
a gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or may not be used and filler metal may or
may not be used.
Gas Turbine: Burns a liquid or gas fuel, producing a pressurized gas that
passes through a turbine-powered shaft. The turbine also powers the
compressor that supplies the air at the required pressure.
Gas Turbine: A Gas Turbine produces mechanical energy from the flow of
combustible gas. They are used both in power generation, aviation, and heavy
equipment industries.
Gas turbine: An engine in which gas , under pressure is formed by
combustion, is directed against a series of turbine blades. The energy in the
expanding gas is converted into rotary motion.
Gas turbine compressor : a compressor designed foe the use with gas
turbine installations. This could be centrifugal or an axial compressor.
Gas Turbine Exhaust Systems: A Gas Turbine Exhaust System is used to
capture waste heat from gas turbine to either power a secondary steam
turbine, or for plant or factory heating.
Gas valve : Device in a pipeline for starting, stopping or regulating flow of
gas.
Gas Vent Dampers: A Gas Vent Damper is used to shut the flue when a
furnace is not actively operating to prevent excessive heat loss.
Gas Welding: See preferred term oxyfuel gas welding. (see Oxyfuel Gas
Welding)
Gas : Usually a highly superheated vapor which, within acceptable limits of
accuracy, satisfies the perfect gas laws.
Gas, inert: A gas that neither experiences nor causes chemical reaction nor
undergoes a change of state in a system or process; e.g., nitrogen or helium
mixed with a volatile refrigerant.
Gaseous Corrosion: Corrosion with gas as the only corrosive agent and
without any aqueous phase on the surface of the metal. Also called dry
corrosion. See also hot corrosion, oxidation and sulfidation.
Gasification: When a substance is converted to become a gas.
Gasket : A device, usually made of a deformable material, that is used
between two relatively static surfaces to prevent leakage.
Gassing: (1) Absorption of gas by a metal. (2) Evolution of gas from a metal
during melting operations or upon solidification. (3) Evolution of gas from an
electrode during electrolysis.
Gate: The portion of the runner in a mold through which molten metal enters
the mold cavity. The generic term is sometimes applied to the entire network
of connecting channels that conduct metal into the mold cavity. See also
gating system.
Gate valve: A contractor who enters into a contract with the owner of a
project for the construction of the project and who takes full responsibility for
its completion, although the contractor may enter into subcontracts with
others for the performance of specific parts or phases of the project.
Gate valve: A valve that lets you completely stop—but not modulate—the
flow within a pipe.
Gate Valve: A valve with a sliding gate that opens the entire area of the
pipe.
Gate Valve: A Gate Valve is used as an inline shut-off valve. It opens and
closes by moving a wedge in and out of the flow path.
Gated Pattern: In foundry practice, a pattern that includes not only the
contours of the pan to be cast but also the gates.
Gathering: A forging operation that increases the cross section of part of the
stock; usually a preliminary operation.
Gathering collectors: aquatic invertebrates that feed on particles on the
bottom of a stream
Gathering Stock: Any operation whereby the cross section of a portion of
the forging stock is increased beyond its original size.
Gathering systems: Flowlines, testlines, manifolds, metering, etc.
Gating System: The complete assembly of sprues, runners and gates in a
mold through which steel flows before entering the casting cavity.
Gating System: The complete assembly of sprues, runners and gates in a
mold through which steel flows before entering the casting cavity.
Gauge: A measuring rule. Also, the height of brickwork, specified as the
number of courses per foot or per 300mm. In the south of the UK brickwork
gauge is almost universally four courses per foot or per 300mm.
Gauge: 1. The thickness of the steel strip. 2. An instrument that measures
pressure, temperature, level or flow depending on the purpose.
Gauge Chart: A paper strip used to record the gauge of the strip as it runs on
the side trimmers.
Gauge Code: Industry standard code that indicates quality tolerance of the
thickness of the steel.
Gauge Length: Used in the mechanical testing of steel. Better-quality steel
has a consistent gauge to prevent weak spots or deformation.
Gauge Length: Used in the mechanical testing of steel. Better quality steel
has a consistent gauge to prvent weak spots or deformation.
Gauge manifold : Chamber device constructed to hold both compound and
high-pressure gauges. Valves control flow of fluids through.
Gauge Plate: An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square sections with the
surfaces ground to close limits. It is also known as Ground Flat Stock and is
used for the manufacturing of gauges, punches, dies, jigs, templates, etc.
Gauge Plate: An alloy tool steel supplied in flat and square section with the
surfaces ground to close limits. It is also known as Ground Flat Stock and is
used for the manufacturing of gauges, punches, dies, jigs, templates, ect..
Gauge Pressure: A term used to state that any pressure stated is corrected
for atmospheric pressure. Normally abbreviated psig (pounds per square inch
gauge).
Gauge Tolerance: A range by which a product’s gauge can deviate from
those ordered and still meet the order’s requirements.
Gauge Tolerance: A range by which a product's gauge can deviate from
those ordered and still meet the order's requirements.
Gauge vacuum : Instrument used to measure pressures below atmospheric
pressure.
Gauge, Feeler (Thickness Gauge): A gauge consisting of a group of very
thin blades, each of which is accurately ground to a specific thickness.
Gauge, Radius (Fillet Gauge): Any one of a number of small, flat, standard-
shaped metal leafs or blades used for checking the accuracy of regular
concave and convex surfaces.
Gauge, Surface (Scribing Block): A gauge used to check the accuracy of
plane surfaces to scribe lines at desired distances from a given surface and to
check the height of a point or points on a piece of work from a given surface.
Gauges: A measurement of thickness. There are various, standard gauges
such as United States Standard Gauge (USS), Galvanized Sheet Gauge
(GSG), Birmingham Wire Gauge (BWG).
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
Ge: Chemical symbol for Germanium
Gear Couplings: A Gear Coupling is used to transmit torque between two
misaligned shafts. Each shaft ends terminates in flexible joint with a
gear/spline pair and are connected to each other with a third shaft, called the
spindle.
Gear Cutting: Producing tooth profiles of equal spacing on the periphery,
internal surface or face of a workpiece by means of an alternate shear gear-
form cutter or a gear generator.
Gear Cutting: Gear Cutting is the process of shaping a gear, either by
milling, hobbing, broaching or grinding.
Gear Hobbing: Gear cutting by use of a tool resembling a worm gear in
appearance, having helically spaced cutting teeth. In a single-thread hob, the
rows of teeth advance exactly one pitch as the hob makes one revolution.
With only one hob, it is possible to cut interchangeable gears of a given pitch
of any number of teeth within the range of the hobbing machine.
Gear Milling: Gear cutting with a milling cutter that has been formed to the
shape of the tooth space to be cut. The tooth spaces are machined one at a
time.
Gear Oils: The variety of specially-formulated oils for all types of gears and
operating conditions; AGMA, SAE, the military and industry have their own
requirements, some of which overlap. In general, gear oils are carefully
formulated and highly refined, with additives tailored to the application in
question.
Gear Pump: A versatile, positive-displacement pump in which fluid is
propelled from the intake to the discharge by being trapped in the gear
casing, in the space between the teeth of a rotating gear.
Gear Shapers: A Gear Shaper is a machine used to cut gears. It uses a gear
shaped cutting tool with identical pitch to the gear being cut.
Gear Shaping: Gear cutting with a reciprocating gear-shaped cutter rotating
in mesh with the work blank.
Gear Shield/Gear Compound: A highly adhesive lubricant, formulated with
asphaltic compounds or polymers, for once-through use on gearing like open
gears.
Geared Ac Electrical Motors: Geared AC Electrical Motors combine an AC
motor with a gear box in an integrated package.
Geared Motors: Geared Motors integrate prime movers with a gearbox.
Geared Press: A press whose main crank or eccentric shaft is connected by
gears to the driving source.
Gearheads: A Gearhead is a geared mechanical transmission. It typically is
used in reference to a transmission that is integrated to the output shaft of a
motor, such as a DC electric motor.
Gearless Mills: A Gearless Mill is a type of ball mill for ore processing that
has no traditional geared transmission components. Instead, the Mill itself
can be thought of as a the rotor of a large scale electric motor, and the stator
is incorporated in the structure surrounding the mill.
Gears: Machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively
engaging teeth.
Gel (Grease): A solid, elastic mixture of a colloid and liquid possessing a
yield point and a jellylike texture.
Gel Permeation Chromatography: A size-exclusion chromatography
method that separates fluid components by molecular weight (e.g., size and
shape).
Gel Spotting: A coating defect consisting of the uniform circular spots or
droplets of higher film thickness on the coated sheet. Gel spotting, while
appearing similar to slinging, is much more uniform in appearance and
caused by a different mechanism. Gel spotting occurs when a partially gelled
coating is applied to the substrate.
Gel Spotting: A coating defect consisting of the uniform circular spots or
droplets of higher film thickness on the coated sheet. Gel spotting, while
appearing similar to slinging, is much more uniform in appearance and
caused by a different mechanism. Gel spotting occurs when a partially gelled
coating is applied to the substrate.
Gem Switch: An electronic module clamped to a tank sight glass used to
transmit information to the computer regarding tank level.
Gem Switch: An electronic module clamped to a tank sight glass used to
transmit information to the computer regarding tank level.
General contractor: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupteran ultra sensitive plug
designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior
waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button
on the plug.
General contractor: A contractor who enters into a contract with the owner
of a project for the construction of the project and who takes full
responsibility for its completion, although the contractor may enter into
subcontracts with others for the performance of specific parts or phases of the
project.
General Corrosion: “General corrosion” describes the attack that proceeds
in a relatively uniform manner over the entire surface of a metal. Typically,
stainless steels do not exhibit general corrosion.
General corrosion: Uniform overall corrosion of metal surfaces.
General range statements : General range statements Range statements
applicable to generic competencies
Generating Sets: A Generator Set refers to the combination of a fuel
powered prime mover and an alternator to produce AC power at a usable
frequency, generally 50 or 60 Hz.
Generating Tube: Boiler tubes that extend from the three upper drums to the
mud drum. Generating tubes are used to generate the majority of steam
produced by the boiler.
Generating tube: A boiler tube used for evaporation.
Generating Tubes: Boiler tubes that extend from the three upper drums to
the mud drum. Generating tubes are used to generate the majority of steam
produced by the boiler.
Generator: The combination of an electrical generator and the steam turbine
that drives it to produce electricity.
Generator: A machine that changes that changes mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
Generator Protection: Generation Protection refers to the use of a system of
electrical relays to protect power generation equipment from damage due to
power surges and other faults.
Generic competence : Generic competence is a competency that is required
within a category of registration irrespective of the industry sector, job
function or discipline in which the competency is exercised.
GEO Plates: A special type of railroad tie plate which is attached to the
wooden tie by means of heavy lag screws rather than spikes; has a rubber or
wooden shim under the rail; has a ridge on each side of the rail seat; has a
special notch in each ridge fitted with a square headed bold and spring
washer to hold the rail in place. GEO plates are commonly used for all
welded tracked construction.
Geodesic dome : a dome composed of short, straight pieces joined to form
triangles; invented by Buckminster Fuller
Geodetic: an elevation correlated to international standard.
Geological Exploration: Geological Exploration refers to the surveying of
land resources to determine the presence of valuable metals, minerals, and
ore.
Geological Mapping: Geological Mapping refers to mapping the location of
mineral resources, rock formations, or other geological features.
Geological Modelling: Geological Modelling refers to the technique of using
software tools to predict the location of oil, gas, ore, and other geological
deposits based on known information and direct measurement of the
surrounding areas.
Geometric Marking: Unusual design put on one side (lite coating) of a coil
to identify a different coating weight.
Geometric Marking: Unusual design put on one side (lite coating) of a coil
to identify a different coating weight.
Geophysical Resistivity Meters: Geophysical Resistivity Meters are used to
measure the electrical resistivity of an area being surveyed. Comparative
analysis of the resistivity can be used to infer the locations of rock formations
or ore deposits.
Geophysical Surveys: Geophysical Surveys refers to the practice of using a
variety of ground measurements to infer information about an areas geology.
Methods include measurements of electrical resistivity, electromagnetic
radiation, and radar.
Geosynthetic Lining: Geosynthetic Lining is an impermeable barrier
material used as a separator in landfills, holding ponds, and leaching pits.
Geosynthetics (geomatrix, geomembrane and geotextile) : Thin fabrics
membranes and composites placed between soil layers to prevent sliding and
for reinforcing or to retard the migration of clay into the pavement structure
or placed between pavement layers for reinforcing or to retard crack
propagation from an underlying layer to the one above it.
Geotechnical engineer : an engineer who evaluates and stabilizes
foundations for buildings, roads, and other structures
Geo-textile: heavy weight fabric of generally synthetic material used to
stabilize aggregates, soil etc. May be of woven or felted composition.
Germanium: Chemical symbol Ge. A rare, grayish-white metal chemically
similar to tin; obtained from processing copper and zinc. Used in the
production of infrared glasses, fiber optics, electronic detectors and
semiconductors.
Germanium: Chemical symbol Ge. A rare,grayish white metal chemcically
similar to tin; obtained from processing copper and zinc. Used in the
production of infrared glasses, fiber optics,electronic detectors and
semiconductors.
Gf c i, or g f i: A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support
concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
Gf c i, or g f i: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter- an ultra sensitive plug
designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior
waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and “wet areas”. Has a small reset button
on the plug.
Gfi, gfci : Ground fault (circuit) interruptera device that senses ground faults
and reacts by opening the circuit.
Gfm Gyratory Forging Machine: A machine designed to hot forge a
cylindrical bar shape while it is turning at speed.
Ghosting: A coating defect consisting of an image on the freshly coated plate
giving the appearance of the substrate being bent or darker in color.
Ghosting: A coating defect consisting of an image on the freshly coated plate
giving the appearance of the substrate being bent or darker in color.
Gib: A tapered strip of metal placed between the bearing surface of two
machine parts to ensure a precision fit and provide an adjustment for wear.
Gigabit Ethernet Cards: A Gigabit Ethernet Card are cards used to transmit
and receive data over ethernet at speeds better than 1000 Megabits (1
Gigabit).
Gigabit Ethernet Switch: A Gigabit Ethernet Switch is used to connect
multiple computers the each other at Gigabit data transmission speeds.
Gigajoule (GL): A measuring unit of heat energy.
Gilding Metal: A copper-zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5% zinc.
While similar to deoxidized copper in physical properties, it is somewhat
stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical conductivity slightly
better than half that of electrolytic copper and corrosion-resistance
comparable to copper.
Gilding Metal: A copper zinc alloy containing 95% copper and 5% zinc.
While similar to deoxidized copper in physical properties, it is somewhat
stronger and very ductile. It has thermal and electrical conductivity slightly
better than half that of electrolytic copper and corrosion resistance
comparable to copper.
Ginny wheel: Pulley used for hoisting things up a scaffold.
Girder: The process of installing glass, which commonly is secured with
glazier's points and glazing compound.
Girder: A main horizontal, primary structural member spanning between two
main supports which carries other members or vertical loads.
Girder: A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support
concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
Girder : A large beam, usually of steel or concrete. Its chords are parallel or
nearly so, unlike a truss
Girder, Auxiliary (Outrigger): An additional girder, either solid or latticed,
arranged parallel to the bridge girder(s) for supporting the foot-walk, Bridge
Crane Control panels, operator’s cab, etc., to reduce the torsional forces such
loads might otherwise impose.
Girder, Bridge: The principal horizontal beam(s) of the crane, which
supports the trolley, is supported by the end trucks, and is perpendicular to
the runway.
Girder, Drive (Girder “A”): The bridge girder to which the bridge motor
and gearcase(s) are attached. For cranes having a drive on each girder, it is
the girder to which the Bridge Crane Control panels and/or the cab are
attached.
Girder, Idler (Girder “B”): The bridge girder which does not have the
bridge drive attached, but which usually carries the bridge conductors.
Girder, Runway: A horizontal beam attached to the building columns or
wall, and supporting a runway rail on which the crane travels.
Girt: A horizontal structural member that is attached to the sidewall or
endwall columns supporting sheeting or paneling.
GL-4,5,6 Service: Transmission and axle lubricants classified according to
SAE J308.
Glacial: aggregates deposited by or through glacial processes
Gland: A mechanical device that is used to contain a seal, o ring or gasket in
a specified space to result in a leak proof connection between two or more
mechanical components.
Gland (follower): Adjustable follower that compresses packing in a stuffing
box.
Gland Evacuation Pump: A pump that takes the water that has condensed
from steam of the seals on the #9 Generator.
Gland Water: Same as seal water.
Glass bead: Moulding used to retain glass in a window frame.
Glazing: A valve that lets you adjust the flow of water to any rate between
fully on and fully off. Also see gate valve.
Glazing: The process of installing glass, which commonly is secured with
glazier’s points and glazing compound.
Glazing: Dulling the abrasive grains in the cutting face of a wheel during
grinding.
Glide: (1) Same as slip. (2) A noncrystallographic shearing movement, such
as of one grain over another.
Glide Switch (Sliding Switch): A track switch with a movable end frame
containing straight and/or curved sections of track. The inner frame can be
slid to align these sections of track with other tracks for routing carriers from
one track to another.
Global Reporting Initiative (GRI): A non-governmental organization,
whose mission is to develop and communicate global guidelines for the
preparation of sustainability reports.
Globe valve: A finishing paint material. Forms a hard coating with
maximum smoothness of surface and dries to a sheen or luster (gloss)
Globe valve: A valve that lets you adjust the flow of water to any rate
between fully on and fully off. Also see gate valve.
Globular Transfer: In consumable-electrode arc welding, a type of metal
transfer in which molten filler metal passes across the arc as large droplets.
Compare with short-circuiting transfer and spray transfer.
Gloss enamel: A structural beam composed of wood laminations or lams.
The lams are pressure bonded with adhesives to attain a typical thickness of 1
½" . (It looks like 5 or more 2 X 4's are glued together).
Gloss enamel: A finishing paint material. Forms a hard coating with
maximum smoothness of surface and dries to a sheen or luster (gloss)
Glued laminated beam (glulam): A foundation wall that is poured @ level
with or just below the grade of theearth. An example is the area where the 8'
or 16' overhead garage door "block out" is located, or a lower (walk out
basement) foundation wall is poured
Glued laminated beam (glulam): A structural beam composed of wood
laminations or lams. The lams are pressure bonded with adhesives to attain a
typical thickness of 1 ½” . (It looks like 5 or more 2 X 4’s are glued
together).
Glycerine/Glycerol: Syrupy liquid obtained by saponification of certain
natural fats and oils; a by-product of the manufacture of fatty acids or their
salts (soaps), correctly termed glycerol.
Glycol: A class of polyol compounds like ethylene glycol, commonly used to
lower the freezing point of water; especially useful in antifreeze. Formulated
with 35–50% water, they function as fire-resistant fluids.
Gnd: Ground
Go-around: Balked approach, when the aircraft climbs away from the
runway during the approach, to either start the approach again, or proceed to
theALTERNATE AIRPORT.
Going Down: Term referring to moving the strip to the prime reel.
Gold: Chemical symbol Au. The heraldic metal. A rare yellow mineral that is
the most malleable and pliable of all metals. Gold does not tarnish or corrode,
and is unaffected by exposure to air or water.
Gold: Chemical symbol Au. The heraldic metal. A rare yellow mineral that is
the most malleable and pliable of all metals. Gold does not tarnish or corrode,
and is unaffected by exposure to air or water.
Gold Filled: Covered on one or more surfaces with a layer of gold alloy to
form a clad or composite material. Gold-filled dental restorations are an
example of such materials.
Gooseneck: In die casting, a spout connecting a molten metal holding pot or
chamber with a nozzle or sprue hole in the die and containing a passage
through which molten metal is forced on its way to the die. It is the metal
injection mechanism in a hot chamber machine.
Gore : The V (Triangular) shaped area immediately beyond the divergence
of two roadways bounded by the edges of those roadways.
Gosps: Gas Oil Separation Plants, part of the ARAMCO Gas Program in
Saudi Arabia.
Gouges: A gross type of scratch.
Gouging (Gears): Describes a condition which may develop when gear teeth
lack hardness. It is usually limited to the bottom or lower part of the tooth
surface, or it may occur when gears are fitted too tightly, or if there is some
interference between the driving and driven gears. It is sometimes the result
of no tip relief (rounding off the sharp edges at the top of the tooth).
Gouging Abrasion: A form of high-stress abrasion in which easily
observable grooves or gouges are created on the surface. See also
abrasion. (see Abrasion)
Gouging Abrasion: Abrasion involving gross surface indentation and
possible removal of sizable metal fragments.
Government acts: Legislation passed by the relevant State or Federal
Parliament to control a specific activity, e.g. Construction Safety Act.
Governor: Device that controls the steam control valves on a turbine.
Turning the handle in the “raise” position opens the steam control valves and
will either speed the machine up if it is off-line or will cause the machine to
produce more electricity if it is on-line. Turning the handle to "lower" has the
opposite effect.
Governor speed droop: Speed droop is a governor function which reduces
the governor reference speed as fuel position (load) increases. The definition
of droop is the amount of speed (or frequency) change that is necessary to
cause the main prime mover control mechanism to move from fully closed to
fully open. In general, the percent movement of the main prime mover
control mechanism can be calculated as the speed change (in percent) divided
by the per unit droop.
Gps: Global Positioning System (Navstar). Navigational system using
orbiting satellites to determine the aircraft’s position on the Earth. Developed
at first for military use, then widespread on commercial and private aircraft, it
is now expected to replace the ground-based navigational systems for its
accuracy and reliability.
Gps: Global Positioning System – a series of satellites and ground based
hardware that allow precision location anywhere on the surface of the globe.
Gpu: Ground Power Unit
Gpws: Ground Proximity Warning System. A radar-based flight deck
system to give pilots audible warning by means of horns, hooters, taped or
synthetic voices of terrain close beneath an aircraft’s flight path. One of the
GPWS’ warnings might be “TERRAIN! WHOOP WHOOP! PULL UP!” or
“WINDSHEAR! WINDSHEAR!”.
Grade: A fixed-rate, fixed-schedule loan. It starts with lower payments than
a level payment loan; payments rise annually, with the entire increase being
used to reduce the outstanding balance. The increase in payments may enable
the borrower to pay off a 30-year loan in 15 to 20 years, or less.
Grade: The ground elevation around a building.
Grade: A foundation wall that is poured @ level with or just below the grade
of theearth. An example is the area where the 8′ or 16′ overhead garage door
“block out” is located, or a lower (walk out basement) foundation wall is
poured
Grade: The term grade designates divisions within different types based on
chemical composition.
Grade : Surface elevation; e.g., the subway is belowgrade.
Grade beam: Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the
work of leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured piece of
wood.
Grade beam: Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the
work of leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured piece of
wood.
Graded Abrasive: An abrasive powder in which the sizes of the individual
particles are confined to certain specified limits. See also grit size. (see Grit
Size)
Grader: rubber tired vehicle with blade mounted between front and rear
axles
Gradient: degree of slope, or steepness of a geographic feature
Gradient or grade : The rise or fall per unit horizontal length (Slope) of a
pipe, road, railway, flume, etc. Slope also expressed as the number of degrees
from the horizontal or as a percentage.
Grading : Shaping and levelling the ground surface, usually by earth-moving
equipment such as graders.
Graduate attributes : Graduate attributes form a set of individually
assessable outcomes that are the components indicative of the graduate's
potential to acquire competence to practice at the appropriate level. The
graduate attributes are exemplars of the attributes expected of graduate from
an accredited programme. Graduate attributes are clear, succinct statements
of the expected capability, qualified if necessary by a range indication
appropriate to the type of programme.
Graduated payment mortgage (gpm): The direction, size, arrangement,
appearance, or quality of the fibers in wood.
Graduated payment mortgage (gpm): A fixed-rate, fixed-schedule loan. It
starts with lower payments than a level payment loan; payments rise
annually, with the entire increase being used to reduce the outstanding
balance. The increase in payments may enable the borrower to pay off a 30-
year loan in 15 to 20 years, or less.
Graduates advancing to professionali (gap): internal program aimed to
help recent college and university graduates transition between educational
and the corporate environments by familiarizing them with the culture, goals,
and procedures.
Grain: The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended
ceiling system before the ceiling panels are installed. Also the decorative slats
(munton) installed between glass panels.
Grain: Description of direction of growth of wood.
Grain: The direction, size, arrangement, appearance, or quality of the fibers
in wood.
Grain: The individual crystal units in metals. A solid polyhedral (or many
sided crystal) consisting of groups of atoms bound together in a regular
geometric pattern. In mill practice, grains are usually studied only as they
appear in one plane: 1. (Direction of) refers to grain fiber following the
direction of rolling and parallel to edges of strip or sheets. 2. To bend across
the grain is to bend at right angles to the direction of rolling. 3. To bend with
the grain is to bend parallel to the directions of the rolling. In steel, the
ductility in the direction of rolling is almost always twice that at right angles
to the direction of rolling. Grain is the individual crystal units comprising the
aggregate structure where the crystalline orientation does not change. The
grain boundary is where these individual crystal units meet.
Grain: An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or alloy, including
twinned regions or subgrains if present.
Grain: A unit of weight; 0.0648 grams; 0.000143 pounds.
Grain Boundaries: Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys yield
new phases (as in cooling), grain boundaries are the preferred location for the
appearance of the new phase. Certain deterioration, such as season cracking
and caustic embrittlement, occur almost exclusively at grain boundaries.
Grain boundaries: Referring to the junction of crystallites.
Grain Boundary: Bounding surface between crystals. When alloys yield
new phases (as in cooling) grain boundaries are the preferred location for the
appearance fo the new phase. Certain deterioration such as season cracking
and caustic embrittlement, occur almost exclusively at grain boundaries.
Grain Boundary Liquidation: An advanced stage of overheating in which
material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. Also known as
burning.
Grain Boundary Sulfide Precipitation: An intermediate stage of
overheating in which sulfide inclusions are redistributed to the austenitic
grain boundaries by partial solution at the overheating temperature and
reprecipitation during subsequent cooling.
Grain Coarsening: A heat treatment that produces excessively large
austenitic grains in metals.
Grain Coarsening: A heat treatment that produces excessively large
austenitic grains.
Grain Fineness Number: A system developed by AFS for rapidly
expressing the average grain size of a given sand. It approximates the number
of meshes per inch of that sieve that would just pass the sample if its grains
of uniform size. It is approximately proportional to the surface area per unit
of weight of sand, exclusive of clay.
Grain Fineness Number: A system developed by AFS for rapidly
expressing the average grain size of a given sand. It approximates the number
of meshes per inch of that sieve that would just pass the sample if its grains
of uniform size. It is approximately proportional to the surface area per unit
of weight of sand, exclusive of clay.
Grain Flow: Fiberlike lines on polished and etched sections of forgings
caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the direction of
working during forging. Grain flow produced by proper die design can
improve required mechanical properties of forgings. See also flow lines and
forged structure. (see Flow Lines) (see Forged Structure)
Grain Flow: Fiber like lines appearing on polished and etched sections of
forgings, caused by orientation of the constituents of the metal in the
direction of working during forging.
Grain Growth: An increase in the average grain size; resulting from some
crystals absorbing adjacent ones when the metal is raised to a temperature
above that necessary for re-crystallization and kept at that temperature for a
sufficient length of time.
Grain Growth: An increase in the average size of the grains in
polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually a result of heating at elevated
temperature.
Grain Refinement: The manipulation of the solidification process to cause
more (and therefore smaller) grains to be formed and/or to cause the grains to
form in specific shapes. The term refinement is usually used to denote a
chemical addition to the metal but can refer to control of the cooling rate.
Grain Refiner: A material added to a molten metal to induce a finer-than-
normal grain size in the final structure.
Grain Size: The size of the steel crystals.
Grain Size: (1) For metals, a measure of the areas or volumes of grains in a
polycrystalline material, usually expressed as an average when the individual
sizes are fairly uniform. Grain sizes are reported in terms of grains per unit
area or volume, average diameter, or as a grain size number derived form
area measurements.
Grain Size Control: A term used to describe methods for controlling the
grain size of steel during its manufacture.
Grain Size Control: When a steel is austenitised by heating to above the
critical range, time is required for the production of a Homogeneous structure
during which there is a tendency towards grain growth. Although subsequent
hot and cold working affect the grain size, it is originally controlled at the
steel making stage by the addition of aluminium.
Grain Size Distribution: Measures of the characteristic grain or crystallite
dimensions (usually diameters) in a polycrystalline solid or measurements of
their populations by size increments from minimum to maximum. Usually
determined by microscopy.
Grain Size Measurement: The measurement of the grain size of a metal by
observation of a metallographically prepared sample under a microscope.
There are several methods available for quantifying the observations.
Grain Size Measurement: Grain size is normally quantified by a numbering
system. Coarse 1 5 and fine 5 8. The number is derived fron the formula N 2n
1 where n is the number of grains per square inch at a magnification of 100
diameters. Grain size has an important effect on physical properties. For
service at ordinary temperatures it is generally considered that fine grained
steels give a better combination of strength and toughness, whereas coarse
grained steels have better machinability.
Grain Structure: Microstructure consisting of grains (crystals) and phases in
metals; generally requires examination under a microscope of an etched,
polished specimen for observation.
Grain Structure: Microstructure consisting of grains (crystals) and phases in
metals; generally requires examination under a microscope of an etched,
polished specimen for observation.
Grain-boundary Liquidation: An advanced stage of overheating in which
material in the region of austenitic grain boundaries melts. Also known as
burning.
Grains: Individual crystals in metals.
Grains Of Moisture: A type of irregular surface produced when metal
fractures, characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as differentiated
from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It can be sub classified into trans
granular and inter granular forms.. This type of fracture is frequently called
crystalline fracture, but the implication that the metal has crystallized is
completely misleading.
Grains of moisture: The unit of measurement of actual moisture contained
in a sample of air. (7000 grainsone pound of water).
Grains per gallon: A unit of concentration. 1 gr/gal = 17.1 mg/L.
Gram: Unit of mass in the SI system of weights. Symbol g.
Gram : A unit of weight; 15.432 grains; 0.0022 pounds.
Gramm: Unit of mass equivalent to one thousandth of a kilogramm. Symbol:
g.
Gram-milliquivalents: The equivalent weight in grams, divided by 1000.
Granular : Material that does not contain more than 35 percent of soil
particles which will pass a No. 200 sieve.
Granular Fracture : A type of irregular surface produced when metal is
broken, that is characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as
differentiated from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It can be sub classified
into trans granular and inter granular forms. This type of fracture is
frequently called crystalline fracture, but the inference that the metal has
crystallized is not justified.
Granular Fracture (Crystalline Fracture): A type of irregular surface
produced when metal is broken.
Granulated: A coarse grain or pebbly surface condition which becomes
evident during drawing.
Granulated Metal: Small pellets produced by pouring liquid metal through a
screen or by dropping it onto a revolving disk and chilling with water in both
instances.
Granulation: The formation of grains immediately upon solidification.
Graphite: A form of carbon available as natural or synthetic material: natural
graphite is either flaky or amorphous, synthetic graphite is crystalline; it is
processed to colloidal size and abrasive contaminants are removed from the
natural form.
Graphite: A pure carbon mineral in tabular crystals of hexagonal outline
with prominent basal plane.
Graphite: The polymorph of carbon with a hexagonal crystal structure.
Graphitic Carbon: Free carbon in steel or cast iron.
Graphitic Corrosion: Corrosion of gray iron that the iron matrix is
selectively leached away leaving a porous mass of graphite behind. It occurs
in relatively mild aqueous solutions and on buried pipe and fittings.
Graphitic Steel: Alloy steel made so that part of the carbon is present as
graphite.
Graphitization: Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Where graphite is
formed during solidification, the phenomenon is called primary
graphitization; where formed later by heat treatment, secondary
graphitization.
Graphitization: Formation of graphite in iron or steel. Primary
graphitization refers to formation of graphite during solidification. Secondary
graphitization refers to later formation during heat treatment.
Graphitizing: Annealing a ferrous alloy in such a way that some or all of the
carbon is precipitated as graphite.
Graphitizing: A heating and cooling process by which the combined carbon
in cast iron or steel is transformed, wholly or partly, to graphitic or free
carbon.
Grasshopper: A vibrating unit that is used to carry hot fines from the hot
screens to the #21 conveyor belt. Also called the hot fines vibrator.
Grassroots plant: A complete plant erected on a virgin site. Investment
includes all cost of land, site preparation, battery-limits facilities, and
auxiliary facilities.
Gratebars: Spaced to allow air to pass through the sinter mix for the
agglomeration/sintering process. They are located on the pallets on the sinter
machine.
Gratebars: Spaced to allowed air to pass through the sinter mix for
aglomation/sintering process. They are located on the pallets on the sinter
machine.
Grating: Iron or plastic protection over a gully.
Gravel: Naturally occuring ballast or course aggregate.
Gravel: crushed or alluvial rock of size between 2mm and 60mm
Gravel: rock 0.5 to 7 cm (0.2 to 3 inches) in diameter
Gravel : Granular material retained on a No. 4 sieve (4.76 mm) which is the
result of natural disintegration of rock, or untreated or only slightly washed,
rounded, natural aggregate, larger than 5 mm.
Gravimetric Feeder: A Gravimetric Feeder meters discharge via weight
measurement.
Gravity -: The attraction exerted by the earth’s mass on objects at its
surface.
Gravity Conveyors: A Gravity Conveyor is a non -driven conveyor system .
It may uses rollers, bars, or other rotating elements to transport objects,
usually downhill.
Gravity dam : a dam constructed so that its great weight resists the force of
water pressure
Gravity Die Casting: Gravity Die Casting is a die casting technique in
which liquid metal is forced through the die cavity via gravity. The technique
is similar to sand casting with the exception that a permanent die is used.
Gravity Filter: A unit of coal and sand media that utilizes gravity to draw
water through it. The filter removes any solids carried over from the
clarifiers.
Gravity Flow Diverter: Gravity flow diverters are used to control the
quantity and direction of flow in gravity feed systems such as those used in
the dry bulk industry. The diverters often include a plate which swings from
one side to the other to control the leg of the diverter into which the material
flows. Limit switches are typically used to control when the diverter plate
moves from one position to another.
Gravity Hammer: A class of forging hammer wherein energy for forging is
obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram and the attached
upper die. Examples are board hammers and air-lift hammers.
Gravity Hammer: A class of forging hammer wherein energy for forging is
obtained by the mass and velocity of a freely falling ram and the attached
upper die. Examples are board hammers and air lift hammers.
Gravity Sand Filters: A Gravity Sand Filter is used to purify water. Water is
forced through a bed of sand via gravity. The sand captures particulate in the
water.
Gravity Segregation: Variable composition of a casting or ingot caused by
settling out of heavy constituents or rising of light constituents before or
during solidification.
Gravity Segregation: Variable composition of a casting or ingot caused by
settling out of heavy constituents, or rising of light constituents, before or
during solictification.
Gravity, specific : Density compared to density of standard material;
reference usually to water or to air.
Gray Cast Iron: A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of
flake graphite. Often called gray iron.
Gray Cast-Iron: A cast-iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence of
flake graphite. Often called gray iron.
Gray Iron: Also known as flake iron on account of all or part of the carbon
content being in the form of graphite distributed through the metal as flakes.
Grease: Lubricant composed of an oil or oils thickened with a soap, soaps or
other thickener to a semifluid to solid consistency. May also contain other
additives.
Grease Pumps: A Grease Pump is a pump that is designed for use with
viscous fluids. They are often used as a way to dispense lubricants from bulk
storage containers.
Grease System: Lubricating system that supplies grease to various parts of
the finishing mill.
Grease System Timer: An electronic or mechanical device used to start a
grease system at predetermined intervals.
Grease Traps: A Grease Trap is incorporated into a plumbing system to
keep grease from entering the wastewater stream. They are used in many
applications including food processing and restaurant industries.
Grease : A lubricant composed of an oil thickened with a soap or other
thickener to a solid or semisolid consistency.
Grease, block : A grease that is sufficiently hard to retain its shape in block
or stick form.
Grease, soda based : A grease prepared from lubricating oil and sodium
soap.
Great Place to Work: An international organization that studies the
characteristics of the corporate environment and develops mood surveys.
Green Compact: An unsintered powder metallurgy or ceramic compact.
Green liquor: The liquor resulting from dissolved molten smelt from Kraft
recovery furnace in water.
Green roof: A flat roof covered (deliberately) with growing material.
Green Rot: A form of high-temperature attack on stainless steels, nickel-
chromium alloys and nickel-chromium iron alloys subjected to simultaneous
oxidation and carburization. Basically, attack occurs by first precipitating
chromium as chromium carbide, then oxidizing the carbide particles.
Green Rot: A form of high temperature attack on stainless steels,nickel
chromium alloys and nickel chromium iron alloys subjected to simultaneois
oxidation and carburization. Basically, attack occurs by first precipitating
chromium as chromium carbide, then oxidizing the caarbide particles.
Green Sand: A naturally bonded sand or a compounded molding sand
mixture which has been tempered with water for use while still in the damp
or wet condition.
Green Sand: A naturally bonded sand or a compounded molding sand
mixture which has been tempered with water for use while still in the damp
or wet condition.
Green Sand Core: A sand core used in the unbaked condition, also a core
made from green sand and used as rammed.
Green Sand Mold: A mold composed of moist molding sand and not dried
before being filled with molten metal.
Green Strength: The strength of a tempered sand mixture at room
temperature.
Green Strength: The strength of a tempered sand mixture at room
temperature.
Green Wavelength Laser Marker: Green wavelength laser markers are
those that produce a beam with a wavelength of 532 nanometers, thereby
generating a green laser beam within the visible spectrum. Green wavelength
laser marking systems typically use a diode-pumped, solid state (DPSS) laser.
See Diode-pumped Laser Marker.
Greenfield: A project located on semirural property that is undeveloped
except for agricultural use, especially one considered as a site for expanding
urban development.
Greenfield Steel Mill: New mill that is built “from scratch”, presumably on
a green field.
Greenfield Steel Mill: New mill that is built from scratch, presumably on a
green field.
Greensand: Naturally occurring materials, composed primarily of complex
silicates, which possess ion-exchange properties.
Grey Iron: Alsoo known as flake iron on account of all or part of the carbon
content being in the form of graphite distributed through the metal as flakes.
Gri: Global Reporting Initiative (International Sustainability Report).
Guidelines for 's Annual Sustainability Report.
Grid: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI)an ultra sensitive plug
designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms, kitchens, exterior
waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and "wet areas". Has a small reset button
on the plug.
Grid: The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended ceiling
system before the ceiling panels are installed. Also the decorative slats
(munton) installed between glass panels.
Grid : Any rectangular layout of straight lines (Generally used in locating
points on a plan).
Grillage : A footing or part of a footing consisting of horizontally laid
timbers or steel beams.
Grillage beam: A short beam used like a bearing plate to distribute large
reactive loads to a wall such as the load from a joist girder.
Grindability: Relative ease of grinding, analogous to machinability.
Grindability Index: A measure of the grindability of a material under
specified grinding conditions, expressed in terms of volume of material
removed per unit volume of wheel wear.
Grinding: Method of conditioning steel by removing surface flaws using a
power-driven grinding wheel.
Grinding: Process of removing metal by abrasion from bar or billet stock to
prepare stock surfaces for forging. Occasionally used to remove surface
irregularities and flash from forgings.
Grinding Cracks: Shallow cracks formed in the surfaces of relatively hard
materials because of excessive grinding heat or the high sensitivity of the
material. See also grinding sensitivity. (see Grinding Sensitivity)
Grinding Cracks: Shallow cracks formed in the surface of relatively hard
materials because of excessive grinding heat or the high sensitivity of the
material.
Grinding Fluid: An oil - or water-based fluid introduced into grinding
operations to (1) reduce and transfer heat during grinding, (2) lubricate
during chip formation, (3) wash loose chips or swarf from the grinding belt or
wheel, and (4) chemically aid the grinding action or machine maintenance.
Grinding Mills: A Grinding Mill is a general term that can be used to refer
to a number of different ore processing machines, including ball mills,
hammer mills, and gyratory mills. The purpose of a grinding mill is to break
large solids into smaller, uniformly sized pieces by abrasion and crushing.
Grinding Oils: Oils formulated for grinding service where grinding wheel
life, metal surface finish, etc., are important.
Grinding Relief: A groove or recess located at the boundary of a surface to
permit the corner of the wheel to overhang during grinding.
Grinding Sensitivity: Susceptibility of a material to surface damage such as
grinding cracks; it can be affected by such factors as hardness,
microstructure, hydrogen content and residual stress.
Grinding Stress: Residual stress generated by grinding in the surface layer
of work. It may be tensile, compressive or both.
Grinding Wheel: A cutting tool of circular shape made of abrasive grains
bonded together. See also diamond wheels. (see Diamond Wheels)
Grinding : mechanically removing material from a work-piece with a
grinding wheel or abrasive belt
Grip Ratio: The ratio of the sum of the horizontal forces on one side of the
load to the live weight of the load. For example, if the total horizontal force
on one side of the load is 100,000 lb. and the live load is 50,000 lb. the grip
ratio is 2. For purposes of this calculation, the weight of the load does not
include the weight of the lifter.
Gripper Bar Kink: A condition created by poor initial start on the reel or a
loose first lap.
Gripping Force: The force the lifting device exerts on the load.
Grit: 1. Texture of the surface of a roll; applied through sandblasting and
grinding; the lower the number, the higher the grit and the rougher the
surface; 50, 90, 150, 200 and 220 grit. Temper mills may run grit. Grit also
refers to the finish on the surface of the steel. 2. The size of the shot blast
used to mechanically texture a roll for producing a grit finish product.
Grit: 1) Texture of the surface of a roll; applied through sand blasting and
grinding; the lower the number, the higher the grit and the rougher the
surface; 50, 90, 150, 200, and 220 grit. Temper Mills may run grit. Grit also
refers to the finish on the surface of the steel. 2) The size of the shot blast
used to mechanically texture a roll for producing a grit finish product.
Grit Blasting: Abrasive blasting with small irregular pieces of steel,
malleable cast iron or hard nonmetallic materials.
Grit Size: Nominal size of abrasive particles in a grinding wheel,
corresponding to the number of openings per linear inch in a screen through
which the particles can pass.
Grit-blasting : abrasive blasting with small irregular pieces of steel,
malleable cast iron or hard nonmetallic materials
Grooving: A form of deterioration of boiler plate by a combination of
localized corrosion and stress concentration.
Grooving : The process of producing grooves in a concrete pavement surface
to improve frictional characteristics.
Grooving Machines: A Grooving Machine is used to create a groove in a
workpiece, generally with a rotating saw blade. Grooving machines may
incorporate features for precisely positioning the blade to set the groove
depth and control the infeed rate of the part being grooved.
Gross Porosity: In weld metal or in a casting, pores, gas holes or globular
voids that are larger and in much greater numbers than those obtained in good
practice.
Grossmann Number (H): A ratio describing the ability of a quenching
medium to extract heat from a hot steel workpiece in comparison to still
water.
Ground Anchors: A Ground Anchor is used to hold structure to the
surrounding earth. Different anchoring strategies are available depending on
situation and ground composition, and may include cables, screws, and
concrete footings as part of a system.
Ground Bed: A buried item, such as junk steel or graphite rods, that serves
as the anode for the cathodic protection of pipelines or other buried
structures.
Ground bed : Cathodic protection, an interconnected group of impressed-
current anodes that absorbs the damage caused by generated electric current
Ground bus: A busbar in a panel or elsewhere, deliberately connected to
ground.
Ground coil: Heat exchanger buried in the ground. May be used either as an
evaporator or as a condenser.
Ground conductor: Conductor run in an electrical system, which is
deliberately connected to the ground electrode. Purpose is to provide a
ground point throughout the system. Insulation color green. Also called
"green ground".
Ground Connection: In arc welding, a device used for attaching the work
lead (ground cable) to the work.
Ground fault: The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath
the basement floor. Cast iron was once used, but black plastic pipe (ABS) is
now widely used.
Ground fault: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI)- an ultra
sensitive plug designed to shut off all electric current. Used in bathrooms,
kitchens, exterior waterproof outlets, garage outlets, and “wet areas”. Has a
small reset button on the plug.
Ground Fault: An accidental conducting connection between the electrical
circuit or equipment and the earth or some conducting body that serves in
place of the earth.
Ground fault: An unintentional connection to ground.
Ground Flat Stock: Annealed and preground (to close tolerances) tool steel
flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. There are three common
grades: water hardening, oil hardening and air hardening quality.
Ground Flat Stock: Annealed and pre ground (to close tolerances) tool steel
flats in standard sizes ready for tool room use. These are three common
grades; water hardening, oil hardening, and air hardening quality.
Ground iron: Refers to electricity's habit of seeking the shortest route to
earth. Neutral wires carry it there in all circuits. An additional grounding wire
or the sheathing of the metal-clad cable or conduit—protects against shock if
the neutral leg is interrupted.
Ground iron: The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath
the basement floor. Cast iron was once used, but black plastic pipe (ABS) is
now widely used.
Ground line: The ground level or natural grade line.
Ground plan (floor): Plan view of a horizontal section of a building
showing the layout of rooms on the ground floor.
Ground Roll Finish: The bright or smooth microfinish on the last stand of a
tandem mill or temper mill; produced by grinding; determines the surface
finish of the product where brightness is desired.
Ground Roll Finish: The bright or smooth microfinish on the last stand of a
tandem mill or temper mill; produced by grinding; determines the surface
finish of the product where brightness is desired.
Ground speed: Actual speed of an airplane as measured relative to the
ground.
Ground water: water that sinks into the soil and collects over impermeable
rode; it then flows laterally toward a stream, lake or ocean.
Ground : Zero voltage, or any point connected to the earth or "ground".
Ground- : Water from an aquifer or subsurface water source.
Ground- : Refers to electricity’s habit of seeking the shortest route to earth.
Neutral wires carry it there in all circuits. An additional grounding wire or the
sheathing of the metal-clad cable or conduit—protects against shock if the
neutral leg is interrupted.
Groundwater: A wet mixture of cement, sand and water that flows into
masonry or ceramic crevices to seal the cracks between the different pieces.
Mortar made of such consistency (by adding water) that it will flow into the
joints and cavities of the masonry work and fill them solid.
Groundwater: Water from an aquifer or subsurface water source.
Groundwater : Water contained in the soil or rocks below the water table.
Water table if lowered too much, the ground may settle disastrously.
Groundwater : The water contained beneath thesurface in soils and rock.
Groundwater lowering : Lowering the level of groundwater is to ensure a
dry excavation in sand or gravel or to enable the sides of the excavation to
stand up. Groundwater lowering in this sense is always carried out from
outside the excavation either by well-points or from filter wells.
Groundwork: Foundations, drainage, levelling and other building operations
involving digging.
Grout: A flat wood, plywood, or similar type member used to provide a
connection at the intersection of wood members. Most commonly used at
joints of wood trusses. They are fastened by nails, screws, bolts, or adhesives.
Grout: A wet mixture of cement, sand and water that flows into masonry or
ceramic crevices to seal the cracks between the different pieces. Mortar made
of such consistency (by adding water) that it will flow into the joints and
cavities of the masonry work and fill them solid.
Grout: Cement mixed with enough water to make it runny, used to fill a gap
under the base of a steel column. Also the filler between wall tiles.
Grout: a concrete mixture that is made with fine aggregate to achieve a
smooth surface or easily pumped mixture.
Grout : (1) To fill with grout. (2) Fluid or semi-fluid cement slurry or a
slurry made with other materials for pouring into the joints of brickwork or
masonry or for injection into the ground or pressurising ducts. Grouting of
ducts improves the bond and may reduce corrosion of the tendons but it
prevents their inspection and re-tensioning or renewal.
Grout Pigs: A Grout Pig is used in the construction of wells. Once the well
has been drilled, a steel casing is inserted into the well. Grout (cement) is
used to anchor the casing to the surrounding rock and soil. Grout is pumped
into the casing; the grout pig is then driven down the casing, forcing grout up
the outside walls of the casing from the bottom, where it is allowed to cure.
After curing, the grout pig is removed.
Grout Pipes: A Grout Pipe is used to pump grout to the bottom of a well
during well construction.
Grout : To force sealing material into a soil, sand or confined small space; or
the sealing material used in grouting.
Growth (cast iron): A permanent increase in the dimensions of cast iron
resulting from repeated or prolonged heating at temperatures above 480°C
(900°F) due either to graphitizing of carbides or oxidation.
Growth rings: Reflection of seasonal growth pattern in timber.
Gs: Glideslope. Vertical guidance, part of an ILS, establishing the safe
glidepath to a runway. A standard ILS glideslope is 3 degrees.
G-type joist girder: A type of Joist Girder where joists are located at panel
points where diagonal webs intersect the top chord only.
Guarding: Protection against people or things falling off the edge of stairs,
landings, balconies or scaffolds.
Guerin Process: A rubber-pad forming process for forming sheet metal. The
principal tools are the rubber pad and form block or punch.
Guide: A part of a stand of rolls which steers the steel into the pass and
supports it in the correct position. There are also delivery guides on some
mills which strip the steel out of the grooves, thus assuring that it does not
wind around a roll. Some continuous mills also have twisting guides.
Guide: Device for holding the metal in the proper position, during rolling, or
slitting.
Guide Mark: A defect on the surface of a bar caused by the rubbing of an
improperly designed or improperly set guide.
Guide Mill: A small hand mill with several stands to a train and with guides
for the work at the entrance to the rolls.
Guide Scratch: Scratches or marks appearing parallel to edges of cold rolled
strip caused by scale or other particles which have become imbedded in or
have adhered to the rolling mill guide. Also applies to similar scatches
appearing as a result of slitting.
Guide walls : Concrete guide walls are constructedin a shallow trench so that
the deep vertical trenches for larger wall structures/foundations may be
excavated. After the formwork for the guide walls has been erected and the
concrete placed, the cavities outside the guide walls are filled with earth and
timber shores are wedged between the walls.
Guide, Chain: A means to guide the load chain at the load sprocket.
Guided Bend: The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen
into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside
surfaces of the specimen.
Guided Bend Test: A test in which the specimen is bent to a definite shape
by means of a punch (mandrel) and a bottom block.
Guillotine Shear: A shear the upper knife or blade of which moves
downward like the French guillotine, i.e., as a window sash moves down. It is
sometimes called a gate shear.
Guillotine Valve: A slideplate-type valve which blocks the flow of material
through a line.
Guillotine Valve: A slide plate type valve which blocks the flow of material
through a line.
Guillotines: A Hydraulic Guillotine is used to separate material with a
shearing motion. The shearing force is provided by hydraulic power.
Guinier-Preston (G-P) Zone: A small precipitation domain in a
supersaturated metallic solid solutIon. A G-P zone has no well-defined
crystalline structure of its own and contains an abnormally high concentration
of solute atoms. The formation of G-P zones constitutes the first stage of
precipitation and is usually accompanied by a change in properties of the
solid solution in which they occur.
Gulley : (1) A pit in the gutter by the side of a road. It is covered with a
grating. (2) A small grating and inlet to a drain to receive rainwater and
wastewater from sinks, baths or basins.
Gully: A container with water in it, to seal the inlet to a drain and prevent the
release of noxious gases.
Gum: Sticky, rubbery deposit, black or dark brown in color, resulting from
the oxidation of lubricating oils or from unstable constituents in gasoline that
deposit during storage or use.
Gun Drill: A drill used for deep hole drilling usually with one or more flutes
and with coolant passages through the drill body.
Gun Drill: A drill, usually with one or more flutes and with coolant passages
through the drill body, used for deep hole drilling.
Gunite, shotcrete : A cement-sand mortar, thrown on to formwork or walls
or rock by a compressed-air ejector, which forms a very dense, high-strength
concrete. It is used for repairing concrete surfaces, making the circular walls
of preload tanks, protecting wearing surfaces of coal bunkers; covering the
walls of mine airways or water tunnels, stabilizing earth excavation slopes
and so on.
Gunpowder : any of several lowexplosive mixtures used as a blasting agent
in mining and tunneling; the first such explosive was black powder, which
consists of a mixture of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal
Gusset: A shallow channel or conduit of metal or wood set below and along
the (fascia) eaves of a house to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.
Gusset: A flat wood, plywood, or similar type member used to provide a
connection at the intersection of wood members. Most commonly used at
joints of wood trusses. They are fastened by nails, screws, bolts, or adhesives.
Gusset plate: A steel plate used to connect structural steel members or to
reinforce members. It is usually inserted between the top or bottom chord of a
joist or joist girder.
Gutter: Drywall. Wall board or gypsumA panel (normally 4' X 8', 10', 12', or
16')made with a core of Gypsum (chalk-like) rock, which covers interior
walls and ceilings.
Gutter: A shallow channel or conduit of metal or wood set below and along
the (fascia) eaves of a house to catch and carry off rainwater from the roof.
Gutter: Open channel for receiving and carrying away rain water. (Fr.
gouttière, f).
Gutter: A slight depression surrounding the cavity in the die to relieve
pressure and control flash flow.
Gyp board: Gypsum formulated to be used with the addition of sand and
water for base-coat plaster.
Gyp board: Drywall. Wall board or gypsum- A panel (normally 4′ X 8′, 10′,
12′, or 16′)made with a core of Gypsum (chalk-like) rock, which covers
interior walls and ceilings.
Gypsum plaster: Small metal clips formed like an "H" that fits at the joints
of two plywood (or wafer board) sheets to stiffen the joint. Normally used on
the roof sheeting.
Gypsum plaster: Gypsum formulated to be used with the addition of sand
and water for base-coat plaster.
Gyratory Crushers: A Gyratory Crusher is used to crush bulk solids,
generally in ore processing applications. The crushing action is provided by
eccentric motion (wobble) of a cone inside a outer conical chamber. Large
pieces of ore are fed into the top of the crusher; they are crushed into smaller
and smaller pieces until finally exiting through the bottom of the crusher.
H: Chemical symbol for hydrogen.
H clip: An abbreviation for Heat, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
H clip: Small metal clips formed like an “H” that fits at the joints of two
plywood (or wafer board) sheets to stiffen the joint. Normally used on the
roof sheeting.
H v a c: All of the "metal" fittings that go into the home when it is near
completion. For example, door knobs, towel bars, handrail brackets, closet
rods, house numbers, door closers, etc. The Interior Trim Carpenter installs
the "hardware".
H v a c: An abbreviation for Heat, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
H.hermetic : Sealed so that the object is gas tight.
HAB: Hot Air Blast. The blast of heated air delivered from the stoves
through the hot blast system to the tuyeres of the blast furnace.
Habit Plane: The plane or system of planes of a crystalline phase along
which some phenomenon, such as twinning or transformation, occurs.
Habitat: an area that provides food, water, and shelter for an organism
Hac: Hydrogenassist cracking.
Hadfield Manganese Steel: A specialty steel which is austenitic and usually
contains approximately 12% manganese. It is used in mining, earth-moving
equipment and in railroad track work.
hadfield Manganese Steel: A specially steel which is austenitic and usually
contains approximately 12% Manganese. It is used in mining, earth moving
equipment and in railroad track work.
Half Bearing: Bearing that surrounds only 1/2 of a journal, e.g., the AAR
journal bearing, available as upper or lower arch bearing; also known as 180º
arch bearing. All non-sleeve bearings are designated as partial journal
bearings.
Half Cell: An electrode immersed in a suitable electrolyte, designed for
measurements of electrode potential.
Half Hard Temper: (A) In low carbon cold rolled strip steel, produced by
cold rolling to a hardness next to but somewhat softer than full hard temper.
(B) In brass mill terminology, half hard is two B&S numbers hard or 20.70%
thickness reduction. (C) In Stainless Steel Strip, Tempers are based on
minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium Nickel grades Half Hard
Temper 150,000 T.S., 110,000 Y.S.Min.
Half Nut: A lever operated mechanism that resembles a split nut that can be
closed on the lead screw of a lathe when threads are being.
Half timbered: A descriptive term for a traditional timber-framed house.
Half-hard Temper: Cold rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness range
of 70 to 85 on the B scale. A product of this temper is intended for limited
cold forming and will only withstand 90° bends made across the rolling
direction.
Half-lapped joint: A joint in woodwork where two members are halved in
thickness and joined by lapping.
Halide leak detector: A device used to detect vapor leaks of halogen
refrigerants. It uses acetylene as its base.
Halide refrigerants: Family of refrigerants containing halogen chemicals.
Halide torch : Type of torch used to safely detect halogen refrigerant leaks
in system.
Hall Process: A commercial process for winning aluminum from alumina by
electrolytic reduction of a fused bath of alumina dissolved in cryolite.
Halogen Method: The plating solution basis at WSC; other methods include
ferrostan and MSA (methyl sulfonic acid).
Halogenated Solvents: Solvents formulated with one of the halogens,
usually chlorine or fluorine. Halogenated solvents are associated with the
atmospheric depletion of ozone.
Halogens : Substance containing fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
Hammer: A machine that applies a sharp blow to the work area through the
fall of a ram onto an anvil. The ram can be driven by gravity or power. See
also gravity hammer. (see Gravity Hammer)
Hammer Crusher: A Hammer Crusher, also known as a hammer mill, is
used in ore processing to reduce the size of feed material. The crushing action
is provided by the impact of hammers attached to a spinning rotor inside the
housing.
Hammer drill: A portable drilling machine which exerts hammer blows to
the head of the drill as it rotates for drilling masonry materials.
Hammer Forging: A forging process in which the work is deformed by
repeated blows. Compare with press forging.
Hammer Forging: Forging in which the work is deformed by repeated
blows. Compare with press forging.
Hammer Mills: A Hammer Mill, also known as a hammer crusher, is used in
ore processing to reduce the size of feed material. The crushing action is
provided by the impact of hammers attached to a spinning rotor inside the
housing.
Hammer Welding: Forge welding by hammering.
Hammerbeam roof: A form of historical roof truss, usually comprising a
central truss section spanning between two cantilevers.
Hammering: Beating metal sheet into a desired shape either over a form or
on a high-speed mechanical hammer, in which the sheet is moved between a
small curved hammer and a similar anvil to produce the required dishing or
thinning.
Hand Brake: A small manual folding machine designed to bend sheet metal;
similar in design and purpose to a press brake.
Hand Chain: The chain provided to bridge crane control movement of a
hand chain operated trolley.
Hand Forge (Smith Forge): The forging operation in which the forming is
accomplished on dies that are generally flat. The piece is shaped roughly to
the required contour with little or no lateral confinement; operations
involving mandrels are included.
Hand Hook: A tool made of steel rod used to push crane spreader arms apart
or pull together.
Hand Shears: Tool used in cutting steel plate.
Handling Breaks: Irregular breaks caused by improper handling of metal
sheets during processing. These breaks result from bending or sagging of the
sheets during handling.
Handling Mark: See ?Mark, Handling?
Handling : the process by which steel articles are carried throughout the
galvanizing facility, by chain, wire, hook, or racked in a fixture
Handrail: Railing which serves as a guard and which is intended to be
grasped by the hand to serve as a support
Handrail: A length of timber or metal at hand height at the side of a staircase
or landing.
Hanger Bearings: Hanger Bearings are used to provide support to a rotating
shaft. The bearing housing includes a structural mounting point that allows
the bearing to hang below the supporting frame and has strength to support
the weight of the driveline.
Hanger Rod: A steel rod which, together with other fittings, is used to
suspend the track from the supporting structure.
Hanging Scales: Hanging Scales measure lifted weight. Crane scales and
spring scales are types of hanging scales.
Hard Chromium: Chromium deposited for engineering purposes, such as
increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces, rather than as a
decorative coating. It is usually applied directly to basis metal and is
customarily thicker than a decorative deposit.
Hard Chromium: Chromium deposited for engineering purposes, such as
increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces, rather than as a
decorative coating. It is usually applied directly to basis metal and is
customarily thicker than a decorative deposit.
Hard Drawing: Drawing metal wire through a die to reduce cross section
and increase tensile strength.
Hard Drawn: A temper produced in wire, rod or tube by cold drawing.
Hard Drawn Spring Steel Wire: A medium high-carbon cold drawn spring
steel wire. Used primarily for cold wound springs.
Hard Drawn Spring Steel Wire: A medium high carbon cold drawn spring
steel wire. Used principally for cold wound springs.
Hard Metal Facing: A method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal
by the deposition of a hard protective coating. Alloys such as stellite or a
metallic carbide are most often used for the coating.
Hard Metal Facing: A method of increasing the wear resistance of a metal
by the deposition of a hard protective coating. Alloys such as Stellite or a
metallic carbide are most often used for the coating.
Hard Metals: A group of materials more commonly known as cemented
carbides. They consist of mixtures of one or more of the finely divided
carbides of tungsten, titanium, tantalum and vanadium embedded in a matrix
of cobalt or nickel by sintering. Widely used for cutting tools, where for
many applications they have replaced conventional high-speed steels.
Hard Metals: A group of materials more commonly known as cemented
carbides. They consist of mixtures of one or more of the finely divided
carbides of tungsten, titanium, tantalum and vanadium embedded in a matrix
of cobalt or nickel by sintering. Widely used for cutting tools where for many
applications they have replaced conventional high speed steels
Hard Solder: A term erroneously used to denote silverbase brazing filler
metals.
Hard Temper: Same as full hard temper. (see Full Hard Temper)
Hard Temper: (A) (For steel see Full Hard Temper) (B) In brass mill
terminology. Hard Temper is four B&S numbers hard or 37.1% reduction.
Hard water : Water that contains dissolved compounds of calcium,
magnesium or both.
Hardboard: A timber sheet product manufactured of compressed wood
fibre.
Hardenability: The depth and distribution of hardness below the surface of
steel.
Hardener: An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or more
added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten aluminum.
Also referred to as “master alloy”. (see Master Alloy)
Hardener: An alloy containing at least some aluminum and one or more
added elements for use in making alloying additions to molten aluminum.
Also referred to as ?Master Alloy?.
Hardening: The process of increasing the hardness of steel through
controlled heating and cooling.
Hardfacing: The application of a hard, wear-resistant material to the surface
of a component by welding, spraying or allied welding processes to reduce
wear or loss of material by abrasion, impact, erosion, galling and cavitation.
See also surfacing. (see Surfacing)
Hardfacing Alloys: Wear-resistant materials available as bare welding rod,
flux -coated rod, long-length solid wires, long-length tubular wires or
powders that are deposited by hardfacing.
Hardness: Is a measure of the resistance of a material to scratching and
indention.
Hardness: Defined in terms of the method of measurement. 1. Usually the
resistance to indentation.(Rockwell) 2. Stiffness or temper of wrought
products. 3. Machinability characteristics.
Hardness: The scale-forming and lather-inhibiting qualities which water,
high in calcium and magnesium ions, possesses.
Hardness – Rockwell (Hardness Tester): A device used to determine the
hardness of the steel strip. “Rockwell” machines are used to measure
hardness of all products after the Hot Mill.
Hardness – Rockwell 30T Scale (R30t): A hardness test used on light gauge
low carbon steels. A resistance to the 1/16" steel ball being penetrated in the
steel sheet.
Hardness – Rockwell B Scale (Rb): A common hardness test used on most
low carbon steel. A resistance to the 1/16" steel ball being penetrated in the
steel sheet.
Hardness – Rockwell C Scale (Rc): A hardness test using a diamond
penetrator and is used on high carbon steel. A resistance to penetration in the
harder steel sheet. For steel which are harder than the Rb scale can measure.
Hardness control: An action designed to remove hardness and at the same
time to produce an equivalent amount of suspended solids.
Hardness of calcium carbonate: The expression ascribed to the value
obtained when the hardness-forming salts are calculated in terms of
equivalent quantities of calcium carbonate; a convenient method of reducing
all salts to a common basic for comparison.
Hardness Tester: Hardness Testing is a method to determine the hardness of
a material. Generally, this refers to the indentation hardness. There are
several methods for testing indentation hardness, including Rockwell,
Vickers, and Brinell hardness tests.
Hardness Value: Degree to which a material resists deformation, indentation
or scratching. There are many numerical scales (and thus methods) to
measure the hardness value (example: Rockwell, Brinell, Vickers, etc.).
Hardness : resistance of metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation;
the term may also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching,
abrasion or cutting
Hardness : Are generally referred to the presence of calcium and magnesium
content of the water.
Hardware: An extension, knee like protrusion of the foundation wall that a
concrete porch or patio will rest upon for support.
Hardware: All of the “metal” fittings that go into the home when it is near
completion. For example, door knobs, towel bars, handrail brackets, closet
rods, house numbers, door closers, etc. The Interior Trim Carpenter installs
the “hardware”.
Hardwood: A pored timber.
Hardwood: Timber from a deciduous tree; note that hardwood can be softer
than softwood, for example balsa wood is a hardwood although very weak
and soft. In construction, hardwood may be used in preference to more
readily-available softwood because of its higher strength, its greater
durability, or its superior appearance. Efforts should always be made to
ensure that the timber is from renewable sources. (Fr. bois (m) feuillu).
Haring Cell: A four-electrode cell for measurement of electrolyte resistance
and electrode polarization during electrolysis.
Harmonic Analysis: Harmonic Analysis is a method for deconstructing
individual signal frequencies from a complex waveform. As an example,
harmonic analysis can be used to determine discrete vibration resonance
frequencies from experimentally measured vibration data as a function of
time.
Harmonic Distortion: Condition associated with the critical speed of the
shaft in a turbine.
Harmonic Distortion: Condition associated with the critical speed of the
shaft in a turbine.
Harmonic Filters: Harmonic Current Filters are used to suppress harmonic
frequencies in line current that can result from the presence of non linear load
in the power system.
HARP: An abbreviation for “hot rolled annealed and pickled”.
Hartford loop : What you should know about the Hartford Loop
Haunch: Protection against damage caused by fire, windstorms, or other
common hazards. Many lenders require borrowers to carry it in an amount at
least equal to the mortgage.
Haunch: An extension, knee like protrusion of the foundation wall that a
concrete porch or patio will rest upon for support.
Hay: cut and dried grass and legumes – often with seeds
Hazard insurance : (a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which
joists are nailed inframing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A
wood lintel. (c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for
example over a door or window).
Hazard insurance : Protection against damage caused by fire, windstorms,
or other common hazards. Many lenders require borrowers to carry it in an
amount at least equal to the mortgage.
Hazardous Area Glands: Hazardous Area Glands are specially designed
cable glands with consideration to explosive and/or corrosive environments.
Hazardous Area Lighting: Hazardous Area Lighting is used in areas were
special consideration must taken in regards to the service environment,
typically concerning explosion risk.
Hazmat: Hazardous Materials. Materials that are legally classified as having
the potential to endanger the public in some way and that require special
transportation arrangements.
HAZWOPER: An acronym for Hazardous Waste Operations and
Emergency Response. It refers to many types of hazardous waste operations
and emergency response conducted in the United States under Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard 1910.120 "Hazardous
Waste Operations and Emergency Response." The standard contains the
safety requirements employers and their sub-contractors or public sector
responders must meet in order to conduct clean-ups or emergency response
operations.
H-band Steel: Carbon, carbon-boron or alloy steel produced to specified
limits of hardenability; the chemical composition range may be slightly
different from that of the corresponding grade of ordinary carbon or alloy
steel.
H-Beam: (see Wide-flange Beam)
Hdg: Heading. The direction in which an aircraft’s nose points in flight in
the horizontal plane, expressed in compass degrees (for example 000 or 360
is North, 090 is East).
Hdpe: High density polyethylene.
HDPE Pipes: HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) pipes are used for a
variety of applications, including domestic and industrial water piping. HDPE
is resistant to most solvents, relatively strong, and economical to produce.
Head: The measure of pressure at the base or other reference point of a
column of fluid. Normally measured in feet of water.
Head: The measure of the pressure of water expressed in feet of height of
water1 psi = 2.31 feet of water.
Head (Hydraulics): The pressure exerted by a fluid on a unit area because of
the height of the surface of the fluid above the point where the pressure is
measured; may be expressed as psi or “feet.”
Head dynamic or total: In flowing fluid, the sum of the static and velocity
heads at the point of measurement.
Head loss: The loss of energy as a result of friction; commonly expressed in
feet.
Head Metal: The reservoir of metal in the feeder or riser of a mold.
Head Metal: The reservoir of metal in the feeder or riser of a mold.
Head pressure control: Pressure-operated control which opens electrical
circuit if high-side pressure becomes too high.
Head pressure : Pressure which exists in condensing side of refrigerating
system.
Head static : The static pressure of fluid expressed in terms of the height of a
column of the fluid, or of some manometric fluid, which it would support.
Head velocity: Height of fluid equivalent to its velocity pressure in flowing
fluid.
Header: The fireproof area directly in front of a fireplace. The inner or outer
floor of a fireplace, usually made of brick, tile, or stone.
Header: A brick laid with its short end to the face of the wall
Header: A structural member located between two joists or between a joist
and a wall which carries another joist or joists. Usually made up of an angle,
channel, or beam with saddle angle connections on each end for bearing.
Header: (a) A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists are
nailed inframing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening. (b) A wood lintel.
(c) The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over a
door or window).
Header: A brick whose 'head' or short end is visible on the surface of the
wall. See stretcher.
Header: 1. A pipe that carries plater solution from the plater pumps to the
cells. 2. The primary or first source of any given boiler system or section.
Header: Length of pipe or vessel to which two or more pipe lines are joined
carries fluid from a common source to various points of use.
Header Valves: A Header Valve is a valve that allows for the removal of
combustion gas in an internal combustion engine. The valve vents into the
exhaust manifold, also known as a header.
Heading: The upsetting of wire, rod or bar stock in dies to form parts that
usually contain portions that are greater in cross-sectional area than the
original wire, rod or bar.
Headstock: The fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similar machine tool.
Headstock: The fixed or stationary end of a lathe or similar machine tool.
Headwall: a wall built at top and sides of a culvert end to secure adjacent
soil.
Headward erosion: localized channel degradation that progresses upstream.
Often due to removal of bedload.
Headwaters: unbranched tributaries of a stream
Hearth: An electrical municipal inspection of the electric meter breaker
panel box.
Hearth: The fireproof area directly in front of a fireplace. The inner or outer
floor of a fireplace, usually made of brick, tile, or stone.
Hearth: Fire resisting area of floor adjacent to an open fireplace.
Hearth: In a furnace, the portion that holds the molten metal or bath.
Heartwood: The more durable inner part of tree trunk where cells seem only
to provide support to the tree.
Heat: An individual batch of metal as it is treated in a melting furnace.
Heat: Form of energy which acts on substances to raise their temperature;
energy associated with random motion of molecules.
Heat Affected Zone 2: That portion of the base metal which was not melted
during brazing, cutting, or welding, but whose microstructure and physical
peoperties were altered by the heat.
Heat Analysis: The chemical analysis determined by the steel producer as
being representative of a specific heat of steel.
Heat capacity : The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a
given mass one degree. Numerically, the mass multiplied by the specific heat.
Heat Check: Fine cracks in the forging dies caused by excessive heat or
extended use without polishing. The pattern of these “heat checks” is
reproduced on the forged part.
Heat Check: Fine cracks in the forging dies caused by excessive heat or
extended use without polishing. The pattern of these ?heat checks? is
reproduced on the forged part.
Heat conductor : A material capable of readily conducting heat. The
opposite of an insulator or insulation.
Heat Cover: A cylindrical or rectangular inner cover placed over the coils
prior to placing the furnace on the base in the Batch Anneal.
Heat Cover: A cylindrical or rectangular inner cover placed over the coils
prior to placing the furnace on the base in the Batch Anneal.
Heat engine: Mechanical devices which convert heat to work, such as the
steam boiler, gas turbine, solar energy, refrigerators, steam engines, steam
turbines.
Heat Exchanger: A device that transfers heat from one fluid to another. Oil
coolers are common in mill circulating oil systems that use water to cool hot
oil from the return reservoir before returning it to the mill units. (see
Cooler) (see Intercooler)
Heat exchanger: Device used to transfer heat from a warm or hot surface to
a cold or cooler surface. (Evaporators and condensers are heat exchangers.)
Heat lag : The time it takes for heat to travel through a substance heated on
one side.
Heat leakage : Flow of heat through a substance.
Heat meter: A mechanical device which uses compression and
decompression of gas to heat and/or cool a house.
Heat meter: An electrical municipal inspection of the electric meter breaker
panel box.
Heat Number: The alpha, numeric, or alphanumeric designator used to
identify a specific heat of steel.
Heat Number: In the Batch Anneal, this is the computerized annealing
sequence number used by the Firing Model to associate target values to the
Heat Sequence. It is required to run the Firing Model. In the BOP a
sequential number assigned to each batch of steel.
Heat of compression : Mechanical energy of pressure changed into energy
of heat.
Heat of condensation : The latent heat given up by a substance as it changes
from a gas to a liquid.
Heat of fusion : The latent heat absorbed when a substance changes from a
solid state to a liquid state.
Heat of respiration : Process by which oxygen and carbohydrates are
assimilated by a substance; also when carbon dioxide and water are given off
by a substance.
Heat Of Steel: The product of a single melting operation in a furnace,
starting with the charging of raw materials and ending with the tapping of
molten metal and consequently identical in its characteristics.
Heat of vaporization : The latent heat absorbed by a substance as it changes
from a liquid to a vapor.
Heat pipe : A refrigeration device with no moving parts, but containing a
refrigerants.
Heat pump: Work performed by the Heating Contractor after the stairs and
interior walls are built. This includes installing all duct work and flue pipes.
Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are installed at this stage of
construction.
Heat pump: A mechanical device which uses compression and
decompression of gas to heat and/or cool a house.
Heat pump : A device used to transfer heat from a low temperature to a high
temperature medium also a reversed cycle in which work is the input and heat
is rejected to a sink at a higher temperature than the source.
Heat pump : A refrigerating system employed to transfer heat into a space or
substance. The condenser provides the heat while the evaporator is arranged
to pick up heat from air, water, etc. By shifting the flow of air or other fluid, a
heat pump system may also be used to cool the space.
Heat Resistant Alloy: An alloy developed for very high temperature service
where relatively hight stresses (tensile,thermal,vibratory or shock) are
encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required.
Heat rough: Work done by the Heating Contractor to get the home ready for
the municipal Final Heat Inspection. This includes venting the hot water
heater, installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services, turning on
the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges and hoods, and all other
heat related work.
Heat rough: Work performed by the Heating Contractor after the stairs and
interior walls are built. This includes installing all duct work and flue pipes.
Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are installed at this stage of
construction.
Heat Sink: A material that absorbs or transfers heat away from a critical
element or part.
Heat sink : Relatively cold surface capable of absorbing heat.
Heat Tinting: Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to
reveal details of the microstructure.
Heat Tinting: Colouration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to
reveal details of structure.
Heat transfer : Flow of heat by conduction, convection and radiation.
Heat transfer : Movement of heat from one body or substance to another.
Heat may be transferred by radiation, conduction, convection or a
combination of these three methods.
Heat Transfer Oils: Oils utilized as heat transfer media; typical applications
include asphalt plants, grease plants, etc. These oils have low volatility and
contain additives to inhibit cracking and sludging.
Heat Treat Stain: A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the metal
surface during solution heat treatment.
Heat Treat Stain: A discoloration due to non uniform oxidation of the metal
surface during solution heat treatment
Heat Treatable Alloy: An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment.
Heat Treatable Alloy: An alloy which may be strengthed by a suitable
thermal treatment
Heat Treating Film: A thin coating or film, usually an oxide, formed on the
surface of metals during heat treatment.
Heat Treatment: A combination of heating and cooling operations applied
to a metal or alloy to obtain desired microstructure conditions or properties.
Heat Treatment: A controlled process of heating and cooling a solid
material such as steel or steel alloy intended to alter the microstrucrure and
obtain the desired properties.
Heat trim: The amount of heating required to keep a building at a specified
temperature during the winter, usually 65° F, regardless of outside
temperature.
Heat trim: Work done by the Heating Contractor to get the home ready for
the municipal Final Heat Inspection. This includes venting the hot water
heater, installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services, turning on
the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges and hoods, and all other
heat related work.
Heat, sensible : Heat which is associated with a change in temperature;
specific heat exchange of temperature; in contrast to a heat interchange in
which a change of state (latent heat) occurs.
Heat, specific: The ratio of the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of a given mass of any substance one degree to the quantity
required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of a standard substance
(usually water at 59 F) one degree.
Heat, total (enthalpy) : The sum of sensible heat and latent heat between an
arbitrary datum point and the temperature and state under consideration.
Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ): The part of a metal that is not melted during
cutting, brazing, or welding, but whose microstructure and physical
properties are altered by these processes.
Heated Hoses: Heated Hoses incorporate a flexible electric heating element
underneath the hose jacket to prevent fluid from freezing in cold conditions.
Heater: An electro mechanical device that converts electricity into heat,
normally for use in raising the temperature of fluid stored in a reservoir or
tank.
Heat-exchanger materials : The metals or materials of construction of a
heat exchanger.
Heating coil : Heat transfer device consisting of a coil of piping, which
releases heat.
Heating control : Device which controls temperature of a heat transfer unit
which releases heat.
Heating Element: A submersible oil heater, often utilized for heavy oil
storage tanks. Since excessive temperatures of such heating elements can
degrade lubricants, they are sometimes derated in watts/sq in. and placed in
sealed wells to avoid this problem.
Heating load: A notch cut in the end of a rafter to permit it to fit flat on a
wall and on the top, doubled, exterior wall plate.
Heating load: The amount of heating required to keep a building at a
specified temperature during the winter, usually 65° F, regardless of outside
temperature.
Heating surface : That surface which is exposed to the heating medium for
absorption and transfer of heat to the medium.
Heat-Resistant Alloy: An alloy developed for a very high-temperature
service where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal, vibratory or shock)
are encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required.
Heat-transfer medium : The fluid, often water, which acts as the agent or
medium in a heat exchanger through which heat is exchanged from one side
to the other.
Heat-treating : heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way as to
obtain desired conditions or properties
Heave : Upward movement of soil caused by expansion or displacement
resulting from phenomena such as moisture absorption, removal of
overburden, driving of piles, frost action, etc.
Heavy Coating: A condition caused by too much coating being applied to
the strip.
Heavy Coating: A condition caused by too much coating being applied to
the strip.
Heavy Gauge: Product with a thickness above the customer’s maximum
gauge tolerance.
Heavy Gauge: Product with a thickness above the customer's maximum
gauge tolerance.
Heavy Metal: A sintered tungsten alloy with nickel, copper and/or iron, the
tungsten content being at least 90 wt% and the density being at least 16.8
g/cm3.
Heavy Sections: Beams and columns used to build large structures such as
multi-storey buildings and bridges.
Heavy Structural Shapes: A general term given to rolled flanged sections
that have at least one dimension of their cross-sections three inches or
greater. The category includes beams, channels, tees and zees if the depth
dimension is three inches or greater, and angles if the length of the leg is
three inches or greater.
Heavy/Light Gauge: Steel plate not meeting customer gauge specifications.
Heavy-Duty Engine Oils: Oils have oxidation stability, bearing corrosion
preventive properties and the detergent dispersant characteristics necessary to
make them generally suitable for use in both high-speed diesel and gasoline
engines under heavy-duty service conditions.
Hedge : A row of closely planted shrubs forming a fence.
Hedging: Taking an opposite position in the commodity futures market to
your position in the physical market.
Heel: The outside point of a structural angle where the two perpendicular
legs intersect.
Heel: Molten steel left in the furnace after tapping.
Heel Block: A block or plate usually mounted on or attached to a lower die
in a forming or forging press that serves to prevent or minimize the deflection
of punches or cams.
Heel cut: A light spot, area, or streak on a painted surface.
Heel cut: A notch cut in the end of a rafter to permit it to fit flat on a wall and
on the top, doubled, exterior wall plate.
Helical Gear (Gears): Cylindrical in form with helical teeth.
Helical Screw Feeders: A Helical Screw Feeder is a material conveyor that
consists of a screw rotating inside a tube. As the screw rotates, material is
carried through the length of the tube.
Helix: A path formed as a point advances uniformly around a cylinder as the
thread on a screw or the flutes on a drill.
Helix Angle: Angle of inclination to the axial direction, equivalent to the
angle between the normal plane through the “twisted tooth” and the
transverse plane of rotation, symbolized by ß.
Hematite: The oxide of iron of highest valency which has a composition
close to the stoichiometric composition Fe2O3.
Hematite or Haematite: An iron oxide mineral (Fe2O3) widely used in the
production of pig iron in a blast furnace. It is generally cheaper and easier to
beneficiate than magnetite (Fe3O4), and also requires a lot less energy to
crush and grind. However, it can contain impurities. (see Iron Ore)
Hemming: A bend of 180° made in two steps. First, a sharp-angle bend is
made; next the bend is closed using a flat punch and a die.
Henry: The unit of self-inductance or mutual inductance in the metric
system. Its symbol is
Henry’s law : An expression for calculating the solubility of a gas in a fluid
based on temperature and partial pressure.
Herbaceous: plants with soft rather than woody stems
HERF: A common abbreviation for high-energy-rate forging or high-energy-
rate forming.
Hermetic compressor : Compressor which has the driving motor sealed
inside the compressor housing. The motor operates in an atmosphere of the
refrigerant.
Hermetic motor : Compressor drive motor sealed within same casing which
contains compressor.
Hermetic system : Refrigeration system which has a compressor driven by a
motor contained in compressor dome or housing.
Herringbone: See ?Streak, Herringbone?
Herringbone Gear (Gears): Two helical gears on the same shaft, one with a
right-hand helix and the adjacent one with a left-hand helix, giving the
appearance of a herringbone.
Hertz: Term used to describe the frequency in an AC circuit. Essentially the
same as cycles. If a circuit is 60 Hz or 60 cycles, that means that the AC
wave has gone through 60 complete waves in one second.
Hertz: A unit in the metric system used to measure frequency in cycles per
second. Its symbol is
Hertz Contact Stress: Stress (psi) measured along a narrow band of contact
between two gear teeth under load; based on formulas devised by Hertz.
Momentary stresses exceeding 200,000 psi are not uncommon in heavily
loaded gears. Also may occur at contact points in rolling element bearings.
Hex: A term used for anything shaped like a hexagon.
Hexane: A straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbon containing six carbon atoms
(C6H12); useful as a solvent.
Hiab: Flatbed truck with hydraulic crane for loading and unloading freight.
Hickey: A coating defect consisting of a randomly oriented small speckled
appearance on coated plate after inks are applied.
Hidden demand charge : Electric bill charges that are based on cents per
kWh per kW demand contain a hidden demand charge. A low load factor for
a building then penalizes the energy user through this "hidden" charge.
High Alloy Steel: Ferrous alloy with more than 12 weight percent of
noncarbon additions.
High alumina cement (hac): Concrete made with this type of cement
hardens faster than with Portland cement. This advantage once led to HAC
being used for manufacturing precast concrete elements, but it has the
disadvantage that it tends to become weaker over time especially in a moist
atmosphere. The collapse of some swimming pool roofs in the 1970s led to
HAC being banned for structural use. It is still used for non-structural
purposes, for example, for bedding sanitary ware on a concrete floor.
High Angle Conveyors: A High Angle Conveyor is used to convey material
when a large lifting height is required over a short distance. Two common
methods are employed: Pocket Belt, which uses a pocketed belt design to
prevent material from falling; and Sandwich Belt, which uses two parallel
belts to apply compression and sandwich the material.
High Brass: A copper-zinc alloy containing 35% zinc, 65% copper.
Possesses high tensile strength. Used for springs, screws, rivets, etc.
High Brass: 65% A copper zinc alloy containing 35% zinc. Possesses high
tensile strength. Used for springs, screws, rivets, etc.
High Carbon Steel 2: Steel with more than 0.3% carbon. The carbon that is
dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the tougher the steel becomes.
High carbon steel?s hardness makes it suitable for plow blades, shovels,
bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high wear applications.
High Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Include grades of steel with a maximum
carbon content exceeding 0.44 percent.
High Frequency Coil: A high frequency coil is designed with primary and
secondary windings that are loosely coupled. This design results in a
transformer circuit in which energy is alternately transferred from one
resonant circuit to the other over many cycles. The result is a very high
voltage gain at high frequencies. High frequency coils are often used today in
transformers for electronic and computer devices.
High Frequency Resistance Welding: A group of resistance welding
process variations that uses high frequency welding current to concentrate the
welding heat at the desired location.
High gloss: A lustrous, enamel like finish.
High limit control : A device which normally monitors the condition of the
controlled medium and interrupts system operation if the monitored condition
be comes excessive, for example a high level of fluid in a storage tank.
High Pressure Hoses: High Pressure Hose is hose designed to resist rupture
under large pressures. It is typically reinforced with steel or similar material
to provide increased radial strength.
High Pressure Hydraulic Pumps: A High Pressure Hydraulic Pump is
designed to produce a large pressure increase. Designs feature special
considerations to protect against backflow and rupture due to the large
pressure difference between the input and output stages of the pump.
High Pressure Metering Valves: A High Pressure Metering valve is used to
control flow rates with precision. They are designed to work reliable with
high pressure differentials.
High Pressure Mold: A strong high density mold, made by air, hydraulic, or
other squeeze process.
High Pressure Regulators: A High Pressure Regulator is used to dispense
compressed fluid stored under high pressure at a lower pressure.
High Residual Phosphorus Copper: Deoxidized copper with residual
phosphorus present in amounts (usually 0.013 to 0.04%) generally sufficient
to decrease appreciably the conductivity of the copper.
High side : Parts of the refrigerating system subjected to condenser pressure
or higher; the system from the compression side of the compressor through
the condenser to the expansion point of the evaporator. HIGH-PRESSURE
CUT-OUT Electrical control switch operated by the high-side pressure which
automatically opens electrical circuit if too high pressure is reached.
High Solvency Naphthas: Special naphthas characterized by their high
solvent power (low precipitating tendency) for various resins, oils and
plastics; their high aromatic content promotes solvency. (see Kauri-
butanol/KB Value)
High Speed Spindles: A spindle is a general term used to describe any
rotating, cylindrical device used to perform a task. For example, high speed
spindles are used in tools such as a CNC machines or tools for sanding,
polishing and routing. The tooling component, such as a bit, is attached to the
spindle by a nut, called a collet, that tightens down onto the shaft of the bit.
High Speed Steel: The term ?high speed steel? was derived from the fact that
it is capable of cutting meta at a much hight rate than carbon tool steel and
continues to cut and retain its hardness even when the point of the tool is
heated to a low red temperature. Ungsten is the major alloying element but it
is also combined with molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt in varying
amounts. Although replaced by cemented carbides for many applications it is
still widely used for the manufacture of taps, dies, twist drills, reamers, saw
blades and other cutting tools.
High strength bolts: A structural steel bolt having a tensile strength greater
than 100,000 pounds per square inch, usually A325 or A490.
High strength friction grip bolt: Used for connecting steel components in
situations where it is not desirable for the connection to slip.
High Strength Low Alloy: (HSLA) A specific group of steel in which
higher strength, and in some cases additional resistance to atmospheric
corrosion or improved formability, are obtained by moderate amounts of one
or more alloying elements such as columbium, vanadium, titanium, used
alone or in combination.
High strength steel: Structural steel having a yield stress greater than 36,000
pounds per square inch.
High Stress Grinding Abrasion: Abrasion that occurs when the abrasive is
crushed between two opposing surfaces.
High Temperature Valves: A High Temperature Valve is a flow control
device designed for operation at elevated temperature.
High Temperature Wire: High temperature wire is any electrical conductor
designed such that the conductor and insulation material are capable of
operating effectively in high temperature applications. Thermocouple wires
are a common example of high temperature wire.
High tensile steel: A grade of steel stronger than mild steel, which may be
used both in structural steelwork and concrete reinforcement.
High Water-Content/High Water-Base Fluids: Abbreviated HWBF. Fire-
resistant, thickened or unthickened water-based fluids, typically containing
90–99% water.
High-Carbon Steel: Steel with more than 0.3% carbon. The more carbon
that is dissolved in the iron, the less formable and the tougher the steel
becomes. High-carbon steel’s hardness makes it suitable for plow blades,
shovels, bedsprings, cutting edges, or other high-wear applications.
High-conductivity Copper: Copper that, in the annealed condition, has a
minimum electrical conductivity of 100% lACS as determined by ASTM test
methods.
High-cycle Fatigue: Fatigue that occurs at relatively large numbers of
cycles. The arbitrary but commonly accepted dividing line between high-
cycle fatigue and low-cycle fatigue is considered to be about 10^4 to 10^5
cycles. In practice, this distinction is made by determining whether the
dominant component of the strain imposed during cyclic loading is elastic
(high cycle) or plastic (low cycle), which in turn depends on the properties of
the metal and on the magnitude of the nominal stress.
High-energy-rate Forming: A group of forming processes that applies a
high rate of strain to the material being formed through the application of
high rates of energy transfer. See also explosive forming, high-energy-rate
forging and electromagnetic forming. (see Explosive Forming) (see High-
energy-rate Forging) (see Electromagnetic Forming)
High-energy-rate-forging (HERF): A closed-die hot- or cold-forging
process in which the stored energy of high-pressure gas is used to accelerate a
ram to unusually high velocities in order to effect deformation of the
workpiece. Ideally, the final configuration of the forging is developed in one
blow or at most a few blows. In high-energy-rate forging, the velocity of the
ram rather than its mass generates the major forging force. Also known as
HERF processing, high-velocity forging and high-speed forging.
Highlighting: Buffing or polishing selected areas of a complex shape to
increase the luster or change the color of those areas.
Highlights: A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the
meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.
Highlights: A light spot, area, or streak on a painted surface.
High-Pressure Indicator(s) (Lube Systems): Various divider valve
accessories that provide visual indications of line blockage or locked pistons.
Some also provide relief to atmosphere, permitting the system to continue
lubricating unaffected points; others that are sealed require immediate system
shutdown and repair.
High-Pressure Steam: Steam that is delivered from the boilers to drive the
turbo generators and turbo blowers. High-pressure steam is produced at 800
psi and 825°F.
High-side float : Refrigerant control mechanism which controls the level of
the liquid refrigerant in the high-pressure side of mechanism.
High-speed Machining: High-productivity machining processes that achieve
cutting speeds in excess of 600 m/min (2000 sfm) and up to 18,000 m/min
(60,000 sfm).
High-Speed Steel: The term “high-speed steel” was derived from the fact
that it is capable of cutting metal at a much higher rate than carbon tool steel
and continues to cut and retain its hardness even when the point of the tool is
heated to a low red temperature. Tungsten is the major alloying element but it
is also combined with molybdenum, vanadium and cobalt in varying
amounts. Although replaced by cemented carbides for many applications, it is
still widely used for the manufacture of taps, dies, twist drills, reamers, saw
blades and other cutting tools.
High-Strength Low-Alloy (HSLA): Steels designed to provide better
mechanical properties and/or greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion than
conventional carbon steels. They are not considered to be alloy steels in the
normal sense because they are designed to meet specific mechanical
properties rather than a chemical composition (HSLA steels have yield
strengths greater than 275 MPa or 40 ksi). The chemical composition of a
specific HSLA steel may vary for different product thicknesses to meet
mechanical property requirements. The HSLA steels have low carbon
contents (0.05 to 0.25% C) in order to produce adequate formability and
weldability, and they have manganese contents up to 2.0%. Small quantities
of chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium,
titanium and zirconium are used in various combinations.
High-strength low-alloy (hsla) steel : steels with a high yield point and low
percentages (<1.25%) of other alloying components
High-Strength Steel: Low-alloy steels forming a specific class in which
enhanced mechanical properties and, in most cases, good resistance to
atmospheric corrosion are obtained by the incorporation of moderate
proportions of one or more alloying elements other than carbon. The
preferred terminology is now "high-strength, low-alloy steels".
High-strength steel : steels that have a tensile strength over 150 ksi (1100
MPa)
High-Temperature Alloy (Superalloy): Alloy that can withstand very hot
operating environments – up to 2,000°F (1,093°C) for some alloys – and
attendant corrosion and oxidation problems.
High-temperature Hydrogen Attack: A loss of strength and ductility of
steel by high-temperature reaction of absorbed hydrogen with carbides in the
steel resulting in decarburization and internal fissuring.
High-vacuum pump : Mechanism which can create a vacuum in the 1000 to
1 micron range.
Highway : The whole right of way or area which is reserved and secured for
use in constructing the roadway and its appurtenances.
High-Yield Strength Steel: Other terms used to describe this type of steel
are High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) steel or microalloyed steel. It is a steel
that with a combination of small amounts of niobium (Nb), vanadium (V) or
titanium (Ti), or a controlled combination, and a controlled hot rolling
practice has a yield strength greater than that obtainable in a mild steel, (i.e.,
greater than ~250MPa).
Hindered Contraction: Contraction where the shape will not permit a metal
casting to contract in certain regions in keeping with the coefficient of
expansion.
Hindered Contraction: Casting contraction during solidification and cooling
which is hindered by mold or core restraints.
Hinge support: This type of support has one degree of freedom, it can freely
rotate about its axis but it cannot displace in any direction. Two mutually
perpendicular reactive forces exist at the hinge and their lines of action pass
through the center of the hinge. See Pin Connection or Support.
Hinges: a jointed or flexible device upon which a door, lid, or other
swinging part turns
Hip: A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a building.
Hip: A slanting ridge formed by the intersection of two sloping roof surfaces
at an external corner.
Hip: A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the
meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.
Hip: A roof feature in which two pitched roofs meet at a corner; the rafter
forming such a junction. The hip rafter is not usually a load bearing member.
(Fr. arête (f) de croupe).
Hip and valley: A system of roof framing where support members form
valleys and ridges.
Hip roof: The electrical cable that carries power from the main circuit
breaker panel to the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit.
Hip roof: A roof which slopes from all four sides of a building. The line
where two adjacent sloping sides intersect is called the 'hip'.
Hip roof: A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a
building.
Hipped roof: A roof with an end roughly pyramidal in shape, with surfaces
sloping upwards from all three eaves.
Hipped roof: Featuring hips.
Hob: A cylindrical cutting tool shaped like a worm thread and used in
industry to cut gears.
Hob: A cylindrical cutting tool shaped like a worm thread and used in
industry to cut gears.
Hod: A three sided container mounted on a pole, used to carry bricks or
mortar up a ladder.
Hod carrier: Bricklayer's labourer.
Hog fuel: crushed, shattered or shredded bark, wood etc
Hog house : A facility located at a construction sitewhere workers can
shower and wash.
Hogging: Machining a part from bar stock, plate or a simple forging in which
much of the original stock is removed.
Hoist: Any device or machine used in building for lifting materials
Hoist: A chain or electric lifting device usually attached to a trolly which
travels along a monorail or bridge crane.
Hoist: An elevator for lifting goods and, usually, people up a scaffold.
Hoist: A suspended machinery unit which is used for lifting or lowering a
freely suspended (unguided) load.
Hoist Motion: That motion which lifts or lowers a load.
Hoist Speed: Hoist speed is the rate of motion that the load hook attains
while lifting rated load.
Hoist, Auxiliary: A supplemental hoisting unit, usually of lower load rating
and higher speed than the main hoist.
Hoist, Main: The primary hoist mechanism provided for lifting and lowering
the rated load of the crane.
Hold: Coil type indicating that a produced coil or lift has problems that need
to be resolved by the Quality Assurance department.
Hold: Coil type indicating that a produced coil or lift has problems that need
to be resolved by the Quality Assurance department.
Hold Coil: A processed coil that does not meet customer specifications that
needs to be held for disposition.
Hold Down Rolls: Two small rolls used for holding force on the top of the
strip as it runs through slitter knives.
Hold Ticket: A ticket used to quarantine out of spec material.
Holddown Plate (pressure pad): A pressurized plate designed to hold the
workpiece down during a press operation. In practice, this plate often serves
as a stripper and is also called a stripper plate.
Hold-Down Rolls: Two small rolls used for holding force on the top of the
strip as it runs through slitter knives.
Holding: ln heat treating of metals, that portion of the thermal cycle during
which the temperature of the object is maintained constant.
Holding Brake: A friction brake for a hoist which is automatically applied
and prevents motion when power is off.
Holding devices : fixtures used to connect fabrications/parts to be galvanized
to handling equipment in the galvanizing facility
Holding Furnace: A small furnace for maintaining molten metal from a
larger melting furnace, at the right casting temperature (ladle furnace).
Holding pattern: Manoeuver consisting of making the aircraft turn around
the aerodrome at an assigned altitude, while awaiting
further ATC instructions.
Holding Temperature: In heat treating of metals, the constant temperature
at which the object is maintained.
Holding Time: Time for which the temperature of the heat treated metal
object is maintained constant.
Hole: Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a non-metallic inclusion
during rolling.
Hole: Void in rolled product. Typical cause is a non metallic inclusion during
rolling
Hole Expansion Test: A simulative test in which a flat metal sheet specimen
with a circular hole in its center is clamped between annular die plates and
deformed by a punch, which expands and ultimately cracks the edge of the
hole.
Hole Flanging: The forming of an integral collar around the periphery of a
previously formed hole in a sheet metal part.
Hole Punch: A piece of equipment used to put small holes in the strip where
welds are made. Use of the hole punch is specified by all customers. Used for
weld detection.
Hole Punch: A piece of equipment used to put small holes in the strip where
welds are make. Use of the hole punch is specified by all customers. Used for
weld detection.
Hole Saw: A cutting tool used to cut a circular groove into solid material.
Holidays: Discontinuities in a coating (such as porosity, cracks, gaps and
similar flaws) that allow areas of substrate to be exposed to any corrosive
environment that contacts the coated surface.
Hollobolt: Proprietary expanding bolt which can be used in making bolted
connections to hollow sections, and other situations where lack of access
prevents a nut being used.
Hollow Drill Test (Trepanning): Removing a cylindrical sample from a
metal section or structure to determine soundness of the section.
Hollow Drill Test (Trepanning): Removing a cylindrical sample from a
metal section or structure to determine soundness of the section.
Hollow Extrusions: Hollow Extrusions are any extruded shape that contains
internal holes. Whereas solid extrusions can be made with a single die,
hollow extrusions generally require multi-part dies.
Hollow section: A tubular structural steel member, either circular ('CHS'),
rectangular ('RHS') or square ('SHS'). Elliptical hollow sections are also
available.
Hollow Structural Sections: Known in the market as HSS, this is high
strength, cold formed, electric welded structural tubing welded steel tubing
used as structural elements in a broad range of construction and architectural
applications, structural components for vehicles and industrial machinery,
buildings and other structures, and a variety of manufactured products. It is
produced in round, square and rectangular shapes and a broad range of sizes.
Structural tubing?s basic advantages lie in it?s high strength to weight ratio,
attractive appearance and cost effectiveness.
Home run (electrical): The appearance concrete makes when rocks in the
concrete are visible and where there are void areas in the foundation wall,
especially around concrete foundation windows.
Home run (electrical): The electrical cable that carries power from the main
circuit breaker panel to the first electrical box, plug, or switch in the circuit.
Homogeneous: Usually defined as having identical characteristics
throughout. However, physical homogeneity may require only an identity of
lattice type throughout while chemical homogeneity requires uniform
distribution of alloying elements.
Homogeneous Carburizing: Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-
carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout
the section.
Homogeneous Carburizing: Use of a carburizing process to convert a low-
carbon ferrous alloy to one of uniform and higher carbon content throughout
the section.
Homogeneous material: A material having the same engineering design
properties throughout.
Homogenizing: Is a process whereby ingots are raised to temperatures near
the solidus temperature and held at that temperature for varying lengths of
time. The purpose of this process is to: 1. reduce microsegregation by
promoting diffusion of solute atoms within the grains of aluminum and 2.
improve workability.
Homogenizing: Is a process whereby ingots are raised to temperatures near
the solidus temperature and held at that temperature for varying lengths of
time. The purposes of this process are to (1) reduce microsegregation by
promoting diffusion of solute atoms within the grains of aluminum and (2)
improve workability
Homogenizing Annealing: An annealing treatment carried out at a high
temperature, approaching the solidus temperature, for a sufficiently long time
that inhomogeneous distributions of alloying elements are reduced by
diffusional processes.
Honey combs: An exterior water faucet (sill cock).
Honey combs: The appearance concrete makes when rocks in the concrete
are visible and where there are void areas in the foundation wall, especially
around concrete foundation windows.
Honeycomb brickwork: Built with gaps between the bricks, to allow
ventilation.
Honeycombing : Local voids or roughness of the face of a concrete
structure, caused by the concrete having segregated so badly that there is very
little sand to fill the gaps between the stones at this point. Such concrete is
weak and should be cut out in a rectangular or square shapes and rebuilt if the
wall is heavily loaded.
Honing: A low-speed finishing process used chiefly to produce uniform high
dimensional accuracy and fine finish most often on inside cylindrical
surfaces. In honing, very thin layers of stock are removed by simultaneously
rotating and reciprocating a bonded abrasive stone or stick that is pressed
against the surface being honed with lighter force than is typical of grinding.
Honing Stones: Honing Stones are manufactured abrasive stones used for
honing. They are typically specified not only for size, but also grain type, grit
size, and hardness.
Hook: An abrupt deviation from straightness. Hook can be caused by non
uniform metal flow during breakthrough. See also ?Bow?
Hook Approach: The minimum horizontal distance between the center of
the runway rail and the hook.
Hook Approach, End: The minimum horizontal distance, parallel to the
runway, between the centerline of the hook(s) and the face of the wall (or
columns) at the end of the building.
Hook Approach, Side: The minimum horizontal distance, perpendicular to
the runway, between the centerline of a hook (main or auxiliary) and the
centerline of the runway rail.
Hook Suspended: Suspension of hoist from a trolley or rigid structure by
means of a hook(s) at top of hoist.
Hook; Latch Type: A type of hook with a mechanical device to bridge the
throat opening of the hook.
Hooke's law: The linear relationship of forces and deformations, or stresses
and strains.
Hooke's Law: A law which states that when a material is behaving
elastically, the strain in the material is directly proportional to the stress
producing it.
Hoopes Process: An electrolytic refining process for aluminun using three
liquid layers in the reduction cell.
Hoppers: A hopper is a temporary storage container, usually for bulk solids.
They are typically filled from the top, and can be emptied from the bottom.
Horizontal Aerators: A Horizontal Aerator is a used to inject oxygen via
surface agitation into raw sewage as part of an activated sludge process in a
sewage treatment or industrial wastewater plant. Horizontal aerators float on
the surface and have a series of rotors that are driven to churn the water.
Horizontal Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in which
the axis of rotation of the mold is horizontal.
Horizontal Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in which
the axis of rotation of the mold is horizontal.
Horizontal Ball Mills: A Horizontal Ball Mill is used to grind large solids
into smaller pieces. It consists of a rotating horizontal cylinder filled with
balls (typically steel). As the cylinder rotates, the hard balls grind the solids
into the desired size.
Horizontal bridging: A continuous angle or other structural shape connected
to the top and bottom chord of a joist horizontally whose l/r ratio cannot
exceed 300.
Horizontal line: Line that is a tangent to the curvature of the earth’s surface.
E.g. at any given point it is parallel with the surface of still water
Horizontal shear stress: Is zero at the outer fibers of a section and is
maximum at the neutral axis. It tends to cause one part of the section to slide
past the other.
Horizontal Vibrating Screens: A Horizontal Vibrating Screen is used to
sort bulk solids by size. Ore is placed on top of the screen and ore smaller
than the screen size fall through the screen as a vibration is applied.
Horn: (1) In a resistance welding machine, a cylindrical arm or beam that
transmits the electrode pressure and usually conducts the welding current. (2)
A coneshaped member that transmits ultrasonic energy from a transducer to a
welding or machining tool. See also ultrasonic impact grinding and ultrasonic
welding. (see Ultrasonic Impact Grinding) (see Ultrasonic Welding)
Horn Press: A mechanical metal forming press equipped with or arranged
for a cantilever block or horn that acts as the die or support for the die, used
in forming, piercing, setting down or riveting hollow cylinders and odd-
shaped work.
Horn Spacing: The distance between adjacent surfaces of the horns of a
resistance welding machine.
Horsepower: Unit that measures the rate at which work is done and rates
power output; one hp is equal to 746 watts of electrical energy, or the energy
required to lift 33,000 pounds, one ft in one min.
Horsepower (Hp): The measure of energy used in description of the normal
power level in a system. 1 horsepower = 550 lb. ft./minute of work.
Hose bib: The wire that carries electrical energy to a receptacle or other
device—in contrast to a neutral, which carries electricity away again.
Normally the black wire. Also see ground.
Hose bib: An exterior water faucet (sill cock).
Hose Connectors: A Hose connector is used to connect two hoses together.
If the hoses are of different sizes, a hose connector might also be referred to
as a reducer.
Hose Couplings: A House Coupling is used to join the ends of one or more
hoses.
Hot: High Occupancy Toll.
Hot Bands: (see Hot Rolled Sheet Products)
Hot Bands: See Hot Rolled Sheets.
Hot Bed: A large area containing closely spaced rolls or rails for holding hot,
partially rolled metal.
Hot Box Process: In foundry practice, resin-base (furan or phenolic) binder
process for molding sands similar to shell coremaking; cores produced with it
are solid sunless mandrelled out.
Hot Box Process: A furan resin based process similar to shell coremaking;
cores produced with it are solid unless mandrelled out.
Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI): Direct reduced iron that has been processed into
briquettes. Instead of using a blast furnace, the oxygen is removed from the
ore using natural gas and results in a substance that is 90-92% iron. Because
DRI may spontaneously combust during transportation, HBI is preferred
when the metallic material must be stored or moved.
Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI): Direct reduced iron that has been processed into
briquettes. Instead of using a blast furnace, the oxygen is removed from the
ore using natural gas and results in a substance that is 90% 92% iron.
Because DRI may spontaneously combust during transportation, HBI is
preferred when the metallic material must be stored or moved.
Hot Chamber Machine: A die casting machine in which the metal chamber
under pressure is immersed in the molten metal in a furnace. The chamber is
sometimes called a gooseneck, and the machine is sometimes called a
gooseneck machine.
Hot Corrosion: An accelerated corrosion of metal surfaces that results from
the combined effect of oxidation and reactions with sulfur compounds and
other contaminants, such as chlorides, to form molten salt on a metal surface
that fluxes, destroys or disrupts the normal protective oxide. See also gaseous
corrosion. (see Gaseous Corrosion)
Hot Crack: A crack that develops in a weldment or casting during
solidification.
Hot deck : The heating section of a multizone system. HOT GAS BYPASS
Piping system in refrigerating unit which moves hot refrigerant gas from
condenser into low-pressure side.
Hot Dip: Covering a surface by dipping the surface to be coated into a
molten bath of the coating material. See also hot dip coating.(see Hot Dip
Coating)
Hot Dip: In steel mill practice, a process wherby ferrous alloy base metals
are dipped into molten metal, usually zinc, tin, or terne, for the purpose of
fizing a rust resistant coating.
Hot Dip Coating: A metallic coating obtained by dipping the substrate into a
molten metal.
Hot Dip Coating: A meatllic coating obtained by dipping the substrate into
molten metal.
Hot dip galvanised: Process by which iron or steel is immersed in molten
zinc to provide protection against corrosion while in service.
Hot Dipped Galvanized: (see Galvanize)
Hot End: The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up to, but
not including, the hot-strip mill.
Hot End: The section of a steelmaking complex from the furnace up to, but
not including, the hot strip mill.
Hot Extrusion: A process whereby a heated billet is forced to flow through a
shaped die opening. The temperature at which extrusion is performed
depends on the material being extruded. Hot extrusion is used to produce
long, straight metal products of constant cross section, such as bars, solid and
hollow sections, tubes, wires and strips. From materials that cannot be
formed by cold extrusion.
Hot Forging: (1) A forging process in which the die and/or forging stock are
heated. See also hot-die forging and isothermal forging. (2) The plastic
deformation of a pressed and/or sintered powder compact in at least two
directions at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature. (see Hot-
die Forging) (see Isothermal Forging)
Hot Forming: Working operations such as bending and drawing sheet and
plate, forging, pressing, and preformed metal heated to temperatures above
room temperature.
Hot gas defrost : Defrosting system in which hot refrigerant gas from the
high side is directed through evaporator for short period of time and at
predetermined intervals in order to remove frost from evaporator.
Hot Idling: Unless a steelmaker plans major maintenance work on a blast
furnace, it is not usually allowed to cool down. If it does, the refractory brick
lining can be irreparably damaged, unless very specific shut down procedures
are followed, and a total reline be required. This is a very time-consuming
and expensive exercise which steelmakers go to great lengths to avoid. Hot
idling is a procedure for temporarily maintaining a furnace on standby
without producing any iron. The main chamber is kept fully charged with
coke (but not with limestone and iron ore, the other two bulk ingredients for
ironmaking), and the amount of air entering the furnace is significantly
reduced, slowing combustion while maintaining the refractory lining at
temperatures that prevent deterioration. The term "banking" is also used for
this procedure. Blast furnaces are not usually hot idled for more than a few
weeks unless all the iron is completely drained from the furnace, and they can
be returned to full ironmaking capacity within a matter of days. Normally,
blast furnaces can be operated continuously for up to about 15 years between
major maintenance work, a period known as a "campaign".
Hot Isostatic Pressing: (1) A process for simultaneously heating and
forming a compact in which the powder is contained in a sealed flexible sheet
metal or glass enclosure and the so-contained powder is subjected to equal
pressure from all directions at a temperature high enough to permit plastic
deformation and sintering to take place. (2) A process that subjects a
component (casting, powder forgings, etc.) to both elevated temperature and
isostatic gas pressure in an autoclave. The most widely used pressurizing gas
is argon. When castings are hot isostatically pressed, the simultaneous
application of heat and pressure virtually eliminates internal voids and
microporosity through a combination of plastic deformation, creep and
diffusion.
Hot junction : That part of thermoelectric circuit which releases heat.
Hot Metal: The name for the molten iron produced in a blast furnace. It
proceeds to the basic oxygen furnace in molten form or is cast as pig iron.
Hot Metal: The name for the molten iron produced in a blast furnace. It
proceeds to the basic oxygen furnace in molten form or is cast as pig iron.
Hot Metal Stamping: Hot Metal Stamping refers to a stamping process in
which the sheet metal has been heated prior to placement in the die. The
heated sheet metal has improved formability over traditional cold stamping
techniques.
Hot metal/scrap ratio: The amount of scrap added to the BOF charge of hot
metal to be processed.
Hot Mill: The rolling mill that reduces a hot slab into a coil of specified
thickness; the whole processing is done at a relatively high temperature
(when the steel is still “red hot”).
Hot Plate/Crackle Test: Qualitative test to determine the presence of
entrained water in a high flash-point oil; when oil is dripped onto a hot
surface, an audible “crackle” indicates the presence of water.
Hot Press Forging: Plastically deforming metals between dies in presses at
temperatures high enough to avoid strain hardening.
Hot Pressing: Simultaneous heating and forming of a powder compact. See
also pressure sintering. (see Pressure Sintering)
Hot Pressure Welding: A solid-state welding process that produces
coalescence of materials with heat and application of pressure sufficient to
produce macrodeformation of the base material. Vacuum or other shielding
media may be used. See also diffusion welding and forge welding. Compare
with cold welding. (see Diffusion Welding) (see Forge Welding)
Hot process : A water treatment process, when the water is heated above the
room temperature.
Hot process phosphate softening : A process whereby the calcium and
magnesium salts containing, constituting the hardness of water, are
chemically precipitated and removed with phosphate in conjunction with
caustic soda.
Hot Quenching: A process of quenching in a medium at a temperature
substantially higher than atmospheric temperature.
Hot Quenching: Cooling in a medium, the temperature of which is
substantially higher than room temperature.
Hot Roll: Product that is sold in its “as produced state” off the Hot Mill with
no further reduction or processing steps aside from being pickled and oiled (if
specified).
Hot Roll: Product that is sold in its as produced state off the Hot Mill with no
further reduction or processing steps aside from being pickled and oiled (if
specified).
Hot Roll Base: Hot rolled coils which have been pickled in an acid solution
to remove surface oxidation, then is oiled to prevent rust. Coils that come
directly off of No. 5 Pickler and were not cold roll reduced on the tandem
mill. These coils will usually have a 20 ID. (Outside supplied hot roll base
may have a 24 ID.
Hot Roll, P & O: Definition for a coil that is pickled to remove the scale, and
oiled to retard the formation of rust, with coil ends cropped back to meet
gauge tolerances.
Hot Rolled Band: 1. Manufactured by hot rolling slabs to the required
thickness. 2. Steel sheet that is processed to its final thickness by rolling at
high temperatures on a specially designed hot-rolling facility.
Hot Rolled Sheets: Manufactured by hot rolling slabs to the required
thickness.
Hot Rolled Wide Strip: Hot rolled steel strip with a width of >600mm that
is rolled directly from slabs in a semi- or completely continuous hot strip mill
or, in the case of pure stainless products, in separate Steckel mills. Hot-rolled
strips can be used for specific applications and especially as starting material
for the cold rolling process.
Hot Rolling: A process whereby solidified steel, preheated to a high
temperature, is continuously rolled between rotating cylinders.
Hot Rolling Mill: See Hot Mill.
Hot Screens: A device used to remove hot fines that are less than one fourth
millimeter in diameter from the sinter before it goes to the cooler.
Hot Short: Brittleness in hot metal.
Hot Shortness: Brittleness in hot metal.
Hot Shortness: Brittleness in metal in the hot forming range.
Hot Spot: Dark gray or black surface patches appearing after anodizing.
These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and coarse
magnesium silicide precipitate caused by non-uniform cooling after
extrusion.
Hot Spot: Dark gray or black surface patches appearing after anodizing.
These areas are usually associated with lower hardness and coarse
magnesium silicide precipitate Caused by non uniform cooling after
extrusion.
Hot Stand By: Describes the status of a boiler that is not in use and not down
for repairs, but that is on 225 warm up steam and maintaining 200 psi of
steam pressure with oil fire.
Hot Strength (Sand): Tenacity (compressive, shear or transverse) of a sand
mixture determined at any temperature above room temperature.
Hot Strip: Hot rolled product with a rectangular cross-section and a width of
at least 600mm which is wound into accurate coils directly after rolling.
Produced on (wide) hot strip mills, mainly continuously in thicknesses from
1.5 to 25.0 mm and widths up to 2,000 mm. Hot strip is used as a starting
material for sheet, plate and cold rolled strip.
Hot Strip Mill: Facility for the production of wide hot strip. Fully
continuous lines consist of one or more roughing stands and a finishing train
with seven finishing stands.
Hot Strip Mill: A mill that rolls reheated slabs into coils. Also, Hot Mill.
Hot Tear: A fracture formed in a metal during solidification because of
hindered contraction.
Hot Tear: A crack or fracture formed prior to completion of metal
solidification as a result of hindered contraction. A hot tear is frequently open
to the surface of the casting and is commonly associated with design
limitations.
Hot Top: A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess molten metal
on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the ingot. Also
called “shrink head” or “feeder head”.
Hot Top: An insulated reservoir on top of an ingot mold that retains heat and
holds excess molten metal that is drawn into the ingot as it shrinks.
Hot Top: (1) A reservoir, thermally insulated or heated, to hold molten metal
on top of a mold to feed the ingot or casting as it contracts on solidifying to
avoid having pipe or voids.
Hot Top Compound: Insulating material placed on top of the molten metal
after the mold is filled.
Hot Trimming: The removal of flash or excess metal from a hot part (such
as a forging) in a trimming press.
Hot Upset Forging: A bulk forming process for enlarging and reshaping
some of the cross-sectional area of a bar or other product form of uniform
(usually round) section. It is accompanied by holding the heated forging
stock between grooved dies and applying pressure to the end of the stock in
the direction of its axis, by the use of a heading tool, which spreads (upsets)
the end by metal displacement. Also called hot heading and hot upsetting.
See also heading and upsetting. (see Heading) (see Upsetting)
Hot well : A tank used to receive condensate from various sources on its
passage back to the boiler through a feed water system.
Hot wire: An appliance normally attached to the furnace, or portable unit
device designed to increase the humidity within a room or a house by means
of the discharge of water vapor.
Hot wire: The wire that carries electrical energy to a receptacle or other
device—in contrast to a neutral, which carries electricity away again.
Normally the black wire. Also see ground.
Hot Working: Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high
not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of temperature for this process
is the recrystallization temperature.
Hot Working: The permanent deformation of metal accomplished by
applying mechanical forces to the heated metal’s surface.
Hot Working: Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high
not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of temperature for this process
is the recrystallization temperature.
Hot-cold Working: (1) A high-temperature thermomechanical treatment
consisting of deforming a metal above its transformation temperature and
cooling fast enough to preserve some or all of the deformed structure. (2) A
general term synonymous with warm working.
Hot-die Forging: A hot forging process in which both the dies and the
forging stock are heated; typical die temperatures are 110 to 225°c (200 to
400°F) lower than the temperature of the stock. Compare with isothermal
forging.
Hot-rolled shapes: Structural steel sections which are formed by rolling
mills from molten steel which can be angles, channels, W Shapes, S Shapes,
etc.
Hot-rolled steel : steel deformed plastically at such a temperature and strain-
rate that re-crystallization takes place simultaneously with the deformation,
thus avoiding strain-hardening; this is the most common type of steel
galvanized
Hot-water heating boiler : A boiler in which no steam is generated and from
which hot water is circulated for heating purposes and then returned to the
boiler.
Hot-water re-circulating system : A heating system using water as a heat-
transfer medium through a heat exchanger or boiler to terminal heating unit.
Hot-worked Structure: The structure of a material worked at a temperature
higher that the recrystallization temperature.
Housing: Recess cut across the face of a piece of timber to receive the end of
another piece.
Housing: The inner side of the #1 and #2 feeders.
Housing Unit: Steel device used to hold the billy roll in place between the
slitter heads and knives.
Hov: High occupancy vehicle.
Hp shapes: A hot rolled shape with symbol HP used for bearing piles which
have essentially parallel flanges and equal web and flange thickness.
Hpgr: High Pressure Grinding Rolls.
Hr: Hot rolling Rolling steel slabs into flat rolled steel after it has been
reheated.
HRAR: Hot Rolled As Rolled
Hrc Fuses: HRC (High Rupture Capacity) fuses are fuses that are filled with
silica sand and are used in scenarios where protection is required from a
heavy current overload. When an HRC fuses blows, the sand acts as an
insulator and prevents current from arcing across the blown fuse.
HRM – High Reduction Mill: The roughing mill that works directly
connected with the casting line — typical of ISP/AST Technology.
Hrsg: Heat Recovery Steam Generator.
Hsc: Hydrogen stress cracking.
Hscc -: Hydrogenassisted stress-corrosion cracking.
Hse: Health, Safety & Environmental.
H-section: A steel component shaped in cross-section like an H, such as a
Universal Column (qv).
H-series joist: A series of joist adopted in 1961 so proportioned that the
allowable tension or bending stress does not exceed 22,000 psi or 30,000 psi
depending on whether 36 ksi or 50 ksi yield steel was used.
Hsi: Horizontal Situation Indicator. A cockpit navigation display, usually
part of a flight-director system, which combines navigation and heading.
HSLA: (see High-strength Low-alloy (HSLA))
Hsla: High Strength Low Alloy Steel. Steel with relatively high strength and
impact properties. The carbon level is low and the alloying additions are
significantly less than 5 weight percent.
Hss Drill Bits: HSS (High Speed Steel) Drill Bits are cutting tools for
drilling holes. HSS refers to tool steels alloyed with tungsten to retain
hardness at elevated temperatures.
H-Steels: Steels made under specifications that include hardenability
tolerance.
Hub: A boss that is in the center of the forging and forms a part of the body
of the forging.
Hub-and-spoke: Route system in which an airline will fly the majority of its
flights from/to the same city (the hub), thus offering several connecting
possibilities, as opposed to fly a series of point-to-point flights. Example
instead of flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York, from Phoenix to
Washington, from Las Vegas to Boston, etc., an airline will offer all these
routes via its hub in Chicago.
Hubbing: The production of forging die cavities by pressing a male master
plug, known as a hub, into a block of metal.
Huey Test: A corrosion test for evaluating intergranular corrosion resistance
by boiling in refluxed 65% nitric acid for five consecutive 48-hour periods,
each period starting with fresh acid. The weight of metal lost is converted
into loss in ipy (inches per year) or ipm (inches per month). ASTM-A262
Practice C.
Hull Cell: A special electrodeposition cell giving a range of known current
densities for test work.
Human Machine Interface: A Human Machine Interface is general term
used to describe the system that an operator uses to control a machine. It may
refer to a simple mechanical interface or the combination of mechanical and
software interfaces.
Humidifier: Metal straps that are nailed and secure the roof rafters and
trusses to the top horizontal wall plate. Sometimes called a Teco clip.
Humidifier: An appliance normally attached to the furnace, or portable unit
device designed to increase the humidity within a room or a house by means
of the discharge of water vapor.
Humidifier: A device to add moisture to air.
Humidifying: Adding of moisture to the air.
Humidifying effect : The latent heat of vaporization of water at the average
evaporating temperature times the weight of water evaporated per unit of
time. HUMIDISTAT A regulatory device, actuated by changes in humidity,
used for the automatic control of relative humidity.
Humidity: Dampness of air.
Humidity Cabinet Test (ASTM D 1748): Metal panels are installed in hot,
moist controlled cabinet to test rust preventives; quality is measured by the
number of hours preceding initial corrosion.
Humidity ratio : The ratio of the mass of the water vapor to the mass of dry
air contained in the sample.
Humidity, absolute : The weight of water vapor per unit volume.
Humidity, percentage : The ratio of the specific humidity.
Humidity, relative : The ratio of the mol fraction of water vapor present in
the air, to the mol fraction of water vapor present in saturated air at the same
temperature and barometric pressure; approximately, it equals the ratio of the
partial pressure or density of the water vapor in the air, to the saturation
pressure or density, respectively, of water vapor at the same temperature.
Humus: decayed organic matter in or on the soil
Hundredweight: In the UK imperial units system, a weight of 112 pounds,
also equivalent to eight stone, or one twentieth of a ton.
Hunting: Tendency for a system to oscillate continuously.
Hunting: A surge of engine speed to higher number of revolutions per
minute, followed by a drop to normal engines speed without manual
movement of the throttle. Is often caused by a faulty or improperly adjusted
governor.
Hurricane clip: A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter . It is
used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings, such as a
double garage door, when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.
Hurricane clip: Metal straps that are nailed and secure the roof rafters and
trusses to the top horizontal wall plate. Sometimes called a Teco clip.
Hvac: Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
Hvac : Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning.
Hvac boiler : Boiler for heating or air conditioning (Absorption
Refrigeration)
Hvac equipment : Apparatus or equipment used in heating, ventilating, and
air conditioning.
Hveem's resistance value test (the r-value) : The R-value is a measure of
the ability of a soil to resist lateral deformation when a vertical load acts upon
it. The R-value ranges from zero (the resistance of water) to 100 (the
approximate resistance of steel). R-values of soil and aggregate usually range
from 5 to 85.
Hyatt Bearing (Flexible Bearing): Roller bearing with rollers constructed of
flexible coils of strip steel that are hardened, then ground to size; designed to
withstand considerable deflection in the alignment of shaft or housing.
Hydrated Grease/Soap: Soap grease one of whose structural components is
water, e.g., a water-stabilized calcium soap grease that owes its stability to
hydrated calcium soap.
Hydration: The process by which cement hardens by reacting with water.
Hydration: Absorption of water by a mineral that results in a change in the
nature of the mineral.
Hydration : The combination of water with any substance such as lime or
minerals, which is responsible for the alteration of minerals in weathering;
the formation of hydrated lime; the setting of cement and so on.
Hydraulic Balance: A condition of equal opposed hydraulic forces acting on
a part in a hydraulic component.
Hydraulic Boom Truck Cranes:
Hydraulic Bottle Jacks: A Hydraulic Bottle Jack is a device that uses a
hydraulic cylinder to provide a mechanical lifting advantage.
Hydraulic Brakes: A hydraulic brake uses fluid power to stop motion by
transferring and amplifying force from a control unit (e.g., a brake pedal) into
mechanical braking mechanism (e.g., brake caliper).
Hydraulic Buffers: A Hydraulic Buffer is a device used to dampen and
reduce impact or recoil force via fluid transfer.
Hydraulic cement: Cement which sets under water, like Portland cement.
Hydraulic classification : The rearrangement of resin particles in an ion-
exchange unit. As the backwash water flows up through the resin bed, the
particles are placed in a mobile condition wherein the larger particles settle
and the smaller particles rise to the top of the bed.
Hydraulic Control: A control, which is actuated by hydraulically induced
forces.
Hydraulic coupling: A fluid connection between a prime mover and the
machine it drives. It uses the action of liquid moving against blades to drive
the machine.
Hydraulic Cranes: A Hydraulic Crane uses fluid power to provide lifting
force. Hydraulic cranes are used widely in construction and other heavy
industry.
Hydraulic Crimping Tools: Hydraulic Crimping Tools use fluid power to
increase an applied operator force to a suitable crimping force. They are most
typically used for heavy gauge wire applications.
Hydraulic Cutting Tools: A Hydraulic Cutting Tool uses fluid power to
increase applied operator force in to a suitable cutting force. They are used
for cutting large diameter wire, cable, and even steel rebar.
Hydraulic Cylinder Piston: A Hydraulic Cylinder Piston is a component
inside a hydraulic cylinder. It divides the cylinder into two chambers. The
piston is allowed to slide inside the cylinder, but seals against the inside of
the cylinder with a rubber o-ring or seal. A increase in fluid pressure on either
side of the piston will cause the piston to move up (or down) in the cylinder;
in this manner, a change in pressure is converted to linear motion. A piston
rod is attached to one end of the piston and exits the cylinder through a sealed
rod gland.
Hydraulic Cylinders: A Hydraulic Cylinder is a device for converting
pressure change into mechanical motion. The cylinder has two chambers
separated by a piston. A hydraulic pump generates a pressure difference
between the chambers by alternately filling (push stroke) and removing (pull
stroke) fluid from each chamber. This pressure difference creates motion of
the piston inside the cylinder body. A piston rod is attached to the piston and
behaves as a linear actuator in response to the movement of the piston.
Hydraulic Filters: A Hydraulic Filter removes particulate from a hydraulic
system. This is critical as grit introduced into the system can degrade and
destroy seals and precision sliding surfaces in the system.
Hydraulic Flanges: A Hydraulic Flange is used to interface fluid power
components together. It is typically a machined precision surface with a seal
and can either be threaded or bolted to the component. They are designed to
withstand the large internal pressures that can be seen in hydraulic systems
without mechanical failure.
Hydraulic Gear Motors: A Hydraulic Gear Motor converts fluid pressure
into rotary motion. Fluid pumped into the inlet side of the gear motor flows
past two closely fitting gears, causing the gears to rotate, which drives an
output shaft.
Hydraulic Gear Pumps: A Hydraulic Gear Pump creates a hydraulic
pressure from the mechanical rotation of gears. Fluid on the intake side of the
gears is forced through to the output side as the tightly fitting gears rotate and
mesh.
Hydraulic Hammer: A gravity-drop forging hammer that uses hydraulic
pressure to lift the hammer between strokes.
Hydraulic head : The force exerted by a column of liquid expressed by the
height of the liquid above the point at which the pressure is measured.
Although head refers to a distance or height, it is used to express pressure,
since the force of the liquid column is directly proportional to its height. Also
called head or hydrostatic head.
Hydraulic Hoses: Hydraulic Hoses are used to carry fluid between fluid
power components. They are generally pressure rated for applications and
incorporate reinforcement, such as steel braid, to prevent catastrophic failure.
Hydraulic Jacks: A Hydraulic Jack is a device that uses fluid power to
provide lifting force. It can be thought of as two cylinders connected in
series, used to provide a mechanical advantage.
Hydraulic jump: an abrupt transition from super to sub critical – also know
as a standing wave. Often used to disapait energy
Hydraulic Lifting Equipment: Hydraulic Lifting Equipment is any
technology that uses fluid power to produce a lifting force. This includes both
simple cylinder jacks as well as sophisticated hydraulic systems like those
used in earth moving equipment.
Hydraulic Machine Press: A Hydraulic Machine Press is used to provide a
large increase in force with fluid power. They can be used for forming,
stamping, bending, and other common manufacturing processes.
Hydraulic Manifold: A component of a hydraulic system that functions as a
delivery point for the hydraulic pressures needed to run the different
cylinders in that system. Both the A. G. C. and the C.V.C. systems use
manifolds.
Hydraulic Motors: See FLUID MOTOR.
Hydraulic Nut Splitters: A Hydraulic Nut Splitter is a device that is used to
remove nuts or other mechanical fasteners that have seized or otherwise
become stuck and must be destroyed to be removed. Fluid power is used to
drive a wedge shaped ram into the nut and provide the force necessary for
splitting.
Hydraulic Oil: Low-viscosity mineral oil for hydraulic and/or fluid power
systems, generally less than 500 SSU at 100ºF.
Hydraulic Oil: The oil that is pumped under pressure to supply force to the
different cylinders.
Hydraulic Power: See FLUID POWER.
Hydraulic Press: A press in which fluid pressure is used to actuate and
control the ram. Hydraulic presses are used for both open- and closed-die
forging.
Hydraulic Presses: A Hydraulic Press is used to provide a large increase in
force with fluid power. They can be used for forming, stamping, bending, and
other common manufacturing processes.
Hydraulic Pullers: A Hydraulic Puller is used to remove bearings, pulleys
and other components from shafts. They use fluid power to provide uniform
axial force.
Hydraulic Rams: A Hydraulic Ram is a mechanical actuator driven by a
hydraulic cylinder that is used to apply compressive force.
Hydraulic Rods: A Hydraulic Rod is a component in a hydraulic cylinder.
Also known as a piston rod, it is serves as the mechanical actuator of the
cylinder and moves in and out of the cylinder as pressure acts on the piston.
Hydraulic Rope Excavators: A Hydraulic Rope Excavator is excavating
equipment, similar to crane or bucket lifter, that uses both hydraulic cylinders
and mechanical pulleys to provide motion and lifting force.
Hydraulic Seals: Hydraulic Seals are used to prevent fluid leaks in hydraulic
systems. They must be able to withstand operating pressures. Some hydraulic
seals must also be able to slide with components, such as in a hydraulic
piston seal.
Hydraulic Shear: A shear driven by water or oil pressure.
Hydraulic Stack: A component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that
controls oil flow to an individual function of the system.
Hydraulic Stand: A component of the auxiliary hydraulic system that is
made up of many hydraulic stacks.
Hydraulic Steering Gear: A hydraulic steering gear is a component used in
automobile power steering systems that utilize a hydraulic pump to deliver
the steering assist. The steering wheel column is usually connected to a
torsion bar that transfers torque from the steering wheel to the wheels. The
steering gear is located between the torsion bar and the wheel drive system in
order to transfer torque.
Hydraulic Toe Jacks: A Hydraulic Toe Jack is used to lift heavy equipment.
The toe refers to a specially designed ram with a lifting surface offset to the
action of the cylinder. This feature allows a toe jack to be used to lift
equipment that is too low to the ground for a common bottle jack to be placed
under.
Hydraulic Tools: Hydraulic Tools are any tools that use fluid power to apply
force, such as shears, hammers, or crimpers.
Hydraulic Turbines: A Hydraulic Turbine is used in power generation.
Mechanical power is created by the rotation of a shaft driven by the flow of
water through the turbine.
Hydraulic Valve: A Hydraulic Valve is used to control the flow of hydraulic
fluid. Valves can be manually or electronically actuated, and are used to
direct flow between the two sides of hydraulic cylinder.
Hydraulic Winches : Hydraulic Winch: A Hydraulic Winch is a winch that
uses a hydraulic gear motor to drive spool rotation.
Hydraulic-mechanical Press Brake: A mechanical press brake that uses
hydraulic cylinders attached to mechanical linkages to power the ram through
its working stroke.
Hydro Turbine Power Generation: Hydro Turbine Power Generation uses
flowing water to drive a turbine connected to an electric generator to produce
power. This is the typical scenario in a hydroelectric dam, where water on the
high side of the dam is allowed to flow past the turbine on its way to the low
side of the dam, driving the turbine in the process. The mechanical energy of
the spinning turbine is converted to electrical power by the generator.
Hydrocarbon: A compound composed of carbon and hydrogen, the basic
elements of countless organic compounds and the principal constituents of
petroleum. Hydrocarbons in petroleum fall into three basic categories: the
straight-chain paraffins (aliphatic); the cyclic (ring) chain (naphthenic) and
the cyclic chain (aromatic).
Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon
atoms in various combinations.
Hydrochloric acid : solution used in the cleaning stages of the galvanizing
process and consisting of one hydrogen ion and one chloride ion (chemical
formula: HCl) in mixture with water
Hydrocyclones: A hydrocyclone uses centripetal force to sort and separate
particles suspended in liquid. Hydrocyclones can be used to sort particles by
both mass and size, and can also be used to separate dissimilar fluids.
Hydrodynamic Couplings: A hydrodynamic coupling is a method for
transferring power between two rotating shafts. The end of each shaft is
enclosed in a sealed housing filled with fluid and the end of each shaft is
fitted with a turbine. The ratio of the turbines determines the power
transmission characteristics of the coupling. Hydrodynamic couplings have
reduced shock loading when compared to other mechanical couplings.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication: Often referred to as “full film lubrication”; a
film of oil or other fluid completely separates moving components under
load, thus maintaining low friction and eliminating wear.
Hydrodynamic Machining: Removal of material by the impingement of a
high-velocity fluid against a workpiece. See also waterjet/abrasive waterjet
machining. (see Waterjet/abrasive Waterjet Machining)
Hydrodynamics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquid flow
and pressure.
Hydroforming: A forming process in which a tube is placed into a forming
die. The tube is then formed to the shape of the die through the application of
internal water pressure. The hydroforming process allows for severe shape
deformation, making it ideal for automotive structural parts such as engine
cradles, radiator supports and body rails. Various shaped and sized holes can
be punched in the tube almost anywhere during the process.
Hydroforming: A forming process in which a tube is placed into a forming
die. The tube is then formed to the shape of the die through the application of
internal water pressure. The hydroforming process allows for severe shape
deformation, making it ideal for automotive structural parts such as engine
cradles, radiator supports and body rails. Various shaped and sized holes can
be punched in the tube almost anywhere during the process.
Hydrogen: An undesirable impurity if present in steel and a cause of fine
hairline cracks especially in alloy steels. Modern vacuum treatment consists
of pearlite and cementite.
Hydrogen (H): A gas which, when present in steel, can cause embrittlement,
hair-line cracking, or even complete fracture, especially of high-strength
steels. Is an option as a controlled temperature annealing of grain oriented
electrical steels.
Hydrogen Blistering: The formation of blisters on or below a metal surface
from excessive internal hydrogen pressure. Hydrogen may be formed during
cleaning, plating or corrosion.
Hydrogen Brazing: A term sometimes used to denote brazing in a hydrogen-
containing atmosphere, usually in a furnace; use of the appropriate process
name is preferred.
Hydrogen Brazing: A term sometimes used to denote brazing in a hydrogen-
containing atmosphere, usually in a furnace; use of the appropriate process
name is preferred.
Hydrogen cooled generator : High performance is provided by effective
cooling and loss reduction.
Hydrogen Cooler Pump: A pump that delivers diesel treated cooling water
to the hydrogen coolers in #8 and #9 Generators.
Hydrogen cycle : A complete course of cation-exchange operation in which
the adsorbent is employed in the hydrogen or free acid form.
Hydrogen Damage: A general term for the embrittlement, cracking,
blistering and hydride formation that can occur when hydrogen is present in
some metals.
Hydrogen damage : A type of corrosion occurring beneath a relative dense
deposit. This type of damage can only occur if hydrogen was present in the
metal. Failure takes place at thick edges in the form of fracture, rather then
thinning. Hydrogen produces the corrosion reaction, moving into underlying
metal, causing decarburization and intergranular fissuring of the structure.
Damages usually result in larger pieces of metal being blown away, rather
then just bursting.
Hydrogen Embrittlement: A process resulting in a decrease of the
toughness or ductility of a metal due to the presence of atomic hydrogen.
Hydrogen embrittlement has been recognized classically as being of two
types. The first, known as internal hydrogen embrittlement, occurs when the
hydrogen enters molten metal which becomes supersaturated with hydrogen
immediately after solidification. The second type, environmental hydrogen
embrittlement, results from hydrogen being absorbed by solid metals. This
can occur during elevated-temperature thermal treatments and in service
during electroplating, contact with maintenance chemicals, corrosion
reactions, cathodic protection and operating in high pressure hydrogen. In the
absence of residual stress or external loading, environmental hydrogen
embrittlement is manifested in various forms such as blistering, internal
cracking, hydride formation and reduced ductility. With a tensile stress or
stress-intensity factor exceeding a specific threshold, the atomic hydrogen
interacts with the metal to induce subcritical crack growth leading to fracture.
In the absence of a corrosion reaction (polarized cathodically), the usual term
used is hydrogen-assisted cracking (HAC) or hydrogen stress cracking
(HSC). In the presence of active corrosion, usually as pits or crevices
(polarized anodically), the cracking is generally called stress-corrosion
cracking (SCC), but should more properly be called hydrogen-assisted stress-
corrosion cracking (HSCC). Thus, HSC and electrochemically anodic SCC
can operate separately or in combination (HSCC). In some metals, such as
high-strength steels, the mechanism is believed to be all HSC. The
participating mechanism of HSC is not always recognized and may be
evaluated under the generic heading of SCC.
Hydrogen Embrittlement: (1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from the
occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by product of pickling or by co
deposition in electroplating). (2) A condition of low ductility resulting from
hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently.
Electrolytic copper exhibits similar results when exposed to reducing
atmosphere at elevated temperatures.
Hydrogen embrittlement : a condition of low ductility in metals resulting
from the absorption of hydrogen
Hydrogen induced cracking : Caused by the introduction of hydrogen
during the welding process.
Hydrogen ion : A portion of the molecule of water containing one atom of
hydrogen which has a positive electric charge.
Hydrogen Loss: The loss in weight of metal powder or a compact caused by
heating a representative sample according to a specified procedure in a
purified hydrogen atmosphere. Broadly, a measure of the oxygen content of
the sample when applied to materials containing only such oxides as are
reducible with hydrogen and no hydride-forming element.
Hydrogen Overvoltage: In electroplating, overvoltage associated with the
liberation of hydrogen gas.
Hydrogen Stress Cracking: Cracking of a metal resulting from the
combination of hydrogen and tensile stress.
Hydrogen Stress Cracking (HSC): See hydrogen embrittlement. (see
Hydrogen Embrittlement)
Hydrogen-assisted Cracking (HAC): See hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen-assisted Stress-corrosion Cracking (HSCC): See hydrogen
embrittlement. (see Hydrogen Embrittlement)
Hydrogen-Induced Cracking: Stepwise internal cracks that connect
adjacent hydrogen blisters on different planes in the metal, or to the metal
surface.
Hydrogen-induced Cracking (HIC): Same as hydrogen embrittlement.
Hydrogen-ion concentration : The degree or quantity of hydrogen ions in a
water solution.
Hydrokinetics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids in
motion.
Hydrologic cycle : The cycle of water from evaporation through
condensation to precipitation.
Hydrolysis: A chemical reaction between a mineral and water that results in
dissolution of the mineral.
Hydrometallurgy: Separating metal from ores and ore concentrates by
chemical reactions in aqueous solution, such as leaching, extraction, and
precipitation.
Hydrometallurgy: Industrial winning or refining of metals using water or an
aqueous solution.
Hydrometer: An instrument for determining the specific gravity or the API
gravity of a liquid.
Hydrometer: Floating instrument used to measure specific gravity of a
liquid.
Hydronic system : A re-circulating water system used for heating and/or
comfort cooling.
Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water; capable of uniting with dissolving
in water. (see Hygroscopic) (see Hydrophobic)
Hydrophilic: Having an affinity for water.
Hydrophobic: Lacking affinity for water: incapable of uniting or mixing
with water.
Hydropneumatics: Pertaining to the combination of hydraulic and
pneumatic fluid power.
Hydroponics: Hydroponics is a method for growing plants without soil.
Instead, essential nutrients are provided in an enriched solution.
Hydroseed: to spray a mixture of seed (generally grass), fibre and tackifyer
(glue) for rapid planting and erosion control.
Hydrostatic Couplings: A Hydrostatic Coupling is used for power
transmission. Unlike a hydraulic gear motor, they do not have any
mechanical couplings, and all power is transferred via change in static
pressure inside the system components.
Hydrostatic Extrusion: A method of extruding a billet through a die by
pressurized fluid instead of the ram used in conventional extrusion.
Hydrostatic Level Measurement: Hydrostatic level measurement is a
technique that uses a direct measurement of the pressure exerted by a column
of fluid to determine the height of fluid in the column.
Hydrostatic Lubrication: System of lubrication that supplies the lubricant
under high pressure, to promote a fluid film between opposing surfaces.
Hydrostatic Pressing: A special case of isostatic pressing that uses a liquid
such as water or oil as a pressure transducing medium and is therefore limited
to near room-temperature operation.
Hydrostatic pressure: The pressure at any point in a liquid at rest; equal to
the depth of the liquid multiplied by its density.
Hydrostatic Pumps: A Hydrostatic Pump is a hydraulic pump that does not
rely on dynamic fluid movement of mechanical coupling to provide a
pressure increase. A piston pump is an example of a hydrostatic pump.
Hydrostatic Speed Variators: A Hydrostatic Speed Variator is a hydrostatic
transmission that is variable-stroke piston pump connected to a fixed-stroke
piston motor. Output RPMs are proportional to pump speed.
Hydrostatic Tension: Three equal and mutually perpendicular tensile
stresses.
Hydrostatic Test: 600 psi feed water test on a down boiler to check for
leaks.
Hydrostatic Testing: A nondestructive test procedure that checks for holes,
cracks or porosity. Tubing is pressurized internally with water to a high
pressure, but does not exceed material yield strength.
Hydrostatics: Engineering science pertaining to the energy of liquids at rest.
Hydroxyl: The term used to describe the anionic radical (OH-) which is
responsible for the alkalinity of a solution.
Hygrometer: A Hygrometer is used to measure the relative humidity, a
measure of the water vapor pressure in an atmosphere compared to the
saturated water vapor pressure of the atmosphere for a specific temperature.
Hygrometer: Instrument used to measure degree of moisture in the
atmosphere.
Hygroscopic: Capable of attracting or absorbing moisture.
Hygroscopic -: Ability of a substance to absorb and release moisture and
change physical dimensions as its moisture content changes.
HYL I, HYL III: Processes for producing DRI and HBI developed by Hylsa.
The processes reduce iron ore lump or pellets with reformed natural gas in a
vertical shaft furnace. The HYL I process uses four fixed-bed reactors; HYL
III uses a single-shaft furnace.
Hyperbaric Equipment: Hyperbaric equipment refers to equipment that
designed to operate at pressures higher than atmospheric pressure.
Hypereutectic Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy
whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the
eutectic composition and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some
eutectic structure.
Hypereutectoid Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy
whose composition has an excess of alloying element compared with the
eutectoid composition and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some
eutectoid structure.
Hypereutectoid Steel: A steel containing more than the eutectoid percentage
of carbon (0.83 wt.%).
Hypoeutectic Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy
whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic
composition and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic
structure.
Hypoeutectic Alloy: In a eutectoid system, any alloy containing more than
the eutectoid concentration of solute.
Hypoeutectoid Alloy: In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectoid, any alloy
whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectoid
composition and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectoid
structure.
Hypoeutectoid Steel: A steel containing less than the eutectoid percentage of
carbon (0.83 wt.%).
Hypoid Gear Lubricant (Gears): Lubricant with extreme pressure (EP)
characteristics for use with hypoid gears, e.g., in the differential of an
automobile.
Hypoid Gear Lubricant (Gears): Lubricant with extreme pressure (EP)
characteristics for use with hypoid gears, e.g., in the differential of an
automobile.
Hysteresis: A term that describes the behavior of a structural member
subjected to reversed, repeated load into the inelastic range whose plot of
load verses displacement is characterized by loops. The amount of energy
dissipated during inelastic loading is indicated by the enclosed area within
these loops.
Hysteresis: The difference between the response of a unit or system to an
increasing signal and the response to a decreasing signal.
Hysteresis (Hydraulics): A condition encountered particularly when dealing
with servo or proportional valves, in which a given input signal produces
different amounts of spool movement when increasing and decreasing. It is
caused by unevenly distributed friction.
Hysteresis (magnetic): The lag of the magnetization of a substance behind
any cyclic variation ofthe applied magnetizing field.
Hysteresis (mechanical): The phenomenon of permanently absorbed or lost
energy that occurs during any cycle of loading or unloading when a material
is subjected to repeated loading.
Hz (Hertz): A measure of the number of cycles that occur in a specific
period of time. Usually the time base is the second, but the time base may be
any acceptable measure of time. Synonymous term for cycles per second.
Hz.hic: Hydrogen-induced cracking. (Same as hydrogen embrittlement)
I: A lamp employing an electrically charged metal filament that glows at
white heat. A typical light bulb.
I Beams: Structural sections on which the flanges are tapered and are
typically not as long as the flanges on wide flange beams. The flanges are
thicker at the cross sections and thinner at the toes of the flanges. They are
produced with depths of 3 24 inches.
I.D.: Inside diameter (of a coil or pipe).
I.D. Fan: (I.D. fan) Steam turbine or electric motor driven fan which
develops negative draft within the boiler to pull the hot exhaust gases through
the boiler.
I/c: In Charge.
I/p: abbreviation - iron pin (normally used to mark corners of property lots)
Ias: Indicated Airspeed. Airspeed indicated by the Airspeed Indicator,
without correction for position error, altitude, or outside air temperature.
Iata: International Air Transport Association.
Ibc: International Building Code.
I-beam: Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter
"I". Used as floor joists and rafters. I-joists include two key
parts: flanges and webs. The flange of the I joist may be made of laminated
veneer lumber or dimensional lumber, usually formed into a 1 ½" width.
The web or center of the I-joist is commonly made of plywood or oriented
strand board (OSB). Large holes can be cut in the web to accommodate duct
work and plumbing waste lines. I-joists are available in lengths up to 60 feet
long
I-beam: A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is used
for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall openings, such as a
double garage door, when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.
I-Beams: Structural sections on which the flanges are tapered and are
typically not as long as the flanges on wide-flange beams. The flanges are
thicker at the cross-section and thinner at the toes of the flanges. They are
produced with depths of 3-24 inches.
Icao: International Civil Aviation Organization.
Icbo (international conference of building officials (uniform building
code): A minimum model regulatory code dedicated to public safety through
development and promotion of uniform codes and standards.
Ice cream cabinet: Commercial refrigerator which operates at approximately
-18°C; used for storage of ice cream.
Ice dam: A dam or blockage formed on a roof by the buildup of ice along the
eave of a building.
Ici: Investment Casting Institute
ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma): Quantitative analytical technique for
measuring metal contents of fluids.
Id: Inside diameter (of a coil).
Id Grinding: Term for internal (dimension) grinding.
Ideal Critical Diameter: The largest diameter of a bar which, upon
quenching in an ideal quench, will exhibit 50% martensite at the center of the
bar.
Ideal Critical Diameter, D1: The largest diameter of a bar which, upon
quenching in an ideal quench, will exhibit 50% martensite at the center of the
bar.
Ideal Quench: A quench in which the temperature of an object being
quenched instantaneously drops to that of the quench bath and remains
constant.
Ident: SQUAWK function of a transponder. When the “Ident” button is
activated, an aircraft will briefly appear more distinctly on a radar scope.
Used for identification or acknowledgement purposes.
Identification survey: A survey which indicates whether a building is
erected on the correct allotment and does not encroach on any of the side
boundaries
Identification : marking/labeling steel so that different customer products
can be distinguished from one another after galvanizing
Idiomorph: A particle of a phase the has a regular external shape.
Idiomorphic Crystal: An individual crystal that has grown without restraint
so that the habit planes are clearly developed. Compare with allotriomorphic
crystal.
Idle Pump: A pump on an oil system that is not being used. The pump's
selection button is in the off mode.
Idler Gear (Gears): Gear placed between two other gears to change a
mechanism’s direction of rotation.
Idler Sheave: A sheave used to equalize tension in opposite parts of a rope.
Because of its slight movement, it is not termed a running sheave.
IF Steel: Interstitial-free steel (generally Ultralow-carbon).
Ifi (industrial fasteners institute): Abbrreviation.
Ifr: Instrument Flight Rules prescribed for the operation of aircraft in
instrument meteorological conditions.
Igcc: Integrated gasification combined cycle
Ignition Furnace Fan: A small series of fans used to mix air with gas for the
ignition of the furnace.
Ignition quality: The ability of a fuel to ignite when it is injected into the
compressed-air charge in a diesel cylinder. It is measured by an index called
the cetane number.
Ignitors: Devices which employ a high-energy electrical spark to ignite the
pilot gas flame.
Ignitors: Devices which employ a high energy electrical spark to ignite the
pilot gas flame.
Iii (institute of the ironworking industry: Abbreviation.
I-joist: The interest rate or adjustment standard that determines the changes
in monthly payments for an adjustable rate loan.
I-joist: Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter
“I”. Used as floor joists and rafters. I-joists include two key
parts: flanges and webs. The flange of the I joist may be made of laminated
veneer lumber or dimensional lumber, usually formed into a 1 ½” width.
The web or center of the I-joist is commonly made of plywood or oriented
strand board (OSB). Large holes can be cut in the web to accommodate duct
work and plumbing waste lines. I-joists are available in lengths up to 60 feet
long
Illinois Inclusion Count Method: A determination of the index number of
cleanliness of steel.
Illite: A mineral, typically KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, found in many clays, large
working of which are found in Illinois and Michigan.
Ils: Instrument Landing System. Consists of the localizer, the glideslope and
marker radio beacons (Outer, Middle, Inner). It provides horizontal and
vertical guidance for the approach.
IMIS: Integrated Manufacturing Information System.
Immersed Scanning: In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic movement of the
beam relative to the object being inspected, the search unit being coupled to
this object through a column of liquid. In most cases, the object and the
search unit are submerged in water.
Immersed Scanning: In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic movement of the
beam relative to the object being inspected, the search unit being coupled to
this object through a column of liquid. In most cases the object and the search
unit are submerged in water.
Immersed-electrode Furnace: A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts
by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes immersed in the
liquid. See also submerged-electrode furnace. (see Submerged-electrode
Furnace)
Immersion Cleaning: Cleaning in which the work is immersed in a liquid
solution.
Immersion Coating: A coating produced in a solution by chemical or
electrochemical action without the use of external current.
Immersion Plating: Depositing a metallic coating on a metal immersed in a
liquid solution without the aid of an external electric current. Also called dip
plating.
Immersion Sample: Sample taken directly from the molten steel for
chemical analysis.
Immiscible : Not capable of mixing (as oil and water).
Impact: A part formed in a confining die from a metal slug, usually cold, by
rapid single stroke application of force through a punch, causing the metal to
flow around the punch and/or through an opening in the punch or die.
Impact : Impact [of an engineering activity or solution] an effect that the
engineering activity or solution has on a person, community or party; on the
environment etc.
Impact Energy: The amount of energy, usually given in joules or foot-pound
force, required to fracture a material; usually measured by means of an lzod
test or Charpy test. The type of specimen and test conditions affect the values
and therefore should be specified.
Impact Energy (Impact Value): The amount of energy required to fracture
a material, usually measured by means of an Izod or Charpy test. The type of
speciment and testing conditions affect the values and therfore should be
specified.
Impact Extrusion: The process (or resultant product) in which a punch
strikes a slug (usually unheated) in a confining die. The metal flow may be
either between punch and die or through another opening. The impact
extrusion of unheated slugs is often called cold extrusion.
Impact factor: The factor by which the static weight is increased by dynamic
application.
Impact Factor: Additional hook load assumed to result from the dynamic
effect of the live load.
Impact Line: A blemish on a drawn sheet metal part caused by a slight
change in metal thickness. The mark is called an impact line when it results
from the impact of the punch on the blank; it is called a recoil line when it
results from transfer of the blank from the die to the punch during forming or
from a reaction to the blank being pulled sharply through the draw ring.
Impact load: A weight that is dropped or a dynamic load generated by
movement of a live load such as vehicles, craneways, etc.
Impact Load: An especially severe shock load such as that caused by
instantaneous arrest of a falling mass by shock meeting of two parts (in a
mechanical hammer, for example) or by explosive impact, in which there can
be an exceptionally rapid buildup of stress.
Impact resistance : the ability to avoid damage due to contact with a
forceful motion or object; galvanized coatings’ uppermost, pure zinc Eta
layer is relatively soft and absorbs impact shock, protecting the underlying
alloy layers
Impact strength: The ability of a material to absorb the energy of a load
delivered rapidly to a member.
Impact Strength: The resistance to impact loads; usually expressed as the
foot pounds of energy absorbed in breaking a standard specimen. (see Charpy
(Charpy Impact Test))
Impact Strength: The resistance to impact loads; usually expressed as the
foot pounds of energy absorbed in breaking a standard specimen. See Charpy
Impact Test.
Impact Test: A test for determining the behavior of materials when
subjected to high rates of loading under conditions designed to promote
fracture, usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured is the
energy absorbed when the specimen is broken by a single blow.
Impact Tests: 1. Tests to determine the energy absorbed in fracturing a test
specimen at high velocity. There are various kinds of impact tests, such as
charpy, izod, drop weight, etc. 2. A test which is intended to evaluate the
brittleness, toughness, adhesion and hardness of paint films applied to metals
by subjecting them to an indent impact force.
Impact Wear: Wear of a solid surface resulting from repeated collisions
between that surface and another solid body. The term erosion is preferred in
the case of multiple impacts and when the impacting body or bodies are very
small relative to the surface being impacted.
Impact wrench: A pneumatic device used to tighten nuts on bolts.
Impeller: the rotational element that actually contacts and moves the water.
Impeller : A rotating set of vanes designed to impart rotation to a mass of
fluid.
Imperial system: The traditional system of weights and measures used in
English-speaking countries until superseded by SI units in a process often
called metrication, which took place in the UK in the early 1970s. The
principal Imperial elements are yards (with their subdivisions of feet and
inches), and pounds (divided into ounces and multiplied into hundredweights
and tons).
Impervious : Resistant to movement of water; a description of relatively
waterproof soils such as clays through which water percolates at about one
millionth of the speed with which it passes through gravel.
Impingement: A process resulting in a continuing succession of impacts
between liquid or solid particles and a solid surface.
Impingement: Loss of any constituent from an alloy or from localized areas
of an alloy by oxidation, liquidation, volatilization, or changes in the solid
state. The term depletion is also used, particularly in referring to the lowering
of the concentration of solute in a solid solution, around particles precipitated
from solid solution.
Impingement: High-velocity flow of water or gas over a metal surface,
causing premature failure by abrasion.
Impingement Attack: Corrosion associated with turbulent flow of liquid.
May be accelerated by entrained gas bubbles. See also erosion-corrosion and
impingement corrosion. (see Erosion-corrosion) (see Impingement
Corrosion)
Impingement Corrosion: A form of erosion-corrosion generally associated
with the local impingement of a high-velocity, flowing fluid against a solid
surface.
Impingement Erosion: Loss of material from a solid surface due to liquid
impingement. See also erosion.
Imposed load: The weight of furniture, people, storage, and any other non-
permanent loads.
Impregnation: (1) Treatment of porous castings with a sealing medium to
stop pressure leaks. (2) The process of filling the pores of a sintered compact,
usually with a liquid such as a lubricant. (3) The process of mixing particles
of a nonmetallic substance in a cemented carbide matrix, as in diamond-
impregnated tools
Impregnation: The treatment of castings with a sealing medium to stop
pressure leaks, such as soaking under pressure with or without prior
evacuation and either with hot or cold application. Mediums used include
silicate of soda, drying oils with or without styrene, plastics, and proprietary
compounds.
Impressed Cathodic Protection: When two metals are placed in an
environment that is electrolytically conducting, such as soil or salt water, a
galvanic couple can be created between the two metals. In this situation, the
more active metal corrodes at a faster rate than the other metal, a process
called galvanic corrosion. Cathodic protection involves the use of a sacrificial
anode - an active metal is placed on the surface to act as the anode in an
electrochemical reaction. As a result, the anode takes on the galvanic
corrosion. On large surfaces, it is necessary to link the anode to a DC power
supply in order to drive more current through the anode. This process is
referred to as Impressed Current Cathodic Protection.
Impression Die Forging: A forging that is formed to the required shape and
size by machined impressions in specially prepared dies that exert three-
dimensional control on the workpiece.
Impression Die Forging: A forging that is formed to the required shape and
size by machined impressions in specially prepared dies that exert three
dimensional control on the work piece.
Improved econamine: The Improved Econamine process uses an aqueous
monoethanolamine solution to produce food grade carbon dioxide.
Impulse principle:
Impurities: (1) Elements or compounds whose presence in a material is
undesirable. (2) In a chemical or material, minor constituent(s) or
component(s) not included deliberately; usually to some degree or above
some level, undesirable.
Impurities: Elements or compounds whose presence in a material is
undesired.
Impurities : elements or compounds in which their presence is undesired
Impurity: An element unintentional allowed in a metal or alloy. Some
impurities have little effect on properties; others will grossly damage the
alloy.
In: Chemical symbol for Indium
In Service: Term that means in use.
In Tandem: An arrangement of stands in a rolling mill, one after another, so
that the piece being rolled can travel in one direction through a number of
stands. Contrast with “in train”. (see Continuous Mill)
Inboard Bearing: Pump bearing that is nearest the driver.
Inboard Bearing (Bearings): The bearing supporting a shaft nearest the
coupling or drive mechanism.
Incandescent lamp: The passage of air from indoors to outdoors and vice
versa; term is usually associated with drafts from cracks, seams or holes in
buildings.
Incandescent lamp: A lamp employing an electrically charged metal
filament that glows at white heat. A typical light bulb.
Inch: Unit of length in the Imperial system; one-twelfth of a foot, equal to
25.4mm.
Incise: downcutting of a channel, generally without a corresponding
downcutting of thefloodplain.
Inclinable Press: A press that can be inclined to facilitate handling of the
formed parts. See also open-back inclinable press. (see Open-back Inclinable
press)
Inclusion: Impurities in metal, usually in the form of particles in mechanical
mixture.
Inclusion Count: A quantitative assessment of the inclusion population of a
metallic alloy. It is carried out microscopically on a prepared sample of the
alloy and may include one or more of the following assessments: the number
of inclusion particles present, their size, their shape, their type and their
distribution.
Inclusion Count: A method of assessing the number and size of non metallic
inclusions present in metal.
Inclusion Shape Control: The use of calcium alloys or rare earth metals to
control the morphology of inclusions, in order to provide improved
mechanical properties for select applications.
Inclusion, Stringer: An impurity, metallic or non metallic, which is trapped
in the ingot and elongated subsequently in the direction of working. It may be
revealed during working or finishing as a narrow streak parallel to the
direction of working
Inclusions: Nonmetallic material which is entrapped in sound metal.
Inclusions: Particles of non-metallic impurities that are mechanically held in
steel during solidification, usually oxides, sulfides and silicates.
Incomplete Fusion: In welding, fusion that is less than complete.
Inconel: An oxidation-resistant alloy, 80% Ni, 14% Cr and 6% Fe.
Incoterms: International commercial terms (Incoterms) are standard trading
definitions which are widely used in commercial transactions to clearly
apportion costs, responsibilities and risks between buyer and seller. They
were devised by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), and first
appeared in 1936. In international trade, language differences can very easily
lead to misunderstandings in contract terms, in conditions and in definitions,
hence the need for clearly defined commercial terms which mean the same to
everyone wherever they operate. Included in the Incoterms vocabulary are
terms like FOB (free on board) and CFR (cost and freight) – see separate
entries. The ICC says that correct use of Incoterms goes a long way towards
providing the legal certainty upon which mutual confidence between business
partners must be based. The latest edition is "Incoterms 2000", published on 1
January, 2000.
Indentation Hardness: The resistance of a material to indentation. This is
the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is
pressed into a surface under a substantially static load.
Indentation Hardness: The resistance of a material to indentation. This is
the usual type of hardness test, in which a pointed or rounded indenter is
pressed into a surface under a substantially static load. See Brinell Hardness
and Hardness
Indenter: In hardness testing, a solid body of prescribed geometry, usually
chosen for its high hardness, that is used to determine the resistance of a solid
surface to penetration.
Independent Chuck: A chuck in which each jaw may be moved
independently of the others.
Independent learning : Independent learning the ability and process of
acquiring knowledge and skills without reliance on formal instruction alone
In-depth engineering knowledge : In-depth engineering knowledge at a
specialized level.
Index: The point at which two walls form an internal angle, as in the corner
of a room.
Index: The interest rate or adjustment standard that determines the changes
in monthly payments for an adjustable rate loan.
Index Plate: A metal disk or plate punched with many holes arranged in a
series of rings. One outside the other each ring containing a different number
of holes.
Index Start: Start time for the first coil processed on a new index number.
Indexing: The process of positioning a workpiece for machining it into equal
spaces. Dimensions or angles using an index or dividing head.
Indexing: The praocess of positioning a workpiece for maching it into equal
spaces. Dimensions or angles using an index or dividing head.
Indian Ores: Indian ore is generally rich in iron (Fe) content but the
Alumina content is very high which call for special adjustments/techniques
for production of iron/steel at the cost of productivity and quality.
Indicator: A mechanical device with points to a scale to provide a visual
perspective of the state of a component.
Indicator (Lube Systems): Device that shows movement of discharge
piston.
Indigenous Inclusion: An inclusion that is native, innate or inherent in the
molten metal treatment. Indigenous inclusions include sulfides, nitrides and
oxides derived from the chemical reaction of the molten metal with the local
environment. Such inclusions are small and require microscopic
magnification for identification. Compare with exogenous inclusion.
Indirect Arc Furnace: An AC (Alternating Current) electric arc furnace in
which the metal is not one of the poles.
Indirect-arc Furnace: An electric arc furnace in which the metallic charge is
not one of the poles of the arc.
Indium: Chemical symbol In. Grayish-white minor metal obtained by
treating smelter flue dusts and slags or other residue of base metal
concentrates. Capable of marking paper (just as lead does), indium is used in
low-melting alloys, solders, electrical contact coatings, infrared detectors,
nuclear reactor control rods and various electronic components.
Indium: Chemical symbol In. Grayish white minor metal obtained by
treating smelter flue dusts and slags or other residue of base metal
concentrates. Capable of marking paper (just as lead does), indium is used in
low melting alloys, solders,electrical contact coatings,infrared
detectors,nuclear reactor control rods, and various electonic components.
Induction: The capture of part of the ambient air by the jet action of the
primary air stream discharging from a controlled device.
Induction Brazing: Brazing in which the required heat is generated by
subjecting the workpiece to electromagnetic induction.
Induction Furnace: Unlike the electric arc furnace (EAF) which provides
heat energy via electrodes submerged within the furnace charge, induction
furnaces heat the charge indirectly. An alternating electrical current is passed
through a coil surrounding the refractory-lined furnace vessel. This creates
magnetic fields which cause electrical currents (eddy currents) in the
iron/steel scrap charge, heating and melting it. Once the charge is in a molten
state the eddy currents generate a stirring action. The capital cost of the
induction furnace is lower than the EAF, it uses less power per tonne melted
and there are no recurring electrode costs. However, there is a size constraint.
They typically range from 5-100t capacity for steel melting, but most
operating units are towards the lower end. This makes them smaller than
most EAFs. Induction furnaces are mainly used by foundries, except in India
where they also account for several million tonnes/year of mainstream steel
production. Although cleaner than the cupola furnace, which is also popular
with foundries, the induction furnace does require a reliable electricity
supply.
Induction Furnace: A AC melting furnace which utilizes the heat of
electrical induction.
Induction Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it
above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then
cooling as required.
Induction Heating: A process of heating by electrical induction.
Induction Heating: A process of heating by electrical induction.
Induction heating: Heating by combined electrical resistance and hysteresis
losses induced by subjecting a metal to varying magnetic field surrounding a
coil carrying alternating current.
Induction Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is
obtained from the resistance of the workpieces to induced electric current.
Induction Tempering: Tempering of steel using low-frequency electrical
induction heating.
Induction Welding: A welding process that produces coalescence of metals
by the heat obtained from the resistance of the workpieces to the flow of
induced high-frequency welding current with or without the application of
pressure. The effect of the high-frequency welding current is to concentrate
the welding heat at the desired location.
Induction Work Coil: The inductor used when induction heating and
melting as well as induction welding, brazing and soldering.
Inductive Load: An electrical load which has a lagging power factor.
Inductive loads: Loads whose voltage and current are out-of-phase. True
power consumption for inductive loads is calculated by multiplying its
voltage, current, and the power factor of the load.
Inductor: A device consisting of one or more associated windings for
introducing inductance into an electric circuit with or without a magnetic
core.
Inductor : A fundamental element of electrical systems constructed of
numerous turns of wire around a ferromagnetic or air core.
Industrial Air Heaters: Industrial air heaters are heating units designed to
deliver high temperatures used in manufacturing and drying processes. These
air heaters are typically sized to deliver millions of BTU per hour with
temperatures exceeding 1000 degrees Fahrenheit. Industrial air heaters are
usually refractory systems that air fired by gas and/or oil.
Industrial Atmosphere: An atmosphere in an area of heavy industry with
soot, fly ash and sulfur compounds as the principal constituents.
Industrial Duty Crane: Service classification covered by CMAA
Specification No. 70, ‘Specifications for Electric Overhead Traveling
Cranes’.
Industrial or Standard Quality Wire Rods: Produced from low or medium
low carbon steel and are generally intended for drawing into industrial,
merchant or standard quality wire. Rods of this type are usually available as
rolled, or in thermally treated conditions. Generally speaking there are
practical limitations on drawing this quality of steel rods without intermediate
annealing. As an example, low carbon rods starting at 7/32” (5.5 mm) can be
drawn to 0.80” in five drafts without annealing.
Industrial Powder Mixers: Industrial powder mixers are used to combine
multiple substances into a well-mixed, homogeneous compound. These
mixers may incorporate any combination of rolling, shaking, or active mixing
with mechanical parts. Industrial powder mixers are used in many different
industries, including the chemical and food products industries.
Inelastic action: Deformation of a material which does not disappear when
the force that produced it is removed.
Inert Anode: An anode that is insoluble in the electrolyte under the
conditions prevailing in the electrolysis.
Inert Gas: A gas that will not support combustion or sustain any chemical
reaction; e.g., argon or helium.
Inert Gas: A gas that will not support combustion or sustain any chemical
reaction; e.g., argon or helium.
Inert Gas Shielded Arc Welding: Arc welding in an inert gas such as argon
or helium.
Infiltration: Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with a
sealed air space between. Also known as Double glass.
Infiltration: The passage of air from indoors to outdoors and vice versa;
term is usually associated with drafts from cracks, seams or holes in
buildings.
Infiltration: drainage of water through soil
Infiltration: The process of filling the pores of a sintered or unsintered
compact with a metal or alloy of lower melting temperature.
Infiltration: Air flowing inward as through a wall, crack, etc.
Inflection point: Represent a point of zero moment in structural member.
Influence line: An influence line is a curve whose ordinates give the values
of some particular function (shear, moment, reaction, etc.) in an element due
to a unit load acting at the point corresponding to the particular ordinate
being considered. Influence lines for statically determinate structures are
straight lines and for statically indeterminate structures the lines are curved
and their construction involves considerable analysis.
Influent: The solution which enters an ion-exchange unit.
Infrared Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is furnished
by infrared radiation.
Infrared Dryer: A core or mold dryer employing infrared lamps.
Infrared Radiation Pyrometer: This instrument which uses the ratio of the
radiated energy from a body in two wavelength bands and then is a measure
of the body's surface temperature. Temperatures down to 200 C (392 F) may
be measured.
Infrared Rays: Pertaining to or designating those rays which lie just beyond
the red end of the visible spectrum, such as are emitted by a hot non
incandescent body. They are invisible and nonactinic and are detected y their
thermal effect. Their wave lengths are longer than those of visible light and
shorter than those of radio waves. Can be applied in the foundry for drying or
core baking operations and for heating dies. Infrared radiant heat are
synonymous.
Infrared Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is
furnished by infrared radiation.
Infrared Spectroscopy: The study of the interaction of material systems
with electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region of the spectrum. The
technique is useful for determining the molecular structure of organic and
inorganic compounds by identifying the rotational and vibrational energy
levels associated with the various molecules. See also electromagnetic
radiation. (see Electromagnetic Radiation)
Infrequent : Infrequent applied to engineering problems, situations or tasks
means not encountered routinely by a typical practitioner.
Ingates: The channels through which molten metal enters the mold cavity.
See Gate
Ingot: An intermediate product made by pouring molten steel into molds of
given dimensions. The ingots are transformed first to simple shape semi-
finished products like blooms or slabs, and then fed to hot rolling mills. Ingot
casting is now largely replaced by continuous casting.
Ingot: Steel cast in a metal mold ready for rolling or forging. It is distinct
from a casting, which is not rolled or forged. Ingots are usually rectangular,
called slabs; square, called blooms; polygonal, eight or 12 sided for forging.
Squares and polygonal ingots can be fluted or corrugated to increase the
surface area and reduce the tendency to crack while cooling.
Ingot Iron: Steel so low in carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur
and other metalloid content that it is commonly called “pure iron”. Ingot iron
is sometimes used for making enameling sheets. Also, silicon is sometimes
added to "pure iron" to make high-grade electrical sheets.
Ingot Iron: Iron of comparatively high purity produced in open hearth
furnace under conditions that keep down the carbon, manganese, and silicon
content; e.g., Armco Iron
Ingot Mold: A form into which molten steel is poured to solidify.
Ingot Mould: The receptacle into which molten steel is poured to form an
ingot. After solidification the steel is suitable for subsequent working, i.e.
rolling or forging.
Ingot Steel (ingots): a) The primary solid product obtained upon
solidification of liquid steel in conventional, vertical, Cast Iron Molds which
are intended for rolling into intermediate/semi-finished products after re-
heating. B) Ingots are normally very large and heavy weighing several tonnes
(up to 5-30 tonnes).
Inherent settlement : The sinking of a foundation due only to the loads
which it puts on the soil below it and not to the loads on any nearby
foundations. In city sites where the foundations are on clay, all foundations
suffer both inherent and interference settlement.
Inhibitor: Additive that prevents or retards undesired chemical changes,
especially to metal surfaces; common inhibitors prevent oxidation, corrosion
and rust.
Inhibitor: An additive used to retard undesirable chemical action in a
product. It is added in small quantities to gasoline’s to prevent oxidation and
gum formation, to lubricating oils to stop color change, and to corrosive
environments to decrease corrosive action.
Initial setting time : The time required before a concrete mix can carry a
small load without sinking like a mud. This is after about one hour in warm
weather.
Injection Molding: A part-forming process in which metallic or ceramic
powders, mixed with a binder, are pushed into a custom mold to make
intricate parts. The parts may have irregular features on all three axes.
Injector (Lube Systems): Part that dispenses a measured amount of
lubricant to a point of lubrication.
Injector Body (Lube Systems): Steel cylinder that serves as a container for
lubricant passage, valve port, line connections and grease fitting assembly.
Inlet Disc (Lube Systems): Channel-lipped disc that directs lubricant
through the valve port.
Inlet limited: a condition in which the maximum flow capacity of a culvert is
determined by the hydraulic conditions of the inlet. Small changes to the
inside of the culvert or outlet structure will have no effect on maximum
capacity.
Inlet Section (Lube Systems): Top section of divider valve that contains the
inlet connection, internal porting, tie rod holes and mounting holes.
Inlet structure: An arrangement of wing walls and apron that smoothes the
hydraulic transition from open channel to culvert flow and increases
maximum capacity. It may also be the mounting point for a trash rack.
In-Line Strip Production ISP-Patented: A process technology which
consists of casting thin slabs of steel, the stock thickness being reduced while
passing through the curved roll girder behind the mold and an in-line rolling
mill, having said strip approximately 800 to 1700 mm in width, followed by
inductive heating of the strip and rolling temperature homogenization of the
coiled strip through a gas-fired coiler furnace (the strip at this stage having a
thickness of approximately 10 to 20 mm) and then hot rolling of the strip in a
finishing train to a final thickness. The continuously cast thin slab is cut to
bars of a certain length before the inductive heating. The finishing train is
therefore operating in a batch rolling mode.
Inmetco: Inmetco is a coal-based process similar to FASTMET that uses iron
oxide fines and pulverized coal to produce a scrap substitute. Mill scale and
flue dust, inexpensive byproducts of steelmaking, can be mixed with the iron
oxide fines. Inmetco, unlike other direct reduction products, is intended to be
hot charged into an EAF, with attendant energy savings. The process includes
three steps. First, iron oxide fines, pulverized coal and a binder are formed
into pellets. Second, the pellets, two to three layers deep, are heated in a gas-
fired rotary hearth furnace for 15-20 minutes to produce sponge iron.
Subsequently, the iron must be desulfurized. The coal in the pellets provides
much of the energy required in the second phase.
Inmetco: Coal based process similar to FASTMET that uses iron oxide fines
and pulverized coal to produce a scrap substitute. Mill scale and flue dust,
inexpensive byproducts of steelmaking, can be mixed with the iron oxide
fines. Inmetco, unlike other direct reduction products, is intended to be hot
charged into an EAF, with attendant energy savings. The process includes
three steps. First, iron oxide fines, pulverized coal and a binder are formed
into pellets. Second, the pellets, two to three layers deep, are heated in a gas
fired rotary hearth furnace for 15 20 minutes to produce sponge iron.
Subsequently, the iron must be desulfurized. The coal in the pellets provides
much of the energy required in the second phase.
Inoculant: Material which when added to molten metal modifies the
structure, and thereby changes the physical and mechanical properties to a
degree not explained on the basis of the change in composition resulting from
its use.
Inoculant: Material which when added to molten metal modifies the
structure, and thereby changes the physical and mechanical properties to a
degree not explained on the basis of the change in composition resulting from
its use.
Inoculation: The addition of a material to molten metal to form nuclei for
crystallization. See also inoculant. (see Inoculant)
Inoculation: Addition to molten metal of substances designed to form nuclei
for crystallization. Also see Inoculant
Inorganic material: Are substances not derived from living things.
Ins: Inertial Navigation System. It uses gyroscopes and other electronic
tracking systems to detect acceleration and deceleration, and computes an
aircraft’s position in latitude and longitude. Its accuracy, however, declines
on long flights. Also called IRS, or Inertial Reference System.
Insert: (1) A part formed from a second material, usually a metal, which is
placed in the molds and appears as an integral structural part of the final
casting. (2) A removable portion of a die or mold.
Insert: A part usually formed from metal, which is placed in a mold and may
become an integral part of the casting.
Insert Die: A relatively small die that contains part or all of the impression of
a forging and that is fastened to a master die block.
Inserted Tooth Cutter: A milling cutter designed with replaceable cutting
tooth inserts to save the expense of a new cutter whenever the teeth become
damaged or worn. Generally, they are made 6 inches or more in diameter.
Inserted-blade Cutters: Cutters having replaceable blades that are either
solid or tipped and are usually adjustable.
Inside corner: Any material high in resistance to heat transmission that,
when placed in the walls, ceiling, or floors of a structure, and will reduce the
rate of heat flow.
Inside corner: The point at which two walls form an internal angle, as in the
corner of a room.
Insoluble : not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by
liquid; as, chalk is insoluble in water
Insolubles (Grease): ASTM D 128. Components of a lubricating grease that
are insoluble in the prescribed reagents; generally denotes fillers, additives
and certain types of thickeners as well as impurities.
Insolubles (Oil): ASTM D 893. A term used in the analysis of used oil,
especially when determining the presence of oxidation products. The
procedure dilutes the sample with pentane, causing the precipitation of
oxidized material and other contaminants, collectively known as pentane
insolubles. These insolubles are then treated with toluene to dissolve the
oxidation products. The difference in weight between the pentane and toluene
insolubles is called insoluble resins or oxidation products.
Inspection Lot: See ?lot, inspection?
Inspection : coating thickness and surface condition verifications
Instability: A condition reached when a structure or structural member is
loaded in which continued deformation results in a decrease in its load-
resisting capacity.
Instantaneous rate: Method for determining when load shedding should
occur. Actual energy usage is measured and compared to a present kilowatt
level. If the actual kilowatt level exceeds a designated set point, loads will be
shed until the actual rate drops below the set point.
Instrumentation Cable: Instrumentation cable is a generic terms applied to
any conductor wire used to carry signals to and from sensors, measurement
devices, systems, and other electrical components. Instrumentation cables can
be purchased in standard sizes and voltage/current ratings, though many
companies also offer custom design and fabrication of instrumentation
cables.
Instrumented Impact Test: An impact test in which the load on the
specimen is continually recorded as a function of time and/or specimen
deflection prior to fracture.
Insulating glass: A structural building board made of coarse wood or cane
fiber in ½and 25/32-inch thickness. It can be obtained in various size sheets
and densities.
Insulating glass: Window or door in which two panes of glass are used with
a sealed air space between. Also known as .
Insulating Oil/Transformer Oil: Clean, dry, high-quality, oxidation-
resistant oil of low viscosity and high dielectric strength, designed for
extended service in circuit breakers, transformers, switches and other
electrical apparatus; most commonly utilized for cooling transformers.
Insulation: The cost paid to a lender for borrowed money.
Insulation: Any material used to reduce heat transfer in a roof or building.
Insulation: Any material high in resistance to heat transmission that, when
placed in the walls, ceiling, or floors of a structure, and will reduce the rate of
heat flow.
Insulation board, rigid: Material used to cover the interior framed areas of
walls and ceilings
Insulation board, rigid: A structural building board made of coarse wood or
cane fiber in ½- and 25/32-inch thickness. It can be obtained in various size
sheets and densities.
Insulation Class: Motor winding insulation rating which indicates its ability
to withstand heat and moisture.
Insulation, thermal: Material which is a poor conductor of heat; used to
retard or slow down flow of heat through wall or partition.
Insulator: A material of such low electrical conductivity that a flow of
current through it can usually be neglected. Similarly, a material of low
thermal conductivity, such as that used to insulate structures.
Integral Dose (Volume Dose): A measure of the total energy absorbed by
man or any object during exposure to radiation.
Integrated Manufacturing Information System: (IMIS) Computer system
used to record production information.
Integrated Mills: These facilities make steel by processing iron ore and
other raw materials in blast furnaces. Technically, only the hot end
differentiates integrated mills from mini-mills. However, the differing
technological approaches to molten steel imply different scale efficiencies
and, therefore, separate management styles, labor relations and product
markets. Nearly all domestic integrated mills specialize in flat-rolled steel or
plate.
Integrated Mills: These facilities make steel by processing iron ore and
other raw materials in blast furnaces. Technically, only the hot end
differentiates integrated mills from mini mills. However, the differing
technological approaches to molten steel imply different scale efficiencies
and, therefore, separate management styles, labor relations and product
markets. Nearly all domestic integrated mills specialize in flat rolled steel or
plate.
Integrated performance : Integrated performance means that demonstration
of competence via an activity or set of activities requires several outcomes to
be satisfactorily attained
Integrated Plant: A mill that produces steel from basic raw materials from
the ore pile to a finished product.
Integrated Steel Producer: A steel company which manufactures solid steel
products; starts with raw materials such as iron ore, flux, etc, to make molten
iron; converts the molten iron to liquid steel in the steelmaking furnaces and
processes liquid to solid steel products. Traditionally, this process required
coke ovens, blast furnaces, steelmaking furnaces and rolling mills. (see
Minimill Steel Producer)
Integrated Steel Producer: A steel company which manufactures solid steel
products; starts with raw materials such as iron ore, flux, etc, to make molten
iron; converts the molten iron to liquid steel in the steelmaking furnaces and
processes liquid to solid steel products. See Minimill Steel Producer.
Intense Quenching: Quenching in which the quenching medium is cooling
the part at a rate at least two and a half times faster than still water. See also
Grossmann number. (see Grossmann Number (H))
Intensifier (Hydraulics): Device that converts low pressure hydraulic or
pneumatic power to high-pressure hydraulic power.
Intensity (Radiology): Amount of energy per unit time passing through a
unit area perpendicular to the line of propagation at the point in question.
Often this term is used incorrectly in the sense of dose rate.
Inter Chemical Gauge: Wet film thickness can also be measured using an
Inter chemical Gauge. A graduated circular cam is rolled against the plate
between two parallel rollers. The wet film thickness is then read directly on
cam at demarcation of coating wetting the cam.
Intercast Process: A patented procedure for die casting cast assemble units
with moving parts.
Intercept Method: A quantitative metallographic technique in which the
desired quantity, such as grain size or inclusion content, is expressed as the
number of times per unit length a straight line on a metallographic image
crosses particles of the feature being measured.
Interconnected Porosity: A network of connecting pores in a sintered object
that permits a fluid or gas to pass through the object. Also referred to as
interlocking or open porosity.
Intercooled cycle : Refers to a gas turbine employing two compressors. The
compressed air from the first compressor is cooled before being discharged to
second compressor.
Inter-cooling : Removal of heat from compressed gas between the
compression stages.
Intercritical Annealing: Any annealing treatment that involves heating to
and holding at a temperature between the upper and lower critical
temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling
or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature.
Intercrystalline: Between crystals, or between grains. Same as intergranular.
Intercrystalline Corrosion: Corrosive attack occurring preferentially in the
grain boundary regions of an alloy. It is also known as intergranular
corrosion.
Intercrystalline Corrosion: Chromium nickel austenitic stainless steels are
prone to this form of corrosion when they are welded and subsequently in
contact with certain types of corrosive media. When heated within a
temperature range of 450 800oC precipitation of the chromium carbides takes
place at the grain boundries in the area of the weld and these areas not longer
have the protection of the chromium on the peripneries of the grains. This
type of corrosion is also known as Weld Decay and Intergranular Corrosion.
The most common way to avoid the problem is to select a grade of steel that
is very low in carbon i.e. 0.03% or less, or one that is stabilzed with niobium
or titanium.
Intercrystalline Failure: Cracks or fractures that follow along the grain
boundaries in the microstructure of metals and alloys.
Interdendritic Attack: A type of electrochemical corrosion that sometimes
occurs in as cast alloys or alloys that have had very little working.
Interdendritic Corrosion: Corrosive attack that progresses preferentially
along interdendritic paths. This type of attack results from local differences in
composition, such as coring commonly encountered in alloy castings.
Interdendritic Porosity: Voids occurring between the dendrites in cast
metal.
Interest : Lawn sprinkler system.
Interest : The cost paid to a lender for borrowed money.
Interface: The boundary between any two phases. Among the three phases
(gas, liquid, and solid), there are five types of interfaces: gas-liquid, gas-
solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid and solid-solid.
Interfacial Tension (IFT): The energy per unit area existing at the boundary
of two immiscible liquids, like water and oil; obtained by measuring the force
required to rupture the interface. ASTM D 971 measures the force required to
draw a platinum ring through the interface in dynes/cm. A lowered IFT
promotes emulsification and indicates that oxidized products are forming in
the oil.
Interference settlement : The sinking of a foundation due to loads on
foundations near it and the natural extension of their settlement craters
beyond their own boundaries.
Intergranular Corrosion: Preferential corrosion cracking at or along the
grain boundaries of a metal.
Intergranular Corrosion: Corrosion in a metal taking place preferentially
along the grain boundaries.
Inter-granular cracking: Cracking or fracturing that occurs between the
grains or crystal in a polycrystalline aggregate. Also called intercrystalline
cracking. Contrast with Tran granular cracking.
Intergranular Fracture: Brittle fracture of a polycrystalline material in
which the fracture is between the grains or crystals that form the material.
Also called intercrystalline fracture. Contrast with transgranular fracture.
Intergranular Penetration: In welding, the penetration of it filler metal
along the grain boundaries of a base metal.
Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking: Stress corrosion cracking in
which the cracking occurs along grain boundaries.
Interior bearing: Bearing supports which are interior to two exterior
supports.
Interior finish: Metal edging used on drywall to give the edge a better
finished appearance when a wall is not "wrapped" Generally, basement
stairway walls have drywall only on the stair side. J Channel is used on the
vertical edge of the last drywall sheet
Interior finish: Material used to cover the interior framed areas of walls and
ceilings
Interleaving: The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of
metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent
sticking or scratching.
Interleaving: The placing of a sheet of paper between two adjacent layers of
metal to facilitate handling and shearing of rectangular sheets, or to prevent
sticking or scratching.
Interlock Mechanism: A mechanical device to lock together the adjacent
ends of two cranes or a crane to a crossover or spur track to permit the
transfer of carriers from one crane or track to the other.
Interlocking Crane: A crane with an interlock mechanism on one or both
ends enabling it to be mechanically locked to another crane, crossover, or
spur track for the purpose of transferring a carrier from one to another.
Interlocking Mechanism: A mechanical device to lock together the adjacent
ends of two cranes, or a crane to a fixed transfer section or spur track, to
permit the transfer of carriers from one crane or track to the other.
Intermediate Annealing: Annealing wrought metals at one or more stages
during manufacture and before final treatment.
Intermediate Annealing: An annealing treatment given to wrought metals
following cold work hardening for the purpose of softening prior to further
cold working.
Intermediate Electrode: Same as bipolar electrode.
Intermediate Gear: See Idler
Intermediate Phase: In an alloy or a chemical system, a distinguishable
homogeneous phase whose composition range does not extend to any of the
pure components of the system.
Intermediate Temper: A cold rolled hardness range specified with a 15
point Rockwell B spread. See Quarter Hard Temper and Half Hard Temper.
Intermetallic Compound: An intermediate phase in an alloy system, having
a narrow range of homogeneity and relatively simple stoichiometric
proportions; the nature of the atomic binding can be of various types ranging
from metallic to ionic.
Intermetallic Phases: Compounds or intermediate solid solutions containing
two or more metals that usually have compositions, characteristic properties
and crystal structures different from those of the pure components of the
system.
Intermetallic : interior layers of the galvanized coating that have distinct
proportions of the alloying metals iron and zinc; e.g. Delta, Gamma & Zeta
layers
Intermittent blow down: The blow down is taken from the mud drum,
waterwall headers or the lowest point of circulation.
Intermittent stream: one that does not flow year-round
Intermittent weld: A weld which is not continuous. It is broken by recurring
unwelded spaces.
Intermittent Weld: A weld in which the continuity is broken by recurring
unwelded spaces.
Internal Cleanliness: Measure of number and types of non-metallic
inclusions such as oxides, sulfides or silicates.
Internal Cleanliness: Measure of number and types of non metallic
inclusions such as oxides, sulfides or silicates.
Internal Friction: The conversion of energy into heat by a material
subjected to fluctuating stress.
Internal Friction: Ability of a metal to transform vibratory energy into heat;
generally refers to low stress levels of vibration; damping has a broader
connotation since it may refer to stresses approaching or exceeding yield
strength.
Internal Grinding: Grinding an internal surface such as that inside a
cylinder or hole.
Internal Oxidation: The formation of isolated particles of corrosion
products beneath the metal surface. This occurs as the result of preferential
oxidation of certain alloy constituents by inward diffusion of oxygen,
nitrogen, sulfur and so forth. Also called subscale formation.
Internal Oxidation: Formation of oxides beneath the surface of a metal.
Internal pressure: The pressure inside a building which is a function of the
wind velocity and the number and locations of openings.
Internal Shrinkage: A void or network of voids within a casting caused by
inadequate feeding of that section during solidification.
Internal Shrinkage: A void or network of voids within a casting caused by
inadequate feeding of that section during solidification.
Internal stress : also known as residual stress, stress present in a steel
member or fabrication that is free of external forces or thermal gradients
Internal Stresses (Or Thermal Stresses): Generally stresses which occur
during the cooling of a part.
Internal venting : holes on the inside of enclosed fabrications that allow
cleaning solutions, zinc, and any gases to freely flow throughout the structure
Interpass Temperature: In a multiple-pass weld, the temperature (minimum
or maximum as specified) of the deposited weld metal before the next pass is
started.
Interpolation : (1) Inferring the position of a point between known points on
a graph by assuming that the variation between them is smooth. Usually the
assumption is that the variation is linear (A straight-line variation). (2) To
estimate untested values which fall between tested values.
Interrupted Aging: Aging at two or more temperatures by steps and cooling
to room temperature after each step. See also aging and compare with
progressive aging and step aging. (see Aging)
Interrupted Aging: The aging of an alloy at two or more temperatures by
steps, and cooling to room termperature after each step. Compare with
progressuve aging.
Interrupted Quench: Removing the casting from a quenching bath before it
has reached the temperature of the bath.
Interrupted Quenching: A quenching procedure in which the workpiece is
removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that
of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a
different cooling rate than the first.
Interrupted Quenching: A quenching procedure in which the workpiece is
removed from the first quench at a temperature substantially higher than that
of the quenchant and is then subjected to a second quenching system having a
different cooling rate than the first.
Interrupted Quenching: Quenching in which the metal object being
quenched is removed from the quenching medium while the object is at a
temperature substantially higher than that of the quenching medium.
Interrupted-current Plating: Plating in which the flow of current is
discontinued for periodic short intervals to decrease anode polarization and
elevate the critical current density. It is most commonly used in cyanide
copper plating.
Inter-stage differential: In a multistage HVAC system, the change in
temperature at the thermostat needed to turn additional heating or cooling
equipment on.
Interstitial Free Steel: A recently developed sheet steel product with very
low carbon levels that is used primarily in automotive deep drawing
applications. Interstitial Free Steel's improved ductility (drawing ability) is
made possible by vacuum degassing.
Interstitial Free Steel ("IFS"): A sheet steel product with very low carbon
levels used primarily in automotive deep-drawing applications. Interstitial
Free Steel’s improved ductility (drawing ability) is made possible by vacuum
degassing.
Interstitial Solid Solution: A type of solid solution that sometimes forms in
alloy systems having two elements of widely different atomic sizes. Elements
of aII atomic size, such as carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen often dissolve in
solid metals to form this solid solution. The space lattice is similar to that of
the pure metal. And the atoms of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen occupy the
spaces or interstices between the metal atoms. See also substitutional solid
solution. (see Substitutional Solid Solution)
Interstitial Solid Solution: A solid solution in which the solute atoms
occupy (interstitial) positions between the atoms in the structure of the
solvent.
Intracrystalline: Within or across the crystals or grains of a metal; same as
transcrystalline and transgranular.
Intracrystalline: Within or across crystals or grains. Same as transcrystalline
and transgranular.
Intrados: The underside of an arch.
Intrinsically Safe Equipment: Intrinsically safe equipment is equipment
that has been designed so that its electronic elements (e.g., circuits, switches,
connectors) are incapable of igniting the surrounding atmosphere. Electronics
are designed to be low energy and spark free. Intrinsically Safe Equipment
also incorporates circuit design which aims to control device level
temperature from reaching unsafe levels which could lead to atmosphere
ignition.
Invar: An alloy having practically no expansion when heated; 36% Ni, 0.5%
Mn, 0.2% C, and the balance Fe.
Invar: An alloy having practically no expansion when heated; 36% Ni, 0.5%
Mn, 0.2% C, and the balance Fe.
Invasive: plants that grow so aggressively that they will dominate an area -
generally of imported origin.
Inverse Chill: The condition in a casting section in which the interior is
mottled or white while the other sections are gray iron. Also known as
reverse chill, internal chill and inverted chill.
Inverse Chill: The condition in a casting section where tht einterior is
molttled or white, while the other sections are gray iron. Also known as
Reverse Chill, Internal Chill and Inverted Chill.
Inverse Segregation: A concentration of low-melting constituents in those
regions of an alloy in which solidifcation first occurs
Inverse Segregation: A concentration of certain alloy constituents that have
lower melting points in the region corresponding to that first solidifying;
caused by interdendritic flow of enriched liquid through channels where the
pressure drops with contraction of dendrites. The internal evolution of
hydrogen may also give a positive pressure, aiding this flow and causing a
liquidated surface as tin sweat. See also Segregation
Inversion Casting: 1. The metal is fed through a bottom feeder, the mold
being inverted for pouring. 2. The mold is directly attached to the electric
furnace in which the metal is melted in a reducing atmosphere so no slag is
formed. On inverting the furnace the metal runs into the mold. There are no
heavy feeders and oxidation is prevented.
Invert: the bottom of the culvert.
Invert Emulsion: Water-in-oil emulsion, typically containing 40% water,
utilized as a fire-resistant fluid; oil is the outer or continuous phase of an
invert emulsion, in contrast to the normal (oil-in-water) emulsion, where
water is the outer phase.
Invert level : The level of the lowest part of a pipe invert.
Invertebrate: an animal without a back bone
Inverter (Variable Frequency Drive): A method of Bridge Crane Control
by which the fixed line voltage and frequency is changed to a three-phase
system with infinitely variable voltage and frequency.
Investigate : Investigate examine an incident or component, system or
process with a view to making recommendations to solve a problem or
improve performance, by process which may include analysis, modelling or
experiment.
Investing: In investment casting, the process of pouring investment slurry
into a flask surrounding the pattern to form the mold.
Investing: The process of pouring the investment slurry into the flask
surrounding the pattern to form the mold.
Investment: A flowable mixture a graded refractory filler, a binder or slurry,
and a liquid vehicle that conforms to their shape. The mixture subsequently
sets hard to form the investment mold when poured around the patterns.
Investment Casting: (1) Casting metal into a mold produced by surrounding
or investing an expendable pattern with a refractory slurry coating that sets at
room temperature, after the wax or plastic pattern is removed through the use
of heat prior to filling the mold with liquid metal. Also called precision
casting or lost wax process. (2) A part made by the investment casting
process.
Investment Casting: Casting produced in a mold obtained by investing an
expendable pattern with a refractory to produce a shell. The expendable
pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other material and is removed prior to
filling the mold with liquid metal.
Investment Compound: A mixture of a graded refractory filler, a binder and
a liquid vehicle used to make molds for investment casting.
Investment Precoat: An extremely fine investment coating applied as a thin
slurry directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce maximum surface
smoothness. The coating is surrounded by a coarser, cheaper and more
permeable investment to form the mold. See also dip coat and investment
casting. (see Dip Coat) (see Investment Casting)
Investment Precoat: An extremely fine investment coating applied as a thin
slurry directly to the surface of the pattern to reproduce maximum surface
smoothness. The coating is surrounded by a coarser, cheaper, and permeable
investment to form the mold. See Dip Coat
Investment Shell: Ceramic mold obtained by alternately dipping a pattern set
up in dip coat slurry and stuccoing with coarse ceramic particles until the
shell of desired thickness is obtained. See also investment casting. (see
Investment Casting)
Involute Tooth Form: Profile of a tooth face generated by unwinding a line
from a base circle where the end of the line scribes the involute shape.
Inwall Brick: Refractory lining of the inwall section of a blast furnace or
cupola.
Inwall Brick: Refractory lining of the inwall section of blast furnace or
cupola.
Iodine Number: The amount of iodine absorbed by an oil under prescribed
conditions; like the bromine number, it measures the percentage of
unsaturates in an oil.
Ion: an electrically charged atom or molecule
Ion: An atom or group of atoms that by loss or gain of one or more electrons
has acquired an electric charge. If the ion is formed from an atom of
hydrogen or an atom of a metal, it is usually positively charged; if the ion is
formed from an atom of a nonmetal or from a group of atoms, it is usually
negatively charged. The number of electronic charges carried by an ion is
termed its electrovalence. The charges are denoted by superscripts that give
their sign and number.
Ion: An atom or radical in solution carrying an integral electric charge, either
positive (cat ion) or negative (anion).
Ion Carburizing: A method of surface hardening in which carbon ions are
diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage
electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma carburizing or glow-discharge
carburizing.
Ion Exchange: The reversible interchange of ions between a liquid and solid
with no substantial structural changes in the solid.
Ion exchange: A reversible process by which ions are interchanged between
solids and a liquid.
Ion Implantation: The process of modifying the physical or chemical
properties of the near surface of a solid (target) by embedding appropriate
atoms into it from a beam of ionized particles.
Ion Nitriding: A method of surface hardening in which nitrogen ions are
diffused into a workpiece in a vacuum through the use of high-voltage
electrical energy. Synonymous with plasma nitriding or glow-discharge
nitriding.
Ion Plating: A generic term applied to atomistic film deposition processes in
which the substrate surface andlor the depositing film is subjected to a flux of
high-energy particles (usually gas ions) sufficient to cause changes in the
interfacial region or film properties.
Ionic order: One of the ancient Greek orders of architecture, characterised
by a fluted column and a capital consisting of four volute scrolls. Named
after Ionia in Greece, where it was first used.
Ionic strength: A measure of strength of a solution based on both the
concentrations and valences of the ions present.
Ionization: The process of separation of a molecule into its electrically
charged atoms or parts.
Ionization Chamber: An instrument designed to measure quantity of
ionizing radiation in terms of the charge of electricity associated with ions
produced within a defined volume.
Ipm: An identifiable piece of steel; can be a slab, coil, or a bundle of sheets,
or several slit mults banded together.
IPM Number: In-process Material. A seven-character number, consisting of
the unit I.D. and sequential production number, used to track production
history of a coil. The letter and first digit are used to identify the production
unit and the last five digits are the sequential production identifying number.
Ipm Number: (In Process Material) A seven character number, consisting of
the unit ID and sequential production number, used to track production
history of a coil. The letter and first digit are used to identify the production
unit and the last five digits are the sequential production identifying number.
Ir, reheating : AIn an air conditioning system, the final step in treatment, in
the event the temperature is too low.
Iridium: A noble metal of the platinum group. Usually extensively as a
radiation source. For radiography of thin-walled castings.
Iridium: A noble metal of the platinum group. Usually extensively as a
radiation source. For radiography of thin walled castings.
Iris Valve: Iris valves are mechanical devices used to restrict or shut-off the
flow of a substance and are usually found in dry bulk handling systems. Iris
valves use either a series of overlapping leaves or flexible sleeve of material.
As a control handle is rotated around the outside of the valve, the leaves or
material twist on top of each other until the valve is closed.
Irom: (Chemical symbol Fe.) Element No. 26 of the periodic system; Atomic
weight 55.85. A magnetic silver white metal of high tensile strength, ductile
and malleable. Melting point of pure iron about 2795 (degrees) F. Chemically
iron is chiefly base forming. The principal forms of commercial iron are steel,
cast iron and wrought iron.
Iron: An element, which is one of the most common on earth, and the
principal component of steel.
Iron: A pure metal that serves as the basis for steel, cast-iron and stainless
steel. Iron is relatively weak and soft when in its pure form.
Iron: A metallic element found as an impurity in water in very small
amounts. Also a metal which is widely used in the construction of HVAC and
plumbing equipment; the major component of steel.
Iron bacteria: Are filamentous organisms encountered in iron-bearing water.
Iron Carbide: One of several substitutes for high-quality, low-residual scrap
for use in electric furnace steelmaking. Iron carbide producers use natural gas
to reduce iron ore to iron carbide.
Iron Carbide: One of several substitutes for high quality, low residual scrap
for use in electric furnace steelmaking. Iron carbide producers use natural gas
to reduce iron ore to iron carbide.
Iron Carbon (Graphite) Diagram: A diagram representing stable
equilibrium conditions between iron and graphite (pure carbon) phase over
the entire range of iron and steel.
Iron Iron Carbide Diagram: A phase diagram representing metastable
equilibrium conditions between Fe and Fe3C over the entire range of carbon
steels and cast irons.
Iron Ore: The primary raw material in the manufacture of steel.
Iron Ore: Mineral containing enough iron to be a commercially viable
source of the element for use in steelmaking. Except for fragments of
meteorites found on Earth, iron is not a free element; instead, it is trapped in
the earth's crust in its oxidized form.
Iron Oxide: This material as prepared for foundry use generally contains
about 85% ferric oxide and is produced by pulverizing a high grade of pure
iron ore. It can be added to core sand mixes to assist in keeping the core from
cracking before the metal solidifies during the casting operation and also
helps to resist metal penetration during this period. Added to molding sand
mixtures for control of finning and veining. Also may reduce carbon pickup.
Iron Oxide: This material as prepared for foundry use generally contains
about 85% ferric oxide and is produced by pulverizing a high grade of pure
iron ore. It can be added to core sand mixes to assist in keeping the core from
cracking before the metal solidifies during the casting operation and also
helps to resist metal penetration during this period. Added to molding sand
mixtures for control of finning and veining. Also may reduce carbon pick up.
Iron Rot: Deterioration of wood in contact with iron-base alloys.
Iron Sand: See Iserine
Iron Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is obtained
from a soldering iron.
Iron Zinc Alloy Coating: See Galvanized.
Iron : a chemical element (Fe); one of the cheapest and most used metals
Iron, Malleable: A mixture of iron and carbon, including smaller amounts of
silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulfur, which after being cast (white
iron, carbon in combined form as carbides) is converted structurally by heat
treatment into a matrix of ferrite-containing nodules of temper carbon
(graphite).
Iron, Pearlitic Malleable: A malleable iron having a more or less pearlitic
matrix.
Iron-Based Superalloys: These alloys are at the highest end of the range of
temperature and strength. Additives such as chrome, nickel, titanium,
manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon and carbon may be used. These
superalloys are also referred to as "super chrome stainless steels".
Iron-Based Superalloys: These alloys are at the highest end of the range of
temperature and strength. Additives such as chrome, nickel, titanium,
manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, and carbon may be used. These
superalloys are also referred to as “super chrome stainless steels.”
Ironing: An operation used to increase the length of a tube or cup through
reduction of wall thickness and outside diameter while the inner diameter
remaining unchanged.
Ironing: Thinning the walls of deep drawn articles by reducing the clearance
between punch and die.
Iron-Zinc Alloy Coating: (see Galvanize)
Irradiation: The exposure of a material or object to x-rays, gamma rays,
ultraviolet rays or other ionizing radiation.
Irrigation: A type of structural support made of metal, which can be raised
or lowered through a series of pins and a screw to meet the height required.
Basically used as a replacement for an old supporting member in a building.
See Monopost.
Irrigation: Lawn sprinkler system
I-section: A structural steel section shaped like an I, such as a Universal
Beam.
Isentropic process: A process carried out reversibly without energy
interchange as heat. Also a processes carried out with no entropy change.
Iserine: A black sand which consists mainly of magnetic iron ore but also
contains a considerable amount of titanium.
Iso: : International Organization for Standardization A network of national
standards institutes from 140 countries working in partnership with
international organizations, governments, industry, business and consumer
representatives. The source of ISO 9000 and more than 13,000 international
standards for business, government and society. Click here to view the
Foreign Specification & ASTM Cross-Reference Chart.
Iso: International Standards Organization.
Iso: Isometric Drawing. A pictorial view of piping using isometric
conventions to represent a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional piping system.
ISO: International Standards Organization. www.iso.org
Iso 9000 (international organization for standardization): Is a series of
quality management and assurance standards for companies to strive for.
ISO Viscosity Classification System: Internationally accepted system in
which each viscosity grade (VG) corrosponds to the midpoint of the viscosity
range expresses in centistokes at 40°C; originated with a Saybolt (SUS)
system developed jointly by ASTM and STLE, later change to centistokes to
gain international acceptance. The original Saybolt system rated viscosity at
100°F; ISO system rates viscosity at 104°F.
Isobaric process -: An isobaric process is a thermodynamic process in which
the pressure remains constant. This is usually obtained by allowed the
volume to expand or contract in such a way to neutralize any pressure
changes that would be caused by heat transfer.
Isochoric process or isometric: A process during which the specific volume
remains constant.
Isocorrosion Diagram: A graph or chart that shows constant corrosion
behavior with changing solution (environment) composition and
temperature.
Isocure: Proprietary name for a binder system developed for use in Ashland
(Cold Box) Process, itself a proprietary process.
Isocyanate Acid: Isomeric cyanic acid (HNCO).
Isolate: (Isolation) To remove a boiler, or any particular part or system of a
boiler, form service by closing the manual valves.
Isolated pier: A pier supporting floor framing at points not attached to dwarf
walls.
Isolation: The process of de energizing, line blanking, bleeding, and locking,
tagging and trying to secure a system or piece of equipment for work.
Isometric process: A process carried out at constant volume.
Isomorphous: Having the same crystal structure. This usually refers to
intermediate phases that form a continuous series of solid solutions.
Isomorphous: Phases with crystal structures of the same type.
Isostatic Pressing: A process for forming a powder metallurgy compact by
applying pressure equally from all directions to metal powder contained in a
sealed flexible mold. See also cold isostatic pressing and hot isostatic
pressing. (see Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP)) (see Hot Isostatic Pressing)
Isothermal: Changes of volume or pressure under conditions of constant
temperature.
Isothermal Annealing: Austenitizing a ferrous alloy and then cooling to and
holding at a temperature at which austenite transforms to a relatively soft
ferrite carbide aggregate.
Isothermal Annealing: Austenitizing a ferrous alloy, then cooling to and
holding at a temperature at which austenite transfonns to a relatively soft
ferrite-carbide aggregate. See also austenilizing. (see Austenilizing)
Isothermal Annealing: A process in which a ferrous alloy is heated to
produce a structure partly or wholly austenitic, and is then cooled to and held
at a temperaure that causes transformation of the austenite to a relatively soft
ferrite carbide aggregate.
Isothermal expansion and contraction : Action which takes place without a
temperature change.
Isothermal Forging: A hot-forging process in which a constant and uniform
temperature is maintained in the workpiece during forging by heating the dies
to the same temperature as the workpiece. Compare with hot-die forging.
Isothermal process : For a constant temperature process involving an ideal
gas,
Isothermal Transformation: 1. The process of austenite in a ferrous alloy to
ferrite or a ferrite-carbide aggregate at any constant temperature within the
transformation range. 2. Transformation of one phase in an alloy system to
another phase at any constant temperature.
Isothermal Transformation: 1) The process of transforming Austenite in a
ferrous ally to Ferrite or a ferrite carbide aggregate at any constant
temperature within the transformation range, 2) transformation of one phase
in an alloy system to another phase at any constant temperature.
Isothermal Transformation (It) Diagram: A diagram that shows the
isothermal time required for transformation of austenite to commence and to
finish as a function of temperature. Same as time temperature transformation
(TTT) diagram or S curve.
Isothernal Transformation Curve: Also known as the Time Temperature
Transformation Curve. If a small piece of steel is heated sufficiently slowly
for it to become austenitic and then plunged into a salt bath and held at a
constant temperature below the upper critical point for a definite time
followed by rapid quenching, it is possible by examination to determine the
extent to which the transformation of the austentite has occurred. By taking
anumbet of speciments of the same steel and treating them in the same way,
but varying the holding temperature and time behavior of the steel with time
and temperature can be studied. The information obtained can be plotted as
time temperature transformation curves which is useful in heat treatment
practice, particularly for martempering and austempering.
Isotope: One of several different nuclides having the same number of protons
in their nuclei, and hence having the same atomic number, but differing in the
number of neutrons and therefore in the mass number.
Isotropic: A material having equal physical properties along all axes.
Isotropic: Having uniform properties in all directions. The measured
properties of an isotropic material are independent of the axis of testing.
Isotropy: The condition of having the same values of properties in all
directions.
ISS: Iron & Steel Society
ISS: Iron and Steel Society. Now AIST; The Association for Iron and Steel
Technology.
Iza : International Zinc Association
Izod Impact Test: An Izod impact test is similar to a Charpy test in that the
notched specimen is of the same dimensions as a Charpy test piece and the
energy absorbed when the specimen is fractured by a falling pendulum is
used to assess the toughness of the steel sample. In the Izod test, the
specimen is struck by the pendulum when it is held vertically in a vice,
whereas in the Charpy test the specimen is struck when in a horizontal
position.
Izod Impact Test: A test specimen, usually of squaare crossed section is
notched and held between a pair of jaws, to be broken by a swinging or
falling weight. When the pendulum of the Izod testing machine is released it
wsings with a downward movement and when it reaches the vertical, the
hammer makes contact with the specimen which is broken by the force of the
blow. The hammer continues its upward motion by the energy absorbed in
breaking the test piece reduces its momentum. A graduated scale enables a
reading to be taken of the energy used to fracture the test piece. To obtain a
representative result the average of three tests is used and to ensure that the
results conform to those of the steel specification the test specimens should
meet the standard dimesions laid down in BS 131.
Izod Test: A type of impact test in which a V-notched specimen mounted
vertically is subjected to a sudden blow delivered by the weight at the end of
a pendulum arm. The energy required to break off the free end is a measure
of the impact strength or toughness of the material. Contrast with Charpy
test.
J: Joule
J channel: A rafter that spans the distance from the wall plate to a hip, or
from a valley to a ridge.
J channel: Metal edging used on drywall to give the edge a better finished
appearance when a wall is not “wrapped” Generally, basement stairway walls
have drywall only on the stair side. J Channel is used on the vertical edge of
the last drywall sheet
J Integral: A mathematical expression used to characterize the fracture
toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity prior to fracture. The J
integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of the material near the
crack tip. Units are MN/m or in in lb/in2.
J/k: Joule per Kelvin
Jack Arch: A spring arch, flat or horizontal on the underside.
Jack post: The side and head lining of a doorway, window, or other opening.
Includes studs as well as the frame and trim.
Jack post: A type of structural support made of metal, which can be raised or
lowered through a series of pins and a screw to meet the height required.
Basically used as a replacement for an old supporting member in a building.
See Monopost.
Jack rafter: A powder that is usually mixed with water and used for joint
treatment in gypsum-wallboard finish. Often called "spackle" or drywall
mud.
Jack rafter: A rafter that spans the distance from the wall plate to a hip, or
from a valley to a ridge.
Jack rafter: A rafter that is shorter than a common rafter because it is
intersected by a hip or a valley.
Jack truss: A joist girder that is supporting another joist girder.
Jacking oil pump : It may be a large dial micrometer with alarm setting for
an axial movement of 0.4 millimeter and shutdown at 0.8 millimeter, or An
oil pressure gauge connected to an oil leak-off device may also be used as an
axial position indicator. The oil is supplied at say 500 kPa, flows through an
orifice and leaks off through a nozzle. The pressure between the orifice and
nozzle depends on the distance between the nozzle and shaft thrust collar; the
larger the distance the lower the pressure. The pressure gauge can be
calibrated in millimeter clearance and may have alarm and shutdown settings
Jacking oil pump : provides oil supply when the turbine is placed on barring
(slow rotation to stop the turbine from sagging or hogging)
Jacobs Chuck: Common term for the drill chuck used in either the headstock
spindle or in the tailstock for holding straight-shank drills, taps, reamers or
small diameter workpieces.
Jacobs Chuck: Common term for the drill chuck used in either the headstock
spindle or in the tailstock for holding straight?shank drills,taps,reamers or
small diameter workpieces.
Jamb: A form of ownership in which the tenants own a property equally. If
one dies, the other automatically inherits the entire property.
Jamb: The side and head lining of a doorway, window, or other opening.
Includes studs as well as the frame and trim.
Jamb: Usually an upright structural member forming the side of an opening
in a refractory or furnace wall.
Jamb: Usually an upright structural member forming the side of an opening
in a refractory or furnace wall.
Jamb Brick: A brick modified so one corner is rounded.
Jar Ramming: Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping on a table
the sand, pattern, and flask. Jolt squeezers, jarring machines, and jolt
rammers are machines using this principle.
Jarno: A standard taper having 0.600 inch taper per foot used in some
machine tools.
Jaw Crusher: A machine for the primary disintegration of metal pieces, ores
or agglomerates into coarse powder.
Jbe: Abbreviation for 'Joist Bearing Elevation'.
Jersey barrier : A solid- concrete, freestandingbarricade; typically ten feet.
Jersey Fireclay Brick: Highly siliceous clay brick, semisilica brick.
Jet compressor : A device employing a venture tube so that a high pressure
stream flowing through the nozzle creates a lower pressure or a vacuum into
which the gas to be compressed flows. The gas is discharged from the nozzle
with the expanded high-pressure medium.
Jet Cooler: Device that controls the cooling of the strip before it enters the
hot-dip galvanize pot.
Jet Cooler: Device that controls the cooling of the strip before it enters the
hot dip galvanize pot.
Jet grout : A soil stabilization technique thatinvolves drilling pilot holes, and
then injecting under pressure a mixture of cement, water, and air into the soil
via injection rods inserted into the pilot holes. As the rods are
Jet Scrubber: In air pollution control, a high-velocity water jet directed into
the throat of a venture section of a cupola to separate out particulates.
Jet Scrubber: IN air pollution control, a high velocity water jet directed into
the throat of a venture section of a cupola to separate out particulates.
Jet Tapping: A method of tapping a melting furnace by firing a small
explosive charge instead of using an oxygen lance. The tapper consists of an
explosive charge enclosed in a plastic case surrounded by a hollow bullet-
shaped body.
Jet Tapping: A method of tapping a melting furnace by firing a small
explosive charge instead of using an oxygen lance. The tapper consists of an
explosive charge enclosed in a plastic case surrounded by a hollow bullet
shaped body.
Jetty: In traditional timber-framed buildings, the projection of an upper
storey over the storey below. The reason for this form of construction seems
originally to have been simply to increase the floor area of the upper storeys.
Jib: An extension attached to the boom point to provide added boom length
for lifting specified loads. The jib may be in line with the boom or offset to
various angles in the vertical plane of the boom.
Jib: Protecting part of the crane from which the lifting chain or gear is
suspended.
Jib: Projecting part of crane from which lifting chain or gear is suspended.
Jib Boom: A horizontal cantilever track for supporting the carrier.
Jib crane: A cantilevered boom or beam with a hoist and trolly used to pick
up loads in all or part of a circle around which it is attached
Jiffy hanger: A proprietary steel component which enables a joist to be
connected to another timber running at right angles.
Jig: A device which holds work or pieces of materal in a certain position
until rigidly fastened or welded during the fabrication process.
Jig: Any device so arranged that it will expedite a hand or a machine
operation.
Jig Boring: Boring with a single-point tool where the work is positioned
upon a table that can be located so as to bring any desired part of the work
under the tool. Thus, holes can be accurately spaced. This type of boring can
be done on milling machines or jig borers.
Jig Saw Steel: Hardened, tempered and bright polished with round edges.
Carbon content .85. Ranges of sizes .039 to 393 in width and .016 to .039 in
thickness.
J-integral: A mathematical expression; a line or surface integral that
encloses the crack front from one crack surface to the other used to
characterize the fracture toughness of a material having appreciable plasticity
before fracture. The J-integral eliminates the need to describe the behavior of
the material near the crack tip by considering the local stress-strain field
around the crack front.
Jit: Just in Time
Jobbing Foundry: A foundry engaged in the manufacture of numerous types
of castings.
Jobsite: The specific location where a structure is being build.
Jog: Act of moving the strip forward or backward. This can be done with the
pinch rolls or the reel.
Jog: Act of moving the strip forward or backward. This can be done with the
pinch rolls or the reel.
Johannson Blocks (Jo Blocks): Common term for the precision gauge
blocks used and accepted as dimensional standards by machinists, toolmakers
and inspectors.
Johannson Blocks (Jo Blocks): Common term for the precision gage blocks
used and accepted as dimensional standards by machinists,toolmaker and
inspectors.
Join: IMIS action type indicating that parts of two or more coils have been
combined to produce a single unit.
Join Count: Field incremented by one each time coil contains more than 1
Consumed IPM number 2 coils welded together to make jumbo.
Joinery: Doors, windows, cupboards, manufactured in a joiner’s shop.
Joinery: The fabricated timber components of a building such as doors,
windows and staircases. (Fr. menuiserie, f).
Joint: A metal "U" shaped item used to support the end of a floor joist and
attached with hardened nails to another bearing joist or beam.
Joint: The area where two or more ends or surfaces are joined by a weld or
other fastener. See Panel Point.
Joint: The location where two or more members are fastened together
mechanically or by welding, brazing, soldering or adhesive bonding.
Joint Bars: Band uniform section at right angles to the direction of rolling,
weighing 60 lbs. per pair and heavier used for the purpose of securely joining
two sections of rail.
Joint cement or joint compound: The location between the touching
surfaces of two members or components joined and held together by nails,
glue, cement, mortar, or other means.
Joint cement or joint compound: A powder that is usually mixed with
water and used for joint treatment in gypsum-wallboard finish. Often called
“spackle” or drywall mud.
Joint Clearance: The distance between the faying surfaces of a joint. In
brazing, this distance is referred to as that which is present before brazing, at
the brazing temperature or after brazing is completed.
Joint Efficiency: The ratio of the strength of a welded joint to the strength of
the base metal expressed in percent.
Joint Implementation (JI): Joint Implementation is the mechanism under
the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change by which developed
(Annex 1) countries can invest in emissions reduction projects in other
developed countries. Each project is awarded with a number of Emission
Reduction Units equal to the amount of emissions saved.
Joint penetration: The minimum depth the weld metal extends from its face
into a joint.
Joint sealant : A material used as a filler in concrete pavement joints to
prevent infiltration of water, soil and other fine particles.
Joint tenancy: When the electric company and telephone company dig one
trench and "drop" both of their service lines in.
Joint tenancy: A form of ownership in which the tenants own a property
equally. If one dies, the other automatically inherits the entire property.
Joint trench: Wooden 2 X 8's, 10's, or 12's that run parallel to one another
and support a floor or ceiling, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders,
or bearing walls.
Joint trench: The location between the touching surfaces of two members or
components joined and held together by nails, glue, cement, mortar, or other
means.
Joint Welding: Production welding used to weld cast components together
to obtain an integral unit.
Joint : a device connecting two or more adjacent parts of a structure; aroller
joint allows adjacent parts to move controllably past one another; a rigid
joint prevents adjacent parts from moving or rotating past one another
Jointing: The process of finishing the mortar between bricks or other
masonry units at the time of building, as opposed to pointing the joint later.
Joist: The metal latch plate in a door frame into which a doorknob plunger
latches.
Joist: A structural load-carrying member with an open web system which
supports floors and roofs utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel and is
designed as a simple span member.
Joist: When the electric company and telephone company dig one trench and
“drop” both of their service lines in.
Joist: Wooden 2 X 8’s, 10’s, or 12’s that run parallel to one another and
support a floor or ceiling, and supported in turn by larger beams, girders, or
bearing walls.
Joist: (Timber) Horizontal member which is one of a group running parallel
and close together, supporting a floor or flat roof. (Fr. solive, f).
Joist : A horizontal wooden, steel or precast concrete beam directly
supporting a floor.
Joist designation: A standard way of communicating the joist safe uniformly
distributed load-carrying capacities for a given span such as 16K5 or 24K10
where the first number is the nominal joist depth at midspan and the last
number is the chord size. See Longspan Designation and Joist Girder
Designation.
Joist girder: A primary structural load-carrying member with an open web
system designed as a simple span supporting equally spaced concentrated
loads of a floor or roof system acting at the panel points of the joist girder
and utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel.
Joist girder designation: A standard way of communicating the girder
design loads such as 48G6N10.5K where the first number is the nominal
girder depth at midspan, 6N is the number of joist spaces on the span of
girder, and 10.5K is the kip load on each panel point of the girder. The
approximate dead load weight of the member is included in the kip load. See
Joist Designation and Longspan Designation.
Joist hanger: Water pipe installed in a water meter pit (before the water
meter is installed), or electric wire that is installed in the electric house panel
meter socket before the meter is installed. This is sometimes illegal.
Joist hanger: A metal “U” shaped item used to support the end of a floor
joist and attached with hardened nails to another bearing joist or beam.
Joist hanger: Proprietary steel component to support the end of a joist so that
it does not have to be built into the wall.
Joist manufacturer: The producer of joists or joist girders who is SJI
approved.
Joist spacing: The distance from one joist to another.
Joist substitute: A structural member which is intended for use at very short
spans (10 feet or less) where open web steel joists are impractical. They are
usually used for short spans in skewed bays, over corridors, or for outriggers.
It can be made up of two or four angles to form channel sections or box
sections. See Angle Unit.
Jolt Ramming: Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping the sand,
pattern, and flask on a table. Jolt-type, jolt squeezers, jarring machines and
jolt rammers are machines using this principle. Also called jar ramming.
Jolt Ramming: See Jar Ramming
Jolt Squeezer Machine: A combination machine that employs a jolt action
followed by a squeezing action to compact the sand around the pattern.
Jominy: A hardness test on a special shaped test specimen which has been
heated and quenched from a test sample taken in the Primary (melting) phase
of production.
Jominy: A hardenability test for steel to determine the depth of hardening
abtainable by a specified heat treatment.
Jominy Test: Hardenability test usually performed on alloy steels.
Joule : English Scientist James Prescott Joule (1818 1889)
Joule : JOULE The unit used to measure heat, work, and energy in the metric
system. Its symbol is J. It is the amount of energy required to move an object
of 1 kg mass to a height of 1 m. Also called a newton-metre.
Joule-thomson effect : The change in gas temperature which occurs when
the gas is expanded adiabatically from a higher pressure to a lower pressure.
The effect for most gases, except hydrogen and helium, is a cooling of the
gas.
Journal: The part of a shaft or axle that rotates or angularly oscillates in or
against a bearing, or about which a bearing rotates or angularly oscillates.
Journal: That part of a shaft or axle that rotates relative to a radial bearing.
Journal Bearing: A sliding bearing of either rotating or oscillatory motion
inside which a journal operates.
Jp: 1) Fully alloyed galvanneal product. 2) On Galvanize the aluminum
percentage is reduced from the pot on the Galvanize lines; primarily zinc left;
produces a flat, dull coating on the steel (Jet Process).
Jp Bazooka: Device that introduces a flame to the strip as it exits the pot
(used to produce JP product).
J-series joist: A series of joist adopted in 1961 so proportioned that the
allowable tension or bending stress does not exceed 22,000 psi and was made
from A36 steel.
Judgement : Judgement the ability to think of many matters at once, in their
interdependence, their related importance and their consequences to arrive at
an opinion, estimate or conclusion.
Judicial review: The mechanism by which judicial supervision of
administrative agencies occurs. On application, courts can review
administrative decisions to ensure that the government and its agencies act
reasonably, fairly and within the power granted to them.
Jumbo Coil: A single coil produced by welding two or more coils.
Jumbo Coil: A single coil produced by welding two or more coils.
Jump height: vertical distance between water surfaces of two pools
Jump pool: the "take-off" pool at the base of a fall. Generally must be a
minimum of 1.25x as deep as the jump height for leaping salmonids.
Jumpers: A plastic or porcelain light fixture that operates by a pull string.
Generally found in the basement, crawl space , and attic areas.
Jumpers: Water pipe installed in a water meter pit (before the water meter is
installed), or electric wire that is installed in the electric house panel meter
socket before the meter is installed. This is sometimes illegal.
Jumping Coil In: Moving a coil ahead of other coils in a line up.
Junction Header: First steam distribution point after exiting the boiler
drum.
Junction Header: First steam distribution point after exiting the boiler drum.
Junk Batteries: This term usually refers to spent automotive lead acid
batteries, which are purchased by secondary lead smelters. The standard form
of shipment is in the whole and undrained state to meet environmental
regulations. Lead metal constitutes around half the weight of a junk battery.
Other parts, including the plastic case, also are recycled.
Jurisdiction: The area over which a given entity's (court, board, tribunal)
legal authority extends.
K Factor: Denotes Buckingham’s surface durability analysis, based on gear
geometry, harness and surface endurance limits; the higher the K factor, the
greater the surface durability.
K Factor: Tensile strength in pounds per square inch divided by the Brinell
Hardness number.
K Plate: Tin plate with superior corrosion resistance to mild acid food
products; must meet four (4) special property tests 1. Pickle lags 10 or less. 2.
in crystal size ASTM 9 or larger. 3. ISV (iron solution value) 20 micro rams
Fe or less. 4. ATC (Alloy tin couple American Can test) or AMP (Aerated
Media Polarization test) Avg. 0.050 micro amps/sq. cm. Or less 95% 0.085 or
less. No test over 0.120.
Kahlbaum Iron: An iron of more than 99.975% purity, produced in
Germany.
Kahlbaum Iron: An iron of more than 99.975% purity, produced in
Germany.
Kaldo Process: A method of producing steel from molten iron, using an
inclined rotating converter and a water cooled oxygen lance inserted through
the converter mouth. Originating in Sweden, this process is no longeer in use
in the UK
Kalling Dommarfvet Process: A desulfurizing process using powdered
burnt iron.
Kalling-Dommarfvet Process: A desulfurizing process using powdered
burnt iron.
Kaolin: The purest form of China clay consisting of silicate of aluminum.
Kappa Carbide: A carbide of iron (Fe23, C6) in which all or part of the iron
may be replaced by chromium, molybdenum, and/or tungsten.
Karat: A unit for designating the fineness of gold in an alloy. In this system,
24 karat (24 k) is 1000 fine or pure gold.
Kata thermometer : Large-bulb alcohol thermometer used to measure air
speed or atmospheric conditions by means of cooling effect.
Kauri-Butanol/KB Value: Measure of the aromatic properties of a solvent,
based on its power to dissolve kauri gum; aromatics have high KB values,
paraffinic solvents low KB values.
Kayser Hardness Test: A method for determining the true hardness of
metals at high temperatures.
Kayser Hardness Test: A method for determining the true hardness of
metals at high temperatures.
K-basins: Two indoor, concrete rectangular structures at the DOE Hanford
site that contained the largest collection of spent nuclear reactor fuel.
Kc (Plane Stress Fracture Toughness): The value of stress intensity at
which crack propagation becomes rapid in sections thinner than those in
which plane strain conditions prevail. Units are MPa/m or ksi/in.
Kcs joist: Is a K-Series joist that is designed to support uniform load plus
concentrated loads or other non-uniform loads.
K-distance: The distance from the outside fiber of a rolled steel beam to the
web toe of the fillet of a rolled shape.
Keel Block: A standard test casting for steel and other high-shrinkage alloys
consisting of a rectangular bar that resembles the keel of a boat attached to
the bottom of a large riser or shrinkhead. Keel blocks that have only one bar
are often called Y-blocks. Keel blocks having two bars are called double keel
blocks. Test specimens are machined from the rectangular bar and the
shrinkhead is discarded.
Keeper: A slot formed and poured on a footer or in a foundation wall when
another wall will be installed at the slot location. This gives additional
strength to the joint/meeting point.
Keeper: The metal latch plate in a door frame into which a doorknob plunger
latches.
Kelvin scale (k): Thermometer scale on which unit of measurement equals
the Celsius degree and according to which absolute zero is 0 degree, the
equivalent of -273.16°C. Water freezes at 273.16 K. and boils at 373.16 K.
The relationshipTK = TC + 273.16
Kelvin Temperature Scale: One in which the unit of measurement equals
that of the centigrade degree and according to which absolute zero is 0°,
equivalent to -273.16°C.
Kelvin Temperature Scale: One in which the unit of measurement equals
that of the centigrade degree and according to which absolute zero is 0
degrees, equivalent to 273.16 C.
Kentledge: Heavy weights used to counter balance a load or provide a
reaction.
Kerb: An upstand. A raised edging to a pavement or path.
Kerf: The width of a cut produced during a cutting process.
Kerf: Buildup from casting on a slab surface
Kerf: The void left after metal has been removed by thermal cutting.
Kerf: The width of a cut.
Kerfing: The process of cutting grooves of kerfs across a board so as to
make it flexible for bending
Kerosene : a light, hydrocarbon fuel or solvent.
Kettle : molten zinc-filled tank where the metallurgical bonding of zinc and
steel takes place
Key: Carpentry timber or metal wedges used across or between two or more
members to act as a tightening agent. Plastering the roughening of a surface
to form a bond for subsequent work.
Key: One of several types of small metal objects designed to fit mating slots
in a shaft and the hub of a gear or pulley to provide a positive drive between
them. Alos, the name of the T handle wrench used on chucks.
Key plan: A small reference plan or outline of the whole building on each
plan sheet divided into smaller areas for which each sheet is drawn. It can
also show different sequences, phases, sheet number that area is drawn on,
etc.
Key Rings: Devices used to hold fibers on slitter knives. Sometimes referred
to as 'snap rings'.
Key Seat: A recessed groove (slot) machined into a shaft or a part going on
the shaft (usually a wheel or gear).
Key Seat: A recessed groove (slot) machined into a shaft or a part going on
the shaft (usually a wheel or gear).
Keyhole: A technique of welding in which a concentrated heat source, such
as a plasma arc, penetrates completely through a workpiece forming a hole at
the leading edge of the molten weld metal. As the heat source progresses, the
molten metal fills in behind the hold to form the weld bead.
Keyhole Specimen: A type of specimen containing a hole-and-slot notch
shaped like a keyhole usually used in impact bend tests. See also Charpy test
and hod test. (see Charpy Test) (see Hod Test)
Keyhole Specimen: A type of notched impact test specimen which has a
hole and slot notch shaped like a keyhole.
Keyless: One thousand watts. A kilowatt hour is the base unit used in
measuring electrical consumption. Also see watt.
Keyless: A plastic or porcelain light fixture that operates by a pull string.
Generally found in the basement, crawl space , and attic areas.
Keystone: The centre stone of an arch, if it is larger than the
ordinary voussoirs.
Keystone Valve: A gas control valve that is used as a shutoff valve for the
ignition furnace.
Keystone Valve: A gas control valve that is used as a shut off valve for the
ignition furnace.
Keyway: The vertical "2 X's" frame lumber (left and right) of a window or
door opening, and runs continuously from the bottom sole plate to the top
plate.
Keyway: A slot formed and poured on a footer or in a foundation wall when
another wall will be installed at the slot location. This gives additional
strength to the joint/meeting point.
Keyway: Mechanical locking device located on the slitter head spindle shaft
that holds the knives and spacers in place.
Keyway : A recess or groove in one lift or placement of concrete which is
filled with concrete of the next lift, giving shear strength to the joint, also
called a key.
Kic (Plane Strain Fracture Toughness): The minimum value of KC.
Represents the fracture toughness of a material independent of crack length,
or loading system. Units are MPa/m or ksi/in.
Kick back: Tendency for a circular saw blade to move back sharply when
becoming jammed in the cut.
Kick Off Plate: (KOP) A product that has went through the reversing mill
and the #5 rougher.
Kicked Out: Loss of electrical power to any operating unit in the mill.
Kicker: A structural member used to brace a joist or beam usually at an
angle.
Kicker: In reinforced concrete construction, a concrete plug typically 50 to
100mm high to help locate the formwork for a wall or column.
Kieselguhr: Diatomaceous earth, a finely porous material used for thermal
insulation to 1100 C (2012 F).
Killed Steel: Steel that is deoxidized by silicon or aluminum to reduce the
oxygen content in the molten steel to a minimum prior to solidification of the
metal. Killed steels have more uniform properties and chemical composition
than other types.
Killed Steel: The term killed indicates that the steel has been sufficiently
deoxidized to quiet the molten metal when poured into the ingot mold. The
general practice is to use aluminum ferrosilicon or manganese as deoxidizing
agents. A properly killed steel is more uniform as to analysis and is
comparatively free from aging. However, for the same carbon and manganese
content Killed Steel is harder than Rimmed Steel. In general all steels above
0.25% carbon are killed, also all forging grades, structural steels from 0.15%
to 0.25% carbon and some special steels in the low carbon range. Most steels
below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steel.
Kiln: A furnace for the calcination or firing of ceramic materials, including
refractories.
Kiln: An oven or furnace for burning, calcimining or drying a substance.
Kiln Dried: Lumber artificially dried in a specially designed enclosure or
lumber kiln.
Kiln drying: Controlled seasoning of timber by use of kilns.
Kiln Furniture: Embraces all those products used to support, hold or
position ceramic articles in highly heated kilns during the baking or firing
process, including biscuit, glost and enamel firings. Different types of kiln
furniture include spurs, stilts, thimbles, pin crank systems and pins (including
sagger pins), batts, cross bar systems with beams, foot support systems with
setters, box type plate setters, tile boxes and cassettes, and tile cranks.
Kiln Marks: Irregularities on the surface of refractors caused by deformation
under load during burning.
Kilo: SI prefix for 10^3 or 1000.
Kilo: Metric unit prefix denoting the value of 1000
Kilo calorie : This is the amount of heat (energy) necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of water 1°C. (Kilo calorie = kcal)
Kilo grain : A unit of weight; 1000 grains.
Kilogram: The principle unit of mass in the SI system of weights and
measures. Equal to 1000 grams. Abbreviation kg. Approximately equivalent
to 2.2046 pounds.
Kilonewton: One thousand Newtons – the unit of force in the SI system.
Newtons are very small, and the kiloNewton is the practical unit most often
used by engineers. In imperial terms it is approximately equivalent to the
weight of two hundredweights. Abbreviation kN.
Kilovolt (kV): Unit of electrical potential equal to 1,000 volts.
Kilovolt (Kv): Unit of electrical potential equal to 1,000 volts.
Kilovolt ampere: Product of the voltage times the current. Different from
kilowatts because of inductive loads in an electrical system.
AbbreviatedKVA kilo watts is equal to KVA times power factor.
Kilowatt1000 watts. AbbreviatedkW.
Kilovolts Constant Potential: The potential in kilovolts of a constant
voltage generator.
Kilovolts Peak: The crest value of the potential wave in kilovolts. When
only one half of the wave is used, the crest value is to be measured on this
half of the wave.
Kilowatt: A measure of electrical horsepower. A metric unit of power equal
to approximately 1.34 horsepower.
Kilowatt (kw): In lumber, the portion of a branch or limb of a tree that
appears on the edge or face of the piece.
Kilowatt (kw): One thousand watts. A kilowatt hour is the base unit used in
measuring electrical consumption. Also see watt.
Kilowatt-hour: A measure of electrical energy consumption. 1000 watts
being consumed per hour. AbbreviatedkWh.
Kinematic Viscosity: Value obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity of a
fluid by its mass density.
Kinetic energy : The energy of a moving body due to its mass and motion.
K.E.= W x V / 2 g.
Kinetic energy : The ability of an object to do work by virtue of its motion.
(Water moving in a pipe has kinetic energy.) The energy terms that are
usually used to describe the operation of a pump are "pressure" and "head".
In classical mechanics, equal to one half of the body’s mass times the square
of its speed.
Kinetic/Dynamic/Sliding Friction: The resistance to a force maintaining a
relative motion between two surfaces, sliding instead of rolling; varies with
surface conditions, surface materials, presence and type of lubricant. (see
Friction Bearing)
King post truss: Roof truss with a central vertical member.
King stud: Shingles that have added dimensionality because of extra layers
or tabs, giving a shake-like appearance. May also be called "architectural
shingles" or "three-dimensional shingles."
King stud: The vertical “2 X’s” frame lumber (left and right) of a window or
door opening, and runs continuously from the bottom sole plate to the top
plate.
King valve : Liquid receiver (refrigeration only) service valve.
Kink: 1. For rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from flat which is
caused by localized bending during handling. 2. For extrusions, an abrupt
deviation from straightness. A kink can be caused by handling.
Kink: (1) for rolled products, an abrupt bend or deviation from flat which is
caused by localized bending during handling. (2) for extrusions, an abrupt
deviation from straightness. A kink can be caused by handling.
Kip: A unit of weight equal to 1000 pounds.
Kip: A unit of force, equivalent to 1,000 pounds.
Kip: A unit load of 1000 lbs.
Kirchoff’s second law: The law stating that, at each instant of time the
increase of voltage around a close loop in a network is equal to the algebraic
sum of the voltage drop.
Kish: Free graphite that forms in molten hypereutectic cast iron as it cools. In
castings, the kish may segregate toward the cope surface, where it lodges at
or immediately beneath the casting surface.
Kish: Free graphite which separates upon slow cooling of molten
hypereutectic iron.
Kissing (Touching): Gating with minimum metal left at casting breakoff
point, having a gate just kiss the surface.
Knee brace: A structural brace positioned diagonally between a beam or
column and a joist panel point.
Knife Buildup: Excess metal that attaches to slitter knives. Excess metal can
also attach to welder wheels, in which case it is called 'welder wheel buildup'.
Knife Gate Valve: Knife gate valves are mechanical devices used to restrict
or shut-off the flow of a fluid or gas in a piping system. Knife gate valves use
a flat plate, the knife, which slides in a channel into the path of the flow.
Knife gate valves are most often associated with slurry solutions such as
those seen in wastewater processing plants.
Knife Mark: See ?mark, knife?
Knife plate seat: A vertical plate used as a joist seat whose width is small for
bearing purposes. It is used for hip and valley bearing conditions, canted seat
conditions, and extreme skewed conditions.
Knife Wrench: Tool used to remove nuts on the knives when making knife
changes or adjustments.
Knife-line Attack: Intergranular corrosion of an alloy usually stabilized
stainless steel along a line adjoining or in contact with a weld after heating
into the sensitization temperature range.
Knives: Circular metal discs that rotate on the slitter to sidetrim a coil to
customer's spec. The distance between them determines the width of the coil.
Knock: In a spark ignition engine, uneven burning of the fuel/air charge that
causes violent, explosive combustion and an audible metallic hammering
noise. Knock results from premature ignition of the last part of the charge to
burn.
Knock Out Mark: See ?Mark, knock out?
Knock Out Pins (Ejector Pins): Small diameter pins affixed to a pattern
back up plate for removing cured mold in the shell molding process.
Knockout: (1) Removal of sand cores from a casting. (2) Jarring of an
investment casting mold to remove the casting and investment from the flask.
(3) A mechanism for freeing formed parts from a die used for stamping,
blanking, drawing, forging or heading operations. (4) A partially pierced hole
in a sheet metal part, where the slug remains in the hole and can be forced out
by hand if a hole is needed.
Knockout: (1) Removal of sand cores from a casting. (2) Jarring of an
investment casting mold to remove the casting and investment from the flask.
(3) A mechanism for freeing formed parts from a die used for stamping,
blanking, drawing, forging or heading operations. (4) A partially pierced hole
in a sheet metal part where the slug remains in the hole and can be forced out
by hand if a hole is needed.
Knoop Bardness Test: An indentation hardness test using calibrated
machines to force a rhombic-based pyramidal diamond indenter having
specified edge angles under specified conditions into the surface of the
material under test and to measure the long diagonal after removal of the
load.
Knoop Hardness Number (HK): A number related to the applied load and
to the projected area of the permanent impression made by a rhombic-based
pyramidal diamond indenter having included edge angles of 172° 30' and
130° 0'.
Knoop Hardness Number (Hk): A number related to the applied load and
to the projected area of a rhombic based diamond indentor, with edge angles
of 172 1/2 30' and 130 1/2.
Knoop Hardness Test: A micro hardness test in which an elongated
pyramidical diamond is pressed into the surface.
Knot: Bonding together two or more layers of materials.
Knot: Timber Cross section of branch in sawn timber where it intersects with
the main trunk. To paint, cover the knots in timber with a knotting
preparation generally composed of shellac and methylated spirits.
Knot: In lumber, the portion of a branch or limb of a tree that appears on the
edge or face of the piece.
Knot (kt): Standard unit of speed in aviation and marine transportation,
equivalent to one nautical mile per hour. One knot equals 1.1515 mph, and
one nautical mile equals 6,080 feet. The word “knot” replaces “nautical miles
per hour”, and one should never say for example “60 knots per hour”.
Know-how : A particular kind of technical knowledge that is needed to
accomplish a task.
Knowledge online: s award-winning knowledge management system that
allows 24/7 collaboration across 's global offices.
Knowledge profile : The broad characteristics of the different components of
the knowledge embodied in a programme.
Knuckle-lever Press: A heavy short-stroke press in which the slide is
directly actuated by a single toggle joint that is opened and closed by a
connection and crack. It is used for embossing, coining, sizing, heading,
swaging and extruding.
Knurdle: An accumulation of porous solid steel that surrounds or covers a
tuyere in a bottom blown converter.
Knurl: A decorative gripping surface of straight line or diagonal design
made by uniformly serrated rolls called knurls.
Knurling: Impressing a design into a metallic surface usually by means of
small, hard rollers that carry the corresponding design on their surfaces.
Kop Pusher: A machine that pushes the KOP on the ground, off the table
after processing.
Kop Recirculating Filter: A filter that cleans the KOP pusher tank hydraulic
oil by constantly recirculating the oil from the tank through the filter and then
back to the tank.
K-Plate: Tin plate with superior corrosion-resistance to mild acid food
products; must meet four special property tests. 1. Pickle lags 10 or less. 2. In
crystal size ASTM 9 or larger. 3. ISV (Iron Solution Value) 20 microrams Fe
or less. 4. ATC (Alloy Tin Couple – American Can Test) or AMP (Aerated
Media Polarization Test). Avg. 0.050 microamps/sq cm or less – 95% 0.085
or less. No test over 0.120.
Kraft process: A wood-pulping process in which sodium sulfate is used in
the caustic soda pulp-digestion liquor. Also called Kraft pulping or sulfate
pulping.
Kroll Process: A process for the production of metallic titanium sponge by
the reduction of titanium tetrachloride with a more active metal, such as
magnesium or sodium. The sponge is further processed to granules or
powder.
K-series joist: A series of joist adopted in 1986 based on a load/span type of
determination.
Ksf (kips per square foot): Is 1000 kips per square foot.
KSI: Kips per square inch, measurement of stress intensity. Equivalent to
1,000 pounds.
Ksi (kips per linear foot): Is 1000 pounds per square inch.
Ktpa: Kilo-tonnes per annum.
KVA: Stands for kilo-volt-amperes. It is a measurement of electrical power.
It is made up of reactive power (KVAR) and real power (KW). It can be
derived by multiplying the voltage by the current.
Kva: Stands for kilo volt amperes. It is a measurement of electrical power. It
is made up of reactive power (KVAR) and real power (KW). It can be
derived by multiplying the voltage by the current.
Kva : Kilo Volt Amp
Kw demand : The maximum rate of electric power usage required to operate
a facility during a period of time, usually a month or billing period. Often
called "demand".
Kwh consumption: The amount of electric energy used over a period of
time; the number of kWh used per month. Often called "consumption".
L: Large-scale manufacturing; typically related to biotech or pharmaceutical
industries.
L D Process: An oxygen steel making Process named after the towns in
Austria, Linz and Donawitz, where it was first developed. It is a modified
Bessemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom converter by injection
of oxygen into the molten iron bath from a water cooled lance inserted
through the converter mouth. Present day BOS (basic oxygen steelmaking)
plants are developments of the L D Process.
La: Chemical symbol for Lanthanum
Labourer: General labourer building worker without any specific skill.
Specific trades have their own labourers such as bricklayer's, plasterer's,
labourer, whose job is to set up scaffolds and carry materials.
Labyrinth Seal: A series of grooves or “labyrinths” cut into the metal or
housing surrounding a shaft to act as a seal or packing and frequently used
for steam turbine shafts; controlled clearance seals without any rubbing
contact that allow some tolerable leakage. They function by causing the fluid
to accelerate and decelerate in succession through the labyrinth, dissipating
its pressure energy and thus reducing the flow of leakage.
Labyrinth seal : A labyrinth seal consists of a number of rings 1 2
millimeters thick fixed to the shaft, tapered at the outer periphery to nearly
knife-sharp with a clearance to the casing of a few hundreds of a millimeter.
The rings are of brass or stainless steel, the sharp edge gives better sealing
and rubs off easily without excessive heating in case of a slightly eccentric
shaft. Some labyrinth seals are very simple, others are complicated.
Lace: Area where the strip is joined together (with wire, bands, etc.) after
being broken.
Lacing: Generally horizontal members that connnect together and reduce the
unsupported length of compression members.
Lack of Fusion (LOF): A condition in a welded joint in which fusion is less
than complete.
Lack of Penetration (LOP): A condition in a welded joint in which joint
penetration is less than that specified.
Lacquer: A coating composition which is based on synthetic thermoplastic
film forming material dissolved in organic solvent and which dries primarily
by solvent evaporation during stoving operations.
Lacquer: A coating composition which is based on synthetic thermoplastic
film forming material dissolved in organic solvent and which dries primarily
by solvent evaporation during stoving operations.
lACS: International annealed copper standard; a standard reference used in
reporting electrical conductivity.
Ladder: Climbing equipment consisting of side rails and rungs to enable
workers to change heights.
Ladle: A vessel for receiving and handling liquid steel. It is constructed of a
refractory-lined steel shell.
Ladle Free Open: Occurs when sand in the upper nozzle falls after the ladle
slidegate is opened, and liquid steel flows freely from the ladle into the
tundish.
Ladle Furnace: A furnace used for refining hot metal between the converter
or electric arc furnaces and casting.
Ladle Metallurgy: The process whereby conditions (temperature, pressure
and chemistry) are controlled within the ladle of the steelmaking furnace to
improve productivity in preceding and subsequent steps and the quality of the
final product.
Ladle Non-Free Open: Occurs when liquid steel flux from steel ladle to
tundish is not free, or when an oxygen lance is needed to open the slidegate
to flow steel into the tundish. A non-free open ladle raised safety concerns for
caster operators and causes a possible downgrade of steel being cast.
Ladle Refining System (LRS): System where alloys are added to meet exact
chemistries, gases are removed by vacuum, and argon bubbles stir the molten
mixture to remove impurities and mix the alloying elements. Arc heating
maintains steel temperature.
Lag: One of two types of relationships between voltage and current that
describes what the power factor is doing. The other is lead. In a typical motor
circuit that has much inductance, the current will lag the voltage and power
factor is said to be lagging.
Lag: A delay in the effect of a changed condition at one point in the system,
on some other condition to which it is related. Also, the delay in action of the
sensing element of a control, due to the time required for the sensing element
to reach equilibrium with the property being controlled; i.e., temperature lag,
flow lag, etc.
Lagging: Slack in the strip.
Laitance : A layer of weak and non-durable cement concrete caused by
bleeding as a result of excessive vibration of concrete or over trowelling the
mortar. It is weaker than the rest of the concrete and should be cut away and
covered with a pure cement wash before laying more concrete on it.
Lamellar Tear: A system of cracks or discontinuities aligned generally
parallel to the worked surface of a plate. Usually associated with a fusion
weld in thick plate.
Lamellar Tear: A system of cracks or discontinuities aligned generally
parallel to the worked surface of a plate. Usually associated with a fusion
weld in thick plate.
Lamellar tearing: Is a separation or crack in the base metal caused by
through-thickness weld shrinkage strains of adjacent weld metal.
Laminar: flow condition with no waves, eddies etc. Rarely encountered in
open channel flow.
Laminar Flow : A condition of flow in a passage that is typified by slow
movement of fluid in a relatively straight path along the centerline of a
passage.
Laminar flow : A non-turbulent flow regime in which the stream filaments
glide along the pipe axially with essentially no transverse mixing.
Laminate: (1) A composite metal usually in the form of flat sheets composed
of two or more metal layers so bonded that the composite metal foons a
structural member. (2) To form a metallic product of two or more bonded
layers.
Laminated shingles: A platform between flights of stairs or at the
termination of a flight of stairs. Often used when stairs change direction.
Normally no less than 3 ft. X 3 ft. square.
Laminated shingles: Shingles that have added dimensionality because of
extra layers or tabs, giving a shake-like appearance. May also be called
“architectural shingles” or “three-dimensional shingles.”
Laminated strand lumber (lsl): A type of reconstituted timber made of
seperated strands glued together under pressure.
Laminating: To cover the surface of one shingle or roll with another.
Laminating: Bonding together two or more layers of materials.
Lamination: An abnormal structure resulting in a separation or weakness
aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of the metal.
Laminations: Imperfections resulting from the presence of foreign
inclusions, laps, or blisters typically aligned parallel to the worked surface or
rolling direction of the metal.
Lance, Oxygen: A device, consisting of steel pipe, tubing, oxygen source
and controls which uses the heat of burning steel pipe for melting. Frequently
used to open frozen tape or slag holes.
Lance, Oxygen: A device, consisting of steel pipe, tubing, oxygen source,
and controls which uses the heat of burning steel pipe for melting. Frequently
used to open frozen tape or slag holes.
Land: (1) For profile-sharpened milling cutters, the relieved portion
immediately behind the cutting edge. (2) For reamers, drills and taps, the
solid section between the flutes. (3) On punches, the portion adjacent to the
nose that is parallel to the axis and of maximum diameter.
Land: The surface on the periphery of a rotary cutting tool such as a milling
sutter,drill tap or reamer which joins the face of the flute or tooth to make up
the basic cutting edge.
Landing: A beveled metal tongue operated by a spring-loaded knob or lever.
The tongue's bevel lets you close the door and engage the locking
mechanism, if any, without using a key. Contrasts with dead bolt.
Landing: A platform between flights of stairs or at the termination of a flight
of stairs. Often used when stairs change direction. Normally no less than 3 ft.
X 3 ft. square.
Landslip or landslide : A sliding down of the soil on a slope because of an
increase of loading (Due to rain, new building, etc.), or a removal of support
at the foot due to cutting a railway or road or canal. Clays are particularly
liable to slips.
Langelier saturation index: An index (SI) based upon the pH of saturation
of calcium carbonate; used to determine the tendencies of a water supply
toward corrosion or scaling. A positive index indicates scaling tendencies; a
negative one means corrosion tendencies. (Langlier Index = pHpHs, where
pH = actual pH of water and pHs = pH at which water having the same
alkalinity and calcium content is just saturated with calcium carbonate.
Lantern Ring: A metal spacer, placed at the midpoint of a series of packing
rings, with holes around its circumference to permit the introduction of
lubricant into a packed stuffing box.
Lanthanides: Commonly referred to as “rare earth” metals. Examples of
these are: neodymium, lanthanum and yttrium.
Lanthanides: Commonly referred to as 'Rare Earth' metals. Examples
Neodymium, Lanthanum and Ytrrium.
Lap: The underground trench and related services (i.e., electric, gas,
telephone, sewer and water lines) that will be buried within the trench.
Lap: To cover the surface of one shingle or roll with another.
Lap: A surface imperfection with the appearance of a seam caused by hot
metal, fins or sharp cornen being folded over and then being rolled or forged
into the surface but without being welded.
Lap: A surface defect, appearing as a seam, caused by fording over hot
metal,fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface,
but not welding them.
Lap Weld: Coil ends are “lapped” over one another and welded; it doubles
the thickness of the steel at the weld and is usually marked by a hole punch.
Lap Weld: A term applied to a weld formed by lapping two pieces of metal
and then pressing or hammering, and applied particularly to the longitudinal
joint produced by a welding process for tubes or pipe, in which the edges of
the skelp are beveled or scarfed so that when they are overlapped they can be
welded together.
Lapping: A finishing operation using fine abrasive grits loaded into a
lapping material such as cast iron. Lapping provides major refinements in the
workpiece including extreme accuracy of dimension, correction of minor
imperfections of shape, refinement of surface finish and close fit between
mating surfaces.
Lard Oil: Animal oil prepared from the fat of swine, principally composed
of olein, the glycerol ester of oleic acid (glyceryl trioleate).
Lard Oil: A cutting oil made from animal fats usually mixed with mineral
oils to reduce its cost and improve its quality.
Large Format Scanning: Large format scanning is a document scanning
service predominately used in engineering, architecture and construction for
the transfer of blueprints to computer aided design (CAD) software. Large
format scanning is supported by both the hardware (scanner) and software
solutions customized to accurately interpret the information relevant to the
industry of interest. In CAD conversion, the scanning software will interpret
drawings, dimensions, and annotation, converting all of the entities to their
CAD equivalents. Large format scanning is also used in some other
industries, including mapping and art.
Larry Car: A car moving on rails and equipped on its underside with a
hopper, used to charge coke ovens and melting furnace ladles from above.
Also called "Larry."
Larva: immature stage in a life cycle between egg and adult limiting
factorsconditions that establish a population or range of a species
Laser: A device that produces a concentrated coherent light beam by
stimulating electronic or molecular transitions to lower energy levels. Laser is
an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.
Laser Beam Machining: Use of a highly focused monofrequency collimated
beam of light to melt or sublime material at the point of impingement on a
workpiece.
Laser Beam Welding (LBW): A welding process that produces coalescence
of materials with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated
coherent light beam impinging upon the joint.
Laser Cutting: Laser Cutting uses a high energy laser to remove material by
melting, vaporizing, or burning. Laser cutting processes are common for
engraving applications and also thin workpieces such as sheet metal.
Laser Cutting and Welding: Laser cutting is a process in which a laser
beam is used to cut, e.g., blanks from a sheet of metal. Because of the intense
and highly localized nature of a laser beam, a high degree of precision can be
achieved. Provided the material being cut is of adequate quality, the risk of
distortion is greatly reduced. The cut is much cleaner than one produced by
any other means. Laser welding is the reverse of cutting; in this case the
intense heat of a laser beam is being used to execute a precision weld of high
quality.
Laser Engraving: Laser engraving is a process used to etch patterns and
alphanumeric characters onto a surface. Laser engraving uses the heat
generated by the laser to alter the surface, either by melting the material or
causing it to fracture or flake. Laser engraving systems typically include the
laser, a table to mount the workpiece onto, and a control mechanism used to
move the laser and/or workpiece, and a controller used to automate the
engraving process.
Laser Etched Awards: Laser etched awards are trophies, plaques or other
awards made from glass or crystal. Words or images are etched on the
surface using a laser engraving process.
Laser Etching: See Laser Engraving
Laser Hardening: A surface-hardening process that uses a laser to quickly
heat a surface. Heat conduction into the interior of the part will quickly cool
the surface leaving a shallow martensitic layer.
Laser Marking: Laser marking is a process used to engrave or mark patterns
and alphanumeric characters onto a surface. Laser marking uses the heat of
the laser to alter the surface, a coating, or a bonding agent in order to place
the marking on the surface or remove material in order to engrave the mark.
Laser Marking Machine: See Laser Marking Systems
Laser Marking Systems: Laser marking is a process used to engrave or
mark patterns and alphanumeric characters onto a surface. Laser marking
uses the heat of the laser to alter the surface, a coating, or a bonding agent in
order to place the marking on the surface or remove material in order to
engrave the mark. Laser marking systems typically include the laser, a table
to mount the workpiece onto, and a control mechanism used to move the
laser and/or workpiece, and a controller used to automate the marking
process.
Laser Surface Processing: The use of lasers with continuous outputs of 0.5
to 10 kW to modify the metallurgical structure of a surface and to tailor the
surface properties without adversely affecting the bulk properties. The
surface modification can take the following three forms. The first is
transformation hardening in which a surface is heated so that thermal
diffusion and solid-state transformations can take place. The second is
surface melting, which results in a refinement of the structure due to the rapid
quenching from the melt. The third is surface (laser) alloying in which
alloying elements are added to the melt pool to change the composition of the
surface. The novel structures produced by laser surface melting and alloying
can exhibit improved electrochemical and tribological behavior.
Lat: Latitude
Latcc: London Area and Terminal Control Centre at West Drayton, near
London’s Heathrow Airport.
Latch: A building material of narrow wood, metal, gypsum, or insulating
board that is fastened to the frame of a building to act as a base for plaster,
shingles, or tiles.
Latch: A beveled metal tongue operated by a spring-loaded knob or lever.
The tongue’s bevel lets you close the door and engage the locking
mechanism, if any, without using a key. Contrasts with dead bolt.
Latent Heat: Thermal energy absorbed or released when a substance
undergoes a phase change.
Latent heat : Change of enthalpy during a change of state, usually expressed
in Btu per lb. With pure substances, latent heat is absorbed or rejected at
constant pressure.
Latent heat : Heat energy absorbed in process of changing form of substance
(melting, vaporization, fusion) without change in temperature or pressure.
Latent heat of condensation : Amount of heat released (lost) by a pound of
a substance to change its state from a vapor (gas) to a liquid.
Latent heat of fusion: The heat required to change 1.0 kg of a substance
from the solid to the liquid state.
Latent heat of vaporization : The energy required to produce saturated
vapor from saturated liquid at constant pressure per unit mass of fluid.
Lateral (electric, gas, telephone, sewer and water): An open framework of
criss-crossed wood or metal strips that form regular, patterned spaces.
Lateral (electric, gas, telephone, sewer and water): The underground
trench and related services (i.e., electric, gas, telephone, sewer and water
lines) that will be buried within the trench.
Lateral Bow: See ?Bow, Lateral?
Lateral bracing: Members, fasteners, or welds which brace a member at
certain locations to prevent lateral movement.
Lateral buckling: Also called lateral-torsional buckling. This is buckling of
a member involving lateral deflection and twist.
Lateral Expansion: A measured property used in Charpy Impact Testing.
Refers to the increased width of the specimen after fracture.
Lateral Expansion: A measured property used in Charpy Impact Testing.
Refers to the increase width of the specimen after fracture.
Lateral Extrusion: An operation in which the product is extruded sideways
through an orifice in the container wall.
Lateral Forces: Horizontal forces perpendicular to the axis of the member
being considered.
Lateral Hook Travel: The lateral movement of the load hook between its
position at the upper limit of travel and its position at the lower limit of
travel.
Lath: The wooden perimeter frame lumber member that bolts onto the face
of a foundation wall and supports the wood structural floor.
Lath: A building material of narrow wood, metal, gypsum, or insulating
board that is fastened to the frame of a building to act as a base for plaster,
shingles, or tiles.
Lath: A thin strip of wood nailed to studs or joists as a carrier for plaster.
Early laths were riven (split with a blade); in more modern times they were
sawn. Expanded metal lathing (e.m.l.) is used for the same purpose,
especially for external work with sand and cement render; internally, laths
have been superseded by plasterboard.
Lath Martensite: Martensite formed partly in steels containing less than
approximately 1.0% C and solely in steels containing less than approximately
0.5% C as parallel arrays of packets of lath-shape units 0.1 to 0.3 um thick.
Lath Martensite: Martensite formed, partly in steel containing less than
about 1.0% C and solely in steels containing less than about 0.5% C, as
parallel arrays or packets of lath shape units about 0.1 to 0.3 m thick, and
having a habit plane that is close to {111}.
Lattice: A strip of lumber nailed along the bottom of the side of a girder on
which joists rest.
Lattice: An open framework of criss-crossed wood or metal strips that form
regular, patterned spaces.
Lattice: Space lattice. Lattice lines and lattice planes are lines and planes
chosen so as to pass through collinear lattice points, and non collinear lattice
points, respectively.
Lattice Parameter: The length of any side of a unit cell of a given crystal
structure. The term is also used for the fractional coordinates x, y and z of
lattice points when these are variable.
Lauders lines: Elongated surface markings or depressions caused by
localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in
homogeneous) yielding. Also known as Lauders bands, Hartmann lines,
Piobert lines, or stretcher strains.
Lauders Lines: Elongated surface markings or depressions caused by
localized plastic deformation that results from discontinuous (in
homogeneous) yielding. Also known as lauders bands, hartmann lines,
piobert lines or stretchers.
Launch box : An excavated cavern providingaccess for the TBM to mine the
future tunnels of the subway.
Launder: (1) A channel for transporting molten metal. (2) A box conduit
conveying particles suspended in water.
Law of partial pressure, dalton’s : Each constituent of a mixture of gases
behaves thermodynamically as if it alone occupied the space. The sum of the
individual pressures of the constituents equals the total pressure of the
mixture.
Lay: Direction of predominant surface pattern remaining after cutting,
grinding, lapping or other processing.
Layout Sample: A prototype forging or a ?cast? used to determine
conformance for designed demensions
Lcoe: Lowest levelized cost of electricity.
L-D Process: Also referred as BOS (Basic Oxygen Steelmaking) or BOP
(Basic Oxygen Process) is an oxygen steelmaking process named after the
towns in Austria, Linz and Donawitz, where it was first developed. It is a
modified Bessemer process, steel is produced in a solid bottom converter by
injection of oxygen into the molten iron bath from a water-cooled lance
inserted through the converter mouth. Variations from this process are also
the KOBM (Kloeckner Oxygen Blown Maxhuette) and Q-BOP (Oxygen and
Lime Bottom Blowing) processes.
Ldpe: Low density polyethylene.
Leaching: A process in which metal is extracted from mined ore by means of
adding a soluble substance. Commonly used in gold mining.
Leaching: A process in which metal is extracted from mined ore by means of
adding a soluble substance. Commonly used in gold mining.
Lead: Chemical symbol Pb. Very soft, bluish-white metal; highly malleable
and ductile; poor conductor of electricity, but good noise-dampening
material; resistant to corrosion and radiation. Obtained from galena ore.
Major end-use is storage batteries, which accounts for 60% of world lead
consumption. Also used in ammunition, but has declining use in paints,
plumbing equipment and cable coverings because of its toxicity. Metal also
used to dampen noise in containers for corrosive liquids and as radiation
shields for x-ray and nuclear reactors.
Lead Angle (Gears): The angle between any helix and a plane of rotation,
the complement of the helix angle; used for convenience in worms and hobs,
and understood to be at the pitch diameter unless otherwise specified.
Formerly, in screw thread practice, “helix angle” was used instead of “lead
angle.”
Lead Screw: The long precision screw located in front of the lathe bed
geared to the spindle and used for cutting threads. Also, the table screw on
the universal milling machine when geared to the indexing head for helical
milling.
Lead Time: Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from a
source location to a destination via a specific route. Detail is specific to the
level of the location. Also the time to produce a customer's order from order
placement to shipment.
Leaded Steels: When added to steel, lead does not into the solution, but
exists in a very finely divided state along the grain boundries. It greatly
assists machinability as it acts as a lubricant between the steel and the tool
face. Lead is normally added in amounts between 0.15-0.35% and when
combined with similar amounts of sulfur, optimum machinability is attained.
Leaded Steels: When added to steel, lead does not go into solution but exists
in a very finely divided state along the grain boundries. It greatly assists
machinability as it acts as a lubricant between the steel and the tool face.
Lead is normally added in amounts between 0.15 0.35% and when combined
with similar amounts of sulphur, optimum machinability is attained as in such
steel as B 970 230M07 Pb.
Leadership in energy and environmental design (leed®) : third-party
certification program and nationally accepted benchmark for the design,
construction, and operation of high-performance green buildings
Leading edge : Refers to the point where the steam enters the blade of an
impulse turbine.
Lead-Time: Delivery time for an item of inventory to be moved from a
source location to a destination via a specific route. Detail is specific to the
level of the location. Also the time to produce a customer’s order from order
placement to shipment.
Leak detector : Device or instrument such as a halide torch, an electronic
sniffer; or soap solution used to detect leaks.
Leak Testing: A nondestructive test for determining the escape or entry of
liquids or gases from pressurized or into evacuated components or systems
intended to hold these liquids. Leak testing systems, which employ a variety
of gas detectors, are used for locating (detecting and pinpointing) leaks,
determining the rate of leakage from one leak or from a system or monitoring
for leakage.
Leak Through: Unwanted steam or water flow through a closed valve.
Leakage: In water treatment, it refers to the passing of impure steam or
boiler water through the drum internals.
Leakage: In water treatment, the phenomenon in which some of the influent
ions are not adsorbed and appear in the effluent when a solution is passed
through an under regenerated exchange resin bed.
Leakoff: Excess steam and condensate water that leaks out through the
packing gland.
Lean concrete base (lcb) : A mixture of aggregate, cement and water used
directly under concrete pavement. The mixture has a lower modulus of
rapture than the concrete pavement, and a higher compressive strength than
cement treated base.
Lean-to: A structure depending upon another structure for support and
having only one slope such as a shed.
Ledeburite: The eutectic of the iron-carbon system, the constituents being
austenite and cementite. The austenite decomposes into ferrite and cementite
on cooling below the Ar1.
Ledge : A horizontal projection or cut forming a shelf, cliff or rock wall.
Ledger: In scaffolding, the horizontal members running along the scaffold.
They support transomes or putlogs.
Ledger (for a structural floor): A method used to treat/dispose of sewage in
rural areas not accessible to a municipal sewer system. Sewage is permitted
to be filtered and eventually discharged into a section of the lot called a leech
field.
Ledger (for a structural floor): The wooden perimeter frame lumber
member that bolts onto the face of a foundation wall and supports the wood
structural floor.
Ledger strip: Nominal 1 inch-thick boards applied into notched studs
diagonally. Also, an "L" shaped, long (@ 10') metal strap that are installed by
the framer at the rough stage to give support to an exterior wall or wall
corner.
Ledger strip: A strip of lumber nailed along the bottom of the side of a
girder on which joists rest.
Leech field: A mortgage with identical monthly payments over the life of the
loan.
Leech field: A method used to treat/dispose of sewage in rural areas not
accessible to a municipal sewer system. Sewage is permitted to be filtered
and eventually discharged into a section of the lot called a leech field.
Leeward: The direction toward which the wind is blowing, which is opposite
the side from which the wind blows. Opposite of windward.
LEFM (Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics): A method of fracture analysis
that can determine the stress required to induce fracture instability in a
structure with a crack like flaw of know size and shape.
Lefthand End: A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s left of the
centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder side of the crane.
Leg: The flat projecting part of a structural angle.
Legacy Costs: Any costs that are associated with prior operations. Employee
liabilities (pensions and health care benefits) and environmental cleanup costs
usually are included under this moniker.
Legacy Costs: Any costs that are associated with prior operations. Employee
liabilities (pensions and health care benefits) and environmental cleanup costs
usually are included under this moniker.
Legume: a plant that hosts nitrogen fixing bacteria within its roots such as
peas.
Leidenfrost Phenomenon: Slow cooling rates associated with a hot vapor
blanket that surrounds a part being quenched in a liquid medium such as
water. The gaseous vapor envelope acts as an insulator, thus slowing the
cooling rate.
Let-in brace: True horizontal. Also a tool used to determine level.
Let-in brace: Nominal 1 inch-thick boards applied into notched studs
diagonally. Also, an “L” shaped, long (@ 10′) metal strap that are installed by
the framer at the rough stage to give support to an exterior wall or wall
corner.
Level: Horizontal; the instrument used for checking whether things are
horizontal. Levels on a drawing are heights above a recognised datum which
might either be the Ordnance Datum or a local datum for the job, whose
location and value has to be specified on the drawings.
Level: horizontal, oran optical/mechanical device that allows determination
of horizontal.
Level : Level a measure of learning demands in terms of types of problems,
knowledge required, skills and responsibility, expressed in terms of level
descriptors.
Level Indicator: A device (electronic or mechanical) that shows the volume
of oil in a tank.
Level payment mortgage: An encumbrance that usually makes real or
personal property the security for payment of a debt or discharge of an
obligation.
Level payment mortgage: A mortgage with identical monthly payments
over the life of the loan.
Level Switch: An electro mechanical device which senses the level of fluid
in a chamber and opens or closes a digital switch to indicate a change of
state.
Level Transmitter: An electromechanical device, which senses the level of
fluid in a chamber and produces an analog signal that, corresponds with the
change of state in the chamber.
Level- : Space in a window sash for a single pane of glass. Also, a pane of
glass.
Level- : True horizontal. Also a tool used to determine level.
Leveler Chatter: See ?Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveler)?
Leveler Mark: See ?Dent, Repeating?
Leveler Streak: See ?Streak, Leveler?
Leveling: The process by which a leveling machine flattens metal strip, coil,
or sheets by bending it up and down over the interrupting arcs of upper and
lowers sets of long, slender work rolls.
Leveling Line: A machine that smoothes any physical deficiencies in the
sheet before it is shipped to the customer.
Leveling Line: A process to flatten any shape deficiencies (wavy edges and
buckles) in the sheet, prior to final shipment. Most cold rolled sheet initially
has a crowned cross section that, if such a shape is undesirable to the
customer, must be flattened in the leveling line.
Leveling plate: A steel plate used on top of a foundation on which a
structural column can be placed.
Leveling Rolls: A set of adjustable rolls that flatten or level the front end
strip of steel.
Leveling Rolls: A set of five adjustable rolls that flatten or level the front end
strip of steel when running through the #1 and #2 feeders.
Leveling, Stretcher: Leveling carried out by uniaxial tension
Levelling: Finding levels during surveying, or providing levels for new
construction.
Levelling instrument: Device consisting of a spirit level attached to a
sighting tube and the whole mounted on a tripod and used for levelling a
surface to a horizontal plane (e.g. dumpy level)
Leverage: A gain in output force over input force by sacrificing the distance
moved. Mechanical advantage or force multiplication.
Levigalion: (1) Separation of fine powder from coarser material by forming a
suspension of the fine material in a liquid. (2) A means of classifying a
material as to particle size by the rate of settling from a suspension.
Levitation Melting: An induction melting process in which the metal being
melted is suspended by the electromagnetic field and is not in contact with a
container.
Lewis: A device consisting of expanding wedges used for lifting heavy stone
masonry.
Li: Chemical symbol for Lithium.
Lien: A safety control that automatically shuts off a furnace if it gets too hot.
Most also control blower cycles.
Lien: An encumbrance that usually makes real or personal property the
security for payment of a debt or discharge of an obligation.
Life Cycle Costing: An accounting method of costing where expenses are
allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for
stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay, because
stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance.
Life Cycle Costing: An accounting method of costing where expenses are
allocated over the life of the product. Life cycle costs are often lower for
stainless steel than for alternatives despite a higher initial outlay, because
stainless products generally last longer and require little maintenance.
Life-cycle assessment (lca) : standardized scientific method for the
systematic analysis of all mass and energy flows as well as environmental
impacts attributed to a product system, from raw material acquisition to end-
of-life management
Life-cycle inventory (lci) : the study and measurement of the material flows,
energy flows, and environmental releases for the production of a defined
amount of a product
Lifelong learning: Lifelong learning a process of constant learning with the
aim of maintaining and extending competency that has informal, voluntary
components and more formalized continuing professional development
arrangements, relying on the ability to learn independently.
Lift: The maximum vertical distance through which the load hook can travel,
and the total allowable hook movement between its upper limit of travel and
its position when at the lower limit of travel.
Lift: The measure of the capability of a pump to raise fluid from a lower to
higher level at its inlet port without damage to the pump.
Lift (Hook Travel): The maximum vertical distance through which the
hook(s) can move, as determined by the length of rope and/or the number of
grooves on the drum.
Lift Cycle: Single lifting and lowering motion (with or without load).
Lift Limiting Device: An electrical, mechanical, or electromechanical device
for limiting the upward or downward travel of the load hook at the
extremities of lift. This device may limit lift at any point within the
extremities of lift, if designed to be adjustable.
Lift pit: Every lift has (by law) to have a clear space below its lowest landing
level, fitted with equipment intended to bring to a safe halt a lift which has
failed to stop. This often requires a lift pit, typically 1.2 to 1.5m deep.
Lift Section: A mechanism which will lift a section of track out of alignment
with a stationary track.
Lifting Beam (Spreader Beam): A load supporting lifter.
Lifting Devices: Devices which are not normally reeved onto the hoist rope
or chain, such as hook-on buckets, magnets. grabs. and other supplemental
devices used for ease of handling certain types of loads. The weight of these
devices is to be considered part of the load to be lifted.
Lifting Magnets: A magnet is an object that attracts ferromagnetic materials
such as iron. The magnet creates a magnetic field that generates the attractive
force. Lifting magnets are high strength magnets that generate a very strong
magnetic field and attractive force. The attractive force can then be used to
lift and move large metal objects. Lifting magnets are typically found in
industrial environments and are used to move large pieces of material from
one place to another.
Lifting points : connectors (sometimes temporary) directly on the steel
article that aid the galvanizer in handling the article throughout the
galvanizing process
Light: A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches wide
by 12 inches long. Examples: 1" x 12" x 16' = 16 board feet, 2" x 12" x 16' =
32 board feet.
Light: Space in a window sash for a single pane of glass. Also, a pane of
glass.
Light crude oil : A crude oil of relatively high API gravity (usually 40°C
degrees or higher).
Light Drawn: An imprecise term applied to drawn products such as wire and
tubing that indicates a lesser amount of cold reduction than for hard drawn
product.
Light emitting diode : A low current and voltage light used as an indicator
on load management equipment. AbbreviatedLED.
Light Gauge (Defect): Product with a thickness below the customer’s
minimum gauge tolerance.
Light Gauge Steel: Very thin steel sheet that has been temper rolled or
passed through a cold reduction mill. Light gauge steel normally is plated
with tin or chrome for use in food containers.
Light Metal: One of the low-density metals such as aluminum, magnesium,
titanium, beryllium or their alloys.
Light Metal: One of the low density metals such as aluminum, magnesium,
titanium, beryllium, or their alloys.
Light Rails: Rails weighing 60 lbs. or less per lineal yard.
Light Sections: Small-sized structural steel sections (usually <80-100mm).
Light Special Treatment: A surface treatment of dried in place chromate for
Weirton Steel's electrogalvanized product (Weirzin) which provides
corrosion resistance. A lighter film weight is applied as compared to special
treatment. (See Special Treatment).
Light weight: the addition of lightweight aggregates such as pumice.
Light Weighting: Steel processes that minimize steel weight without
sacrificing the steel’s mechanical properties.
Light-Gauge Stainless Steel: A very thin sheet of stainless steel that has
either been temper rolled or passed through a cold reduction mill.
Lightly Coated Electrode: A filler-metal electrode used in arc welding,
consisting of a metal wire with a light coating usually of metal oxides and
silicates applied subsequent to the drawing operation primarily for stabilizing
the arc. Contrast with covered electrode.
Lime : Calcium oxide (CaO).
Lime : A common water treatment chemical.
Lime mortar: The traditional form of mortar, it is soft and flexible and liable
to dissolve slowly in rain water. It is still available for use in restoration
work.
Lime-Based Grease: Term formerly applied to calcium soap greases. Such
greases are water-resistant but limited to low temperatures and cannot be
used as multipurpose greases.
Limestone: Or calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is used by the steel industry to
remove impurities from the iron made in blast furnaces. Magnesium-
containing limestone, called dolomite, is also sometimes used in the purifying
process.
Limit Device: A device which is operated by some part or motion of a power
driven hoist to limit motion.
Limit of Proportionality: The maximum level of stress which a metal can
withstand and still obey Hooke’s Law, i.e., it is the point on the stress-strain
which any increase in stress will cause a deviation from linearity. In practice,
this means a permanent set.
Limit switch: A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an
opening such as a door or window.
Limit switch: A safety control that automatically shuts off a furnace if it gets
too hot. Most also control blower cycles.
Limit Switch: A device designed to cut off the power automatically at or
near the limit of travel for the crane motion.
Limiting Current Density: The maximum current density that can be used
to obtain a desired electrode reaction without undue interference such as from
polarization.
Limiting Dome Height (LDH) Test: A mechanical test usually performed
unlubricated on sheet metal that simulates the fracture conditions in a
practical pressforming operation.
Limiting Range Of Stress: The greatest range of stress that a metal can
withstand for an indefinite number of cycles without failure. If exceeded, the
metal fractures after a certain number of cycles, which decreases as the range
of stress increases.
Limiting Ruling Section: The maximum diameter of cross section of a bar
or compnent in which certain specified mechanical properties are achieved
after heat treatment.
Limits: A term used to determine a minimum and maximum. In a
mechanism, it should denote the minimum and maximum sizes for each part,
between which the parts will function properly in conjunction with each other
an outside of which they will not. The words "limits" and "tolerances" are
often interchanged, "tolerance" represents the difference between the
minimum and maximum limits.
Limits Of Proportionality: The stress )load divided by original area of cross
section of the test piece) at which the strain (elongation per unit of gauge
Legth) ceases to be proportional to the corresponding stress. It is usually
determined from a load elongation line ceases to be straight.
Line Contactor: A contactor to disconnect power from the supply lines.
Line Marking: Lines are used as the identifying marks on the heavy Tin
coated side of the strip to identify it to the customer.
Line Marking: Lines are used as the identifying marks on the heavy Tin
coated side of the strip to identify it to the customer.
Line of Action (Gears): Line tangent to the base circles of the mating gears,
normal to the mating profiles and passing through the pitch point. All points
of tooth contact fall on this line.
Line of sight: The straight line projected from the telescope of a dumpy
level.
Line Pipe: Used for transportation of gas, oil or water generally in a pipeline
or utility distribution system.
Line Pipe: Pipe used in the surface transmission of oil, natural gas and other
fluids.
Line Reaming: Simultaneous reaming of coaxial holes in various sections of
a workpiece with a reamer having cutting faces or piloted surfaces with the
desired alignment.
Line Speed: Speed at which the coil is processed through the line.
Line Speed: Speed at which the coil is processed through the line; Platers
may run 1800+ feet per minute.
Line voltage : In the control industry, the normal electric supply voltages,
which are usually 120 or 240 volts.
Lineage Structure: 1) Deviations from perfect alignment of parallel arms of
a columnar dendrite as a result of interdendritic shrinkage during
solidification from a liquid. This type of deviation may vary in orientation
from a few minutes to as much as two degrees of arc. (2) A type of
substructure consisting of elongated subgrains.
Lineal foot: Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned
above a support beam or girder. Normally, any wall that has a double
horizontal top plate.
Lineal foot: A unit of measure for lumber equal to 1 inch thick by 12 inches
wide by 12 inches long. Examples: 1″ x 12″ x 16′ = 16 board feet, 2″ x 12″ x
16′ = 32 board feet.
Lineal Footage Counter: Electronic device used to count lineal footage of a
coil.
Lineal Footage Counter: Electronic device used to count lineal footage of a
coil.
Linear Actuator: A device for converting hydraulic energy into linear
motion, i.e. a cylinder or ram.
Linear Bearings: A linear bearing is used to constrain motion in only one
direction - linear translation. Linear bearings are also known as linear slides
and are categorized as either rolling element bearings or plain bearings.
Rolling element bearings use balls or cylinders between the bearing surfaces,
while plain bearing do not include any additional components between the
bearing surfaces.
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics: A method of fracture analysis that can
determine the stress (or load) required to induce fracture instability in a
structure containing a crack-like flaw of known size and shape. See also
fracture mechanics and stress-intensity factor.(see Fracture Mechanics) (see
Stress-intensity Factor)
Linear Gantry: A linear gantry is a support structure used to suspend and
translate a platform over another area. A linear gantry can be large, as in the
case of a gantry crane, or small, such as in an automated milling machine.
Linear Guide System: A linear guide system is made up of slide rails and
guide blocks or guide rollers that are used to translate a carriage along the
rails. Linear guide systems are used in many different applications and come
in many different designs. The guide systems are typically low friction to
provide for easy actuation of the carriage unit.
Linear Incremental Encoders: An encoder is is any device or method used
to translate information from one format to another. In the case of machinery
systems, encoders are typically used to convert transducer signals measure
position and orientation to a signal that is sent to a processed by a control
system. Incremental encoders are used in conditions where the position can
be reported relative to the last known position and a fixed reference position
is not necessary. In a linear incremental encoder, the position is measured
from a linear scale and the output is in the form of sine/cosine signals.
Linear Rail Slides: Linear rail slides are mechanisms used in industrial
machines and complex systems to precisely move components in a linear
direction. There are many different designs of linear rail slides, depending on
the specific application and requirements.
Linear Strain (tensile or compressive) Strain: The change per length due
to force in an original linear dimension. An increase in length is considered
positive.
Linear Variable Differential Transformer (Lvdt): An electromechanical
linear device that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference in
distance between a magnet and separate fixed coil.
Linear Variable Transformer (LVT): An electro mechanical linear device
that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference in velocity
between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Liner: A separator, generally in the shape of the container; in grease drums
or kegs, a disposable plastic liner reduces the amount of unusable grease left
in the container and facilitates lawful disposal.
Liner: The slab of coating metal that is placed on the core alloy and is
subsequently rolled down to clad sheet as composite
Lining: Internal covering to walls of framed construction.
Lining: Inside refractory layer of firebrick, clay, sand or other material in a
furnace or ladle.
Lining: Inside refractory layer of firebrick, clay, sand, or other material in a
furnace or ladle.
Lining, Monolithic: A lining made without the customary layers and joints
of a brick wall. Usually made by tamping or casting refractory material into
place, drying, and then burning in place on the job.
Link: A pipe loop that connects one header to another.
Lintel: The amount to be borrowed.
Lintel: Structural member or beam carrying loads over an opening.
Lintel: A horizontal structural member spanning a door, window, or other
wall opening which supports a wall or any construction immediately above.
Lintel: A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an
opening such as a door or window.
Lintel, lintol: A short beam over a door or window opening; may be steel,
concrete or, traditionally, timber. The spelling with an 'o' is traditionally
favoured by draughtsmen; the 'e' however is given authority by the King
James bible (Exodus 1222 etc). (Fr. linteau, m).
Lip Of A Drill: The sharp cutting edge on the end of a twist drill.
Lip Seal: Better known as an “oil seal”; a circumferential dynamic seal
composed of a flexible sealing element made from an elastomer that is
“bonded” to a metal casing or “cased” by a metal locking ring in a metal
casing. Through the interference fit created by a metallic spring or the lip
elastomer, between the single or multiple lip and the shaft, the lip exerts a
force on the shaft sufficient to seal the fluid.
Lip-pour Ladle: Ladle in which the molten metal is poured over a lip,
similar to water is poured out of a bucket.
Liquation: (1) The separation of a low-melting constituent of an alloy from
the remaining constituents usually apparent in alloys having a wide melting
range. (2) Partial melting of an alloy usually as a result of coring or other
compositional heterogeneities.
Liquation: Partial melting of an alloy.
Liquation Temperature: The lowest temperature at which partial melting
can occur in an alloy that exhibits the greatest possible degree of
segregation.
Liquefaction : The change of state from a gas to a liquid. (The term
liquefaction is usually used instead of condensation when referring to
substances which are in a gaseous state at ordinary pressures and
temperatures.)
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): The popular cooking gas is a mix of
hydrocarbonate gases used as heating fuel. An odorless product by nature, a
sulfur-based substance is added to produce its characteristic smell and make
easier the detection of leakages.
Liquid : Substance whose molecules move freely among themselves, but do
not tend to separate like those of gases.
Liquid absorbent : Chemical in liquid form which has the property to "take
on" or absorb other fluids. Glycol is such a liquid and widely use in the
petroleum chemical industry
Liquid Carburizing: A widely used method of case-hardening steel that
eliminates scaling and the tendency to decarburization and results in clean
components. Sodium cyanide in the common media for this process, usually
heated within the range of 900-930°C. It is advisable to preheat the
components in neutral salts to avoid a temperature drop resulting from
immersing cold components into the cyanide. After carburizing, either single
quench hardening or refining and hardening and tempering is carried out.
Liquid Carburizing: A widely used method of case hardening steel that
eliminates scaling and the tendency to decarburisation and results in clean
components. Sodium cyanide is the common media for this process, usually
heated within the range of 900 930oC. It is advisable to pre heat the
components in neutral salts to avoid a temperature drop resulting from
immersing cold components into the cyanide. After carburising, either single
quench hardening or refining and hardening and tempering is carried out.
Liquid Homing: Producing a finely polished finish by directing an air-
ejected chemical emulsion containing fine abrasives against the surface to be
finished.
Liquid impingement : Material removal due to action of an impingement
stream of a fluid.
Liquid indicator : Device located in liquid line which provides a glass
window through which liquid flow may be watched.
Liquid Level Gauge: Gauge to visually indicate the fluid level in a reservoir
or tank.
Liquid limit : The moisture content at the point between the liquid and the
plastic states of a clay.
Liquid line : Tube which carries liquid refrigerant from the condenser or
liquid receiver to the refrigerant control mechanism.
Liquid line charging valve : The line used for charging from the high side
of the refrigeration system.
Liquid Metal Embrittlement (LME): Catastrophic brittle failure of a
normally ductile metal when in contact with a liquid metal and subsequently
stressed in tension. See also solid metal embrittlement. (see Solid Metal
Embrittlement)
Liquid Nitriding: A method of surface hardening in which molten nitrogen-
bearing fused-salt baths containing both cyanides and cyanates are exposed to
parts at subcriticaI temperatures.
Liquid Nitrocarburizing: A nitrocarburizing process utilizing molten liquid
salt baths below the lower critical temperature. Both carbon and nitrogen are
absorbed into the surface.
Liquid nitrogen : Nitrogen in liquid form which is used as a low temperature
refrigerant in expendable or chemical refrigerating systems.
Liquid Penetrant Inspection: A type of nondestructive inspection that
locates discontinuities that are open to the surface of a metal by first allowing
a penetrating dye or fluorescent liquid to infiltrate the discontinuity, remove
the excess penetrant and then apply a developing agent that causes the
penetrant to seep back out of the discontinuity and register as an indiocation.
Liquid penetrant inspection is suitable for both ferrous and nonferrous
materials but is limited to the detection of open surface discontinuities in
nonporous solids.
Liquid penetrant inspection : A type of nondestructive inspection that
locates discontinuities that are open to the surface of a metal by first allowing
a penetrating dye or fluorescent liquid to infiltrate the discontinuity,
removing the excess penetrant, and then applying a developing agent that
causes the penetrant to seep back out of the discontinuity and register as an
indication.
Liquid Phase Sintering: Sintering a powder metallurgy compact under
conditions that maintain a liquid metallic phase within the compact during all
or part of the sintering schedule. The liquid phase may be derived from a
component of the green compact or may be infiltrated into the compact from
an outside source.
Liquid Phase Sintering: Sintering of a compact or loose powder aggregate
under conditions where a liquid phase is present during part of the sintering
cycle.
Liquid receiver : Cylinder (container) connected to condenser outlet for
storage of liquid refrigerant in a system.
Liquid receiver service valve : Two or three-way manual valve located at
the outlet of the receiver and used for installation and service purposes. It is
sometimes called the king valve.
Liquid Shrinkage: The reduction in volume of liquid metal as it cools to the
liquidus.
Liquid Steel: The immediate hot molten steel product from steel melting
shop (LD Converter/Electric Arc Furnace/Electric Induction Furnace/Energy
Optimising Furnace). It is further cast into Ingots/Semis. The by-product
from SMS is called SMS slag.
Liquidated damages : The amount prescribed in the contract specifications,
to be paid to the State (Client) or to be deducted from any payments due or to
become due the Contractor, for each day's delay in completing the whole or
any specified portion of the work beyond the time allowed in the contract
specifications.
Liquidation: In commodities market parlance, selling long positions to
counterbalance previous buying.
Liquidus: (1)The lowest temperature at which a metal or an alloy is
completely liquid. (2) In a phase diagram, the locus of points representing the
temperatures at which the various compositions in the system begin to freeze
on cooling or finish melting on heating. See also solidus. (see Solidus)
Liquidus: In a constitutional diagram, the locus of points representing the
temperatures at which various components commence freezing on cooling or
finish melting on heating.
Liquor : Solution used in absorption refrigeration.
Lithium bromide : A chemical used in combination with water in absorption
cooling systems.
Lithium-Based Greases: Normally, greases formed with a lithium soap
known as 12-hydroxy stearate soap, the thickener for many multipurpose
greases; they are reasonably water-resistant, highly shear stable and capable
of operating at temperatures of up to 350ºF before melting.
Live drain: a bundle of live branches buried within a slope to convey water
down the slope and limit erosion
Live load: The load arising from the intended use or purpose of the building
or structure, but excluding wind, snow and earthquake loads.
Live load: Loads on a member that are not permanent and are likely to be
moved at some point in the life of the structure. They can be loads produced
by the use and occupancy of the building. These loads do not include dead
load, wind load, snow load, or seismic load.
Live load: Imposed load.
Live whip/stake/pole: dormant branches of a self-rooting woody species
used to establish vegetation, stabilize slopes etc.
Lloyd davies formula : A method for calculating the run-off, from which the
sizes of sewers are calculated (Runoff water in cubic feet = 60.5 X area
drained in acres X rainfall in inches per hour X permeability factor).
LMF: Ladle Metallurgy Facility. An area of the BOF complex which adjusts
the chemistry, temperature, and inclusions prior to the caster.
Ln: Line Number. Priority of the aircraft in the MANUFACTURER‘s line.
A Boeing 757-200 with a LN of 275 was the 275th plane of its type to be
built.
Lng: Liquefied natural gas.
Load: An external force or other action acting on a member or structure. It
can be from permanent construction, environmental effects, differential
settlement, occupants, and material objects.
Load: The total superimposed weight on the load block or hook.
Load : The amount of heat per unit time imposed on a refrigeration system or
the required rate of heat removal.
Load (air conditioning) : The amount of heat per unit time imposed on a
refrigeration system or the required rate of heat removal.
Load (Capacity), Rated: The maximum load that the lifting magnet is
designated to handle by the manufacturer.
Load (Capacity), Specified Application: A load applied to the lifting
magnet when it is used to handle a specified load.
Load (Maximum), Specified: A load identified by part number or other
bridge crane controlled definition.
Load (working): The external load in pounds/kilograms applied to the crane,
including the weight of load attaching equipment such as lower load block,
shackles, slings, etc.
Load Bar: A load-carrying member between carriers load block the
assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves, pins and frame
suspended by the hoist rope or load chain. This shall include any
appurtenances reeved in the hoisting rope or load chain.
Load bearing: Designed to support a load in addition to its own weight.
Load bearing wall: The ratio of the loan amount to the property valuation
and expressed as a percentage. E.g. if a borrower is seeking a loan of
$200,000 on a property worth $400,000 it has a 50% loan to value rate. If the
loan were $300,000, the LTV would be 75%. The higher the loan to value,
the greater the lender's perceived risk. Loans above normal lending LTV
ratios may require additional security.
Load bearing wall: Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is
aligned above a support beam or girder. Normally, any wall that has a double
horizontal top plate.
Load Block: The assembly of hook or shackle, swivel, bearing, sheaves,
pins, and frame suspended by the hoisting rope or load chain. This shall
include any appurtenances reeved in the hoisting ropes.
Load Carrying Flange: The lower flange of the track on which the load
bearing wheels roll.
Load combination: The combination of loads which produce the worse
loading condition in a structural member.
Load Cycle: One lift cycle with load plus one lift cycle without load.
Load factor: Engineers design structures to support loads which are more
than the maximum load expected. The actual loads are calculated as
accurately as possible and then multiplied by the factor. Typical load factors
are 1.4 for dead loads and 1.6 for imposed loads.
Load Hook: The hook used to connect the load to the hoist.
Load Limit for Wear (Gears): Value computed from equations developed
by Buckingham; uses the endurance limit stress for the materials used in the
gear set.
Load Suspension Parts: The load suspension parts of the hoist are the
means of suspension (hook or lug). The structure or housing which supports
the drum or load sprocket. The drum or load sprocket. The rope or load chain,
the sheaves or sprockets. And the load block or hook.
Load table: A table of standard joist designations which give the total safe
uniformly distributed load-carrying capacities and live load-carring capacities
of the joists for different span lengths. The table also gives the approximate
weight per foot of each joist designation.
Load turbine (gas) : Is the turbine which is directly coupled to the load,
which can only be the case with a multishaft gas turbine arrangement.
Load Wear Index: A measure of the ability of a lubricant to minimize wear
at applied loads; one of the numbers reported when a lubricant is tested
according to ASTM D 2783. Higher numbers naturally indicate greater wear-
minimizing characteristics.
Load : weight distribution throughout a structure; loads caused by wind,
earthquakes, and gravity, for example, affect how weight is distributed
throughout a structure
Load, Dead: The load(s) on a portion of the crane, which remain(s) in
affixed position relative to the member being considered.
Load, Live: A load which moves or varies relative to the member being
considered. For the trolley, the live load consists of the rated load plus the
weight of the block. For the bridge, the live load consists of the rated load
plus the weight of the trolley.
Load, Rated: The maximum load designated by the manufacturer for which
a crane or individual hoist is designed and built.
Loader: wheeled or tracked vehicle with wide front mounted bucket to
scrape and load trucks.
Loading: (1) In cutting, building up of a cutting tool back of the cuning edge
by undesired adherence of material removed from the work. (2) In grinding,
filling the pores of a grinding wheel with material from the work usually
resulting in a decrease in production and quality of finish. (3) In powder
metallurgy, filling of the die cavity with powder.
Loading: A condition caused by grinding the wrong material with a grinding
wheel or using too heavy a grinding action.
Loading diagram: A diagram which shows all design loads and design
criteria that a member is to be designed for. The loads include: dead load, live
load, snow drift, concentrated loads, moments, etc. The design criteria
include: deflection requirements, load combinations, net uplift, one-third
increase in allowable stress allowed or not, etc.
Loading Line Valve: Valve which isolates or stops a loading line signal.
Loading Lines: Lines that supply a pressure signal to a control device or
measuring instrument.
Loam: A molding material consisting of sand, silt and clay used over
brickwork or other structural backup material for making massive castings
usually of iron or steel.
Loan: A short wood bracket or cantilever that supports an overhang portion
of a roof.
Loan: The amount to be borrowed.
Loan to value ratio: A vented opening into the home that has a series of
horizontal slats and arranged to permit ventilation but to exclude rain, snow,
light, insects, or other living creatures.
Loan to value ratio: The ratio of the loan amount to the property valuation
and expressed as a percentage. E.g. if a borrower is seeking a loan of
$200,000 on a property worth $400,000 it has a 50% loan to value rate. If the
loan were $300,000, the LTV would be 75%. The higher the loan to value,
the greater the lender’s perceived risk. Loans above normal lending LTV
ratios may require additional security.
Loc: Localizer. The azimuth guidance portion of an instrument landing
system.
Local Action: Corrosion due to the action of local or galvanic cells resulting
from inhomogeneities between adjacent areas on a metal surface exposed to
an electrolyte.
Local Cell: A galvanic cell resulting from inhomogeneities between areas on
a metal surface in an electrolyte. The inhomogeneities may be of physical or
chemical nature in either the metal or its environment.
Local Current Density: Current density at a point or on a small area.
Local knowledge : Knowledge that is specific to a jurisdiction, for example
legal requirements, or a practice context, for example the detailed properties
of locally available materials.
Localized Corrosion: Corrosion at discrete sites, for example, crevice
corrosion, pitting and stress-corrosion cracking.
Localized Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution
similar to continuous precipitation except that the precipitate particles form at
preferred locations, such as along slip planes, grain boundaries or incoherent
twin boundaries.
Localized Precipitation: Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution
similar to continuous precipitation, except that the precipitate particles form
at preferred locations, such as along slip planes, grain boundaries, or
incoherent twin boundaries.
Location: A coding system that defines the physical placement of materials,
usually to a high degree of specificity.
Location Id: The building, floor, and cluster segments of the location string.
Loc-bloc: large precast concrete brick (2.5’x2.5’x5’) placed to interlock with
others
Lock: In forging, a condition in which the flash line is not entirely in one
plane. Where two or more plane changes occur, it is called compound lock.
Where a lock is placed in the die to compensate for die shift caused by a
steep lock, it is called a counterlock.
Lock: A condition in which the parting line of a forging is not all in one
plane
Lock Bar Sheer Lifter: A supporting lifter.
Lock Out : Terminology used to describe the process of securing an energy
source so that work may be done. This is accomplished by locking out all the
energy sources pertaining to the device, tagging out the resources, and trying
out the device to make sure that it is de energized and safe for work to be
done.
Lock Out/Tag Out: Terminology used to describe the process of securing an
energy source so that work may be done. This is accomplished by locking out
all the energy sources pertaining to the device, tagging out the resources, and
trying out the device to make sure that it is de-energized and safe for work to
be done.
Locked rotor current : See "Inrush Current".
Lockseam Test: A test performed on a galvanized product to evaluate the
adherence of the zinc to the steel substrate.
Lockseam Test: A test performed on a galvanized product to evaluate the
adherence of the zinc to the steel substrate.
Loess : Deposit of very porous and capitated wind-blown silt and clay
Log: See ?Extrusion Log?
Logcap iv: U.S. Army's Logistics Civil Augmentation Program IV provides
support to military troops worldwide using private contractors. provides
services to U.S. Army as part of LOGCAP IV.
Logistics: The process of planning and executing the transportation of
material to required destinations to meet schedules.
Logistics: The science of identifying, maintaining and transporting
materials.
Logistics: The science of identifying, maintaining, and transporting
materials.
Lon(g): Longitude
London stock: The stock bricks made in the London area for centuries.
Long: In commodities market parlance, buying more futures contracts than
you sell.
Long and Short Addenda: Process of lengthening the addendum of the
driving gear teeth and shortening that of the driven gear teeth, effectively
increasing the thickness of the driving teeth and decreasing that of the driven
teeth, which are loaded less frequently than the driving gear.
Long Belt: An adjustable belt, located on the seventh floor of the boiler
house, which carries coal to the desired coal bay.
Long column : A column which fails when overloaded, by buckling rather
than by crushing. In reinforced-concrete work this is assumed to happen
when columns which are longer than fifteen times their least dimension.
Long Products: Long products are used in all industrial sectors, particularly
in the construction and engineering industries. They include all types of bars,
wire rod, and a wide range of cold formed profiles like closed profile, S-
shape profile, E-shape profile, trough-shape profile, angle profile and others.
They also include pipes with circular, oblong and semi-oblong, square and
rectangular cross-sections of a wide range of sizes.
Long Products: Classification of steel products that includes bar, rod and
structural products, that are long, rather than flat.
Long Terne: A term applying to steel sheets that have been terne coated
(Lead and Tin) by immersion in a bath of Terne Metal.
Long Transverse Direction: For plate, sheet and forgings, the direction
perpendicular to the longitudinal direction which is also at right angles to the
thickness of the product. See also ?Longitudinal Direction?
Longitudinal: The direction extending along the long axis of the member.
Longitudinal Direction (L): In the rolling direction.
Longitudinal Field: A magnetic field that extends within a magnetized part
from one or more poles to one or more other poles and that is completed
through a path external to the part.
Longitudinal joint : A joint normally placed between traffic lanes in rigid
pavements to control longitudinal cracking
Longitudinal Resistance Seam Welding: The making of a resistance seam
weld in a direction essentially parallel to the throat depth of a resistance
welding machine.
Longitudinal seam : A riveted or welded seam along the longitudinal axis of
a boiler shell or drum.
Longitudinal Stiffeners: Horizontal members attached to the web of the
bridge girder to prevent web buckling.
Longspan designation: A standard way of communicating the longspan joist
safe uniformly distributed load-carrying capacities for a given clear span such
as 18LH06 or 36LH10 where the first number is the nominal joist depth at
midspan and the last number is the section number. See Joist Designation and
Joist Girder Designation.
Longspan joist: A structural load-carrying member with an open web system
which supports floors and roofs utilizing hot-rolled or cold-formed steel and
is designed as a simple span member. These carry higher loads than a regular
joist.
Lookout: Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling
on a surface of one square foot.
Lookout: A short wood bracket or cantilever that supports an overhang
portion of a roof.
Loop Cellar: Area under the line where the strip accumulates for making a
weld while the line is running (entry end loop cellar), or for taking a coil off
while the line is running (delivery end loop cellar).
Loop Section: Area where the strip accumulates in order for the line to run
continuously while other sections of the line are stopped to begin and
complete the processing of another coil.
Loop System (Lube Systems): System in which the two main supply lines
form a loop, usually installed when lubrication points are within a relatively
confined area.
Loop Tower: Area where the strip accumulates enabling the line to continue
running while making a weld. This enables the Entry or Delivery End of the
line to stop without stopping production.
Loop Tower: 1) Area at the entry end of #5 Line where the strip accumulates
enabling the line to continue running while making a weld. 2) Collecting unit
used for storing steel. This enables the Entry or Delivery End of the line to
stop without stopping production.
Looper Cars: Strip accumulators that allow for continuous running of the
line while welds are made. On #5 Pickler, one looper car, which can
accumulate about 900 ft., is located in the basement on No. 1 level (entry
end). The second looper car, located on No. 2 level halfway between the
basement and the floor level, will also accumulate about 900 ft. There is a
total of four loop sections.
Looper Line: See ?Line Looper?
Looping Mill: An arrangement of hot rolling stands such that a hot bar is fed
into a second stand in the opposite direction while being discharged from one
stand.
Loose angle strut: A single or double angle either welded or bolted at the
first bottom chord panel point and extended to brace another member such as
a beam, joist girder, frame, or wall.
Loose Material: During forging operations, pieces of flash often break loose
necessitating cleaning of the dies between forging blows; this is usually
accomplished by lubricating the die while air is blown on it. Insufficient
cleaning results in pieces of flash becoming imbedded in the surface of the
forging. Such forgings are often salvaged by removing the loose pieces and
hot re forging to fill out the depressions.
Loose Metal: Refers to an area in a formed panel that is not stiff enough to
hold its shape. This term may be confused with oil canning.
Loose Molding: The molding process utilizing unmounted patterns. Gates
and runners are usually cut by hand.
Loose Piece: 1) Core box: part of the core box which remains embedded in
the core and is removed after lifting off the core box. 2) Pattern: laterally
projecting part of a pattern so attached that it remains in the mold until the
body of the pattern is drawn. Back draft is avoided by this means. 3)
Permanent mold: part which remains on the casting and is removed after the
casting is ejected from the mold.
Loose Wrap: A coil that is not wound tight. Using too little tension when
winding causes this condition.
Loose Wrap: A coil that is not wound tight. Using too little tension when
winding causes this condition.
Loran: Long-Range low-frequency Radio Navigation. Its range is about
1,200 nm by day, and 2,300 nm by night.
Loss of prestress : Losses of pressurising force after transfer arise mainly
through elastic shortening, shrinkage and creep of the concrete and creep of
the steel.
Lost Foam: A casting process in which a foam pattern is replaced by molten
in a flask filled with loose sand to form a casting.
Lost Foam Casting: An expendable pattern process; an expandable
polystyrene pattern surrounded by the unbonded sand is vaporized during
pouring of the molten metal.
Lost Foam Process: Casting process in which a foam pattern is removed
from the cavity by the molten metal being poured.
Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate (LTIFR): LITFR is the number of
injuries which has resulted in an employee or contractor being away from
work at least one day after the day it occurred, per million hours worked.
Lost Wax Process: An investment casting process that uses a wax pattern.
Lost-Time Accidents (LTA): Work accidents that require a temporary
release of the employee from his activities in the company.
Lot: (1) A specific amount of material produced at one time using one
process and constant conditions of manufacture that is offered for sale as a
unit quantity. (2) A quantity of material that is thought to be uniform in one
or more stated properties such as isotopic, chemical or physical
characteristics. (3) A quantity of bulk material of similar composition whose
properties are under study. Compare with batch.
Lot : An isolated quantity of material from a single source.
Lot No.: Identifies groups of coils for a particular customer order to be
processed at a certain time; identifies a particular group of coils to load.
Lot Number: Identifies groups of coils for a particular customer order to be
processed at a certain time; identifies a particular group of coils to load.
Louver: Any part, such as a bolt, designed to fit into another (female) part.
External threads are male.
Louver: A vented opening into the home that has a series of horizontal slats
and arranged to permit ventilation but to exclude rain, snow, light, insects, or
other living creatures.
Louvers: Mechanical devices that control air intake of F.D. and I.D. fans.
Louvers: Mechanical devices that control air intake of F.D.and I.D.fans.
Low bed: truck tractor and low semi-trailer used to transport large
excavators, dozers etc.
Low Brass: 80% cu. A copper Zinc alloy containing 20% zinc. Is a light
golden color, very ductile, suitable for cupping, drawing, forming, etc.
Because of its good strength and corrosion resistance it is used for flexible
metal gose, metal bellows, etc.
Low Carbon Steel: Steel with less than 0.005% carbon is more ductile
(malleable): It is capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for use in
automotive body applications. Carbon is removed from the steel bath through
vacuum degassing.
Low Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Encompass grades of steel to 0.15 percent
maximum carbon content, inclusive.
Low Coating: A condition that occurs when the coating thickness is less than
customer or UL specifications.
Low Coating: A condition that occurs when the coating thickness is less than
customer or UL specifications
Low side : The refrigerating system from the expansion point to the point
where the refrigerant vapor is compressed; where the system is at or below
evaporated pressure.
Low temperature cutout, refrigeraton: A pressure or temperature actuated
device with sensing element in the evaporator, which will shut the system
down at its control setting to prevent freezing chilled water or to prevent coil
frosting. Direct expansion equipment may not use this device.
Low voltage : In the control industry, a power supply of 25 volts or less.
Low-alloy Steels: A category of ferrous materials that exhibit mechanical
properties superior to plain carbon steels as the result of additions of such
alloying elements as nickel, chromium and molybdenum.Total alloy content
can range from 2.07% up to levels just below that of stainless steels, which
contain a minimum of 10% Cr.
Lowboy: (or Stabilizer Roll) Submerged roll in the pot used to stabilize the
strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies.
Lowboy (or Stabilizer Roll): Submerged roll in the pot used to stabilize the
strip as it exits the pot before entering the dies.
Low-Carbon Steel: Contain from 0.10 to 0.30% carbon and less than 0.60%
manganese. (The product of Basic Oxygen, Bessemer, Open Hearth or
Electric Processes). Steel with less than 0.005% carbon is more ductile
(malleable): It is capable of being drawn out or rolled thin for use in
automotive body applications. Carbon is removed from the steel bath through
vacuum degassing.
Low-cycle Fatigue: Fatigue that occurs at relatively small numbers of cycles.
Low-cycle fatigue may be accompanied by some plastic or permanent
deformation. Compare with high-cycle fatigue
Lower Ram: The part of a pneumatic or hydraulic press that is moving in a
lower cylinder and transmits pressure to the lower punch.
Low-hydrogen Electrode: A covered arc welding electrode that provides an
atmosphere around the arc and molten weld metal that is low in hydrogen.
Low-Pressure Steam: Steam generated as exhaust from the turbo generators
and/or desuperheaters used to meet process and plant heating requirements.
Low-pressure steam is produced at 225 psi and 550°F.
Low-residual-phosphorus Copper: Deoxidized copper with residual
phosphorus present in amounts (usually 0.004 to 0.012%) generally too small
to decrease appreciably the electrical conductivity of the copper.
Low-side float valve : Refrigerant control valve operated by level of liquid
refrigerant in low-pressure side of system.
Low-side pressure : Pressure in cooling side of refrigerating cycle.
Low-side pressure control : Device used to keep low side evaporating
pressure from dropping below certain pressure.
Lpg: Liquefied petroleum gas.
LPG: Liquified Petroleum Gas.
Lrfd (load and resistance factor design): A method of proportioning
structural members such that no limit state is exceeded when all appropriate
load combinations have been applied.
Lrops: Long Range Operational Performance Standards. Certification
intended to replace ETOPS as it would include all types of aircraft (not just
twin-engine).
LS: Limited service ? pipe not meeting specification, usually rejected at the
mill
LT: Loaded trucks used in price quotation to indicate seller fee for handling
LTC: Long thread and coupling (OCTG casing connection)
Lubricant: Substance interposed between two surfaces in relative motion for
the purpose of reducing the friction and/or wear between them.
Lubricant : A substance usually petroleum based, that is used to reduce
friction between two moving parts.
Lubricant, bonded solid : A solid lubricant dispersed in a continuous matrix
of a binder or attached to a surface by an adhesive material.
Lubricant, chlorinated: A lubricant containing a chlorine compound that
reacts with a rubbing surface at elevated temperatures to protect it from
sliding damage, (see extreme pressure lubricant).
Lubricant, synthetic: A lubricant produced by synthesis rather than by
extraction or refinement.
Lubrication: Reduction of friction or wear between two load-bearing
surfaces by the application of a lubricant; includes boundary lubrication (thin
or interrupted fluid film, especially bearings where wear occurs); mixed film,
where some liquid pools support the load; elastohydrodynamic (high-pressure
loads increase the lubricant’s viscosity and load carrying capacity, especially
in gears); hydrodynamic (a thick fluid film lubrication, especially in journal
bearings) and hydrostatic (external pump pressure used to form a thick fluid
film, as in start-up of journal bearings).
Lubrication Zone (Lube Systems): Part of a larger lubrication system that
can be isolated from other portions of the system for control purposes;
generally contains some type of inlet valve, a master divider, secondary
dividers and distribution tubing network to lubrication points.
Lubrication, aerodynamic: (see gas lubrication).
Lubrication, aerostatics: , (see pressurized gas lubrication).
Lubrication, bath: , (see lubrication, flood).
Lubrication, boundary : , A condition of lubrication in which the friction
and wear between two surfaces in relative motion are determined by the
properties of the surfaces and by the properties of the lubricant other than
bulk viscosity.
Lubrication, drip feed: , A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
supplied to the bearing surface in the form of drops at regular intervals.
Lubrication, dry film : Lubrication that involves the application of a thin
film of solid lubricant to the surface or surfaces to be lubricated.
Lubrication, flood : , A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
supplied in a continuos stream at low pressure and subsequently drains away.
Lubrication, full film: , A type of lubrication wherein the solid surfaces are
separated completely by an elstohydrodynamic fluid film.
Lubrication, magneto hydrodynamic: , Hydrodynamic lubrication in which
a significant force contribution arises from electromagnetic interaction.
Lubrication, melt: Lubrication provided by steady melting of lubricating
species. Also phase-change lubrication.
Lubrication, oil fog -: (see mist lubrication).
Lubrication, oil ring -: A system of lubrication for horizontal shafts. A ring
of larger diameter rotates with the shaft and collects oils from a container
beneath.
Lubrication, pad : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
delivered to a bearing surface by a pad of felt or similar material.
Lubrication, pressurized gas : A system of lubrication in which a gaseous
lubricant is supplied under sufficient external pressure to separate the
opposing surfaces by a gas film.
Lubrication, solid-film: Lubrication by application of a solid lubricant.
Lubrication, splash : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
splashed onto the moving parts.
Lubrication, thick film : (also known as flood lubrication).
Lubrication, thin film : (also known as boundary lubrication).
Lubrication, vapor-phase : A type of lubrication in which one or more
gaseous reactants are supplied to the vicinity of the surface to be lubricated
and which subsequently react to form a lubricious deposit on that surface.
Lubrication, waste : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
delivered to a bearing surface by cloth waste or yarn.
Lubrication, wick : A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is
delivered to a bearing surface by means of a wick.
Lubricator: A mechanical device, which is used to inject, drops or mist of
oil into an airline for lubrication purposes.
Lubricity: The ability of a lubricant to reduce wear and friction, other than
by its pure viscous properties.
Lüder's Lines (Coil Breaks): 1. Creases or ridges which appear as parallel
lines, transverse to the direction of rolling, and which generally extend across
the width of the sheet. 2. A discontinuous curvature in the strip in the
direction in which the material was rolled or uncoiled.
Lug: A mechanical device fixed to the end truck or wheel yoke which will
prevent the crane or carrier from falling in the event of a wheel or axle
failure.
Lug Suspended: A hoist suspended from a trolley or permanent structure by
means of bolt(s) or pin(s) through a rigid or swivel type lug.
Lumens: The shelf above a fireplace opening. Also used in referring to the
decorative trim around a fireplace opening.
Lumens: Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling
on a surface of one square foot.
Luminaire : Complete lighting device for the highway.
Lump-sum turnkey project: Fixed price project for which all components
are within a single supplier's responsibility.
Lumpy/Fine Ore: Iron Ore is traded in lumps (i.e. sized ore) or in fines.
Production/availability of lumps is limited by virtue of the natural occurrence
and also because of generation of lot of fines during crushing of large lumps
present in the run-of -mines.
Luster: Described as refelective,frosted,shiny or dull
Luster Finish: A bright as-rolled finish proouced on ground metal rolls; it is
suitable for decorative painting or plating but usually must undergo
additional surface preparation after forming.
LVDT: Abbreviation used for “linear variable differential transformer,” a
position sensor used to control the armature stroke of a solenoid on a servo or
proportional hydraulic valve.
Lyctus borer: A borer that attacks sapwood or hardwoods
M B Grade: A term applied to Open Hearth steel wire in the .45/.75 carbon
range either hard drawn or oil tempered. Oil tempered wire of M B and W M
B types are the most widely used of all spring wires. Oil tempered wire is
more suitable to precision forming and casting operations than hard drawn
wire, because of close control of tensile strength and superior straightness. .
NOTE M B, H B and extra H B designate Basic Open Hearth steels, while W
M B, W H B and extra W H B designate Acid Open Hearth Steels. The
chemical composition and the mechanical properties are the same for both
basic and acid steel.
M Sections : Light footweight beams primarily used in the construction of
pre engineered housing. These beams are produced in lighter footweights,
usually six to 10 pounds per foot, than traditional structural products.
M Sections (Bantam Beams, Junior Beams): TMTMLight footweight
beams primarily used in the construction of pre-engineered housing. These
beams are produced in lighter footweights, usually six to 10 pounds per foot,
than traditional structural products.
M shapes: A hot rolled shape called a Miscellaneous Shape with symbol M
that cannot be identified as W, HP, or S Shapes.
M&o: Management and Operations contracts, typically awarded by DOE to
manage and operate facilities in the DOE complex.
Mach number: Ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound. Mach 1 is the
speed of sound at sea level. Its value is approximately 760 mph.
Machinability: A term used to describe the ease with which a metal can be
machined.
Machinability Index: A relative measure of the machinability of an
engineering material under specified standard conditions.
Machinability Index: A relative measure of the machinability of an
engineering material under specified standard conditions.
Machine Allowance: Stock added to the part to permit machining of the part
to final dimensions.
Machine Allowance: Stock added to the part to permit machining of the part
to final dimensions.
Machine Drawing: An engineering drawing which depicts the final size and
shape of the part for its end-use.
Machine Drawing: An engineering drawing which depicts the final size and
shape of the part for its end use.
Machine Forging: Forging performed in upsetters or horizontal forging
machines.
Machine Lock Forming: See Lockseam.
Machine Tool: A power driven machine designed to bore,cut,drill or grind
metal or other materials
Machine Welding: Welding with equipment that performs the welding
operation under the constant observation and control of a welding operator.
The equipment mayor may not load and unload the workpiece. See also
automatic welding. (see Automatic Welding)
Machined surfaces : surfaces cleaned or otherwise altered by a power-driven
machine
Machining: The cutting away of the surface of metal by means of power-
driven machinery. Free-machining stainless steels are easier to machine,
extending tool life and improving throughput.
Machining Damage: Irregularities or changes in the surface of a material
due to machining or grinding operations that may deleteriously affect the
performance of the material/part.
Machining Stress: Residual stress caused by machining.
Machinist: A person who is skilled in the operation of machine tools. He
must be able to plan his own procedure and have knowledge of heat-treating
principles.
Machinist: A person who is skilled in the operation of machine tools. He
must be able to plan his own procedure and have knowledge of heat treating
principles.
Macro Etch: A test consisting of immersing a prepared sample in hot acid to
evaluate the homogeneity and soundness of the product.
Macro Etch: Etching of a metal surface for accentuation of gross structural
details and defects for observation by the unaided eye or at magnifications
not exceeding 10 diameters.
Macroetch: A testing procedure for conditions such as porosity, inclusions,
segregations, caburization, and flow lines from hot working. After applying a
suitable etching solution to the polished metal surface, the structure revealed
by the action of the reagent can be observed visually.
Macroetch Test: Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of the
steel in hot acid and of examining the etched surface to evaluate the
soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested.
Macroetching: Etching of a metal surface with the abjective of accentuating
gross structural details, for observation by the unaided eye or at
magnifications not exceeding ten diameters.
Macrograph: A graphic representation of the surface of a prepared specimen
at a magnification not exceeding 25x. When photographed, the reproduction
is known as a photomacrograph.
Macrograph: A graphic reproduction of a prepared surface of a specimen at
a magnification not exceeding ten diameters. When photographed, the
reproduction is known as a photomacrograph (not a macrophotograph).
Macrohardness Test: A term applied to such hardness testing procedures as
the Rockwell or Brinell hardness tests to distinguish them from
mircoindentation hardness tests such as the Knoop or Vickers tests.
Macroscopic: Visible either with the naked eye or under low magnification
(as great as about ten diameters.
Macroscopic Stress: Residual stress in a material in a distance comparable
to the gage length of strain measurement devices (as opposed to stresses
within very small, specific regions, such as individual grains). Compare with
microscopic stress.
Macroshrinkage: lsolated, clustered or interconnected voids in a casting that
are detectable macroscopically. Such voids are usually associated with abrupt
changes in section size and are caused by feeding that is insufficient to
compensate for solidification shrinkage.
Macrostructure: The structure of metals as seen when viewed with the
naked eye or at low magnification.
Macrostructure: The structure of a metal as revealed by examination of the
etched surface at a magnification not exceeding ten diameters.
Mag: Magnetic
Magnesia Carbon Refractory: A refractory made out of magnesia and
carbon, and is used mostly in various steelmaking processes (in large
quantities in BOF’s) and other metallurgical processes.
Magnesia Grain: Magnesium oxide.
Magnesite: A mineral consisting essentially of magnesium carbonate. It is
the main ingredient used in basic refractories.
Magnesite Grain: Dead-burned magnesia in granular form of size suitable
for refractory purposes.
Magnesium: Chemical symbol Mg. A silvery, moderately hard, strong and
light metal. Used in ductile iron production, steel desulfurization and
chemical reduction. Growing use as a substitute for aluminum and zinc in die
casting, due to light weight and high strength.
Magnesium: A scale forming element found in some boiler feed water.
Magnet: An electromagnetic device carried on a hoist hook, used to pick up
and carry loads magnetically.
Magnet Steels: These are an example of alloy electrical steels. The
outstanding property of these steels is their retentivity or ability to retain
magnetism. Cobalt, chromium, and tungsten are the alloying elements
commonly used to enhance this characteristic.
Magnet, Lifting: (A) electromagnet, battery-powered — a magnet which
requires continuous current supplied by a battery to maintain holding force.
(B) electromagnet, externally powered — a magnet suspended from a crane
which requires power from a source external to the crane (C) permanent
magnet, electrically Bridge Crane Controlled — a magnet which derives
holding force from permanent magnet material and requires current only
during the period of attachment or release. (D) permanent magnet. manually
bridge crane controlled — a magnet which derives holding force from
permanent magnet material and requires a manual effort during period of
attachment or release.
Magnet, Lifting, Close Proximity Operated: A lifting magnet used in such
a fashion that the operator manually positions the magnet on the load, and
manually positions the magnet and load during a lift.
Magnet, Lifting, General Application: Lifting magnets that are intended by
the manufacturer to be used on a number of different geometrical shapes and
do not fall under the category of remotely-operated lifting magnets.
Magnet, Lifting, Remotely Operated: A lifting magnet which does not
require the operator or other personnel to be in close proximity to the magnet
or its load while the magnet is in use.
Magnet, Lifting, Specified Application: Lifting magnets that are designed
for lifting specified geometrical configurations and weights of designated
parts, identified by part number or other Bridge Crane Controlled definition
and used in a Bridge Crane Controlled manner.
Magnet, Lifting, Submersible: A special magnet that has been designed to
be immersed in liquid.
Magnetic Alloys: Alloys that have special magnetic properties.
Magnetic Analysis Inspection: A nondestructive method of inspection to
determine the existence of variations in magnetic flux in ferromagnetic
materials of constant cross section as might be caused by discontinuities and
variations in hardness. The variations are usually indicated by a change in
pattern on an oscilloscope screen.
Magnetic Bridge Crane Control: A means of Bridge Crane Controlling
direction and speed by using magnetic contactors and relays.
Magnetic Chuck: A flat, smooth surfaced workholding device which
operates by magnetism to hold ferrous metal workpieces for grinding.
Magnetic Chuck: A flat, smooth surfaced work holding device which
operates by magnetism to hold ferrous metal workpieces for grinding.
Magnetic Coil: An electrical device mounted on the solenoid valves that
supply the energy needed to shift the valve.
Magnetic Coil: An electrical device mounted on the solenoid valves that
supply the energy needed to shift the valve.
Magnetic course: Intended horizontal direction, measured in degrees
clockwise from the magnetic north.
Magnetic field : The region within which a body or current experiences
magnetic force.
Magnetic flux : The rate of flow of magnetic energy across or through a
surface.
Magnetic Head Pulley: A head pulley is the lead, or head, pulley used to
drive a conveyor belt system. When magnetized, the head pulley can be used
as a separator to remove metal pieces from the material being transported on
the conveyor system. The metal material clings to the conveyor as it rotates
around the head pulley and is either scraped or allowed to fall of the belt on
the underside of the conveyor.
Magnetic iron oxide (fe: 32Partially oxidized iron.
Magnetic Particle Inspection: A nondestructive method of inspection for
determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic
materials. Finely divided magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized part,
anre attracted to and outline the pattern of any magnetic leakage fields
created by discontinuities.
Magnetic particle inspection : A nondestructive method of inspection for
determining the extent of surface cracks and similar imperfection in
ferromagnetic materials.
Magnetic Particle Testing: A non-destructive test method of inspecting
areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. The metal is
magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder adheres to lines of flux
leakage, revealing surface and near surface discontinuities. Magnetic particle
testing is used in both raw material acceptance testing and product inspection.
Quality levels are usually agreed on in advance by the producer and
purchaser.
Magnetic Particle Testing: A non destructive test method of inspecting
areas on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. The metal is
magnetized, then iron powder is applied. The powder adheres to lines of flux
leakage, revealing surface and near surface discontinuities. Magnetic particle
testing is used both raw material acceptance testing and product inspection.
Quality levels are usually agreed on in advance by the producer and
purchaser.
Magnetic Pole: The area on a magnetized part at which the magnetic field
leaves or enters the pan. It is a point of maximum attraction in a magnet.
Magnetic pole : -The area on a magnetized part at which the magnetic field
leaves or enters the part. It is the point of maximum attraction in a magnet.
Magnetic refrigeration : Where very low temperatures are obtained by
using paramagnetic salts with magnets.
Magnetic Separator: A device used to separate magnetic from less magnetic
or nonmagnetic materials. The crushed material is conveyed on a belt past a
magnet.
Magnetically Hard Alloy: See permanent magnet material. (see Permanent
Magnet Material)
Magnetically Soft Alloy: See soft magnetic material.
Magnetism: Commonly expressed as permeability which is the ratio of the
magnetic induction to the magnetic intensity. The important factor to
remember is that the permeability increases as the material becomes more
magnetic. The 300 Series stainless is non-magnetic in the annealed
condition.
Magnetite: The oxide or iron of intermediate valence which has a
composition close to the stoichiometric composition Fe3O4.
Magnetizing Force: A force field resulting from the flow of electric currents
or from magnetized bodies that produces magnetic induction.
Magnetostriction: Changes in dimensions of a body resulting from
application of a magnetic field.
Main Drives: Large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill’s pinion
drives.
Main Drives: Large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill's pinion
drives.
Main Filter: Filter used to clean the hydraulic oil supplied by the main
pumps before the oil goes to the system’s cylinders.
Main Filter: Filter used to clean the hydraulic oil supplied by the main
pumps before the oil goes to the system's cylinders.
Main Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the main part of the weld.
Main Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the main part of the weld.
Main Hoist: The primary hoist mechanism provided for lifting and lowering
the rated load.
Main hoist line: The primary rope system usually of higher load capacity
than that provided by the auxiliary rope system.
Main Line Contactor: A magnetic contactor used in the incoming power
circuit from the main line collectors.
Main Line Disconnect Switch: A manual switch which breaks the power
lines leading from the main line collectors.
Main Oil Pump: A pump that pumps oil to the bearings and the controls of a
blower when the blower is up to speed.
Main Oil Pump: A pump that pumps oil to the bearings and the controls of a
blower when the blower is up to speed.
Main Pump: The pumps that produce the hydraulic pressure for the AGC
and CVC reducing station.
Main Pump: The pumps that produce the hydraulic pressure for the A.G.C.
and C.V.C. reducing station.
Main Steam Header Valve: A valve located before the throttle valve on the
main steam line coming into the turbine.
Main Steam Header Valve: A valve located before the throttle valve on the
main steam line coming into the turbine.
Main Trip Valve: Electrically-operated valve that stops or allows flow
through a line.
Main Trip Valve: Electrically operated valve that stops or allows flow
through a line.
Maintenance and protection of traffic (mpt) plan : A plan for the various
signs, markings,devices, and detours that are required to allow traffic, both
vehicular and pedestrian, through a construction site.
Major axis: The axis of a structural member possessing the largest section
modulus and radius of gyration, thus having the greatest flexural and axial
compressive strength.
Make Up: Water that is added to accumulator drum to ensure proper water
level.
Make Up Tank: A component of the cooling system that allows additional
coolant to be added to the system as needed.
Makeup: Water that is added to accumulator drum to ensure proper water
level.
Makeup Tank: A component of the cooling system that allows additional
coolant to be added to the system as needed.
Makeup water : Water fed to a system to replace that which is lost for
example, water fed to a boiler to replace that lost as steam or condensate;
water fed to a cooling tower to replace that lost by evaporation, drift, or other
causes.
Male: A wood product such as a truss, beam, gluelam, microlam or joist
which is manufactured out of smaller wood pieces and glued or mechanically
fastened to form a larger piece. Often used to create a stronger member which
may use less wood. See also Oriented Strand Board.
Male: Any part, such as a bolt, designed to fit into another (female) part.
External threads are male.
Malleability: The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal
when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering. The more malleable
metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheet more easily than others.
Malleability: The characteristic of metals that permits plastic deformation in
compression without fracture.
Malleabilizing: A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the
combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon
or, in some instances, part of the carbon is removed completely.
Malleabilizing: A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that the
combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free carbon
or, in someinstances, part of the carbon is removed completely.
Malleable: Capable of being extended or shaped by hammering or rolling.
Malleable Iron: A cast-iron made by prolonged annealing of white iron in
which decarburization, graphitization or both take place to eliminate some or
all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If
decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light
fracture surface; hence whiteheart malleable. Otherwise, the fracture surface
will be dark; hence blackheart malleable. Only the blackheart malleable is
produced in the United States. Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic
matrix; pearlitic malleable may contain pearlite, spheroidite or tempered
martensite, depending on heat treatment and desired hardness.
Malleable Iron: A cast iron made by prolonged annealing of white iron in
which decarburization,graphitization or both take place to eliminate some or
all of the cementite. The graphite is in the form of temper carbon. If
decarburization is the predominant reaction, the product will exhibit a light
fracture surface; hence whiteheart malleable. Otherwise, the fracture surface
will be dark;hence blackheart malleable. Only the blackheart malleable is
produced in the United States. Ferritic malleable has a predominantly ferritic
marix;pearlitic malleable may contain peaaaarlite,spheroidite or tempered
marensite, depending on heat treatment an desired hardness.
Malleable iron : iron that permits plastic deformation in compression
without rupture
Mallet: Wooden hammer.
Man Trolley: A trolley having an operator’s cab attached to it.
Manage : Manage means planning, organising, leading and controlling in
respect of risk, project, change, financial, compliance, quality, ongoing
monitoring, control and evaluation.
Mandrel: 1. A rod used to retain the cavity in hollow metal products during
working. 2. A metal bar around which other metal may be cast, bent, formed
or shaped.
Mandrel Forging: The process of rolling and forging a hollow blank over a
mandrel in order to produce a weldless, seamless ring or tube.
Manganese: A metallic element occasionally found in very small amounts as
an impurity in well-water supplies.
Manganese (Mn): A most useful additive to steels. Mild deoxidizer.
Combines with sulfur and so decreases the chance of the steel suffering from
hot shortness. Improves the toughness of ferrite-pearlite steels. Improves
hardenability. Hadfield's manganese steel, which is characterized by its great
resistance to wear, contains around 13% Mn. It is used in some grades of
austenitic stainless steel to replace the more expensive nickel as it is an
austenite stablilizer.
Manganese : a grayish white, usually hard and brittle metallic element found
in steel that resembles iron but is not magnetic
Manhole: Hole in the ground to allow access to underground services; access
chamber.
Man-Hours Per Ton: This is a measure of labor efficiency<="" span="">
Manifold: A conductor with multiple connection ports, generally made from
a solid block of metal with internally drilled passageways to minimize the
amount of piping required.
Manifold (Lube Systems): Two or more injectors in the same mounting
assembly.
Manifold, service : Chamber equipped with gauges and manual valves, used
by service technicians to service refrigerating systems.
Manifolding : A method of circulating the refrigerant through separate rows
of tubes and mostly used with direct-expansion or dry evaporators.
Manipulating Lifter: A lifter that rotates the load about one or more axes
during the lifting process.
Mannesmann Process: A process for piercing tube billets in malting
seamless tubing. The billet is rotated between two heavy rolls mounted at an
angle and is forced over a fixed mandrel.
Manometer: Pressure measuring device.
Manometer: A device to measure small to moderate pressure differentials.
Device is general constructed from glass or plastic tubes filled with water, oil,
alcohol or other suitable fluids.
Manometer : An instrument for measuring pressuresespecially a U-tube
partially filled with a liquid, usually water, mercury, or a light oil, so
constructed that the amount of displacement of the liquid indicates the
pressure being exerted on the instrument.
Mansard: A roof which slopes steeply (e.g. 15 degrees from the vertical) to
allow more space inside the roofspace. Named after a French architect.
Mantel: The written installation and/or maintenance instructions which are
developed by the manufacturer of a product and which may have to be
followed in order to maintain the product warrantee.
Mantel: The shelf above a fireplace opening. Also used in referring to the
decorative trim around a fireplace opening.
Manual Control: A control actuated by the operator.
Manual frost control : Manual control used to change operation of
refrigerating system to produce defrosting conditions.
Manual Override: A means of manually actuating an automatically
controlled device.
Manual Welding: A welding operation performed and controlled completely
by hand. See also automatic welding, machine welding and semiautomatic
welding.
Manual Welding: Welding where in the entire welding operation is
performed and controlled by hand.
Manual-Magnetic Disconnect Switch: A power disconnecting means
consisting of a magnetic-contactor that can be operated by remote pushbutton
and can be manually operated by a handle on the switch.
Manufactured wood-: Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or
other similar building units or materials. Normally bonded together with
mortar to form a wall.
Manufactured wood-: A wood product such as a truss, beam, gluelam,
microlam or joist which is manufactured out of smaller wood pieces and
glued or mechanically fastened to form a larger piece. Often used to create a
stronger member which may use less wood. See also Oriented Strand Board.
Manufacturer: Aircraft builder, such as Airbus, Boeing, Embraer, etc.
Manufacturer’s specifications: The written installation and/or maintenance
instructions which are developed by the manufacturer of a product and which
may have to be followed in order to maintain the product warrantee.
Manufacturer's specifications: A pasty material used as a cement (as for
setting tile) or a protective coating (as for thermal insulation or
waterproofing)
Maraging: A precipitation-hardening treatment applied to a special group of
high-nickel iron-base alloys (maraging steels) to precipitate one or more
intermetallic compounds in a matrix of essentially carbon-free martensite.
Maraging: A precipitation hardening treatment applied to a special group of
high nickel iron base alloys (maraging steels) to precipitate one or more
intermetallic compounds in matrix of essentially carbon free martensite.
Maraging Steel: A high-alloyed steel that is hardened by both martensite
transformation and age-hardening.
Maraging Steel: A high alloyed steel that is hardened by both martensite
transformation and by age hardening.
Marforming Process: A rubber-pad forming process developed to form
wrinkle-free shrink flanges and deep-drawn shells. It differs from the Guerin
process in that the sheet metal blank is clamped between the rubber pad and
the blankholder before forming begins.
Marine Heat Exchanger: A heat exchanger is any type of device used to
transfer heat from between mediums. Marine heat exchangers are specifically
designed to help remove heat from marine engines during operation. Water is
pumped from the water in which the boat is operating, requiring an inlet to be
below the waterline at all times. The water is circulated through the heat
exchanger, helping to dissipate heat from the coolant mix circulating from the
marine engine through the tubes of the heat exchanger. When marine heat
exchangers are used in salt water, a sacrificial zinc anode must be placed on
the heat exchanger to absorb the effects of corrosion due to the salt water.
Mark: An identification number or method of relating to the erector which
joist, joist girder or other separate part of the building goes at what location
when being erected, i.e., J1, K25, L7, G12, or JG9. See Piece Mark and Part
Number.
Mark: Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often described
by source.
Mark: Damage in the surface of the product whose name is often described
by source.
Mark, Arbor: Surface damage in the vicinity of a coil I.D. caused by contact
with a roughened, damaged or non-circular arbor.
Mark, Bearing: A depression in the extruded surface caused by a change in
bearing length in the extrusion die.
Mark, Bite: A line which is generally perpendicular to the rolling direction.
Mark, Bristle: Raised surface about one inch long, crimped wire shaped and
oriented in any direction.
Mark, Carbon: Gray or black surface marking caused by contact with
carbon runout blocks.
Mark, Chatter (Roll or Leveler): Numerous intermittent lines or grooves
that are usually full width and perpendicular to the rolling or extrusion
direction.
Mark, Edge Follower: Faint intermittent marks at the edge of a cold rolled
product which are usually perpendicular to the rolling direction. This mark is
caused by action of devices designed to rewind coils without weave.
Mark, Handling: 1. For rolled products, an area of broken surface that is
introduced after processing. The mark usually has no relationship to the
rolling direction. 2. For extrusions, damage that can be imparted to the
surface during handling operations.
Mark, Heat Treat Contact: Brownish, iridescent, irregularly shaped stain
with a slight abrasion located somewhere within the boundary of the stain. It
is a result of metal-to-metal contact during the quenching of solution heat-
treated flat sheet or plate.
Mark, Inclusion: Appearance of surface (which may also be creased) near a
slit edge, caused by sheet contacting the slitter knife.
Mark, Roll: 1. For rolled products, a small repeating raised or depressed area
caused by the opposite condition on a roll diameter. 2. For extrusions, a
longitudinal groove or indentation caused by pressure from contour rolls as a
profile (shape) passes through them for dimensional correction.
Mark, Roll Skid: A full width line perpendicular to the rolling direction and
repeating as a function of a work roll diameter.
Mark, Rub: A large number of very fine scratches or abrasions. A rub mark
can occur by metal-to-metal contact, movement in handling and movement in
transit.
Mark, Snap: A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded
section and perpendicular to its length. A snap mark occurs whenever there is
an abrupt change in the extrusion process. (see Mark, Stop)
Mark, Stop: A band-like pattern around the full perimeter of an extruded
section and perpendicular to its length. A stop mark occurs whenever the
extrusion process is suspended. (see Mark, Snap)
Mark, Whip: A surface abrasion which is generally diagonal to the rolling
direction. It is caused by a fluttering action of the metal as it enters the rolling
mill.
Marquenching: (see Martempering)
Marsensite Range: The interval between the martensite start and the
martensite finish temperatures.
Marshes : Low lying wet land; swamp.
Martempering: Quenching an austenitized ferrous alloy in a medium at a
temperature in the upper part of the martensite range, or slightly above that
range, and holding it in the medium until the temperature throughout the
alloy is substantially uniform. The alloy is then allowed to cool in air through
the martensite range.
Martempering: A hardening treatment of a steel involving a slow cool
through the martensitic transformation range to reduce stresses associated
with the quenching of austenite. An important aspect of martempering is that
no transformation product other than martensite should form.
Martensite: A microstructural form found in steel when it has been cooled
from its austenitic state to room temperature at a greater than the critical
cooling rate of the steel. It is a metastable solid solution with a body-centered
tetragonal structure and its hardness depends primarily upon the carbon
content of the steel.
Martensite: A distinctive neddle like structure existing in steel as a transition
stage in the transformation of austenite. It is the hardest constituent of steel of
eutectoid composition. It is produced by rapid cooling from quenching
temperature and is the chief constituent of hardened carbon tool steels.
Martensite is magnetic.
Martensitic: Small category of stainless steel characterized by the use of
heat treatment for hardening and strengthening. Martensitic stainless steels
are plain chromium steels with no significant nickel content. They are utilized
in equipment for the chemical and oil industries and in surgical instruments.
The most popular martensitic stainless steel is type 410 (a grade appropriate
for non-severe corrosion environments requiring high strength).
Martensitic Hardening: Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened by
heating above the transformation range to temperatures of 1,700 to 1,950°F,
followed by cooling in air or oil. This process provides the maximum
toughness.
Martensitic Hardening: Martensitic stainless steels can be hardened by
heating above the transformation range to temperatures of 1700 to 1950
degrees F., followed by cooling in air or oil. This process provides the
maximum toughness.
Martensitic Stainless Steels: A corrosion-resistant ferrous alloy with a
predominant martensitic phase.
Martensitic Stainless Steels: A corrosion resistant ferrous alloy with a
predominant martensitic phase. Mass Effect . . . The effect that the mass of a
component has on the properties of the material from which the part is made.
In castings, such effects may arise due to the effect of mass on the
solidification rate and on the rate of temperature change during heat
treatment.
Martensitic Transformation: A reaction that takes place in some metals on
cooling with th formation of an acicular structure called martensite.
Masking: using a material to produce intentionally ungalvanized areas,
typically used in areas that are to be welded, on faying surfaces, or areas
where the galvanized coating is not necessary for uniform corrosion
protection
Masonry: A lien on real property, created by statue in many years, in favor
of persons supplying labor or materials for a building or structure, for the
value of labor or materials supplied by them. In some jurisdictions, a
mechanics lien also exists for the value of professional services. Clear title to
the property cannot be obtained until the claim for the labor, materials, or
professional services is settled. Timely filing is essential to support the
encumbrance, and prescribed filing dates vary by jurisdiction.
Masonry: Brick, concrete, stone, artificial stone or terra cotta laid in mortar
Masonry: A type of construction from materials such as concrete blocks,
bricks, concrete, stone, or ceramic blocks which is laid unit by unit and set in
mortar.
Masonry: Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar
building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar to form a
wall.
Masonry: In general usage this describes work constructed of stone, but
technically the term masonry also includes brickwork and blockwork. (Fr.
maçonnerie, m).
Masonry : a building material such as stone, clay, brick, or concrete
Mass: A property of all matter. It is measured in, for example, grams. Mass
is independent of gravity, unlike weight which depends on gravity.
Mass: The quantity of matter in a body as measured by the ratio of the force
required to produce a given acceleration, to the acceleration.
Mass concrete: Unreinforced concrete, as often used in foundations or other
applications where the added strength of reinforcement is not required.
Mass Effect: A term used to emphasize the effect of section size on the rate
at which a steel can be cooled through its austenitic transformation, and
hence the effect of section size on the microstructure and mechanical
properties than can be produced in a steel of a particular chemistry when
cooled in this manner.
Master (central) control : Control of all outlets from one point.
Master Alloy: An alloy rich in one or more desired addition elements. That
is added to a metal melt to raise the percentage of a desired constituent.
Master Alloy Powder: A prealloyed metal powder of high concentration of
alloy content designed to be diluted when mixed with a base powder to
produce the desired composition. See also prealloyed powder.
Master Divider Valve (Lube Systems): In a series-progressive system, the
first divider valve downstream from the pump; or the first divider valve in a
lubrication zone. Output is directed to secondary divider valves and/or
lubricant points.
Master keying: A system by which all locks within a building are capable of
being operated by one key. Often there are a series of sub-masters
Master Pattern: The object from which a die can be made; generally a metal
model of the part to be cast with process shrinkage.
Master Pattern: The object from which a die can be made; generally a metal
model of the part to be cast with process shringage.
Master Switch: A manually operated device which serves to govern the
operation of contactors and auxiliary devices of an electric Bridge Crane
Control.
Masterplant by : s MasterPlant suite of project automation tools consists of
integrated proprietary and commercial software to help 's project teams
design, build, and maintain world-class facilities.
Mastic: Sheets of metal that are slit to form openings within the lath. Used as
a plaster base for walls and ceilings and as reinforcing over other forms of
plaster base.
Mastic: A waterproof adhesive plastic compound.
Mastic: A pasty material used as a cement (as for setting tile) or a protective
coating (as for thermal insulation or waterproofing)
Matalloid: (a) Element intermediate in luster and conductivity between the
true metals and non metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron, tellurium, and
selenium, etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently one allotropic
modification of an element will be non metallic, another metalloid in
character. Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn. (b) In steel
metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized, even if erroneous, meaning; it covers
elements commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus,
silicon and sulfur.
Match: A condition in which a point in one metalforming or forging die half
is aligned properly with the corresponding point in the opposite die half
within specified tolerance.
Matched Edges: Two edges of the die face that are machined exactly at 90°
to each other and from which all dimensions are taken in laying out the die
impression and aligning the dies in the forging equipment. Also referred to as
match lines.
Matchplate: A plate of metal or other materials on which patterns and gating
systems, split along the parting line, are mounted back-to-back to form an
integral piece.
Matchplate: A plate of metal or other materials on which patterns and gating
systems, split along the parting line, are mounted back to back to form an
integral piece.
Material Processing: Material processing is the process by which raw
materials are refined, combined, or treated in order to achieve new material
properties or to create a component. For example, the term material
processing can be used in reference to the production of stainless steel and
other alloys.
Material Safety Data Sheets: (MSDS) Sheets that document safety issues
associated with various materials used.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): Sheets that document safety issues
associated with various materials used.
Materialmanager a masterplant solution by : The MaterialManager tool in
the MasterPlant suite of project automation tools integrates all material
management functions into one seamless system that provides for the total
control of project materials, from identification and acquisition to tracking,
transportation, warehousing, and installation.
Materials : Any substance specified for use in the construction of the project
and its appurtenances.
Mathematical sciences : Mathematics, numerical analysis, statistics and
aspects of computer science cast in an appropriate mathematical formalism.
Matrix: The mixture of sand and cement that binds together the aggregate of
concrete.
Matrix: The continuous or principal phase in which another constituent is
dispersed.
Matt Finish: A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls
which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to
various degrees of surface texture.
Matte: An intermediate product of smelting; an impure metallic sulfide
mixture made by melting a roasted sulfide ore such as an ore of copper, lead
or nickel.
Matte Finish: A dull or grit surface appearance achieved by rolling on rolls
which have been roughened by mechanical, chemical, or electrical means to
various degrees of surface texture.
Matte Surface: A dull surface appearance on a tin plate product; non
reflowed tinplate. See Re flowed Surface.
Matte Surface (Tinplate): A dull surface appearance on a tin plate product;
non-reflowed tinplate. (see Reflowed surface)
Matte : dull, lacking or deprived of shine; matte-gray galvanized appearance
may result from steel chemistry or may be intentionally induced when the
galvanized steel’s use defines reflectivity limits
Maul: Large wooden hammer used in masonry and paving work.
Max Coil: Largest size coil a customer will take; Tin Mill may have to split a
coil to achieve this weight.
Maximum dry density : The dry density obtained by a stated amount of
compaction of a soil at the optimum moisture content.
Maximum Stress: In testing of the strength of a steel, a sample is machined
into a standard test piece and is stretched in a tensile testing machine until it
breaks. The results are expressed in N/mm2 and is the value of the maximum
load reached in the test divided by the original cross-sectional area of the
specimen.
Maximum Stress: In testing of the strength of steel a sample is machined
into a standard test piece and is stretched In a tensile testing machine until it
breaks. The results are expressed in N/mm2 and is the value of the maximum
load reached in the test divided by the original cross sectional area of the
specimen.
Maximum Stress Intensity Factor: The maximum value of the stress-
intensity factor in a fatigue cycle.
Maxwell diagram: A graphical method of determining stresses in a truss by
combining force polygons of all the joints into one stress diagram.
Mbma (metal building manufacturers association): An association of
manufacturers of metal building systems whose objectives are to compile and
publish recommended design standards which will insure high quality metal
buildings.
Mc shapes: A hot rolled shape called a Miscellaneous Channel with symbol
MC.
McKay Leveler: A series of four rolls (two top, two bottom) necessary to
level or remove coil set in order to feed coil ends through the shear.
Mckay Leveler: A series of four rolls (two top, two bottom) necessary to
level or remove coil set in order to feed coil ends through the shear.
Mcm: Thousand circular mill used to describe large wire sizes.
Mcquaid Ehn Grain Size Test: A method of assessing grain size. It consists
of a test piece at 927oC for 8 hours by slow cooling anmd subsequent
microscopical examination. The grain size is measured at x100 magnification
and compared to standard chars, the figures range from No.1 very coarse to
No. 8 very fine.
McQuaid-Ehn Test: A test to reveal grain size after heating into the
austenitic temperature range. Eight standard McQuaid-Ehn grain sizes rate
the structure, No. 8 being finest, No. 1 coarsest.
Meallographic Structure: The nature, distribution, and amounts of the
metallographic constituents in a metal.
Mean : An arithmetic mean is an average in which all signs are taken as
positive. In an algebraic mean the signs of the quantities are considered and
the mean may be either positive or negative
Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion: This is the amount that a material
will ‘grow’ in size when subjected to a temperature rise. It is measured in
inches/inch/°F. This number multiplied by the length of the tubing (in inches)
and by the temperature rise (in °F) indicates how much the tube length will
expand (in inches). If the temperature decreases, the tube will shrink by a
similar amount.
Mean Diameter: The average of two measurements of the diameter at right
angles to each other.
Mean Diameter: The average of two measurements of the diameter at right
angles to each other
Mean Effective Load: A load used in durability calculations accounting for
both maximum and minimum loads.
Mean Stress: The algebraic average of the maximum and minimum stresses
in one cycle. Also referred to as steady component of stress.
Meander: the tendency of a channelto move laterally.
Measuring Table: A precise measuring device.
Measuring Valve (Lube Systems): Component that dispenses a measured
amount of lubricant to a point of lubrication.
Mechanical Alloying (MA): An alternate cold welding and shearing of
particles of two or more species of greatly differing hardness. The operation
is carried out in high-intensity ball mills, such as attritors and is the preferred
method of producing oxide-dispersion-strengthened (ODS) materials. See
also attritor grinding and dispersion-strengthened material. (see Attritor
Grinding) (see Dispersion-strengthened Material)
Mechanical Assembly: Mechanical assembly is a production and assembly
service offered in many different industries. The assembly company may
offer services including fabrication, assembly, packaging and distribution.
The service may be offered on individual components or on complete
systems. For example, one company may offer the production and assembly
of a computer hard drive, while another provider may receive all of the
individual components and provide the assembly of the entire computer
system.
Mechanical Braking Means: A method of bridge crane controlling or
reducing speed by friction.
Mechanical cleaning : removing residues or impurities from steel using
mechanical force such as grinding or sand blasting
Mechanical completion: Unit is essentially complete for start-up operation
and test run. All major work completed except installation of catalyst. Minor
work not interfering with operation may not be completed. Acceptance letter
will have been submitted to the client. Precise definition may vary and is
usually a contractual provision.
Mechanical Control: A control actuated by linkages, gears, screws, cams or
other mechanical elements.
Mechanical De-scaling: The process of removing oxides or mill scale by
mechanical means. Frequently used to prepare hot rolled wire rods prior to
cold rolling or drawing.
Mechanical engineer : an engineer who applies the principles of mechanics
and energy to the design of machines and devices
Mechanical Galvanizing: A batch process used to produce a zinc coating on
manufactured steel items by shot peening. Small iron and steel parts are
coated with zinc by drum-tumbling with a mixture of promoter chemicals,
zinc powder and glass beads. The tumbling action peens the zinc powder onto
the part.
Mechanical Hysteresis: Energy absorbed in a complete cycle of loading and
unloading within the elastic limit and represented by the closed loop of the
stress-strain curves for loading and unloading. Sometimes referred to as
elastic, but more properly mechanical.
Mechanical Level Indicator: Device that uses a float to measure the level of
oil in a tank.
Mechanical Level Indicator: Device that uses a float to measure the level of
oil in a tank.
Mechanical Load Brake: An automatic type of friction brake used for
bridge crane controlling loads in a lowering direction. This unidirectional
device requires torque from the motor to lower a load but does not impose
additional load on the motor when lifting a load.
Mechanical Metallurgy: The science and technology dealing with the
behavior of metals when subjected to applied forces; often considered to be
restricted to plastic working or shaping of metals.
Mechanical Platform Scales: Mechanical platform scales are weight
measurement devices, often designed to be portable and sit on the floor in
industrial, commercial, or shipping and receiving facilities. A mechanical
scale makes use of a leveling beam or a dial to report the weight of an object.
Floor scales may be designed for small package size application or for much
larger-scale measurement needs.
Mechanical Plating: Plating wherein fine metal powders are peened onto the
work by tumbling or other means. The process is used primarily to provide
ferrous parts with coatings of zinc, cadmium, tin and and alloys of these
metals in various combinations.
Mechanical Polishing: A process that yields a specularly reflecting surface
entirely by the action of machining tools, which are usually the points of
abrasive particles suspended in a liquid among the fibers of a polishing cloth.
Mechanical Polishing: A method of producing a specularly reflecting
surface by use of abrasives.
Mechanical Press: A press whose slide is operated by a crank, eccentric,
cam, toggle links or other mechanial device.
Mechanical Properties: Those properties of a material that reveal the elastic
and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve the relationship
between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of elasticity, tensile
strength and fatigue limit.
Mechanical Properties: Properties of a material that reveal its strength and
elastic behavior.
Mechanical properties : the properties of a material that reveal its elastic
and inelastic behavior when force is applied, thereby indicating its suitability
for mechanical applications; for example, elasticity, tensile strength,
elongation, hardness, and fatigue limit
Mechanical Seal: A dynamic interfacial spring-loaded mechanical device
consisting of a stationary face component in a housing and a rotating face
component on the shaft. Sealing takes place between the two flat sealing
faces perpendicular to the shaft axis.
Mechanical seals : A mechanical device used to control leakage from the
stuffing box of a pump. Mechanical seals are usually made of two flat
surfaces, one of which rotates on a shaft. The two flat surfaces are of such
tolerances as to prevent the passage of water between them.
Mechanical Spring: Any spring produced by cold forming from any
material with or without subsequent heat treatment.
Mechanical Stability: See shear stability.
Mechanical Testing: The methods by which the mechanical properties of a
metal are determined.
Mechanical Testing: Mechanical testing is a term that covers a broad range
of engineering services. Mechanical testing may include the analysis of
material properties and the analysis of component characteristics such as
stress, strain, failure and fatigue.
Mechanical Tubing: Welded or seamless tubing produced in a large number
of shapes to closer tolerances than other pipe.
Mechanical Tubing: Steel tubing products used in the manufacture of
hydraulic cylinders, in mechanical parts for autos and trucks, construction
and farm equipment and in furniture,bicycles and many other applications.
Mechanical Twin: A twin formed in a crystal by simple shear under external
heating.
Mechanical Twin: A twin formed in a metal during plastic deformation by
simple shear of the structure.
Mechanical unit: An air conditioner or other unit either placed on top of a
roof system or hung below which applies loads to joist or joist girders.
Mechanical wear : Removal of material due to mechanical process under
conditions of sliding, rolling, or repeated impact. Included are abrasive wear,
fatigue wear and adhesive wear, but not the corrosive and thermal wear.
Mechanical Working: Plastic deformation or other physical change to which
metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing, etc. to change its shape,
properties or structure.
Mechanical Working: Plastic deformation or other physical change to which
metal is subjected, by rolling, hammering, drawing., etc. to change its shape,
properties or structure.
Mechanically Interlocked: A mechanical device which prevents operation
of opposite bridge crane controls at the same time.
Mechanics lien: A manufactured structural wood beam. It is constructed of
pressure and adhesive bonded wood strands of wood. They have a higher
strength rating than solid sawn lumber. Normally comes in l ½" thickness'
and 9 ½", 11 ½" and 14" widths
Mechanics lien: A lien on real property, created by statue in many years, in
favor of persons supplying labor or materials for a building or structure, for
the value of labor or materials supplied by them. In some jurisdictions, a
mechanics lien also exists for the value of professional services. Clear title to
the property cannot be obtained until the claim for the labor, materials, or
professional services is settled. Timely filing is essential to support the
encumbrance, and prescribed filing dates vary by jurisdiction.
Median : That portion of a divided highway separating the travelled ways for
traffic in opposite directions including inside shoulders.
Median Fatigue Life: The middle value when all of the observed fatigue life
values of the individual specimens in a group tested under identical
conditions are arranged in order of magnitude. When an even number of
specimens are tested, the average of the two middlemost values is used. Use
of the sample median rather than the arithmetic mean (or average) is usually
preferred.
Median Fatigue Strength at N Cycles: An estimate of the stress level at
which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived
from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, since there is no test
procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at N cycles
can be directly observed. Also known fatigue strength at N cycles.
Median Life: Approximately five times the L10 (rating) life of a bearing.
Medium Carbon Steel: Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than
1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard processes. See Low
Carbon Steel and High Carbon Steel
Medium High Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Encompass grades of steel with a
maximum carbon content exceeding 0.23 to and including 0.44 percent.
Medium Low Carbon Steel Wire Rods: Encompass grades of steel with a
maximum carbon content exceeding 0.15 to and including 0.23 percent.
Medium Sections: Medium-size structural steel sections (usually 100-
400mm).
Medium-Carbon Steel: Contains from 0.30% to 0.60% carbon and less than
1.00% manganese. May be made by any of the standard processes. (see Low-
Carbon Steel) (see High-Carbon Steel)
Meehanite: A trade name applied to a certain type of cast iron.
Mega: SI Prefix for 10^6 or 1000000.
Meltdown: The process in which steel is transferred from the solid state into
the liquid state by introducing electrical power to the scrap in the electric
furnace.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid begins to melt.
Melting Point: The temperature at which a pure metal, compound or eutectic
changes form solid to liquid; the temperature at which the liquid and the solid
are in equilibrium.
Melting point: For a given pressure, the temperature at which the solid and
liquid phases of the substance are in equilibrium.
Melting point : Temperature at atmospheric pressure at which a substance
will melt.
Melting Range: The range of temperatures over which an alloy other than a
compound or eutectic changes from solid to liquid; the range of temperatures
from solidus to liquidus at any given composition on a phase diagram.
Melting Range: The range of temperature in which an alloy melt; that is the
range between solidus and liquidus temperatures.
Melt-through: Complete joint penetration for a joint welded from one side.
Member release: An idealization to model how members are attached to
"each other". It designates whether forces and moments at the ends of a
member are considered fixed to or released from the member's point of
attachment.
Membrane: A barrier, usually thin, that permits the passage only of particles
up to a certain size or of special nature.
Membrane: A thin sheet or layer.
Membrane : A thin film or skin, such as the skin of a soap bubble or a
waterproof skin.
Mentoring circles: program in which members of management serve as
mentors to all groups of employees.
Mercaptan : A compound chemically similar to alcohol, with sulfur
replacing the oxygen in the chemical structure. Many mercaptans have an
offensive odor and are used as deodorants in natural gas.
Merchant Bar: A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of rounds,
squares, flats, strips, angles and channels, which fabricators, steel service
centers and manufacturers cut, bend and shape into products. Merchant
products require more specialized processing than reinforcing bar.
Merchant Bar: A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of rounds,
squares, flats, strips, angles, and channels, which fabricators, steel service
centers and manufacturers cut, bend and shape into products. Merchant
products require more specialized processing than reinforcing bar.
Merchant Mill: A mill consisting of a group of stands of three rolls each
arranged in a straight line and driven by one power unit, used to roll rounds,
squares or flats of smaller dimensions than would be rolled on a bar mill.
Merchant Pig Iron: Most pig iron is produced in blast furnaces for
subsequent steelmaking at integrated steelworks, and is transferred as molten
iron from BF to nearby oxygen converters. But a much smaller tonnage is
produced for sale as a steelmaking or foundry raw material. This merchant
pig iron is mostly made in coke or charcoal-fueled blast furnaces and sold as
ingot. Electric arc furnaces (EAF) steelmaking, rather than foundry castings,
is the main application. Some integrated steel mills also sell surplus pig iron.
Total global merchant trade is around 25m tonnes/year, with some 17m
tonnes/year internationally traded, according to International Pig Iron
Association data. The figures exclude China, which has a very large, but
difficult to quantify, domestic market, and is an occasional exporter. Pig iron
is a supplement to ferrous scrap in the EAF, and may be used instead of, or in
addition to direct reduced iron or hot briquetted iron in order to make higher
grades of steel that may not be achievable using only scrap.
Mesh: (1) The number of screen openings per linear inch of screen; also
called mesh size. (2) The screen number on the finest screen of a specified
standard screen scale through which almost all of the particles of a powder
sample will pass. See also sieve analysis and sieve classification. (see Sieve
Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Mesh: 1. To engage, as the teeth between two gears. 2. Steel rods or bars
welded into an open lattice for reinforcing flat concrete structures.
Mesh: To engage, as the teeth between two gears.
Mesh Quality Wire Rods: Generally produced from low or medium low
carbon steel and are intended for drawing or cold rolling into smooth or
deformed wire, which will subsequently be cross-wire resistance welded in to
wire mesh for use as concrete reinforcement. Rods of this type are usually
available as rolled and are frequently mechanically de-scaled in-line with the
rolling or wire drawing process. Generally speaking there are practical
limitations on drawing this quality of steel rods without intermediate
annealing. As an example, low carbon rods starting at 7/32” (5.5 mm) can be
drawn to 1.06” (2.69 mm) in four drafts without annealing.
Mesh-belt Conveyor Furnace: A continuously operating furnace that uses a
conveyor belt for the transports of the charge
Messenger Track: A horizontal member, mounted along a handrail or
girder, supporting movable carriers from which festooned wires are hung.
The festooned wires may be used to transmit current from the bridge to the
trolley or from the bridge to a pendant Bridge Crane Control unit.
Mestastable (Unstable): A state of pseudo-equilibrium.
Metal: An opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that is a good conductor of
heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector of light. Most metals
are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than other substances.
Metal: An opaque, lustrous, elemental substance that is a good conductor of
heat and electricity and, when polished, a good reflector or light. Most metals
are malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than other substances.
Metal Arc Cutting: Any of a group of arc cutting processes that severs
metals by melting them with the heat of an arc between a metal electrode and
the base metal. See also gas metal arc cutting and shielded metal arc
cutting. (see Gas Metal Arc Cutting) (see Shielded Metal Arc Cutting)
Metal Arc Welding: Any of a group of arc welding processes in which
metals are fused together using the heat of an arc between a metal electrode
and the work. Use of the specific process name is preferred.
Metal building system: A building system consisting of a group of
coordinated components which have been designed for a certain loading.
These components are mass produced and assembled in various combinations
with other structural materials to produce a building.
Metal Cored Electrode: A composite filler metal welding eloctrode
consisting of a metal tube or other hollow configuration containing alloying
ingredients. Minor amounts of ingredients facilitate arc stabilization and
fluxing of oxides. External shielding gas may or may not be used.
Metal Dusting: Accelerated deterioration of metals in carbonaceous gases at
elevated temperatures to form a dustlike corrosion product.
Metal Electrode: An electrode used in arc welding or cutting that consists of
a metal wire or rod that is either bare or covered with a suitable covering or
coating.
Metal lath: Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.
Metal lath: Sheets of metal that are slit to form openings within the lath.
Used as a plaster base for walls and ceilings and as reinforcing over other
forms of plaster base.
Metal Matrix Composite: Formed by infiltrating a ceramic preform with a
molten metallic product. Once solidified, the resulting product combines the
best features of ceramics and metals.
Metal Penetration: A surface condition in metal castings in which metal or
metal oxides have filled voids between sand grains without displacing them.
Metal Powder: Elemental metals or alloy particles, usually in the size range
of 0.1 to 1000 um.
Metal Powder Cutting: A technique that supplements an oxyfuel torch with
a stream of iron or blended iron-aluminum powder to facilitate flame cutting
of difficult-to-cut materials. The powdered material propagates and
accelerates the oxidation reaction, as well as the melting and spalling action
of the materials to be cut.
Metal Spraying: A process for applying a coating of metal to an object. The
metal, usually in the form of wire, is melted by an oxyhydrogen or
oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is proficted at high speed by gas
pressure against the object being coated.
Metal Spraying: A process for applying a coating of metal to an object. The
metal, usually in the form of wire, is melted by an oxyhydrogen or
oxyacetylene blast or by an electric arc and is proficted at high speed by gas
pressure against the object being coated.
Metal stud: A structural steel member used for framing walls just as a
regular wooden one.
Metallic Elements: In general these elements are distinguished by their
luster, malleability, conductivity, and ability to form positive ions. Iron,
Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum, Cobalt, Titanium among others are
metallic. Carbon, Sulfur, Phosphorus, Nitrogen, etc. are nonmetallic.
Metallic Glass: A noncrystalline metal or alloy commonly produced by
drastic supercooling of a molten alloy by molecular deposition, which
involves growth from the vapor phase (e.g., thermal evaporation and
sputtering) or from a liquid phase (e.g., electroless deposition and
electrodeposition), or by external action techniques (e.g., ion implantation
and ion beam mixing).
Metallizing: forming a metallic coating by atomized spraying with molten
zinc or by vacuum deposition; also called spray metalizing; applying an
electrically conductive metallic layer to the surface of another material
Metallizing: A process used to produce a zinc coating on manufactured steel
items by metal spraying. Zinc metal wire or powder is fed into a spray gun
where it is melted and sprayed onto the part to be coated. Melting is
accomplished either by combustion in an oxygen-fuel gas flame or an electric
arc. Combustion gases and/or auxiliary compressed air provide the necessary
velocity to spray the liquid metal onto the part.
Metallograph: An optical instrument designed for visual observation and
photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque materials at magnifications
of 25 to approximately 2000x. The instrument consists of a high-intensity
illuminating source, a microscope and a camera bellows. On some
instruments, provisions are made for examination of specimen surfaces using
polarized light, phase contrast, oblique illumination, dark-field illumination
and bright-field illumination.
Metallographic Structure: The nature, distribution and amounts of the
metallographic constituents in a metal.
Metallography: The study of the structure of metals and alloys by various
metals, especially by optical and electron microscopy.
Metallography: The science concerning the constituents and structure of
metals and alloys as revealed by the microscope.
Metalloid: 1. An element intermediate between metals and non-metals
possessing both metallic and non-metallic properties, as arsenic. 2.
Sometimes applied to elements commonly bonded in small amounts in steel,
as carbon, manganese, boron, silicon, sulfur and phosphorus.
Metalloid: 1. Element intermediate in luster and conductivity between the
true metals and non-metals. Arsenic, antimony, boron, tellurium, selenium,
etc., are generally considered metalloids; frequently one allotropic
modification of an element will be non-metallic, another metalloid in
character. Obviously, no hard and fast line can be drawn. 2. In steel
metallurgy, metalloid has a specialized, even if erroneous, meaning; it covers
elements commonly present in simple steel; carbon, manganese, phosphorus,
silicon and sulfur.
Metalloid: 1) An element intermediate between metals and nonmetals
possessing both metallic and nonmetallic properties, as arsenic, 2) sometimes
applied to elements commonly bonded in small amounts in steel, as carbon,
manganese, boron, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Metallstatic Pressure: A compound phase referring to hydrostatic pressure,
substituting Metall since Hydro connotes water.
Metallurgical Bond: The bond between two metals whose interface is free
of voids, oxide films or discontinuities.
Metallurgical Bond: The principal bond that holds metal together and is
formed between base metals and filler metals in all welding processes. This is
a primary bond arising from the increased spatial extension of the valence
electron wave functions when an aggregate of metal atoms is brought close
together. Also referred to as metallic bond.
Metallurgical Bond: The bond between two metals whose interface is free
of voids, oxide films, or discontinuities.
Metallurgical bond : the bonding of iron/zinc intermetallic layers to the base
steel
Metallurgical Coke: A coke, usually low in sulfur, having a very high
compressive strength at elevated temperatures; used in metallurgical furnaces
not only as fuel, but also to support the weight of the charge.
Metallurgical factor : The condition of the metal, such as inclusions,
chemical segregation’s, cold work and others, which have an impact upon the
rate of electrochemical corrosion rates.
Metallurgical : relating to the study of metals and their properties in bulk an
at the atomic level
Metallurgy: The science which deals with the extraction of metals from their
ores and the adaptation and application of these metals to the uses for which
they are intended.
Metallurgy: The science and technology of metals, a broad field that
includes but is not limited to the study of internal structures and properties of
metals and the effects on them of various processing methods.
Metallurgy Testing: See Engineer Services : Metallurgical
Metalock: A method of cold repair of castings and forgings.
Metalock: A method of cold repair of castings and forgings.
Metalograph: An optical instrument designed for both visual observation
and photomicrography of prepared surfaces of opaque materials at
magnifications ranging from about 25 to about 1500 diameters.
Metals Comparator: An instrument for testing or identifying metallic and
nonmetallic parts. Parts are placed in an electromagnetic field and a standard
parts in a matched electromagnetic field. Distortions of the magnetic fields
are compared on an oscilloscope.
Metamic: A metal ceramic high in Cr Al2O3.
Metar: Aviation routine weather report. Format for shorthand weather
information reporting using a standardized set of codes and abbreviations (for
example BKN broken clouds, OVC overcast, CAVOK ceiling and visibility
okay, etc.) Acronym possibly comes from the French “Météorologie Aviation
Régulière” (routine aviation weather).
Metastable: (1) Of a material not truly stable with respect to some transition,
conversion or reaction but stabilized kinetically either by rapid cooling or by
some molecular characteristics as, for example, by the extremely high
viscosity of polymers. (2) Possessing a state of pseudoequilibrium that has a
free energy higher than that of the true equilibrium state.
Metastable: Possessing a state of pseudo equilibrium that has a free energy
higher than that of the true equilibrium state but from which a system does
not change spontaneously.
Meter: Metric unit of length approximately 39.375 inches or 1,000mm.
Meter: To regulate the amount or rate of fluid flow.
Meter In: To regulate the amount of fluid flow into an actuator or system.
Meter Out: To regulate the flow of the discharge fluid out of an actuator or
system.
Meth Panel: Base Line Methodology Panel is a terminology given to a
working group of the United Nations' Clean Development Mechanism
Executive Council responsible for evaluating carbon credit projects.
Method : Method a procedure, technique, or way of doing something,
especially in accordance with a definite plan; a manner or mode of procedure,
especially an orderly, logical, or systematic way of instruction, inquiry,
investigation, experiment, presentation; order or system in doing anything
Method statement: A document which shows how the construction will be
carried out safely. Under most forms of contract the Contractor will prepare
any necessary method statements and the Engineer will usually check them.
Method statements are also sometimes required by neighbouring owners
where potentially hazardous work is being proposed, or by Planning
authorities to ensure that a proposal is buildable.
Metre: The basic unit of length in the SI system of weights and measures.
Multiplied and divided by 1000 to give derived units such as millimetres and
kilometres. Symbol m. In the USA the spelling meteris used. A metre is
approximately equivalent to 3ft, 33/8 inches.
Metric: The UK construction and engineering industries were encouraged by
the Government to adopt the metric system in the early 1970s. The system
used was and remains (rather shortsightedly) based on millimetres rather than
the centimetre system taught in schools in the UK and around the world.
See SI system.
Meuller-breslau principle: Is a simple method to draw approximate shapes
of influence lines.
Mews: In London and other large cities, the stables belonging to large houses
would often be accessed from a small road running along the backs of the
properties, known as the mews. The mews properties are often separated
from their main house and converted to sought-after dwellings.
Mexico Bay Sand: A sand similar to Michigan City dune sand mined at
Selkirk Beach, near Mexico NY., on Lake Ontario. It has a silica content of
90% and over.
Meyer Hardness Test: A test to determine the tendency of a metal to harden
when deformed plastically. A series of indentations are made in the metal
using a fixed-diameter ball and progressively increasing loads.
Meyer Hardness Test: A test to determine tendency of a metal to harden
when deformed plastically. A series of indentations are made in the metal
using a fixed diameter ball and progressively increasing loads.
Mezzanine: A low floor between two stories in a building, usually just above
the ground floor.
Mf: The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling.
Mf: The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling.
Mf Temperature: The temperature at which martensitic transformation is
essentially complete during cooling after austenitization.
Mg: The chemical symbol for Magnesium.
Mg: Chemical symbol for Magnesium
Mg/l: milligrams of a substance per litre of water, parts per million (ppm)
Mhi (material handling industry): Is a not-for-profit organization which
was formed to advance the interests of the material handling industry which
includes the movement, storage, control, and protection of material and
products throughout the process of their manufacture, distribution,
consumption, and disposal.
Mic; Mike: A term used for micrometer or to measure with a micrometer.
Mica : A silicate material used with high pressure gauge glasses on boilers.
Mica Schist: A type of micaceous refractory rock used for lining cupolas and
other melting furnaces.
Mica Strainer: A skim core made of thin mineral silicates crystallizing in
monoclinic form.
Michel thrust bearing : -
Michigan Sand: Core sands of dune or lake sand and bank sands found in
Michigan.
Micro filtration : A membrane filtration process, which forces water through
a porous barrier. Pores are usually between 0.1 to 20 m m, when used for
water purification. For filtering purposes, pore sizes are .045 m m.
Micro Laser Welding: Micro Laser Welding is a metal joining process that
uses a laser to precisely apply the thermal energy necessary for joining. The
term micro refers to the use of small spot sizes less than 1 mm in diameter.
Laser welding has several advantages over arc welding: It limits the heat-
affected zone and can be used to produced narrow, deep welds.
Micro Limit Switch: A micro limit switch is a small mechanical device used
to turn on or off another device. A micro limit switch is operated by very
small movements of an actuator, responding to the movement of other
components in a system.
Micro Pipes : Tiny cavities, a fraction of a millimeter in diameter, with
irregular outlines, which occur in castings. Etching shows they occur at
intersections of convergent dendritic directions.
Micro Tester: A low load hardness tester, suitable for both Vickers and
Knoop tests, working with loads of between 10 to 3000 grams.
Microalloyed Carbon Steels: Developed from low-carbon steels, with small
additions of manganese and other elements with very low contents. They
present greater mechanical resistance than identical low-carbon steels, but
keep ductibility and weldability properties.
Microbands (Deformation): Thin sheet-like volumes of constant thickness
in which cooperative slip occurs on a fine scale. They are an instability which
carry exclusively the deformation at medium strains when normal
homogenous slip is precluded. The sheets are aligned at +/- 55° to the
compression direction and are confined to individual grains, which usually
contain two sets of bands. Compare shear bands.
Microbar: A unit of pressure equal to 1 dyne/cm2 (one millionth of the
pressure of the atmosphere).
Microcast Process: A patented method of precision casting alloys, such as
Vitallium, Monel, Inconel and the Haynes Stelite alloys.
Microcrack: A crack of microscopic proportions. Also termed microfissure.
Microetching: Etching of metal samples for examination under the
microscope.
Microetching: Etching of metal samples for examination under the
microscope.
Microfissure: A crack of microscopic proportions.
Microformer: A type of extensometer for measuring elongation of test piece
in a tensile test.
Micrograph: A graphic reproduction of the surface of a specimen at a
magnification greater than 25x. If produced by photographic means it is
called a photomicrograph (not a microphotograph).
Micrograph: A graphic reproduction of the prepared surface of a specimen
at a magnification greater than ten diameters. When photographed, the
reproduction is known as a photomicrograph (not a microphotograph).
Microhardness: The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an
indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material
under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be
measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different
microconstituents within a structure or of measuring steep hardness gradients
such as those encountered in case hardening. See also microhardness
test. (see Microhardness Test)
Microhardness: The hardness of a material as determined by forcing an
indenter such as a Vickers or Knoop indenter into the surface of a material
under very light load; usually, the indentations are so small that they must be
measured with a microscope. Capable of determining hardnesses of different
microconstituents within a structure, or of measuring steep hardness gradients
such as those encountered in case hardening.
Microhardness: The hardness of microconstituents of a material.
Microhardness Number: A commonly used term for the more technically
correct term microidentation hardness number.
Microhardness Test: A microindentation hardness test using a calibrated
machine to force a diamond indenter of specific geometry, under a test load
of I to 1000 gram-force into the surface of the test material and to measure
the diagonal or diagonals optically. See also Knoop hardness test and Vickers
hardness test. (see Knoop Hardness Test) (see Vickers Hardness Test)
Microinch: 0.000001 (1/1,000,000th) of an inch. A common unit of
measurement in surface measurement research and in standard roughness
(surface) unit values of performance of machinery.
Microindentation: (1) In hardness testing, the small residual impression left
in a solid surface when an indenter, typically a pyramidal diamond stylus, is
withdrawn after penetrating the surface. Typically, the dimensions of the
microindentations are measured to determine microindentation hardness
number. (2) The process of indenting a solid surface using a hard stylus of
prescribed geometry and under a slowly applied normal force, usually for the
purpose of determining its microindentation hardness number. See also
Knoop hardness number, microindentation hardness number and Vickers
hardness number. (see Knoop Hardness Number (HK)) (see Microindentation
Hardness Number) (see Vickers Hardness Number)
Microindentation Hardness Number: A numerical quantity usually stated
in units of pressure (kg/mm^2) that expresses the resistance to penetration of
a solid surface by a hard indenter of prescribed geometry and under a
specified, slowly applied normal force. The prefix "micro" indicates that the
indentations produced are typically between 10.0 and 200.0 um across. See
also Knoop hardness number, nanohardness test and Vickers hardness
number. (see Knoop Hardness Number (HK)) (see Nanohardness Test)(see
Vickers Hardness Number)
Microlam: Generally all building materials made of finished wood and
manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and door
frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components (ballusters, rail,
etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling, or
siding.
Microlam: A manufactured structural wood beam. It is constructed of
pressure and adhesive bonded wood strands of wood. They have a higher
strength rating than solid sawn lumber. Normally comes in l ½” thickness’
and 9 ½”, 11 ½” and 14″ widths
Microlug: A test coupon used to give rapid indication of the effectiveness of
magnesium treatment of ductile iron.
Microlug: A test coupon used to give rapid indication of the effectiveness of
magnesium treatment of ductile iron.
Micrometer, Depth: A micrometer in which the spindle projects through a
flat, accurately machined bar. Used to measure the depth of holes or
recesses.
Micrometer, Thread: A micrometer in which the spindle is ground to a
point having a conical angle of 60°. The anvil, instead of being flat, has a 60°
V-shaped groove which fits the thread.
Micron: 10-6 m; one millionth of a meter.
Micron : A unit of length, the thousandth part of 1 mm of the millionth of a
meter.
Microprocessor : A small computer used in load management to analyze
energy demand and consumption such that loads are turned on and off
according to a predetermined program.
Microradiography: The process of passing x-rays through a thin section of
an alloy in contact with a photographic emulsion, and then magnifying the
radiograph 50 to 100 times to observe the distribution of alloying constituents
and voids.
Microscopic: Visible at magnifications above 25x.
Microscopic: Minute object or structures which are invisible or not clearly
distinguished without the use of a microscope.
Microscopic Stress: Residual stress in a material within a distance
comparable to the grain size. See also macroscopic stress. (see Macroscopic
Stress)
Microscopic Tests: Tests used in studying inclusions, segregation and
structure. Microscopic studies may be supplemental and coordinated with
other tests.
Microsection: A metal specimen whose surface has been polished and
etched to reveal the microstructure.
Microsection: A metal specimen whose surface has been polished and
etched to reveal the microstructure.
Microshrinkage: Very finely divided porosity resulting from interdendritic
shrinkage resolved only by use of the microscope; may be visible on
radiographic films as mottling. Etching shows they occur at intersections of
convergent dendritic directions.
Microshrinkage: Very finely divided porosity resulting from interdendritic
shrinkage resolved only by use of the microscope; may be visible on
radiographic films as mottling. Etching shows they occur at intersections of
convergent dendritic directions.
Microspectroscopy: A method of identifying metallic constituents using
spectrographic arc.
Microspectroscopy: A method of identifying metallic constituents using
spectrographic arc.
Microstructure: Microscopic structure of steel. Under a microscope, certain
elements of the solidified metal are visible (crystal structure).
Microstructure: The structure of a prepared surface of a metal as revealed
by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten diameters.
Microtone (Brit.): An instrument for cutting thin sections of soft specimens.
Microvalve: A control valve used to control the hydraulic pressure to the
clutch plates on the winch drive.
Middling: A product intermediate between concentrate and tailing and
containing enough of a valuable mineral to make retreatment profitable.
Midreaches: streams carrying the water from several tributaries
Mid-Weld: Two or more joints welded to form a longer one.
MIG Welding: Metal inert-gas welding; see preferred term gas metal arc
welding. (see Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW))
Mike Mark: Narrow continuous line near the rolled edge caused by a
contacting micometer
Mikro Tester: A low load hardness tester, suitable for both Vickers and
Knoop tests, working with loads of between 10 to 3000 grams.
Mil: A measurement of thickness of paint. One mil=.001 of an inch.
MIL STD: United States Government military standards, specifications,
usually requiring rugged, exacting testing equal to the exigencies of combat
usage.
Mil Std: United States Government military standards, specifications,
usually requiring rugged, exacting testing equal to the exigencies of combat
usage.
Milar (mylar): The joint of two pieces at an angle that bisects the joining
angle. For example, the miter joint at the side and head casing at a door
opening is made at a 45° angle.
Milar (mylar): Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.
Mild steel: Structural steelwork and reinforcement generally come in two
qualities mild steel and high-tensile steel, the latter being stronger but more
expensive.
Mild Steel: Carbon steel containing a maximum of about 0.25% C.
Mild steel : A low-carbon steel of ordinary production.
Mild Steels: A description generally taken to mean a non-alloy steel with a
maximum carbon content of about 0.25%.
Mile: Unit of length in the Imperial system; 1760 yards, equal to 1609.344
metres.
Mill: (1) A factory in which metals are hot worked, cold worked or melted
and cast into standard shapes suitable for secondary fabrication into
commercial products. (2) A production line, usually of four or more stands,
for hot or cold rolling metal into standard shapes such as bar, rod, plate, sheet
or strip. (3) A single machine for hot rolling, cold rolling or extruding metal;
examples include blooming mill, cluster mill, four-high mill and Sendzimir
mill. (4) A shop term for a milling cutter. (5) A machine or group of
machines for grinding or crushing ores and other minerals. (6) A machine for
grinding or mixing material; for example, a ball mill and a paint mill. (7)
Grinding or mixing a material; for example, milling a powder metallurgy
material.
Mill: A milling machine. Also, the act of performing an operation on the
milling machine.
Mill Edge: Normal rounded edge produced in hot rolling. Does not conform
to any standard radius. This replaces the old term, band edge.
Mill Edge: A hot band processed through the Pickler without being side
trimmed. This replaces the old term, band edge.
Mill Finish: A surface finish produced on sheet and plate, characteristic of
the ground finish on the rolls used in fabrication.
Mill Finish: A surface finish produced on sheet and plate. Characteristic of
the ground finish used on the rolls in fabrication.
Mill Form: Shapes manufactured by traditional rolling or drawing
operations, such as rounds, squares, hexagons and rectangles.
Mill lacquer : organic protective coating applied to steel parts, usually pipes
or tubes, to protect the parts during shipping; this material cannot be removed
by the usual galvanized cleaning methods
Mill Products: Generally mill forms of sheet, strip, plate, bar rod and semi-
finished forms.
Mill Scale: Iron oxide scale formed on steel during hot working processes,
cooled in air.
Mill Scale : Iron oxide scale formed on steel during hot working processes,
cooled in air
Mill scale : A natural black iron oxide coating loosely adhering to the interior
of new piping or tubes.
Mill scale : a heavy, imbedded iron oxide layer formed during hot fabrication
or heat-treatment of steels
Mill Stars: Multipointed white iron or hard iron bodies used in a tumbling
barrel to assist in polishing and cleaning.
Mill Stars: Multi pointed white iron or hard iron bodies used in a Tumbling
Barrel to assist in polishing and cleaning.
Mill test report: A report of a heat of steel that indicates the customer's order
number, grade of steel, number and dimensions of pieces shipped, and the
chemical compositional makeup of hot rolled structural steel members. It also
indicates physical properties, such as, yield strength, tensile strength,
elongation, impact, and ultimate strength.
Mill-Duty Crane: Service classification covered by AIST Standard No. 6,
‘Specification for Electric Overhead Traveling Cranes for Steel Mill
Service’.
Milled: Timber that has passed through a moulding machine and is of a
specific profile.
Milled: A surface which has been accurately sawed or finised to a true plane.
Miller Indices: A system for identifying planes and directions in any crystal
system by means of sets of integers. The indices of a plane are related to the
intercepts of that plane with the axes of a unit cell; the indices of a direction,
to the multiples of lattice parameter that represent the coordinates of a point
on a line parallel to the direction and passing through the arbitrarily chosen
origin of a unit cell.
Milli: SI prefix for 10^-3 or 0.001
Millimeter: Metric unit of length. Equals 0.03937 inches.
Milling : (1) Removing a specified thickness of an existing pavement surface
by grinding with a milling machine. (2) Removing metal shavings from a
surface by pushing it on a moving table past a rotating toothed cutter.
Milling (machining): Removing metal with a milling cutter.
Milling (powder technology): The mechanical comminution of a material
usually in a ball mill to alter the size or shape of the individual particles, to
coat one component of a mixture with another or to create uniform
distributions of components.
Milling Cuffer: A cutting tool, generallt cylindridcal in shape. Used on a
milling machine and operated essentially like a circular saw.
Milling Cutter: A rotary cutting tool provided with one or more cutting
elements called teeth that intermitently engage the workpiece and remove
material by relative movement of the workpiece and cutter.
Milliroentgen : A sub multiple of the roentgen equal to one thousandth
(1/1000th) of a roentgen.
Milliscope: An instrument which gives an electrical warning when melt
reaches a predetermined temperature.
Millwork: A wood strip having an engraved, decorative surface.
Millwork: Generally all building materials made of finished wood and
manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and door
frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components (ballusters, rail,
etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not include flooring, ceiling, or
siding.
Milt: sperm-filled milky substance released by male fish to fertilize eggs
Mined excavation : A method of constructingtunnels or other underground
spaces from below the surface. Unlike cut-and-cover construction, the ground
surface is not disturbed with this technique. The mining may be
accomplished in a number of ways including drilling with controlled blasting,
tunnel boring machines, and other methods of rock/soil excavation.
Mineral: Natural inorganic substance which is either definite in chemical
composition and physical characteristics or any chemical element or
compound occuring naturally as a product of inorganic processes.
Mineral : Natural inorganic substance which is either definite in chemical
composition and physical characteristics or any chemical element or
compound occurring naturally as a product of inorganic processes.
Mineral : A naturally occurring inorganic substance having specified
chemical composition and crystalline structure.
Mineral Dressing: Physical and chemical concentration of raw ore into a
product from which a metal can be recovered at a profit.
Mineral Oil: Originally, the name given to petroleum because it occurs as a
mineral, to distinguish it from oil obtained from animal and vegetable
sources; more commonly, a lubricant made from petroleum.
Mineral Seal Oil: A cut between kerosene distillate and gas oil, widely used
as a solvent or penetrating oil.
Mineral Spirits: Highly effective solvents derived from petroleum or
coal. (see Petroleum Spirits)
Mini Mills: Normally defined as steel mills that melt scrap metal to produce
commodity products. Although the mini mills are subject to the same steel
processing requirements after the caster as the integrated steel companies,
they differ greatly in regard to their minimum efficient size, labor relations,
product markets, and management style.
Minimill: A small non-integrated or semiintegrated steel plant, generally
based on electric arc furnace steelmaking. Minimills produce rods, bars,
small structural shapes and flat rolled products.
Minimill Steel Producer: A steel company, which manufactures solid, steel
products; starts with the steelmaking operation, generally consisting of an
electric arc furnace, and converts the liquid steel into solid products. See
Integrated Steel Producer.
Minimized Spangle: A dull hot-dipped galvanized surface appearance in
which the normal zinc formation has been suppressed; achieved by applying
water droplets or some other nucleating agent to the zinc surface after the
bath but before the zinc solidifies to suppress the growth of spangle.
Minimized Spangle: A dull Hot Dipped Galvanized surface appearance in
which the normal zinc formation has been suppressed; achieved by applying
water droplets or some other nucleating agent to the zinc surface after the
bath but before the zinc solidifies to suppress the growth of spangle.
Minimum Bend Radius: The minimum radius over which a metal product
can be bent to a given angle without fracture.
Minimum Residual Stress (MRS): The term applied to products, usually
flat rolled, which have been processed to minimize internal stress of the kind
that causes distortion when material is disproportionately removed from one
of the two surfaces through mechanical or chemical means.
Minimum Residual Stress (MRS): The term applied to products, usually
flat rolled, which have been processed to minimize internal stress of the kind
that causes distortion when material is disproportionately removed from on of
the two surfaces through mechanical or chemical means.
Minimum Stress (Smin): In fatigue, the stress having the lowest algebraic
value in the cycle; tensile stress being considered positive and compressive
stress negative.
Minimum Stress-intensity Factor (Kmin): In fatigue, the minimum value
of the stress-intensity factor in a cycle. This value corresponds to the
minimum load when the load ratio is more than 0 and is taken to be zero
when the load ratio is less than or equal to 0.
Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating: The average of three coating
weights test results obtained from a full width sample of a galvanized (or any
other coated) coil: 2 inches from each end and dead center.
Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating: The average of three coating
weights test results obtained from a full width sample of a galvanized (or any
other coated) coil 2 inches from each end and dead center.
Mining Cable: The smallest diameter of a screw thread. Also known as the ?
Root diameter?.
Minor axis: The axis of a structural member possessing the smallest section
modulus and radius of gyration, thus having the least flexural and axial
compressive strength.
Minor Diameter: The smallest diameter of a screw thread. Also known as
the “Root Diameter”.
Minus Sieve: The portion of a powder sample that passes through a standard
sieve of a specified number. See also plus sieve and sieve analysis. (see Plus
Sieve) (see Sieve Analysis)
Mirror Finish: A highly reflective finish obtained by polishing with
successively finer abrasive and buffing extensively free of grit lines. Finish is
mostly used for architectural applications.
Mirror Finish: A highly reflective finish obtained by polishing with
successively finer abrasive and buffing extensively free of grit lines. Finish is
used most for architectural applications. A comparable finish produced by
cold rolling is Ulbrich?s UlbraBright, which currently is not being produced.
Mischmetal: An alloy of rare earth metals containing about 50% lanthanum,
neodymium and similar elements.
Miscibility: Solubility; ability of two or more liquids to form a homogeneous
solution.
Miscibility : The ability of two liquids, not mutually soluble, to mix.
Mismatch: The misalignment or error in register of a pair of forging dies;
also applied to the condition of the resulting forging.
Mismatch: Error in register between two halves of a forging by opposing die
halves not being in perfect alignment
Misrun: Denotes an irregularity of the casting surface caused by incomplete
filling of the mold due to low pouring temperature, gas back pressure from
inadequate venting of the mold and inadequate gating.
Misrun: Denotes an irregularity of the casting surface caused by incomplete
filling of the mold due to low pouring temperature, gas back pressure from
inadequate venting of the mod, and inadequate gating.
Mist : Very thin fog.
Misting: A coating defect consisting of a condition encountered, primarily on
D & I high-speed beverage can coating machines, which appears as many
fine spots of coating.
Misting: A coating defect consisting of a condition encountered, primarily on
D & I high speed beverage can coating machines, which appears as many
fine spots of coating.
Miter cut: A single cut made at an angle to the member length. See Bevel
Cut.
Miter joint: Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing
point. Normally 11 gauge or Schedule 40 metal, and determined by the
structural engineer
Miter joint: The joint of two pieces at an angle that bisects the joining angle.
For example, the miter joint at the side and head casing at a door opening is
made at a 45° angle.
Mitis Casting: Casting of very mold steel.
Mitre: Half the angle of a joint.
Mitre saw: A circular saw which can rotate on a swivel base for cutting
timber at angles up to 45°.
Mix: The proportions of the ingredients of concrete, mortar and such like.
Mix bed demineralizer : Having a mixture of cation and anion exchange
resin in the same housing.
Mixed Base Crude/Intermediate Base Crude: Crude oil, neither
predominantly paraffinic or naphthenic in character, found in the Mid-
continent and other districts.
Mixed Base Grease: Usually refers to a mixture of greases formulated with
sodium and calcium soaps, though other combinations are available; though
such compounding offers modest benefits, it is not sufficient to make them
multipurpose greases.
Mixed Film/Imperfect Film Lubrication: Lubrication in which the
lubricant film is not continuous over the bearing area.
Mixed Gas: A natural gas and air mixture which lowers the BTU value of
the gas to approximately 750 BTU per cubic feet.
Mixed Potential: The potential of a specimen (or specimens in a galvanic
couple) when two or more electrochemical reactions occur. Also called
galvanic couple potential.
Mixing: In powder metallurgy, the thorough intermingling of powders of two
or more different materials (not to be confused with blending).
Mixture : A physical blend of two or more substances.
Mls: Microwave Landing System. A microwave-based instrument approach
system intended to replace ILS in the 1990s and claimed to offer a number of
advantages such as the ability to fly segmented and curved precision
approaches.
Mn: Chemical symbol for Manganese.
Mo: Chemical symbol for Molybdenum.
Mo: Chemical symbol for Molydenum
Mobile crane: Versatile lifting devices in a range of sizes, usually telescopic.
Mobile source: Vehicular sources of air pollution, such as automobiles,
trucks, and buses.
Mobility: Analogous to fluidity, the property of a lubricating grease that
permits flow under pressure, as in centralized grease dispensing systems.
Mobility is evaluated by low-temperature testing that simulates winter field
conditions.
Mock tudor: An architectural style popular in suburban development in the
twenties and thirties, in which traditional styles were copied poorly.
Mock Up: A full size model built accurately for study, testing or display.
Mode : The form of travel (e.g., walking, automobile,bus, train).
Model: Model a representation of a system, component or material for that
adequately describes the object for a purpose such as analysis or design.
Model: A proportional representation of an object in any scale.
Modell Number: A value giving a measure of wear resistance.
Modification: A process in which the eutectic temperature, structure and
composition of aluminum-silicon alloys are apparently altered by the addition
of small amounts of a third element, such as sodium. A similar phenomenon
can be affected by chill casting.
Modification: A process in which the eutectic temperature, structure, and
composition of aluminum silicon alloys are apparently altered by the addition
of small amounts of a third element, such as sodium. A similar phenomenon
can be effected by chill casting.
Modular construction: A construction technique in which sections of a
facility are prefabricated in "Modules," which are transported to the project
site, placed in position, and connected.
Modulating : Type of device or control which tends to adjust by increments
(minute changes) rather than by either "full on" or "full off" operation.
Modulating control : A mode of automatic control in which the action of the
final control element is proportional to the deviation, from set point, of the
controlled medium.
Modulating refrigeration cycle : Refrigerating system of variable capacity.
Module: A unit of length used as a basis for dimensional coordination and by
which the planning of buildings can be to some extent standardized eg - a
dimension of 100mm used as the fundamental increment in Modular Co-
ordination.
Modulus of elasticity: A measure of the amount by which something can be
deformed by a force and recover when the force is removed.
Modulus of Elasticity: The number which represents the relative
“springiness” of a given type of metal. All steels have the same modulus of
elasticity or “springiness”, regardless of the tensile or yield strengths. That is,
until the yield point is reached, they all stretch the same amount for a given
load. Aluminum, on the other hand, is more elastic than steel and thus will
stretch more than steel under the same loading.
Modulus of elasticity (e): Is the slope of the straight-line portion of the
stress-strain curve in the elastic range found by dividing the unit stress in ksi
by the unit strain in in/in. For all structural steels, the value is usually taken as
29,000 ksi. This is also called Young's Modulus.
Modulus of elasticity (e) : The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a material.
Modulus Of Resilience: The amount of strain energy per unit volume
required to stress a material from zero to the yield stress limit. The modulus
of resilience is proportional to the area under the elastic portion of the stress
strain diagram. Units are Pa or psi.
Modulus of Resilience (ur): The amount of strain energy per unit volume
required to stress a material from zero to the yield stress limit. The modulus
of resilience is proportional to the area under the elastic portion of the stress-
strain diagram. Units are Pa or psi.
Modulus of Rigidity: Of a material suffering shear, the ratio of the intensity
of the shear stress across the section to the shear strain, i.e., to the angle of
distortion in radians; expressed in pounds or tons per square inch.
Modulus Of Rigidity: In a torsion test the ratio of the unit shear stress to the
displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic range. See Shear
Modulus
Modulus of Rupture: Used in both bending and torsion testing. In bending,
the modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the
section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture
divided by the polar section modulus.
Modulus Of Rupture: Used in both bending and torsion testing. In bending,
the modulus of rupture is the bending moment at fracture divided by the
section modulus. In torsion, modulus of rupture is the torque at fracture
divided by the polar section modulus.
Modulus Of Toughness: Amount of work per unit volume of a material
required to carry that material to failure under static loading. Equal to the area
under the entire stress strain curve. Units are Pa or psi.
Modulus of Toughness (ut): Amount of work per unit volume of a material
required to carry that material to failure under static loading. Equal to the area
under the entire stress-strain curve. Units are Pa or psi.
Mogullizer: Equipment for sealing by vacuum impregnation of small pores
in castings.
Mohs Hardness: The hardness of a body according to a scale proposed by
Mohs, based on ten minerals, each of which would scratch the one below it.
Moh's Scale: A scratch hardness test for determining comparative hardness
using ten standard minerals, from talc to diamond.
Moh's Scale: A scratch hardness test for determining comparative harness
using ten standard minerals, from talc to diamond.
Moisture barrier: Material which is used to retard the flow of vapors or
moisture into floor or walls.
Moisture content : The weight of water in a soil mass divided by the dry
weight of the solids and multiplied by 100
Moisture indicator : Instrument used to measure moisture content of a
refrigerant.
Moisture Teller: A patented apparatus for the rapid determination of
moisture content of molding sand.
Molasses Water: A solution of water and molasses sprayed on sand molds to
strengthen mold surface and yield a fine finish layer.
Mold: An iron-casting container used to hold and cool molten metal as it
solidifies.
Mold Board (Follow Board): The board upon which the pattern is placed to
make the mold.
Mold Board (Follow Board): The board upon which the pattern is placed to
make the mold.
Mold Cavity: The space in a mold which is filled with liquid metal to form
the casting upon solidification. The channels through which liquid metal
enters the mold cavity (sprue, runner, gates) and reservoirs for liquid metal
(risers) are not considered part of the mold cavity proper.
Mold Clamp: Devices used to hold or lock cape and drag flask parts
together.
Mold Coating (Mold Facing, Dressing): 1. Coating to prevent surface
defects on permanent mold castings and die castings. 2. Coating on sand
molds to prevent metal penetration and improve metal finish.
Mold Cover Half (Cover Die): 1. The top half of the mold, the cope. 2. In
die casting, the front half of the die, which remains stationary as the die is
opened.
Mold Cover Half (Cover Die): 1) The top half of the mold, the cope, 2) in
die casting, the front half of the die, which remains stationary as the die is
opened.
Mold Facing: See Mold Coating
Mold Jacket: A wooden or metal form slipped over a mold to support the
side during pouring.
Mold Jacket: A wooden or metal form slipped over a mold to support the
side during pouring.
Mold Oil: Oil that ensures easy separation of a ceramic, glass, metal or other
object from the mold in which it is cast. (see Form Oil)
Mold Shift: A casting discontinuity resulting from misalignment of the cope
and drag halves.
Mold Shift: A casting discontinuity resulting from misalignment of the cope
and drag halves.
Mold Stool: Metal plate used to support each mold on the stool plate.
Mold Wash: A slurry of refractory material, such as graphite and silica flour,
used in coating the surface of the mold cavity to provide an improved casting
surface.
Mold Weight: A weight that is applied to the top of a mold to keep the mold
from separating.
Moldability: Ability of sand to flow into a flask and around a pattern;
measured in the amount of sand falling through an inclined screen or slot.
Moldabilty Controller: A patented device for controlling water additions to
sand mix to maintain a consistent moldability index.
Molding: A mixture of cement (or lime) with sand and water used in
masonry work.
Molding: A wood strip having an engraved, decorative surface.
Molding Gravel: The coarser and more permeable grades of molding sand
generally used in production casting of exceptional size and weight.
Molding Gravel: The coarser and more permeable grades of molding sand
generally used in production casting of exceptional size and weight.
Molding Machine: A machine for making sand molds by mechanically
compacting sand around a pattern.
Molding Machine: A machine for making molds.
Molding Material: A material suitable for making molds into which molten
metal can be cast.
Molding Press: A press used to form powder metallurgy compacts.
Molding Sand Mixture: A sand mixture suitable for making molds into
which molten metal can be cast.
Molding Sands: Sands containing over 5% natural clay, usually between 8
and 20%. (see Naturally Bonded Molding Sand)
Molding Sands: Sands containing over 5% natural clay, usually between 8
and 20%. See also Naturally Bonded Molding Sand
Molecular Weight: Weight of the smallest quantity of a substance
processing all its normal physical properties.
Molecular Weight: Weight of the smallest quantity of a substance
processing all its normal physical properties.
Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that can exist in the free state
and which has the same composition as any larger mass of the substance.
Molecule: The smallest particle of a substance that can exist in the free state
and which has the same composition as any larger mass of the substance.
Mollier diagram : An enthalpy-entropy or enthalpy-pressure chart showing
the thermodynamic properties of a fluid.
Molten Cast Refractory: A solidified material made by melting refractory
ingredients and pouring into molds. (see Fused or Fusion Cast Refractory)
Molten Weld Pool: The liquid state of a weld prior to solidification as weld
metal.
Molybdenum: Special alloying element commonly used to increase
hardenability of steel. Molybdenum is sometimes added to stainless steel to
enhance its corrosion resistance to certain chemicals. Molybdenum is
commonly called "moly".
Molybdenum (“Moly”) Disulfide: Often wrongly termed “molysulfide”; a
dark powder used as a dry film lubricant in oxidizing atmospheres, at
temperatures of up to 800ºF, to reduce friction under boundary conditions. A
natural material, moly disulfide is processed to removed abrasives, produced
in micronic particle sizes and made available as a paste, an additive for
greases, a dispersant in oil or a bonded dry-film coating.
Molybdenum (Mo): An alloying element used as a raw material for some
classes of stainless steel. Molybdenum in the presence of chromium enhances
the corrosion resistance of stainless steel.
Molybdenum Oxide: A commercial compound of molybdenum (MoO3)
which is used as a finishing agent in making molybdenum steels.
Molybdic Oxide: The oxide of molybdenum; added to the furnace in
briquetted form as an important finishing constituent in nitriding steels.
Moment: The tendency of a force to cause a rotation about a point or axis
which in turn produces bending stresses.
Moment: Short for bending moment. The bending force which acts on, for
example, a beam, and is resisted by an equal internal resistance moment
within the beam.
Moment carrying ability of reinforced concrete beam (nominal
strength,: Mn = Ast. fy [d - 0.59 Ast. fy] or Mn = bd2 fy [1 - 0.59 fy]
Moment connection: A connection designed to transfer moment as well as
axial and shear forces between connecting members.
Moment diagram: A diagram that represents graphically the moment at
every point along the length of a member.
Moment of inertia (i): A physical property of a member which helps define
rigidity or stiffness and is expressed in inches raised to the fourth power. It is
a measure of the resistance to rotation offered by a section's geometry and
size.
Moment plate: A welded steel plate used to develop a rigid connection to the
supporting member so that moment transfer can occur.
Mond Process: A process for extracting and purifying nickel. The main
features consist of forming nickel carbonyl by reaction of finely divided
reduced metal with carbon monoxide, then decomposing the nickel carbonyl
to deposit purified nickel on small nickel pellets.
Monel: A high-nickel alloy, approximately 67% Ni, 28% Cu, the balance Fe,
Mn, Si and other elements. Monel metal is resistant to corrosion and is
widely used to resist the action of acids.
Monel: A high nickel alloy, approximately 67% Ni, 28% Cu, the balance Fe,
Mn, Si and other elements. Monel metal is resistant to corrosion and is
widely used to resist the action of acids.
Monitor: track a characteristic over time, using uniform methods to evaluate
change non-point source pollutionpollutants that enter waterways from broad
land areas as a result of the way the land is used (e.g. sedimentation, runoff)
Monitoring: 1) Periodic or continuous determination of the does rate in an
occupied area (area monitoring) or the does received by a person (personnel
monitoring), 2) periodic or continuous determination of the amount of
ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination present in an occupied region,
as a safety measure for purposes of health protection, 3) personnel
monitoring any part of any individual, his breath, or excretions, or any part of
his clothing.
Monitoring Area: Routine monitoring of the level of radiation or of
radioactive contamination of any particular area, building, room or
equipment. Usage in some laboratories or operation distinguishes between
routine monitoring and survey activities.
Monkey Cooler: In a blast furnace, the smaller of a series of three water
coolers protecting the cinder notch. The largest is the cooler, while the in
between cooler is the intermediate cooler.
Monocast Process: A patented application of resin-bonded sand to line the
flask in the production of centrifugal cast pipe. The resin-bonded layer is
thinner than the conventional sand lining.
Monocast Process: A patented application of resin bonded sand to line the
flask in the production of centrifugal cast pipe. The resin bonded layer is
thinner than the conventional sand lining.
Monolithic: Any structure made of a continuous mass of material or cast as a
single piece
Monolithic: An isothermal reversible reaction in a binary system, in which a
liquid on cooling, decomposes into a solid and a second liquid of different
composition. (Compare with Eutectic.)
Monolithic construction : Constructed as one piece.
Monolithic dome : a dome composed of a series of arches, joined together
with a series of horizontal rings called parallels
Monolithic Refractory: A refractory which may be installed in-situ, without
joints to form an integral structure.
Monomer : A molecule, usually an organic compound, having the ability to
join with a number of identical molecules to form a polymer.
Monopost: A broker who represents numerous lenders and helps consumers
find affordable mortgages; the broker charges a fee only if the consumer
finds a loan.
Monopost: Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing
point. Normally 11 gauge or Schedule 40 metal, and determined by the
structural engineer
Monorail: Usually a single rail support for a material handling system.
Monorail: An overhead track upon which carriers travel, used to transport
loads.
Monotectic: An isothermal reversible reaction in a binary system, in which a
liquid on cooling, decomposes into a solid and a second liquid of different
composition. (Compare with eutectic).
Monotron: An instrument for measuring indentation hardness. It is fitted
with two dials, one to measure depth of penetration, the other the load.
Monotron: An instrument for measuring indentation hardness. It is fitted
with two dials, one to measure depth of penetration, the other the load.
Monotropism: The ability of a soil to exisit in two or more forms (crystal
structures), but in which one form is the stable modification at all
temperatures and pressures. Ferrite and martensite are a monotropic pair
below the temperature at which austenite begins to form in steels. Alternate
spelling is monotrophism.
Monotropism: The ability of a solid to exist in two or more forms (crystal
structures), but in which one form is the stable modification at all
temperatures and pressures. Ferrite and martensite are a monotropic pair
below Ac1 in steels, for example. May also be spelled monotrophism.
Months Of Inventory: Ratio of the end of period inventory to average
monthly level of sales for the period.
Montmorillonite: A very plastic clay, more siliceous than kaolinite; the
principle constituent of bentonite.
Montmorillonite: A very plastic clay, more siliceous than kaolinite; the
principal constituent of bentonite.
Moore: A constant load rotating bending type fatigue testing machine.
Morgoil: Oil used to lubricate the finishing mill backup roll bearings.
Morgoil: Oil used to lubricate the finishing mill back up roll bearings.
Morgoil Alarm: A warning received when morgoil pressure is low or
morgoil flow is stopped.
Morgoil Pumps: Pumps that produce the morgoil pressure for the morgoil
system.
Morgoil System: System that encompasses all the parts needed to supply
morgoil to the back up rolls.
Morphology: The characteristic shape, form or surface texture or contours of
the crystals, grains or particles of (or in) a material, generally on a
microscopic scale.
Mortar: A company that borrows money from a bank, lends it to consumers
to buy homes, then sells the loans to investors.
Mortar: A mixture of cement (or lime) with sand and water used in masonry
work.
Mortar: A binder for masonry. The traditional product was Lime Mortar;
modern mortars rely upon cement mixed with sand, with the addition of lime
or plasticizer added to make them workable or 'buttery'. (Fr. mortier, m).
Mortar : A paste of cement, sand and water laid between bricks, blocks or
stones.
Mortar joints: Types of joints in finishing the mortar in stone or brick work.
Mortar, Refractory: A finely ground preparation which becomes plastic and
trowelable when tempered with water, and is suitable for laying and bonding
refractory brick.
Mortgage: A charge for work involved in preparing and servicing a
mortgage application (usually one percent of the loan amount).
Mortgage: A broker who represents numerous lenders and helps consumers
find affordable mortgages; the broker charges a fee only if the consumer
finds a loan.
Mortgage broker: Legal document establishing a loan on property.
Mortgage broker: A company that borrows money from a bank, lends it to
consumers to buy homes, then sells the loans to investors.
Mortgage company: Loan secured by land.
Mortgage company: Legal document establishing a loan on property.
Mortgage deed: A contract in which the borrower's property is pledged as
collateral. It is repaid in installments. The mortgagor (buyer) promises to
repay principal and interest, keep the home insured, pay all taxes and keep
the property in good condition.
Mortgage deed: Loan secured by land.
Mortgage loan- : The lender who makes the mortgage loan.
Mortgage loan- : A contract in which the borrower’s property is pledged as
collateral. It is repaid in installments. The mortgagor (buyer) promises to
repay principal and interest, keep the home insured, pay all taxes and keep
the property in good condition.
Mortgage origination fee: A slot cut into a board, plank, or timber, usually
edgewise, to receive the tenon (or tongue) of another board, plank, or timber
to form a joint.
Mortgage origination fee: A charge for work involved in preparing and
servicing a mortgage application (usually one percent of the loan amount).
Mortgagee: Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests
on top a foundation, sometimes called sill plate. Also sole plate, bottom
member of interior wall frame.
Mortgagee: The lender who makes the mortgage loan.
Mortice and tenon joint: A traditional way of joining two timbers at right
angles the one coming in from the side is reduced to a tenon, which fits into
the cavity or mortice and is secured by glue or nailing.
Mortise: A vertical divider in the frame between windows, doors, or other
openings.
Mortise: A recess in a piece of wood to receive a tenor or lock.
Mortise: A slot cut into a board, plank, or timber, usually edgewise, to
receive the tenon (or tongue) of another board, plank, or timber to form a
joint.
Mosaic Structure: In crystals, a substructure in which adjoining regions
have only slightly different orientations.
Mother Metal: The molten alloy just before final solidification and freezing
out of the solid.
Motoer control center : A single metal enclosed assembly containing a
number of motor controllers and possibly other devices such as switches and
control devices.
Motor: Technically, an electric motor; in hydraulics, a device that converts
fluid power into rotary mechanical force (torque) and motion.
Motor Circuit Switch: A switch, rated in horsepower, capable of
interrupting the maximum operating overload current of a motor of the same
horsepower rating as the switch at the rated voltage.
Motor Oil/Multigrade Oil: An engine oil that meets the requirements of
more than one SAE viscosity grade classification, formulated with index (VI)
improvers; “W” indicates winter grade.
Motorized Spindles: A spindle is a general term used to describe any
rotating, cylindrical device used to perform a task. For example, motorized
spindles are mechanical devices that combine a motor, usually a brushless
DC motor, with a spindle for the purpose of driving a high speed device such
as a drill, router, or CNC machine.
Motorized Variac: An autotransformer for stepless voltage control in shell
molding.
Mottled Cast Iron: Iron which consists of a mixture of variable proportions
of gray iron and white cast iron; such a material has a mottled fracture.
Mottled Cast-Iron: Iron which consists of a mixture of variable proportions
of gray iron and white cast-iron; such a material has a mottled fracture.
Mottling: A coating defect consisting of a non-uniform appearance of the
cured coating in which the coating has a random, discontinuous poor flow or
partial dewetted appearance.
Mottling: A coating defect consisting of a non uniform appearance of the
cured coating in which the coating has a random, discontinuous poor flow or
partial dewetted appearance.
Moulding: Timber (or other material in imitation of timber) shaped into a
pattern and used for decorative details such as skirting, picture rail and so on.
Traditional moulding shapes include quadrant, ogee, torus, chamfered,glass
bead, half round, dowel and so on.
Moulding pin: A very thin pin or nail used for securing mouldings.
Mounting: A means by which a specimen for metallographic examination
may be held during preparation of a section surface. The specimen can be
embedded in plastic or secured mechanically in clamps.
Mounting Resin: Thermosetting or thermoplastic resins used to mount
metallographic specimens.
Movable bridge : a bridge in which the deck moves to clear a navigation
channel; aswing bridge has a deck that rotates around a center point;
adrawbridge has a deck that can be raised and lowered; a bascule bridge deck
is raised with counterweights like a drawbridge; and the deck of a lift
bridge is raised vertically like a massive elevator
Movement joints in concrete : Movement joints may be of five types,
though it is possible for one to combine the properties of one or more others.
They reduce or prevent cracking or buckling caused by temperature changes,
shrinkage, creep, and subsidence and so on. Their location is important.
Where possible, they should be placed at points where cracking (or buckling)
might start. The five types of joints are: contraction, expansion, hinge or
hinged joint, settlement and sliding joints.
Mp: Melting point.
Mpa: MegaPascals = Newton per square meter. A measure of force.
Mpc (materials properties council): Abbreviation.
Mpedance: I (Z)The quantity in an AC circuit that is equivalent to resistance
in a DC circuit, inasmuch as it relates current and voltage. It is composed of
resistance plus a purely AC concept called reactance and is expressed, like
resistance, in ohms.
Ms Temperature: The temperature at which a martensitic transformation
starts during cooling after austenitization.
Ms Temperature: The temperature at which a martensitic transformation
starts during cooling after austenitization.
MS&T: Materials Science and Technology
Ms20 (managing safety to zero): s web-based HSE performance measuring
and reporting program with a centralized database for tracking and trending
key leading and trailing indicators.
MSDS: Acronym for “Material Safety Data Sheet”.
Msl: Mean Sea Level
Msn: Manufacturer Serial Number. Internal number, for the use of
theMANUFACTURER, identifying a particular aircraft within the same
model.
Mt: A hot rolled structural tee shape with symbol MT which is cut or split
from M Shapes.
Mtow: Maximum Take-Off Weight
Mud: A term frequently used to designate plastic lining materials. See also
Daubing
Mud Daub: See Daubing
Mud Drum: The lower drum of a boiler. It is used as a settling point for
solids contained in the feedwater and as a feedpoint for the lower wall
headers and floor tubes.
Mud Drum: The lower drum of a boiler. It is used as a settling point for
solids contained in the feedwater and as a feedpoint for the lower wall
headers and floor tubes.
Mud drum : A pressure chamber of a drum or header type located at the
lower extremity of a water tube boiler and fitted with blowoff valve.
Mudsill: A small member which divides the glass or openings of sash or
doors.
Mudsill: Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on
top a foundation, sometimes called sill plate. Also sole plate, bottom member
of interior wall frame.
Muffle Furnace (Kiln): A furnace in which the heating is indirect; the
material to be heated is contained in a refractory container heated from the
outside.
Mulch: raw or semi composted wood chips, leaves etc
Mulch : Mixes of wet straw and leaf peat.
Muliductor Power Source: A device to convert standard three-phase, 60-
cycle current to single-phase, 180-cycle current, so-called medium frequency;
produces a strong, controlled stirring action for induction melting.
Muliductor Power Source: A device to convert standard 3 phase, 60 cycle
current to single phase, 180 cycle current, so called medium frequency;
produces a strong, controlled stirring action for induction melting.
Mullen Test: Measurment of bursting strength of foil in pounds per square
inch. Testing machine applies increasing pressure to one square inch of the
sample until it ruptures.
Muller: A type of foundry sand-mixing machine.
Muller: A type of foundry sand mixing machine.
Mulling and Tempering: The thorough mixing of sand with a binder, either
natural or added, with lubricant of other fluid, as water.
Mulling And Tempering: The thorough mixing of sand with a binder, either
natural or added, with lubricant of other fluid, as water.
Mullion: Commonly used as a brick cleaner after masonry work is
completed.
Mullion: A vertial member or division between the panels of a window.
Mullion: A vertical divider in the frame between windows, doors, or other
openings.
Mullion heater : Electrical heating element mounted in the mullion. Used to
keep mullion from sweating or frosting.
Mullite, Synthetic: A material made by heating a mixture of alumina and
silica or clay to a high temperature, having a composition of 3AL2O3-2Sio2.
Mult: A “mult” is the term used to describe the slitting of a coil into multiple
smaller strips. If a coil is slit into strips less than nine inches, each strip is
referred to as a “mult” and does not receive an additional IPM number. Mults
are not removed from the line individually, but as a whole coil unit. For
reasons pertaining to customer orders, however, they may be separated and
packaged with "mults" from other coils for shipping.
Mult: A mult is the term used to describe the slitting of a coil into multiple
smaller strips. If a coil is slit into strips less than 9, each strip is referred to as
a mult and does not receive an individual IPM number. Mults are not
removed from the line individually, but as a whole coil unit. For reasons
pertaining to customer orders, however, they may be separated and packaged
with mults from other coils for shipping.
Multi shat gas turbine : A gas turbine having more than one shaft, like the
dual shaft arrangement.
Multi Stage Pumps: No. 3 and No. 10 pumps that are designed to put out
different amounts of water pressure by changing the speed of the pump by
opening up different ports on the turbine of the pump.
Multiaxial Stresses: Any stress state in which two or three principal stresses
are not zero.
Multidisciplinary : Multidisciplinary applied to activity that requires the
knowledge and skills of persons in different disciplines or specialties, both in
and outside engineering.
Multi-plate: a large culvert made up of segments bolted together on site.
Multiple: A piece of stock for forging that is cut from bar or billet lengths to
provide the exact amount of material for a single workpiece.
Multiple Lengths: Length from which a given number of pieces of specific
lengths can be cut with minimum waste.
Multiple Mold: A composite mold made up of stacked sections, each of
which produces a complete gate of castings, and poured from a central
downgate.
Multiple Mold: A composite mold made up of stacked sections, each of
which produces a complete gate of castings, and poured from a central
downgate.
Multiple Spot Welding: Spot welding in which several spots are made
during one complete cycle of the welding machine.
Multiple stage compressor : Compressor having two or more compressive
steps. Discharge from each step is the intake pressure of the next in series.
Multiple system : Refrigerating mechanism in which several evaporators are
connected to one condensing unit.
Multiple Thread Screw: A screw made of two or more threads to provide an
increased lead with specified pitch.
Multiple-pass Weld: A weld made by depositing filler metal with two or
more successive passes.
Multiple-slide Press: A press with individual slides, built into the main slide
or connected to individual eccentrics on the main shaft that can be adjusted to
vary the length of stroke and the timing. See also slide. (see Slide)
Multiple-Thread Screw: A screw made of two or more threads to provide
an increased lead with specified pitch.
Multipurpose Greases: Greases with good mechanical shear stability,
capable of operating throughout a wide temperature range and functioning in
the presence of water, readily pumpable for long distances; such greases can
be used in any type of bearing served by a centralized system. (see Lithium-
based Greases) (see Complex Soap (grease))
Multistage compression refrigeration system : Where the refrigerant is
vaporized and condensed alternately and is compressed in the vapor phase.
Multistage Compressor: Compressor that directs air through a series of two
or more cylinders during compression; “inter-cooling” denotes cooling as the
air passes between cylinders.
Multistage pump: Centrifugal pumps with two or more impellers mounted
on the same shaft; the discharge from one impeller is conducted to the suction
eye of the next impeller, etc.
Multistage thermostat : A thermostat which controls auxiliary equipment
for heating or cooling in response to a greater demand for heating or cooling.
Municipality : City, town or county.
Muntin: The unacceptable occurrence when the top of a caisson concrete
pier spreads out and hardens to become wider than the foundation wall
thickness.
Muntin: A small member which divides the glass or openings of sash or
doors.
Muntz Metal: A refractory alloy. Alpha-beta brass, 60% copper and 40%
zinc. Stronger than alpha-brass and used for castings and hot worked (rolled,
stamped or extruded) products. High-strength brasses are developed from this
by adding other elements.
Muntz Metal: Alpha beta brass, 60% copper and 40% zinc. Stronger than
alpha brass and used for castings and hot worked (rolled, stamped, or
extruded) products. High strength brasses are developed from this by adding
other elements.
Muriatic acid: An inspection made by a municipal building inspector after
the drywall material is hung with nails and screws (and before taping).
Muriatic acid: Commonly used as a brick cleaner after masonry work is
completed.
Mushet Steel: An air-hardened steel containing about 2% C, 2% Mn and 7%
W, developed by Scotsman Robert Mushet in 1870.
Mushet Steel: An air hardened steel containing about 2% c, 2% Mn, and 7%
W, developed by Scotsman Robert Musket in 1870.
Mushroom: A transparent finish which does not seriously alter the original
color or grain of the natural wood. Natural finishes are usually provided by
sealers, oils, varnishes, water repellent preservatives, and other similar
materials.
Mushroom: The unacceptable occurrence when the top of a caisson concrete
pier spreads out and hardens to become wider than the foundation wall
thickness.
Mushy Stage: The state between sold and liquid in alloys which freeze over
a wide range of temperatures.
Music Spring Wire Quality Wire Rods: These are high carbon wire rods
with restrictive requirements for chemical analysis, cleanliness, segregation,
decarbonization and surface defects. This steel is intended to be drawn into
wire that can be manufactured into springs subject to high stress that require
good fatigue properties. Steel grade 1086 with a restricted chemistry is
usually used to produce music and spring quality wires.
Music Wire: A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with higher
tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other material
available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by a combination of
the high-carbon content, the patenting treatment and by many continuous
passes through drawing dies. The high toughness characteristic of this
material is obtained by the patenting. Such wire is purchased according to
tensile strength, not hardness.
Music Wire: A polished high tensile strength cold drawn wire with higher
tensile strength and higher torsional strength than any other material
available. These high mechanical properties are obtained by a combination of
the high carbon content, the patenting treatment and by many continuous
passes through drawing dies. The high toughness characteristic of this
material is obtained by the patenting. Such wire is purchased according to
tensile strength, not hardness.
M-value: See strain-rate sensitivity (see Strain-rate Sensitivity)
Mw: Megawatt
Mylar: A type of strong, thin polyester sheet used for producing blueprints of
architectural drawings.
N: Chemical symbol for nitrogen.
Na: Chemical symbol for sodium.
Na: Chemical symbol for Sodium
NACE: National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
Nace: National Association of Corrosion Engineers
Nail inspection: A set of rules governing safe wiring methods. Local codes
—which are backed by law—may differ from the NEC in some ways.
Nail inspection: An inspection made by a municipal building inspector after
the drywall material is hung with nails and screws (and before taping).
Nailers: Strips of lumber attached to the top chord of a joist so plywood or
other flooring can be nailed at 36 inches maximum on center.
Nanohardness Test: An indentatIon hardness testing procedure, usually
relying on indentation force versus tip displacement data, to make
assessments of the resistance of surfaces to penetrations of the order of 10 to
1000 nm deep.
Naphta : A volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon distilled from petroleum
and used as a solvent or fuel.
Naphtha: Generic term describing a variety of light petroleum distillates
such as mineral spirits and many petroleum solvents.
Naphthenes/Naphthenic Base or Oil: Also known as cyclo-paraffins: a
class of saturated hydrocarbons with a ring structure, distinct from both
aromatics and paraffinic hydrocarbons; because of their low wax content,
naphthenic base petroleum oils have low pour points and good solvent
properties. (see Hydrocarbon)
Naphthenic Acids: Complex organic acids obtained from the gas oil cut of
crudes, used in the manufacture of soaps, paint dryers and
emulsifying/demulsifying agents.
Narrow: Product whose width is below the customer's finished width
tolerance.
Narrow: Product whose width is below the customer's finished width
tolerance.
Narrow Strips: Strips of widths less than 600mm.
Nasa: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
Native Metal: (1) Any deposit in the earth's crust consisting of uncombined
metal. (2) The metal in such a deposit.
Natural Aging: Spontaneous aging of a supersaturated solid solution at room
temperature. Compare with artificial aging. (see Aging)
Natural Aging: See Aging
Natural convection: Movement of a fluid caused only by temperature
differences (density changes).
Natural convection : The circulation of a boiler caused by differences in
density. Also referred as thermal or thermally induced circulation.
Natural draft cooling tower : Cools water by moving air at low velocities.
Natural finish: Usually color-coded white, this carries electricity from an
outlet back to the service panel. Also see hot wire and ground.
Natural finish: A transparent finish which does not seriously alter the
original color or grain of the natural wood. Natural finishes are usually
provided by sealers, oils, varnishes, water repellent preservatives, and other
similar materials.
Natural Gas: A fossil fuel found in porous rocks in the underground. It has
several applications in substitution for diesel oil, ethanol, gasoline and LPG,
and it can be added or not to petroleum. It is composed by inorganic gases
and saturated hydrocarbonates, mostly methane, and propane and butane is a
small amount.
Natural gas : A highly compressible, highly expandable mixture of
hydrocarbons having a low specific gravity and occurring naturally in
gaseous form. Besides hydrocarbon gases, natural gas may contain quantities
of nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water vapor.
Natural Oils: Unfiltered lubricating oils of low or medium viscosity
obtained in petroleum distillation and prepared without chemical treatment;
they are so named by they have not been treated with an acid or an alkali.
Natural pellet: It is a term coined by producers like NMDC to designate
sized iron ore used directly in Sponge Iron production.
Natural Sand: Unconsolidated sand, sand derived from a rock in which
grains separate along their natural boundaries. This includes soft sandstone
where little pressure is required to separate the individual grains.
Natural Sand: Unconsolidated sand, sand derived from a rock in which
grains separate along their natural boundaries. This includes soft sandstone
where little pressure is required to separate the individual grains.
Natural sciences : Provide, as applicable in each engineering discipline or
practice area, an understanding the physical world including physics,
mechanics, chemistry, earth sciences and the biological sciences.
Naturally aspirated : A term used to describe a diesel engine in which air
flows into the engine by means of atmospheric pressure only.
Naturally Bonded Molding Sand: A sand containing sufficient bonding
material as mined to be suitable for molding purposes. Seldom used today in
the metalcasing industry.
Naval Brass (Admiralty Brass): An alloy of copper, zinc and tin used
widely in the marine industry because of resistance to saltwater corrosion;
actually it’s bronze.
Naval Brass(Admiralty Brass): An alloy of copper,zinc and tin used widely
in the marine industry because of resistance to saltwater corrosion;actually it?
s bronze.
Navpac: Naval Facilities Engineering Command Pacific.
Navy (USA) Tear Test: A method of evaluating the susceptibility of ship
plate to brittle- or cleavage-type fracture.
Navy (Usa) Tear Test: A method of evaluating the susceptibility of ship
plate to brittle or cleavage type fracture.
Nb: Chemcial symbol for Niobium
Nbc (national building code): A minimum model regulatory code for the
protection of public health, safety, welfare and property by regulating and
controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy,
location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within a jurisdiction.
NBR 10.004: A standard from the Brazilian Association of Technical
Standards (ABNT) that classifies solid wastes.
NBS: National Bureau of Standards.
Nbs: National Bureau of Standards
Nbs (national bureau of standards): Abbreviation.
Nc : Normally closed contacts of a relay.
Ncees (national council of examiners for engineering and
surveying): Provides leadership in professional licensure of engineers and
land surveyors.
Ndb: Non-Directional Beacon. A medium-frequency navigational aid which
transmits non-directional signals, superimposed with a Morse code identifier
and received by an aircraft’s ADF.
NDDT: Nil Ductility Transition Temperature, determined in the dropweight
test. Refers to the absense of the ductile fracture appearance and any
reduction in area due to the brittle behavior of the steel.
Nddt: Nil ductility transition temperature, determined in the dropweight test.
Refers to the absence of the ductile fracture appearance and any reduction in
area due to the brittle behavior of the steel.
Nde: Non-Destructive Examination.
NDE: See Nondestructive Evaluation. (see Nondestructive Evaluation)
NDI: See Nondestructive Inspection. (see Nondestructive Inspection)
NDT: See Nondestructive Testing. (see Nondestructive Testing)
Nductance : IThe process when a second conductor is placed next to a
conductor carrying AC current (but not touching it), the ever-changing
magnetic field will induce a current in the second conductor.
Nea (national erectors association): Abbreviation.
Near Side: The free side of the line (closest to the operator's pulpit).
Nearside: For joists and joist girders, when looking at the member with the
tagged end to the right, it is the side you see first and is closest to you.
Near-Side: The free-side of the line (closest to the operator’s pulpit).
Neat Brick: Brick with faces arranged so one of the flat faces is inclined
toward the other, almost eliminating one end face.
Neat Brick: Brick with faces arranged so one of the flat faces in inclined
toward the other, almost eliminating one end face.
Neat Cement: Portland cement mixed with water only.
Neat Cement: Portland Cement mixed with water only.
Neatsfoot Oil: Pale yellow animal oil mad from the feet and shin bones of
cattle, principally used as a leather dressing.
Nec (national electrical code): The large starting post to which the end of a
stair guard railing or balustrade is fastened.
Nec (national electrical code): A set of rules governing safe wiring
methods. Local codes—which are backed by law—may differ from the NEC
in some ways.
Neck Down: (Knock-off, Wafer Core, Washburn, Cameron Core). A thin
core or tile used to restrict the riser neck, making it easier to break or cut off
the riser from the casting. (see Core)
Neck Down : Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent location of
fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond it yield point in tension.
Necking: Strip condition caused by the application of too much tension
which causes the strip to become narrower (or stretched).
Necking Down: Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent location of
fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond its yield point in tension.
Necking Down: Reduction in area concentrated at the subsequent location of
fracture when a ductile metal is stressed beyond it yield point in tension.
Necleus: The first structurally determinate particle of a new phase or
structure that may be about to form. Applicable in particular to solidification,
recrystallization, and transformations, in the solid state.
Needle: As a noun, a short beam introduced through a wall to provide
temporary support while the wall is being re-supported. As a verb, to insert
such beams.
Needle Bearings: Rolling bearings with rod-shaped cylindrical rollers that
are long and thin in relation to their diameter.
Needle Cutter Steel: Usually supplied quarter hard rolled, extra precision
rolled with sheared edges. Carbon content 1.25, chromium 0.15. Usually
supplied in a two width from 0.002 to 0.035. Used for cutting the eyes of
needle and milling the latch in a latch needle.
Needle Valve: A high-pressure shutoff valve used on the hydraulic oil stands
and manifolds. It usually uses some type of tool to manipulate or turn the
valve's stem (clockwise to close, counterclockwise to open).
Needles: Elongated acicular crystals, tapering at each end to a fine point, as
martensite.
Needling Agents: Special agents such a boron which markedly increase the
hardness of steel.
Negative charge : The electrical potential which an atom acquires when it
gains one or more electrons; a characteristic of an anion.
Negative moment : A condition of flexure (Bending) in which top fibres of a
horizontally placed member (Beam), or external fibres of a vertically placed
exterior member (Column), are subjected to tensile stresses.
Negative Quenching : Accelerated cooling in water or oil, from a
temperature below the critical range.
Negative Quenching (Negative Hardening): Accelerated cooling in water
or oil, from a temperature below the critical range.
Negative Thermoie Heat Exchange: In shell molding, improving the mass
surface ratio by simulating profile geometry of pattern or core cavity on the
underside; will boost running temperature of high projections by 25 percent.
Neoprene: Chloroprene polymer synthetic rubber with high resistance to
weather, chemicals, petroleum oil and heat.
Neoprene : Synthetic rubber resistant to chemical compound, oil, light, etc
Nerf Wheel: Round foam wheel inserted into the core of a coil without an
insert before the coil is put on the entry reel to support the inner laps of the
coil.
Nert Gas: A British term applied to metal that is weak and ruptures easily
under not working conditions.
Nert gas: IA gas that does not readily enter into or cause chemical reactions.
Net positive suction: The difference between total pressure and vapor
pressure in a fluid flow, expressed in terms of equivalent height or "head".
Net Shape: The shape of a powder metallurgy part, casting or forging that
conforms closely to specified dimensions. Such a part requires no secondary
machining or finishing. A near-net shape part can be either one in which
some but not all of the surfaces are net or one in which the surfaces require
only minimal machining or finishing.
Network Structure: A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are
surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network
appearance to an etched test specimen.
Network Structure: A structure in which the crystals of one constituent are
surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network
appearance to an etched test specimen.
Neumann Band: Mechanical twin in ferrite.
Neumann Band: A mechanical (deformation) twin in ferrite.
Neutral : The circuit conductor that is normally grounded or at zero voltage
difference to the ground.
Neutral axis: The surface in a member where the stresses change from
compression to tension, i.e., represents zero strain and therefore zero stress.
The neutral axis is perpendicular to the line of applied force.
Neutral axis: The point near the middle of a beam's cross-section which
experiences neither tension nor compression when the beam is subjected to
bending.
Neutral Flame: A gas flame in which there is no excess of either fuel or
oxygen in the inner flame. Oxygen from ambient air is used to complete the
combustion of CO2 and H2 produced in the inner flame.
Neutral Refractories: A loose term designating refractories which
presumably will not react with so-called acid or basic refractories and slags.
Neutral Refractories: A loose term designating refractories which
presumably will not react with so call acid or basic refractories and slags.
Neutral surface : In a beam bent downwards, the line or surface of zero
stress, below which all fibres are stressed in tension and above which they are
compressed. The neutral axis passes through the centre of area of the section
(Centroid), if it is of homogeneous material.
Neutral wire: A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
Neutral wire: Usually color-coded white, this carries electricity from an
outlet back to the service panel. Also see hot wire and ground.
Neutralization (“Neut”) Number: Serves as an indication of the acidity or
alkalinity of an oil. For acidity, the number is the quantity of base expressed
in milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize one gram
of oil to a specified end point. For alkalinity, the number is the amount of
acid expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize
one gram of oil. (see Strong Acid/Strong Base Numbers) (see Total acid
number (TAN))
Neutralization number : An ASTM number given to quenching oils that
reflect the oil’s tendency toward oxidation and sludging.
Neutralizer : A substance that will combine with an acid or alkali
chemically, thus removing the acidity or alkalinity.
Neutralizing amines : Are amines used to neutralize the acid generated by
the dissolution of carbon dioxide.
Neutron: Elementary nuclear particle with a mass (1.00893 mass units)
approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom. It is electrically neutral.
Neutron: Elementary nuclear particle with a mass (1.00893 mass units)
approximately the same as that of a hydrogen atom. It is electrically neutral.
Neutron Embrittlement: Embrittlement resulting from bombardment with
neutrons, usually encountered in metals that have been exposed to a neutron
flux in the core of the reactor. In steels, neutron embrittlement is evidenced
by a rise in the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature.
New Jersey Sand: A large number of grades of foundry sands mined in
southern New Jersey.
Newel post: The projecting edge of a molding or drip or the front edge of a
stair tread.
Newel post: The large starting post to which the end of a stair guard railing
or balustrade is fastened.
Newels: Posts placed at top and bottom of flights of stairs to secure handrails,
strings.
Newlyn datum: See Ordnance datum.
Newton: The SI unit of measure for force (N).
Newton: The principal SI unit of force. It can be thought of as equivalent to
the weight of Sir Isaac Newton's apple.
Newton: The unit of force in the metric system. A Newton is the force
required to accelerate an object of 1 kilogram mass to a velocity of 1 meter
per second in 1 second.
Newton Per Square Meter: Metric measurement of force. Same as
MegaPascal.
Newtonian Fluid: Fluid classification by response to shear rate and shear
stress. The ratio of shear stress to shear rate is a measure of a fluid’s
viscosity; when that ratio remains constant at any shear stress or rate of shear,
the fluid is termed “Newtonian.”
Next Standard Operation: Indicates the next process for which the coil is
normally scheduled. An example of a Next Standard Operation for a Pickler
would be a Tandem Mill.
NFFS: Non-ferrous Founder's Society.
NFFS: Non Ferrous Founder's Society
Nfpa (national fire protection association): An international nonprofit
organization to reduce the burden of fire on the quality of life by proposing
codes and standards, research, and education on fire related issues.
Ngl: Natural Gas Liquid.
N-Heptane/Normal Heptane: Hydrocarbon compound (C7H16) with an
octane rating defined as zero; used as a reference fuel ingredient in motor fuel
octane number tests.
Ni: Chemical symbol for nickel.
Ni: Chemical symbol for Nickel
Nibbling: Contour cutting of sheet metal by use of a rapidly reciprocating
punch that makes numerous small cuts.
Nic: Abbreviation for 'Not in Contract'.
Nichrome: Oxidation-resistant alloy 65% Ni, 20% Fe and 15% Cr.
Nickel (Ni): An alloying element used as a raw material for certain classes of
stainless steel. Nickel provides high degrees of ductility (ability to change
shape without fracture) as well as resistance to corrosion. Approximately
65% of all nickel is used in the making of stainless steel.
Nickel Pig Iron: This is a low purity ferro-nickel which is produced and used
exclusively in China as an alternative to primary nickel or conventional ferro-
nickel in the stainless steel industry. Much of it goes into the production of
the low-nickel, high-manganese content 200 series stainless. Small blast
furnaces, and increasingly, electric arc furnaces (EAFs), smelt low-grade
lateritic (oxide) nickel ores imported from Southeast Asia, to make a product
with a nickel content ranging from as low as 1.5% to up to 25% or more.
Conventional FeNi typically contains around 40% Ni. The higher grade
nickel pig iron mostly comes from EAF producers. Production economics are
highly dependent on world primary nickel prices, as well as on coke and
electricity costs. Other constituents in nickel pig iron are small amounts of
chromium, sulfur and silica, and unwelcome levels of phosphorus and carbon
– which need to be lowered. Iron accounts for the balance, and can add
significantly to the value of the product, as can chromium, depending on their
prevailing market prices.
Nickel Silver: Copper base alloys that contain 10-45% Zinc and 5-30%
Nickel.
Nickel Silver: Copper base alloys that contain 10 45% Zn. and 5 30% Ni.
Nickel Steel: Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying
amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized condition to
enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of water.
Nickel Steel: Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying
amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized condition to
enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of water.
Nickel : common element found in the galvanizing kettle to suppress the
reactivity of silicon and phosphorus in the steel
Nickel-Based Superalloys: Alloy metal produced for high-performance,
high-temperature applications such as nickel-iron-chrome alloys and nickel-
chrome-iron alloys.
Nickel-Based Superalloys: Multialloy metals suited for high-performance,
high-temperature applications. These are nickel-iron-chrome alloys (which
also contain titanium, columbium and aluminum) and nickel-chrome-iron
alloys (which often also contain molybdenum, tungsten, titanium, cobalt,
aluminum and columbium).
NiDI: Abbreviation for the Nickel Development Institute. A group of
engineering professionals dedicated to the distribution of information
regarding the selection and application of nickel alloyed materials.
Nine Inch Equivalent: Standard unit of volume in refractories industries;
9x4 1/2,2 1/2 in brick.
Niobium: (Chemical symbol Nb) Element No. 41 of the periodic system. See
Columbium
Niobium (Nb): Known as columbium in the USA. A strong carbide forming
alloying element in steel. Present in amounts up to 0.1% in high-strength
low-alloy (microalloyed) structural steel and used in stabilized grades of
austenitic stainless steel. Can also be used as a stabilizing element in ultra
low carbon (ULC) steels.
Nip Angle: See angle of bite. (see Angle of Bite)
Nipple: A pipe coupling consisting of a short piece of threaded tubing.
Nipple: A short length of pipe. May be threaded or plain end.
Nipple : A short, threaded tubular coupling, used for making connections
between pipe joints.
NISA: National Industrial Sand Association.
Nisa: National Industrial Sand Association
Nist (national institute of standards and technololgy): An organization
that works with industry and government to advance measurement science
and develop standards.
Nital: A solution of nitric acid in alchohol used as an etching agent in ferrous
metallography.
Nital: A solution of nitric acid in alcohol use as an etching agent in ferrous
metallography.
Nitrading: A case-hardening process in which ammonia or some other form
of nitrogen is introduced to the surface of certain alloys.
Nitriding: A process of case hardening in which a ferrous alloy, usually of
special composition, is heated in an atmosphere of ammonia or in contact
with nitrogenous material to produce surface hardening by the absorption of
nitrogen, without quenching.
Nitriding Steel: Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding process,
that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding
(heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of ammonia gas). Composition
usually 0.20-0.40% carbon, 0.90-1.50% chromium, 0.15-1.00% molybdenum
and 0.85-1.20% aluminum.
Nitriding Steel: Steel which is particularly suited for the nitriding process,
that is, it will form a very hard and adherent surface upon proper nitriding
(heating in a partially dissociated atmosphere of ammonia gas). Composition
usually .20 .40 carbon, .90 1.50 chromium, .15 1.00 molybdenum, and .85
1.20% aluminum.
Nitrocarburizing: Any of several processes in which both nitrogen and
carbon are absorbed into the surface layers of a ferrous material at
temperatures below the lower critical temperature and, by diffusion, create a
concentration gradient. Nitrocarburizing is done mainly to provide an anti-
scuffing surface layer and to improve fatigue resistance. Compare with
carbonitriding.
Nitrogen: Nitrogen is a gas that forms approximately 79% by volume or
77% by weight of the atmosphere. It can combine with many metals to form
nitrides and is thus applied to the case-hardening of steel, the usual source for
this purpose being ammonia.
Nitrogen Back Up Air: A back up air supply for # 6 Turbo Blower.
Nitrogen blanketing : Used with wet standby, where the space above the
water level is filled with nitrogen at about 5 to 10 psig in order to keep the
oxygen out.
Nitrogen dioxide: Mildly poisonous gas (NO2) often found in smog or
automobile exhaust
Nitrogen Flush: Bubbling nitrogen gas through a metal melt under a vacuum
(as with a valve bronze) to improve tensile properties and pressure tightness.
Nitrogen Flush: Bubbling nitrogen gas through a metal melt under vacuum
(as with valve bronze) to improve tensile properties and pressure tightness.
Nitroglycerin : an explosive compound made from a mixture of glycerol and
concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids, and an important ingredient of most
forms of dynamite
NLGI: An organization of grease manufacturers. www.nlgi.com
NLGI Automotive Grease Classifications: Specialty or multipurpose
greases meeting the requirements of ASTM D 4950 for chassis (category LA
or LB) or wheelbearing (category GA, GB or GC) can be registered with
NLGI and subsequently marked with a trademarked NLGI symbol that shows
which performance categories that grease meets.
NLGI Number/NLGI Grade: Arbitrary numbers assigned by the NLGI that
classify greases by their hardness, as determined by the cone penetration
procedure (ASTM D 217); numbers range from 000 for the softest grease to
No. 6, the very hardest. (see Consistency (grease)) (see Penetration (grease))
Nm: Nautical Miles.
Nm^3: Normal cubic meter.
No: -FROST FREEZER Low-temperature refrigerator cabinet in which no
frost or ice collects on freezer surfaces or materials stored in cabinet.
No : Normally open contacts of a relay.
No. 1 Heavy Melt: Obsolete steel scrap grade, at least 1/4 inch in thickness
and in sections no larger than five feet by two feet. Much of the metal comes
from demolished buildings, truck frames and heavy-duty springs. Mini-mills
are primary consumers of No. 1 heavy scrap.
Nobake Binder: A synthetic liquid resin sand binder that hardens completely
at room temperature, generally not requiring baking, used in cold setting
process.
Nobake Binder: A synthetic liquid resin sand binder that hardens completely
at room temperature, generally not requiring baking, used in Cold Setting
process.
Nobel Metal : Metallic elements with surfaces that do not readily oxidize in
air; e.g., gold, silver, platinum.
Nobel metal : A chemically inactive metal, such as gold.
Noble: The positive direction of electrode potential, thus resembling noble
metals such as gold and platinum.
Noble Metals: Metallic elements with surfaces that do not readily oxidize in
air; e.g., gold, silver, platinum.
Noble Potential: A potential more cathodic (positive) than the standard
hydrogen potential.
Node: Theoretical point where two or more members are considered to be
connected together.
No-draft (draftless) Forging: A forging with extremely close tolerances and
little or no draft that requires minimal machining to produce the final part.
Mechanical properties can be enhanced by closer control of grain flow and by
retention of surface material in the final component.
Nodular Fireclay : Rock containing aluminous or ferrogenous nodules, or
both, bonded by fireclay.
Nodular Fireclay (Burley, Burley Flint): Rock containing aluminous or
ferrogenous nodules, or both, bonded by fireclay.
Nodular Graphite: Graphite or carbon in modular form, characteristically in
malleable and nodular iron.
Nodular Graphite: Graphite or carbon in modular form, characteristically in
malleable and nodular iron.
Nodular Iron: Iron of a normally gray cast-iron type that has been suitably
treated with a nodularizing agent so that all or the major portion of its
graphitic carbon has a nodular or spherulitic form as cast. Often referred to as
Ductile Iron.
Nodular Iron: Iron of a normally gray cast iron type that has been suitably
treated with a nodularizing agent so that all or the major portion of its
graphitic carbon has a nodular or spherulitic form as cast. Often referred to as
Ductile Iron.
Nodular Pearlite: Pearlite that has grown as a colony with an approximately
spherical morphology.
Noggin (or nogging, naggin etc): A short length of timber fixed crossways
between joists, studs or rafters; also the infill between the studs of a
traditional timber-framed building.
Nogging: A horizontal piece of timber fixed between studs in a framed wall
Noise : Any undesired sounds, usually of different frequencies, resulting in
an objectionable or irritating sensation.
Noise Radiator: A device creating noise.
Noise Spectrum: The various frequencies making a noise.
Nominal size: Sawn sectional size of timber.
Nominal size : A designated size that may be different from the actual size.
Nominal size tubing : Tubing measurement which has an inside diameter the
same as iron pipe of the same stated size.
Nominal Stress: The stress at a point calculated on the net cross section
without taking into consideration the effect on stress of geometric
discontinuities such as holes, grooves, fillets and so forth. The calculation is
made using simple elastic theory.
Nomogram (Graph): A graph that enables one by the aid of a straight edge
to read off the value of a dependent variable when the value of two or more
independent variables are given.
Non Aging: Little to no change in mechanical and physical properties over
time; Yield point elongation is zero. See Aging.
Non carbonated hardness : -Hardness in water caused by chlorides,
sulfates, and nitrates of calcium and magnesium.
Non code installation : -Functional refrigerating system installed where
there are no local, state, or national refrigeration codes in force.
Non condensables : -Gaseous material not liquefied when associated water
vapor is condensed in the same environment.
Non destructive inspection: -() A procedure such as ultrasonic or
radiographic inspection, for determining the quality of a material without
permanently altering anything.
Non Destructive Testing: Non-destructive testing is an engineering service
usually associated with failure analysis. Non-destructive methods include the
use of ultrasonic sensors, radiographic measurements and liquid penetrants
for visual inspection. See Engineering Services - Failure Analysis
Non ferrous alloy : -Alloy containing less then 50 % iron.
Non Ferrous Founders' Society: See Non Ferrous Founder's Society for
address information.
Non Ferrous Metals: Metals or alloys that are free of iron or comparatively
so.
Non frosting evaporator : -Evaporator which never collects frost or ice on
its surface. Uses only thermostatic expansion valves.
Non Heat Treatable Alloy: An alloy which can be strengthened only by
cold work
Non Magnetic Steels: Austenitic steels such as the 14% manganese steels
and the 303 type 18/8% chromium nickel stainless steels.
Non mechanical refrigeration: -Those that obtain the required high and low
pressure by some method other than a mechanical compressor.
Non Metallic Inclusions: Impurities (commonly oxides), sulphides, silicates
or similar substances held in metals mechanically during solidification or
formed by reactions in the solid state.
Non Refractory Alloy: A term opposed to refractory alloy. A non refractory
alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when subjected to rolling or
hammering.
Non Return: A flapper check valve at the boiler steam exit that is used to
isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback during outage
emergencies.
Non Return Valve: Check valve located at the boiler steam exit which is
used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback during
emergencies.
Non Scalloping Quality Strip Steel: Strip steel ordered or sold on the basis
of absence of unevenness, or ears, on the edges of the steel, when subjected
to deep drawing.
Non Temper Passed Bands: Hot bands.
Non-Aging: Little to no change in mechanical and physical properties over
time; Yield point elongation is zero. (see Aging)
Nonbearing wall: A crosswise groove at the end of a board.
Nonbearing wall: A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
Non-bearing wall: A wall that supports no vertical load other than its own
weight.
Non-Coasting Mechanical Drive: A drive with coasting characteristics such
that it will stop the motion within a distance in feet equal to 10 percent of the
rated speed in feet per minute when traveling at rated speed with rated load.
Noncompact section: A steel section which does not qualify as a compact
section and the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements do not
exceed the values designated in the AISC Manual.
Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE): Broadly considered synonymous with
nondestructive inspection (NDI). More specifically, the quantitative analysis
of NDI findings to determine whether the material will be acceptable for its
function, despite the presence of discontinuities. With NDE, a discontinuity
can be classified by its size, shape, type and location, allowing the
investigator to determine whether or not the flaw(s) is/are acceptable.
Damage tolerant design approaches are based on the philosophy of ensuring
safe operation in the presence of flaws.
Nondestructive Inspection (NDI): A process or procedure, such as
ultrasonic or radiographic inspection, for determining the quality or
characteristics of a material, part or assembly, without permanently altering
the subject or its properties. Used to find internal anomalies in a structure
without degrading its properties or impairing its serviceability.
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Also known as non-destructive inspection.
Any technique that uses radiography, ultra-sonics, dye-penetrant, magnetic
particles, eddy currents, etc. to determine the quality of a material without
permanently altering the completeness or properties of the material being
tested.
Non-Ferrous Metals: Non-iron-based metal, including copper, aluminum
and their alloys (e.g., brass and bronze).
Nonfill: Failure of metal to fill a forging die impression.
Non-Heat-Treatable Alloy: An alloy which can be strengthened only by
cold work.
Non-load-bearing partition or non–load-bearing wall: One which supports
no vertical load except that of its own weight and merely defines spaces.
Non-Magnetic Steels: Steels that have a stable, fully austenitic
microstructure.
Non-Newtonian Fluid: Fluid requiring an initial stress to start flow, as the
ratio of shear stress to shear rate does not remain constant. In this category,
greases are among the substances that do not exhibit viscosity as Newton
defined it; “apparent viscosity,” depending on the rate of shear, can be
computed for such materials, but the viscosity derived will apply only to the
shear rate used in making the computation.
Non-Oriented Grain Electrical Steels (NOG): Steels with low magnetic
loss properties and high permeability. They are applied to generator cores,
electrical motors, power meters, etc.
Non-reactive silica -: Is a polymeric form of silica; thermally unstable which
reverts to normal silica when heated. Difficult to detect, but may be present
when boiler feedwater shows none, but boiler water reads silica.
Nonreflow Plate: (MATTE) Does not get reflowed to melt the Tin coating.
Non-Reflow Plate: (MATTE) Does not get reflowed to melt the Tin coating.
Non-Refractory Alloy: A term opposed to refractory alloy. A non-refractory
alloy has malleability, that is, ease of flattening when subjected to rolling or
hammering.
Non-Return Valve: Check valve located at the boiler steam exit which is
used to isolate a down boiler and to prevent steam feedback during
emergencies.
Nonrigid structure: A structure which cannot maintain its shape and may
undergo large displacements and would collapse under its own weight when
not supported externally.
Non-Soap Grease: Grease thickened with something other than a metallic
soap, e.g., clay, carbon black, silica gel or one of many synthetic organic
compounds.
Non-Standard Steel: A steel is classed as non-standard when the chemical
composition or mechanical properties specified do not coincide with or
encompass the ranges or limits of a standard steel (AISI or ASTM), or when
restricted ranges or limits are outside the ranges or limits of a standard steel.
Nordo: No radio. Aircraft without a radio or experiencing a radio failure.
Norma-Hoffman Bomb Test: (ASTM D 942) a static accelerated grease
oxidation test that measures the rate at which a grease absorbs oxygen.
Normal carryover : Refers to the carryover which occurs in any boiler
operating under the best conditions.
Normal charge : Thermal element charge which is part liquid and part gas
under all operating conditions.
Normal Direction: That direction perpendicular to the plane of working in a
worked material. See also longitudinal direction and transverse direction. (see
Longitudinal Direction (L)) (see Transverse Direction)
Normal Operating Conditions: Conditions during which a hoist is
performing functions within the scope of the original design.
Normal Operating Conditions (of Cab-operated Cranes or
Carriers): Conditions during which a crane or carrier is performing
functions within the scope of the original design. Under these conditions, the
operator manually operated hoists, and 25% of the time for electric or
pneumatic-powered hoists, of a single work shift.
Normal Operating Conditions (of Floor-operated Cranes): Conditions
during which a crane is performing functions within the scope of the original
design. Under these conditions, the operator is at the operating Bridge Crane
Control devices that are attached to the crane but operated with the operator
off the crane, and there is no person on the crane.
Normal Plane (Gears): In helical gears, the plan perpendicular to the teeth.
Normal Segregation: Concentration of alloying constituents that have low
melting points in those portions of a casting that solidify last.
Normal Solution: An aqueous solution containing one gram equivalent of
the active reagent in 1 L of the solution.
Normal Steel: Steel in which the pearlite is completely laminated.
Normal Stress: The stress component that is perpendicular to the plane on
which the forces act. Normal stress may be either tensile or compressive.
Normal Walking Speed: A walking speed assumed to be 150 feet per
minute (45.7 meters per minute) of a carrier when the elements are not
securely locked.
Normal/Standard Pressure: Unless otherwise specified, this term refers to
14.7 psi or 760 mm of mercury, i.e., normal atmospheric pressure at sea
level.
Normal/Standard Temperature: In most laboratory work, 25°C, equivalent
to 77°F.
Normalizing: Heating to a temperature about 100° F above the critical range,
as indicated by the iron carbon diagram, and cooling in still air. Normalizing
is used to restore the steel to its normal condition after hot working, cold
working , non-uniform cooling or overheating, or to eliminate the effects of
previous heat treatment. Other common objects of normalizing include the
development of uniformity in grain, structure and physical properties, a slight
hardening of medium carbon steels to improve machinability and the removal
of stresses, strains, or course grain prior to hardening. The usual normalizing
temperatures range from about 1500° to 1800° F, depending on the steel
involved.
Normally open : (OR NORMAL CLOSED) The position of a valve, damper,
relay contacts, or switch when external power or pressure is not being applied
to the device. Valves and dampers usually are returned to a "normal" position
by a spring.
Norms of engineering practice : The generally expected or accepted level of
performance which may not or may not be enshrined in a standard
Nose Radius: The radius of the rounded portion of the cutting edge of a tool.
No-show: Passenger with a confirmed reservation, who failed to check-in or
board on time.
Nosing: A formal document showing the existence of a debt and stating the
terms of repayment.
Nosing: A projecting edge of any flat surface (generally rounded in section),
e.g. the projecting edge of a stair tread.
Nosing: The projecting edge of a molding or drip or the front edge of a stair
tread.
Notam: Notices To Airmen. Issued by the country’s aviation authority to
inform pilots of new or changed aeronautical facilities, services, procedures,
or hazards, temporary or permanent.
Notch: The part of a heating system that sprays the fuel of fuel-air mixture
into the combustion chamber.
Notch: A crosswise groove at the end of a board.
Notch Acuity: Relates to the severity of the stress concentration produced by
a given notch in a particular structure. If the depth of the notch is very small
compared with the width (or diameter) of the narrowest cross section, acuity
may be expressed as the ratio of the notch depth to the notch root radius.
Otherwise, acuity is defined as the ratio of one-half the width (or diameter) of
the narrowest cross section to the notch root radius.
Notch Bar: A test specimen which is notched. Used in impact or fatigue
tests.
Notch Brittleness: A measure of the susceptibility of a material to brittle
fracture at locations of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile
test, a material is said to be notch brittle if its notch strength is less than its
tensile strength; otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile.
Notch Depth: The distance from the surface of a test specimen to the bottom
of the notch. In a cylindrical test specimen, the percentage of the original
cross-sectional area removed by machining an annular groove.
Notch Ductility: The percentage reduction in area after complete separation
of the metal in a tensile test of a notched specimen.
Notch Factor: Ratio of the resilience determined on a plain specimen to the
resilience determined on a notched specimen.
Notch Rupture Strength: The ratio of applied load to original area of the
minimum cross section in a stress-rupture test of a notched specimen.
Notch Sensitivity: A measure of the reduction in strength of a metal caused
by the presence of stress concentration. Values can be obtained from static,
impact or fatigue tests.
Notch Strength: The maximum load on a notched tension-test specimen
divided by the minimum cross-sectional area (the area at the root of the
notch). Also called notch tensile strength.
Notched Bar Test: A test in which the test specimen has a notch of a
standard geometry machined in it in order to produce a local stress
concentration at the notch root when the specimen is tested. (see Charpy
(Charpy Impact Test)) (see Izod Impact Test)
Notched Bar Test: A test to determine the resistance of a material to a
suddenly applied stress, i.e. shock. A notched test piece is employed in an
Izod or Charpy machine and the results are recorded in ft, lbs or Joules.
Notched Specimen: A test specimen that has been deliberately cut or
notched, usually in a V-shape, to induce and locate point of failure.
Notching: Cutting out various shape from the edge of a strip, blank or part.
Notching Press: A mechanical press used for notching internal and external
circumferences and also for notching along a straight line. These presses are
equipped with automatic feeds because amy one notch is made per stroke.
Notching : cutting out various shapes from the edge of a strip, blank or part
Note: The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building
from the center of one member to the center of the next.
Note: A formal document showing the existence of a debt and stating the
terms of repayment.
Notices and fees: A notice is advice of intention to build or alter any
buildings or service usually required by the local authority. Fees are charges
made by local authorities in connection with notices given.
Nozzle: Loose hemp or jute fiber that's impregnated with tar or pitch and
used to caulk large seams or for packing plumbing pipe joints
Nozzle: The part of a heating system that sprays the fuel of fuel-air mixture
into the combustion chamber.
Nozzle Brick: A thick walled tubular refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle
through which steel is teemed.
Nozzle Pocket Brick: A refractory shape set in bottom of a ladle containing
a recess in which nozzle is set.
Nozzle Refractory: A refractory shape containing an orifice for the purpose
of transmitting molten metal from a refractory-lined container.
Nrc: Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Nrca (national roofing contractors association): Abbreviation.
Nrush current : IThe current that flows the instant after the switch
controlling current flow to a load is closed. Also called "locked rotor
current".
Nspe (national society of professional engineers): Abreviation.
NTP: Normal temperature and pressure reference point; zero centigrade
760mm mercury pressure.
Nts: Abbreviation for 'Not to Scale'.
Ntsb: National Transportation Safety Board. A United States government
organisation in charge of investigating in the case of an accident. In many
countries, an AAIB fulfills that role.
Ntu : Nephelometric turbidity unit. A light -interference analytical method to
measure the turbidity of water.
Nuclear Grade: Material of a quality adequate for use in nuclear
application.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance/Magnetic Imaging: Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance (NMR) provides non-destructive, magnetic radio-wave analysis of
new and used lubricants, especially to pinpoint chemical changes in carbon,
hydrogen and phosphorus in lubricants; may also be useful as a tool for
condition monitoring of gear oils and motor oils.
Nucleate boiling : The even boiling of water in which steam bubbles are
formed within the boiler water gradually and are evenly distributed rather
than being suddenly formed and erratically distributed.
Nucleation: 1. (Homogeneous) the initiation of solid crystals from the liquid
stage, or initiation of solid crystals from the liquid stage, or a new phase
within a solid without outside interference – rarely occurs. 2.
(Heterogeneous) foreign particles altering the liquid-solid interface energy
during phase changes.
Nucleation: 1) (homogeneous) the initiation of solid crystals from the liquid
stage, or initiation of solid crystals from the liquid stage, or a new phase
within a solid without outside interference rarely occurs, 2) heterogeneous)
foreign particles altering the liquid solid interface energy during phase
changes.
Nucleus: 1. The first structurally stable particle capable of initiating
recrystallization of a phase or the growth of a new phase, and separated from
the matrix by an interface. 2. The heavy central core of an atom, in which
most of the mass and the total positive electrical charge are concentrated.
Nucleus: (1) The first structurally stable particle capable of initiating
recrystallization of a phase or the growth of a new phase, and separated form
the matrix by an interface. (2) The heavy central core of an atom, in which
most of the mass and the total positive electrical charge are concentrated.
Nue: Non upset end ? OCTG tubing description (not as common as EUE)
Nugget: (1) A small mass of metal such as gold or silver found free in nature.
(2) The weld metal in a stop, seam or projection weld.
Null: The position of a device that is its normal or otherwise preset 'zero'
condition.
Nymph: immature form of insects such as stoneflies and mayflies that do
not pupate
O: Chemical symbol for oxygen.
O c- on center: When an engineer (or municipal inspector) inspects the open
excavation and examines the earth to determine the type of foundation
(caisson, footer, wall on ground, etc.) that should be installed in the hole.
O c- on center: The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a
building from the center of one member to the center of the next.
O Ring: A seal, mode from rubber or other synthetic material in the shape of
a circle and of circular or other polygonal cross section.
O&m: Operations and maintenance.
O/s: abbreviation – offset (generally used when a survey stake cannot be
placed on the exact point of interest).
Oakum: A manufactured 4' X 8' wood panel made out of 1"2" wood chips
and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood.
Oakum: Loose hemp or jute fiber that’s impregnated with tar or pitch and
used to caulk large seams or for packing plumbing pipe joints
Oakum: Shredded rope or hemp fiber impregnated with some form of light
tar and used as a caulking or packing for joints.
Oat: Outside Air Temperature
Obvert: interior top of a culvert, equal to the invert plus the culvert diameter
Occlusion : A term applied in the case of metals to the absorption or
entrapment of gases.
Occlusion : An absorption process by which one solid material adheres
strongly to another, sometimes occurring by co precipitation.
Octane Number: Number indicating the knock rating or resistance to
detonation of motor gasoline, defined as the percent by volume of isocatane
(C8H18) in a mixture with n-heptane; this mixture has the same knock rating
under standard engine test conditions as the test fuels.
Octane rating : A classification of gasoline according to its antiknock
qualities. The higher the octane number or rating, the greater are the
antiknock qualities of the gasoline.
OCTG: This is shorthand for Oil Country Tubular Goods, a category of steel
tube used in oil and gas drilling and extraction. Much of it is seamless, but
welded tube is also very prominent. OCTG comes in three forms, drill pipe,
casing and oil well tubing. It does not include pipe for conveying oil/gas from
the point of production to the refinery or customer; this is line pipe. Drill pipe
connects the drill bit with the drilling motor during well drilling and is
usually about 2-6.5 in. (50-165mm) outside dia. Drilling mud is pumped
down the pipe to cool the drill bit, while drilled material travels up it to the
surface. The very demanding operational conditions mean drill pipe is always
seamless. Casing acts as the liner and structural wall of oil/gas wells,
preventing contamination of the well and of the surrounding water table, and
can be up to 26 in. dia. Casing accounts for about three quarters of all OCTG
shipments. The third type is oil well tubing. This is used to bring oil/gas out
of a well and is usually around 2-4.5 in. dia.
OCTG: includes casing, drill pipe and oil well tubing, which, depending on
their use, may be formed through welded or seamless processes.
Octyl alcohol : Additive in absorption machines to reduce surface tension in
the absorber.
OD: Outside diameter (of a coil or pipe).
Oddsides: Semipermanent molds of plaster of paris, graphite or dry sand,
tarred and dried and used for repetitive work in the foundry.
Oddsides: Semi permanent molds of plaster of paris, graphite, or dry sand,
tarred and dried and used for repetitive work in the foundry.
Off Center: Not centered; offset,eccentric or inaccurate.
Off Dimension: A casting defect caused by any incorrect dimension
resulting from improper setting of cores, using wrong core, shifts, swells, etc.
Off form concrete: Concrete which is formed by placing and stripping from
formwork and has no other applied finish
Off Gauge: Core defect caused by improper gagging of dimensions.
Off -Gauge: A defect referring to a variation of offset of the thickness of the
plate from the designated aim gauge thickness and tolerance.
Off Gauge Reel: Reel onto which all the off gauge and defective material is
wound.
Off Grade Metal: Metal whose composition does not correspond to the
designated or applicable specification.
Off Iron: Pig iron not of the desired composition.
Off Line: Term that means a boiler or system is not in use
Off set baffles: beams, logs, curbs etc placed on either side of a culvert,
flume etc so as to create turbulent flow and ease fish passage.
Off Size: Rolled steel too light or too heavy to meet requirements.
Offhand Grinding: Grinding where the operator manually forces the wheel
against the work or vice versa. It often implies casual manipulation of either
grinder or work to achieve the desired result. Dimensions and tolerances
frequently are not specified or are only loosely specified; the operator relies
mainly on visual inspection to determine how much grinding should be done.
Contrast with precision grinding.
Off-Iron: Pig iron not of the desired composition.
Offset: When a coil sidewall is winding up straight and suddenly moves in or
out to another position and then continuing to wind up straight.
Offset : A horizontal distance measured at right angles to a survey line to
locate a point off an edge line.
Offset : OHM The unit of electrical resistance equal to the resistance through
which a current of 1 ampere will flow when there is potential difference of
one volt across it.
Offset Dial: Movement of this dial changes the tracking of the line.
Offset Dial: Device used on #4 Side Trimmer askania. Movement of this dial
changes the tracking of the line.
Offset ridge: When the ridge of a joist that has the top chord pitched two
ways is not in the center of the member or bay.
Offset Yield Strength: The stress at which the strain exceeds by a specific
amount (the offset) an extension of the initial, approximately linear,
proportional portion of the stress-strain curve. It is expressed in force per unit
area.
Offsetting: A coating defect consisting of a transference of smearing of ink
or coating or other substance from the surface of one sheet of coated substrate
to the back of the next sheet in a stack.
Offsetting: A coating defect consisting of a transference of smearing of ink
or coating or other substance from the surface of one sheet of coated substrate
to the back of the next sheet in a stack.
offshore solutions: Business Line dedicated to serving the oil and gas
offshore industry.
Off-site: In another place of building.
Off-Size: Rolled steel, too light or too heavy to meet requirements.
Ohm’s law : The relationship between current and voltage in a circuit. It
states that current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance. Expressed algebraically, in DC circuits I=E/R; in AC circuits
I=E/R.
Oil: Common term applied to slippery liquids consisting of various
hydrocarbons; found in nature as petroleum, animal, vegetable or marine
products, or synthesized in industry.
Oil : A liquid of vegetable, animal, mineral, or synthetic origin that feels
slippery to the touch.
Oil and Whiting Test: A method of detecting fine cracks by applying a
penetrating oil and painting the tested metal surface with a mixture of whiting
and a thinner. Oil in the cracks emerges to stain the whiting.
Oil And Whiting Test: A method of detecting fine cracks by applying a
penetrating oil and painting the tested metal surface with a mixture of whiting
and a thinner. Oil in the cracks emerges to stain the whiting.
Oil binding : Condition in which an oil layer on top of refrigerant liquid may
prevent if from evaporating at its normal pressure temperature.
Oil Cooler: Water cooled heat exchanger used to maintain the oil
temperature on the feedwater pumps.
Oil Core Or Mold: A core or mold in which the sand is bonded by an oil
binder.
Oil Country Tubular Goods (Octg): Label applied to the pipe products
used by petroleum exploration customers.
Oil Degassing: Removal free and dissolved gases and air from the oil by
lowering the vapor pressure, typically using vacuum.
Oil Film Weight: Measure of the amount of oil applied to a flat rolled steel
product; for tin mill products, the measure is grams/base box; for sheet
products, the measure is oz./sq.ft. (or gm./sq.m.).
Oil Film Weight: Measure of the amount of oil applied to a flat rolled steel
product; for Tin Mill Products, the measure is grams/base box; for Sheet
Products, the measure is oz./sq.ft. (or gm./sq.m.).
Oil groove : A channel or channels in a bearing to improve oil flow through
the bearing.
Oil Groove(s): Frequently termed “oil ducts”; one or more grooves cut into
the surface of bearing metal, the location and design of which are important
for proper distribution of the lubricant. They prevent excessive oil loss from
the bearing, serve as reservoirs to replenish lubricant supply and distribute
the oil.
Oil Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable
composition by heating within or above the transformation range and
quenching in oil.
Oil Hardening Steel: Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil is used
as the quenching medium in the hardening process.
Oil Hardening Steel: Used to describe tool or alloy steels where oil is used
as the quenching medium in the hardening process.
Oil mineral : A refined hydrocarbon oil without animal or vegetable
additives.
Oil Mist or Fog Lubrication: Oil atomized by compressed air, then
conveyed by the air in a low-pressure distribution system to multiple points
of lubricant application. At these points, as the mist flows through a nozzle of
the proper type and size, it may condense as small quantities of liquid oil that
lubricate the machine elements. The nozzles, or reclassifiers, include fog,
spray mist and liquid fittings.
Oil multi grade : An oil having relative little change in viscosity over a
specified temperature range.
Oil neutral : A lubricating oil obtained by distillation, not treated with acid
or with alkali.
Oil Pad: Oil-saturated felt pad, generally used on plain bearings, that
lubricates the rubbing surfaces; oil is supplied to the pad by wick, capillary,
syphon, etc.
Oil Quenching: Hardening of carbon steel in an oil bath.
Oil Recycling: Removal of particulate and volatile contaminant such as
water, gases, solvents from the oil to make it suitable for continused use.
Settling, filtration, vacuum dehydration are some of the processes used for oil
recycling.
Oil Ring: A loose ring, generally of greater in diameter than the shaft, the
inner surface of which rides the shaft or journal, causing the ring to rotate; the
ring dips into a reservoir from which it carries lubricant to the top of the shaft
for distribution to a bearing.
Oil ring lubrication : A system of lubrication for horizontal shafts. A ring of
larger diameter rotates with the shaft and collects oils from a container below.
Oil Sample: A small amount (at least 50 ml) of oil taken from a system in
order to be tested.
Oil sands: Bituminous sands are a type of unconventional petroleum deposit.
Oil Sands: Sand bonded with such oils as linseed and the synthetics.
Oil Sands: Sand bonded with such oils as linseed and the synthetics.
Oil Seal: One of many contact sealing devices used to reduce or eliminate oil
leakage or to exclude foreign matter from a lubrication system. Oil seals are
generally used on moving parts while gaskets seal non-moving parts such as
housing. (see Lip Seal) (see Gaskets)
Oil separator : Device used to remove oil from gaseous refrigerant or steam.
Oil Shot: In die casting, a sponge-like whirl on the surface of casting
resulting from an excess of oil applied to the sprue hole before the shot was
made.
Oil Shot: In die casting, a sponge like whirl on the surface of casting
resulting from an excess of oil applied to the sprue hole before the shot was
made.
Oil Stain Aluminum: Stain produced by the incomplete burning of the
lubricants on the surface of the sheet. Rolling subsequent to staining will
change color from darker browns to lighter browns down to white.
Oil Stones: Molded abrasives in various shapes used to hand-sharpen cutting
tools.
Oil Stones: Molded abrasives in various shapes used to hand sharpen cutting
tools.
Oil Strainer: Strainer that uses a metal screen or disc as the filtering
medium; usually rated according to mesh size, not micrometer size.
Oil Test: Test performed by the Met. Lab to check the amount of oil applied
to strip.
Oil turbine : An oil used to lubricate bearings in a steam or gas turbine.
Oiled: A product to which oil has been applied to retard rusting.
Oiled: A product to which oil has been applied to retard rusting.
Oiliness: Property of a lubricant that yields low friction under conditions of
boundary lubrication, because of its affinity for metal surfaces. Polar
compounds in the lubricant enhances this property, causing a physical
adherence (adsorbance) to the surfaces; the lower the friction, the greater the
oiliness.
Oiling: The application of a surface layer of lubricant intended to retard
rusting on sheet products and lubrication on Tin Mill products.
OIT: (Operator Interface Terminal) Terminal which displays the line up,
coils running on both reels, and the location of the weld.
Ol2k: Olefins II Kuwait project for EQUATE (DowPIC).
Old Blowing Room: Used when the river water gets too cold.
Oleoresinous: A resin containing both oils and resins which cures by the
oxidation process.
Olive: (Mg2,Fe2SiO4) A naturally occurring mineral composed of fosterite
and fayalite, crushed and used as a molding sand. Usually the sand of choice
in manganese steel casting due to its basicity.
Olsen (Ductility) Test: A method of measuring the ductility and drawing
properties of strip or sheet metal which involves determination of the width
and depth of impression. The test simulating a deep drawing operation is
made by a standard steel ball under pressure, continuing until the cup formed
from the metal sample fractures. Readings are in thousandths of an inch. This
test is sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the surface
finish after drawing, similar to the Erichsen ductility test.
Olsen (Tester): A device used to indicate the stretch quality of the steel and
to detect breakage caused by contamination or peeling of the zinc coating.
Olsen Ductility Test: A cupping test in which a piece of sheet metal
restrained except at the center is deformed by a standard steel ball until
fracture occurs. The height of the cup at the time of fracture is a measure of
the ductility.
On Cast: When the furnace is tapping out iron and maintaining full wind.
On Check: A term used when the furnace has pulled wind after casting to
plug the hole.
On exchange resin: ICross linked polymers that form salts within ions from
aqueous solutions.
On off control : A two position action which allows operation at either
maximum or minimum condition, or on or off, depending on the position of
the controller.
On the flat: A measurement of distance horizontally on a plan, no slopes
involved.
Once through boiler : A steam generating unit usually operated above the
critical pressure in which there is no re-circulation of the working fluid in any
part of the unit.
One Piece Pattern: Solid pattern, not necessarily made from one piece of
material. May have one or more loose pieces.
One Screen: A distribution of a clean sand or a sand with two maximum
screens separated by a minimum screen. These high expansion problem sands
are also referred to as camel back distributions.
One Side Bright Mill Finish: Sheet material having a moderate degree of
brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled and may have a dull,
non uniform appearance.
One-Piece Pattern: Solid pattern, not necessarily made from one piece of
material. May have one or more loose pieces.
One-Screen: A distribution of a clean sand or a sand with two maximum
screens separated by a minimum screen. These high-expansion problem
sands are also referred to as camel back distributions.
One-Side Bright Mill Finish: Sheet material having a moderate degree of
brightness on one side. The reverse side is uncontrolled and may have a dull,
non-uniform appearance.
One-third increase: When designing steel members for forces produced by
wind or seismic conditions, the allowable stresses in the design formulas may
be increased 1/3 above the values otherwise provided.
Opacimeter: An instrument used for measuring the amount of dark smoke
emitted by automobiles.
Opeb Expense: Other Postretirement Employment Benefits. Usually refers
to health care obligations to a mill's retired workers, although its meaning
also can include layoff benefits (see FAS 106).
Open circuit : The absence of a direct connection between two points in an
electrical network.
Open cycle : A gas turbine arrangement, in were the exhaust gases from the
turbine are exhausted to the atmosphere without any further treatment.
Open Die Forging: See Forging: Open Die Forging
Open Dies: Dies with flat surfaces that are used for preforming stock or
producing hand forgings.
Open Face Mold: See Open Sand Casting
Open Flame Furnace: As opposed to the crucible furnace; in the open-flame
furnace the metal charge is confined in the refractory lining, with the flame
and products of combustion coming in direct contact with the metal.
Open Flame Furnace: As opposed to the crucible furnace; in the open flame
furnace the metal charge is confined in the refractory lining, with the flame
and products of combustion coming in direct contact with the metal.
Open Gear Lube: Extremely heavy gear lubricants with viscosities in the
asphaltic fluid range.
Open Grain Structure: A defect wherein a casting, when machined or
fractured, appears to be coarse grained and porous; usually due to a shrink
area.
Open Grain Structure: A defect wherein a casting, when machined or
fractured, appears to be coarse grained and porous; usually due to a shrink
area.
Open Hearth Furnace: A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap
into steel. Heat is supplied from a large, luminous flame over the surface, and
the refining takes seven to nine hours. Open Hearths, at one time the most
abundant steelmaking furnaces among integrated companies, have been
replaced by the basic oxygen furnace.
Open Hearth Line: An alternate water supply line from the Old Blowing
Room Pump Room to the Old Blowing Room used when the river water gets
too cold.
Open Hearth Process: Process of making steel by heating the metal in the
hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open hearth steel process, the
lining of the hearth is basic, usually magnesite; whereas in the acid open
hearth steel process, an acid material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and
pig iron, extremely low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material
charged in.
Open hole inspection: An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually
a smaller member nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.
Open hole inspection: When an engineer (or municipal inspector) inspects
the open excavation and examines the earth to determine the type of
foundation (caisson, footer, wall on ground, etc.) that should be installed in
the hole.
Open Line: Usually a steel making defect, an open line refers to a line down
the length of the strip caused by unknown conditions.
Open Loop: In a control system, a type of control that has an input signal,
but no feedback of the result of the input signal.
Open re circulating water system : A system, using continuously circulated
water as a heat-transfer medium, in which the water is exposed at one point to
the atmosphere for either discharge or absorption of heat.
Open Riser: See Riser, Open
Open Rod Press: A hydraulic press in which the slide is guided by vertical,
cylindrical rods (usually four) that also serve to hold the crown and bed in
position.
Open Sand Casting: A casting produced in an open mold; poured in the
drag, with no cope or other top covering.
Open Surface: Rough surface on black plate, sheet or strip, resulting from
imperfection in the original steel bars from which the plate was rolled.
Open-back Inclinable Press: A vertical crank press that can be inclined so
that the bed will have an inclination generally varying from 0 to 30°. The
formed parts slide off through an opening in the back. It is often called an
OBI press.
Open-die Forging: The hot mechanical forming of metals between flat or
shaped dies in which metal flow is not completely restricted. Also known as
hand or smith forging. See also handforge or smith forge. (see
Handforge) (see Smith Forge)
Openhearth Furnace: A furnace for melting metal, in which the bath is
heated by the combustion of hot gases over the surface of the metal and by
radiation from the roof.
Open-Hearth Furnace: A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap
into steel (also known as a “Martin furnace”). Heat is supplied from large
flames over the surface.
Open-Hearth Process: Process of making steel by heating the metal in the
hearth of a regenerative furnace. In the basic open-hearth steel process, the
lining of the hearth is basic, usually magnesite; whereas in the acid open-
hearth steel process, an acid material, silica, is used as the furnace lining and
pig iron, extremely low in phosphorous (less than 0.04%), is the raw material
charged in.
Operating Pressure: The level of pressure at which a component, pipe,
tube, hose or other fluid passage will experience during application of
maximum expected fluid pressure.
Operating point : The value of the controlled condition at which the
controller actually operates. Also called control point.
Operating pressure : Actual pressure at which the system works under
normal conditions. This pressure may be positive or negative (vacuum).
Operating Rates: The ratio of raw steel production to the mill's stated
capacity. Each December, steel companies report to the AISI their estimated
capacity (if they could sell all steel they produced) for the following year,
adjusted for any facility downtime.
Operations management : The ongoing, repetitive, cyclical semi-permanent
activity to deliver services or produce products.
Operator Side: The side of the strip that is nearest to the operator pulpit.
Operator’s Cab: The operator’s compartment from which movements of the
crane are Bridge Crane Controlled. To be specified by the manufacturer as
open, having only sides or a railing around the operator, or enclosed,
complete with roof, windows, etc.
Optical Emission Spectroscopy: Pertaining to emission spectroscopy in the
near-ultraviolet, visible or near-infrared wavelength regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum. See also electromagnetic radiation. (see
Electromagnetic Radiation)
Optical Pyrometer: A temperature measuring device through which the
observer sights the heated object and compares its incandescence with that of
an electrically heated filament whose brightness can be regulated; or the
intensity of the light emitted from the object may be varied through filters
and compared with a constant light source.
Optical Pyrometer: A temperature measuring device through which the
observer sights the heated object and compares its incandescence with that of
an electrically heated filament whose brightness can be regulated; or the
intensity of the light admitted from the object may be varied through filters
and compared with a constant light source.
Optimization: A process to cut away excess steel and make a proper length
bar (bar rolling).
Optimum Moisture: That moisture content which results in developing the
maximum of any property of a sand mixture.
Optimum moisture content : That moisture content of a soil at which a
precise amount of compaction produces the highest dry density. It is
particularly important to achieve this in soil stabilization before the road is
completed. It is the percentage of moisture at which the greatest density of a
particular soil can be obtained through compaction by a specified method.
Options: A choice to buy or sell metal at an agreed upon price for a specific
date. You must pay a premium (See Put and Call).
Orange Peel: A pebble grain surface which develops in forming of metals
having coarse grains.
Orange Peel (Effect): A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming
products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is due to uneven
flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains, usually the result of
annealing at too high a temperature. Also referred to as pebbles and alligator
skin.
Orange Peel (Effect): A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming
products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is due to uneven
flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains usually the result of
annealing at too high a temperature. Also referred to as pebbles and alligator
skin.
Orange Peel Bucket: A bottom drop bucket used for charging cupolas; the
drop bottom is divided into a number of sections that appear to peel back as
the bucket opens.
Orbital Forging: See rotary forging. (see Rotary Forging)
Orbital Weld: A circumferential, full fusion butt or girth weld used to join
together two lengths of tubing. It is a GTAW welding process similar in
nature to the longitudinal weld seam of a welded tubular product.
Orcad Software: The OrCAD software products were developed by
Cadence Design Systems in San Jose, California. The OrCAD line is used to
support the custom design of electronic systems, with a primary focus on the
design of printed circuit boards (PCB).
Order Matte: Individual description of the orders to be processed (issued by
Production Planning). Also called 'mat' or 'mill order paper'.
Order Rate: The ratio of new orders recorded to the mill's capacity to
produce the steel to fill the orders. Many analysts view trends in the order
rate asharbingers of future production levels.
Ordered Structure: The crystal structure of a solid solution in which the
atoms of different elements seek preferred lattice positions. Contrast with
disordered structure.
Ordnance datum (od): The national leveling standard for the UK, the basis
for levelling set up by the Ordnance Survey, representing mean sea level at
Newlyn, S Wales.
Ordnance survey: The organisation which makes and maintains accurate
maps of the United Kingdom. The maps were originally for military purposes
but are now used for land use planning and development of land.
Ore: A mineral from which the metal can be extracted. An iron-bearing
material used primarily in the blast furnace.
Ore: An iron bearing material used primarily in the blast furnace.
Organic Acid: An organic compound with acid properties, obtained from
such organic substances as animal, vegetable and mineral oils; for example, a
fatty acid. Chemically, organic acids most often contain a carboxyl group
(COOH).
Organic contaminants : surface impurities (dirt, grease, oil, paint markings)
that will hinder the formation of the galvanized coating, usually removed in
the caustic cleaning stages of the galvanizing process
Organic growth : A substance resulting from the growth of biological
organisms such as fungi, algae, and slime bacteria.
Organic material : Contain carbon and usually hydrogen and are derived
from living things.
Organic oxygen scavengers : These are organic compounds such as
hydroquinone and ascorbate to remove dissolved oxygen from the boiler
feedwater and condensate.
Organosol: Organosols contain poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) dispersed in
solvents. At temperatures of 325-350°F (165-175°C) the vinyl particles
coalesce and dissolve in the plasticizers to form homogeneous films with
good hardness, toughness and adhesion.
Organosol: Organosols contain poly vinyl chloride (PVC) dispersed in
solvents. At temperatures of 325 350 B0 F (165 175 B0 Centegrade) the vinyl
particles coalesce and dissolve in the plasticizers to form homogeneous films
with good hardness, toughness and adhesion.
Oriel window: A bay window that projects from the wall and does not have
its own foundations.
Orientation: Arrangements in space of the axes of the lattice of a crystal
with respect to a chosen reference or coordinate system. See also preferred
orientation. (see Preferred Orientation)
Oriented Grain Electrical Steels (OG): Steels with optimized magnetic
properties, developed to achieve low magnetic losses and high permeability.
They are applied to power and distribution transformation cores, etc.
Oriented strand board or osb: The point at which two walls form an
external angle, one you usually can walk around.
Oriented strand board or osb: A manufactured 4′ X 8′ wood panel made
out of 1″- 2″ wood chips and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood.
Oriffice: An opening of controlled size used to measure or control the flow
of gases.
Oriffice Plate: In a cupola a device used to measure the volume of air
delivered to the windbox.
Orifice: a fishway consisting of stepped pools connected by submerged
holes.
Orifice: An opening of controlled size used to measure or control the flow of
gases.
Orifice : Accurate size opening for controlling fluid flow.
Orifice Flange: An orifice flange is used with an orifice flowmeter to
measure liquid or gas flow rates in a piping system. An orifice flowmeter is
designed such that the flow being measured is forced through a hole, or
orifice, in a plate. The hole is designed to constrict and the pressure is
measured both upstream and downstream of the hole. Knowing the inlet and
exit are of the orifice and the inlet and exit pressures, the flowmeter is able to
determine the flow rate. The orifice flange is used in place of standard flanges
to allow for the proper installation of the orifice plate or flowmeter.
Orifice Plate: In a cupola, a device used to measure the volume of air
delivered to the windbox.
Original Crack Size: The physical crack size at the start of testing.
O-Ring: An “O”-shaped automatic or squeeze-type packing manufactured
from metallic or elastomeric materials, used for static and dynamic
applications. The seal is compressed against the shaft or collar and energized
by the pressure of the fluid being sealed to prevent leakage.
Orrosion, stress: CPreferential attack of areas under stress in a corrosive
environment, where such a environment alone would not have caused
corrosion.
Orsat analyzer : A furnace atmosphere analysis device in which gases are
absorbed selectively (volumetric basis) by passing them through a series of
pre-selected solvents.
Orthogonal projection: A drawing of the various views or sections of a
building, so the projecting lines are perpendicular to the place of projection.
Os: Chemical symbol for osmium.
Oscillate Wound: Oscillate winding is a technique that ws develooped to aid
in winding and shipping customer orders for multiples. (Multiples are created
by slitting or shearing a coil into any width or set of widths) The slits are
wound back and forth on a mandrel in the same manner that a fishing line is
taken up on a reel; that is left to right, right to left, left to right. This allows
for multiples to be wrapped on one wide coil that is easily handled in
shipping.
Oscillate Wound/Ribbon Wound: Oscillate winding is a technique that was
developed to aid in winding and shipping customer orders for multiples.
(Multiples are created by slitting or shearing a coil into any width or set of
widths). The slits are wound back and forth on a mandrel in the same manner
that a fishing line is taken up on a reel; that is left to right, right to left, left to
right. This allows for multiples to be wrapped on one wide coil that is easily
handled in shipping.
Oscillated Wound or Scroll Wound: A method of even winding metal strip
or wire on to a reel or mandrel wherein the strands are uniformly overlapped.
Sometimes termed stagger wound or vibrated wound. The opposite of ribbon
wound.
Oscillated Wound Or Scroll Wound: A method of even winding metal strip
or wire on to a reel or mandrel wherein the strands are uniformly over lapped.
Sometimes termed stagger wound or vibrated wound. The opposite of ribbon
wound.
Oscillating: A method of winding narrow strip steel over a much wider roll.
Customers want to have as much steel on a coil as will fit in their machines,
so they can spend less time moving the material and more time using it. By
coiling the strip-like fishing line (or thread) over a spool, a much longer strip
can fit onto a coil of proper diameter. Oscillate-wound coils allow the
customer to enjoy longer processing runs.
Oscillating: A method of winding narrow strip steel over a much wider roll.
Customers want to have as much steel on a coil as will fit in their machines,
so they can spend less time moving the material and more time using it. By
coiling the strip like fishing line (or thread) over a spool, a much longer strip
can fit onto a coil of proper diameter. Oscillate wound coils allow the
customer to enjoy longer processing runs.
Oscillating Die Press: A small high-speed metal forming press in which the
die and punch move horizontally with the strip during the worldng stroke.
Through a reciprocating motion, the die and punch return to their original
positions to begin the next stroke.
Oscillating Trough Cooler: A steel trough conveyor within a plenum where
reclaimed sand is cooled prior to reuse.
OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov
Osha : Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Osha (occupational safety and health administration): A federal
organization whose purpose is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the
health of the workers of America.
Osip: s Operating Systems Implementation Plan. This document further
describes the OSR implementation within each Business Segment.
Osmium: Chemical symbol Os. A bluish-white metal that is so hard it is
difficult to fabricate.
Osmium: Chemical symbol Os. A bluish white metal that is so hard it is
difficult to fabricate.
Osmondite: An obsolete term once used to designate a ferrous
microstructure not so well defined as Troosite.
Osmosis : The passage of water through permeable membrane separating
two solutions of different concentration; the water passes into the more
concentrated solution.
Osr: s Operating Systems Requirements. 's quality manual that documents
basic quality and operating requirements.
OTAQ: Office of Transportation and Air Quality (U.S. EPA)
Ottowa Sand: A sand originating near Ottawa Ill., also know as St. Peter
sandstone.
Out Of Register: An embossed pattern distortion due to misalignment of the
male and female embossing rolls
Out of Round: Difference between highest measurement and lowest
measurement on plain round. This is a tolerance in the ASTM Standards.
Outboard Bearing: One of two bearings supporting a shaft farthest from the
drive unit. Some extend outside the machine, e.g., a shaft extended from a
machine upon which is mounted a direct connected generator, pump, etc.
Outboard Bearing: Pump bearing that is furthest from the driver.
Outcomes-based criteria: Criteria for accrediting a programme that are
stated in terms of the outcomes that graduating students must have
demonstrated.
Outlet: Outlet valve from auto valve or tank.
Outlet structure: An arrangement of apron, wing walls and sometimes
energy absorption structure at the end of a culvert.
Output Stage: A spool or other device that is controlled by a smaller spool
or torque motor.
Outrigger: Outward projecting eave-soffit area of a roof; the part of the roof
that hangs out or over the outside wall. See also Cornice.
Outrigger: A structural member which is usually perpendicular to a joist and
attaches under the outstanding leg of one of the joist top chord angles. It then
bears on a beam or wall and cantilevers across, similar to a top chord
extension.
Outrigger: An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually a smaller
member nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.
Outriggers: Extendable or fixed members attached to the mounting base,
which rest on supports at the outer ends used to support the crane.
Outside air opening hvac: () Any opening used as an entry for air from
outdoors.
Outside corner: Curved, "" section of drain pipe that holds a water seal to
prevent sewer gasses from entering the home through a fixtures water drain.
Outside corner: The point at which two walls form an external angle, one
you usually can walk around.
Outside foundation line: A line which indicates the location of the outside
of the foundation wall for a new building
Outstanding leg: The leg of a structural angle which is projecting toward or
away from you when viewing.
Oval: A hot rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross section.
Ovality: Deviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as the total
difference found at any one cross-section between the individual maximum
and mimimum diameters, which usually occur at or about 90°.
Ovality: Deviation from a circular periphery, usually expressed as the total
difference found at any one cross section between the individual maximum
and minimum diameters, which usually occur at or about 90 degrees
Ovals: A hot-rolled carbon steel bar product which is oval in cross section.
Oven: See Continuous Annealing Furnace
Over current device : A device such as a fuse or a circuit breaker designed
to protect a circuit against excessive current by opening the circuit.
Overaging: Aging a precipitation-hardening alloy under conditions of time
and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum strength or
hardness.
Overaging: Aging a precipitation hardening alloy under conditions of time
and temperature greater than those required to obtain maximum strength or
hardness.
Overarm: The support for the end of a milling cutter which is on the
opposite side of the cutter from the spindle and column.
Overbending: Bending metal through a greater arc than that required in the
finished part to compensate for springback.
Overburden: native soils overlying aggregate to be mined or subsoils to be
constructed upon.
Overburden : Material of inferior quality which overlies material of desired
quality and which must be removed to obtain the desired material quality.
Overdraft: A condition wherein a metal curves upward on leaving the rolls
because of the higher speed of the lower roll.
Overfill: A defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an overfullness on
some part of the surface. Among the causes are worn rolls and extrusion into
the clearance of the rolls.
Overfill: A defect in a rolled bar or other section which is an over fullness on
some part of the surface. Among the causes are worn rolls and extrusion into
the clearance of the rolls.
Overfiring: Heating refractories to a temperature sufficient to cause
pronounced vitrification, deformation, or bloating.
Overflashing: The flashing which is built into the wall surface and sits over
the upturned apron flashing.
Overflow pipe : A pipe installed at a top of a tank to enable the liquid within
to be discharged to another vessel when the tank is filled to capacity.
Overflows (Overflow Wells): Separated cavities cut into the face of die
casting dies adjacent to the main cavity and connected to it by a channel,
ensuring filling of the cavity.
Overhand: Extension of the end surface of the cope half of a core print
beyond that of the drag to provide clearance for closing of the mold.
Overhang: To shim out or add strips of wood to a wall or ceiling in order
that the finished ceiling/wall will appear correct.
Overhang: The extension of the top chord of a joist beyond the outside of
the bearing support. See Top Chord Extension.
Overhang: Outward projecting eave-soffit area of a roof; the part of the roof
that hangs out or over the outside wall. See also Cornice.
Overhang (roof): The section of a roof extending over the external wall
Overhead Magnets: A magnet is an object that attracts ferromagnetic
materials such as iron. The magnet creates a magnetic field that generates the
attractive force. Overhead magnets are often used in industrial process
applications or waste management. They are often coupled with conveyor
systems to remove metal objects or fragments from the material moving
through the processing system.
Overhead Separators: Used when producing mults on a slitting unit; disks
which make an alley for each strip to go through while being coiled.
Overhead-drive Press: A mechanical press with the driving mechanism
mounted in or on the crown or upper parts of the uprights.
Overheated: A term applied when, after exposure to an excessively high
temperature, a metal develops an undesirable coarse grain structure, but is not
necessarily damaged permanently. Unlike burned structure, the structure
produced by overheating can be corrected by suitable heat treatment, by
mechanical work, or by a combination of the two.
Overheating: Can occur in preheat furnaces prior to forging or in the heat-
treating operation. The condition results when metal temperature exceeds the
critical temperature of the alloy involved and a change in phase occurs; this is
also known as the transformation temperature. Externally, overheated
material will often form blisters or a web of fine cracks; internally,
overheating causes precipitation of melted constituents around grain
boundries and the formation or rounded pools of melted constituents often
called "rosettes".
Overland flow: river flow outside of defined channel.
Overlap: In resistance seam welding, the area in a given weld remelted by
the succeeding weld.
Overlap: The condition of a spool and body in a servo valve or other spool
valve wherein the spool must move a specified amount (the overlap) before
exposing two adjacent cavities to each other.
Overlapping surfaces : created when one area of a metal structure is covered
by the surface of another metal structure
Overlay : One or more courses of asphaltic concrete layers placed over
existing worn or cracked pavement.
Overload: Any load greater than the rated load.
Overload : A condition of excess current; more cur rent flowing than the
circuit was designed to carry.
Overload Protection (Overcurrent): A device operative on excessive
current to cause and maintain the interruption or reduction of current flow to
the equipment governed.
Overloading: Placing too heavy a load on a beam, column or floor.
Overpickled: Reject caused by the strip laying in acid for a period of time.
Overpickled: Reject caused by the strip laying in acid for a period of time.
Override : A manual or automatic action taken to by pass the normal
operation of a device or system
Overs: oversized rocks, boulders etc
Overshoot: Occurs when the process exceeds the target value as operating
conditions change.
Oversize Powder: Powder particles larger than the maximum permitted by a
particle size specification.
Overspeed Trip: (On steam pumps), a device that trips the turbine on a
steam pump if the prime is lost and the pump overspeeds.
Overspeed Trip : (On steam pumps) A device that trips the turbine on a
steam pump if the prime is lost and the pump overspeeds.
Overspeed trip : On steam turbines, a mechanism that provides absolute
reliable overspeed protection by shutting off the steam supply.
Overspeed Trip Switch: Spring-loaded stop valve which is connected to a
turbine governor by a linkage rod that will stop the flow of steam to a
turbine.
Overspeed Trip Switch: Spring loaded stop valve which is connected to a
turbine governor by a linkage rod that will stop the flow of steam to a turbine.
Overstressing: Permanently deforming a metal by subjecting it to stresses
that exceed the elastic limit.
Overstressing: Permanently deforming a metal by subjecting it to stresses
that exceed the elastic limit.
Overtapping: cutting female fastener threads of nuts or threaded holes
larger than standard to account for the increased diameter of the galvanized
(male) mating part
Overtravel Restraint: A device used to prevent the slack load chain from
inadvertently being lowered out of the load sprocket.
Overwidth: Product whose width is above the customer’s finished width
tolerance.
Overwidth: Product whose width is above the customer's finished width
tolerance.
Overwrap: The direction which a coil is wrapped or unwrapped. If coil is
being overwrapped a reel is turning and steel is being fed from TOP.
Owen Jet Dust Counter: An instrument similar to the Konimeter, using the
humidification factor.
Oxidation: Chemical process in which oxygen combines with another
substance; enhanced by elevated temperature and the presence of a catalyst,
such as copper, water or foreign matter. Oxidation of lubricants eventually
produces acids and polymers, resulting in metal corrosion and sludge
formation. Oxidation inhibitors function by interrupting the oxidation process
at the first step, the formation of peroxides that serve as catalysts for the
entire process. (see Inhibitor)
Oxidation : The reaction of an element or substance with oxygen, e.g., iron
is oxidized by reaction with oxygen to form rust (iron oxide).
Oxidation Losses: Reduction in the amount of metal or alloy through
oxidation.
Oxidation Stability: Resistance of lubricants to chemical reaction with
oxygen; several test methods are used.
Oxidative Wear: (1) A corrosive wear process in which chemical reaction
with oxygen or oxidizing environment predominates. (2) A type of wear
resulting from the sliding action between two metallic components that
generates oxide films on the metal surfaces. These oxide films prevent the
formation of a metallic bond between the sliding surfaces. Resulting in fine
wear debris and low wear rates.
Oxide: Usually refers in the steel industry to oxide of iron, of which there are
three principal ones: FeO, Fe3O,4, Fe2O3. In addition, there are many
mixtures of these oxides which form on the surface of steel at different
temperatures and give the steel different colors, such as yellow, brown,
purple, blue and red. Oxides must be thoroughly removed from the surface of
steel objects which are to be coated with tin, zinc, or other metals. (see
Scale)
Oxide: A compound of oxygen with another element.
Oxide Discoloration: See ?Stain, Heat Treat?.
Oxidize: A chemical treatment which increases the positive valences of a
substance. In a limited sense, adding oxygen to a substance, as in oxidizing C
to CO, CO to CO2, Si to SiO2, Mn to MnO.
Oxidized: to combine with oxygen; make into an oxide
Oxidized Steel Surface: Surface having a thin, tightly adhering oxidized
skin (from straw to blue in color), extending in from the edge of a coil or
sheet.
Oxidized Surface: A surface having a thin, tightly adhering oxidized skin.
Oxidizing Agent: A compound that causes oxidation, thereby itself being
reduced.
Oxidizing agent : Any substance such as oxygen, or chlorine, that will
readily add (take on) electrons.
Oxidizing Atmosphere: An atmosphere resulting from the combustion of
fuels in an atmosphere where excess oxygen is present, and with no unburned
fuel lost in the products of combustion.
Oxidizing atmosphere : A furnace atmosphere with an oversupply of
oxygen that tends to oxidize materials placed in it.
Oxidizing Atmosphere : An atmosphere resulting from the combustion of
fuels in an atmosphere where excess oxygen is present, and with no unburned
fuel lost in the products of combustion.
Oxidizing biocide: An agent, such as chlorine, which will kill bacteria by the
chemical process of oxidation.
Oxidizing Flame: A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner
flame that has an oxidizing effect. See also neutral fIame and reducing
flame. (see Neutral Fiame) (see Reducing Flame)
Oxidizing Flame: A gas flame produced with excess oxygen in the inner
flame.
Oxy Acetylene Welding: A process for joining two pieces of metal in which
the required high temperature is obtained by the combustion of acetylene gas
and oxygen. The gases are thoroughly mixed in the nozzle or tip of the
welding torch to ensure perfect combustion. The weld may be formed
directly between two adjoining surfaces, but usually metal from a welding
rod is fused in between the surfaces of the joint.
Oxyacetylene Cutting: An oxyfuel gas cutting process in which the fuel gas
is acetylene.
Oxy-Acetylene Welding: A process for joining two pieces of metal in which
the required high temperature is obtained by the combustion of acetylene gas
and oxygen. The gases are thoroughly mixed in the nozzle or tip of the
welding torch to ensure perfect combustion. The weld may be formed
directly between two adjoining surfaces, but usually metal from a welding
rod is fused in between the surfaces of the joint.
Oxyacetylene welding : An oxyfuel gas welding process in which the fuel
gas is acetylene.
Oxyfuel Gas Cutting: Any of a group of processes used to sever metals by
means of chemical reaction between hot base metal and a fine stream of
oxygen. The necessary metal temperature is maintained by gas flames
resulting from combustion of a specific fuel gas such as acetylene. Hydrogen.
Natural gas, propane, propylene. Or Mapp gas (stabilized methylacetylene-
propadiene).
Oxyfuel Gas Welding (OFW): Any of a group of processes used to fuse
metals together by heating them with gas flames resulting from combustion
of a specific fuel gas such as acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, or propane.
The process may be used with or without the application of pressure to the
joint, and with or without adding any filler metal.
Oxygen: Oxygen is one of the chief constituents of the atmosphere of which
it forms approximately on fifth. It is odorless and invisible. Although oxygen
itself does not burn, it is extremely efficient in supporting combustion, nearly
all other chemical elements
Oxygen (O): Used in the Basic Oxygen Steelmaking process. When present
in the form of oxide, inclusions in steel will reduce all mechanical properties,
including ductility, and decrease machinability.
Oxygen Arc Cutting: An oxygen cutting process used to sever metals by
means of the chemical reaction of oxygen with the base metal at elevated
temperatures. The necessary temperate is maintained by an arc between a
consumable tubular electrode and the base metal.
Oxygen Blow: (O2 blow) Steel making period when oxygen is introduced
into the furnace vessel of scrap metal and blast furnace hot metal.
Oxygen Bomb Calorimeter: An instrument to measure the heats of
combustion of solid and liquid fuels.
Oxygen concentration cell : (see differential aeration cell).
Oxygen concentration cell : The surface area in contact with the media of
higher oxygen concentration becomes the cathodic area, and the area with the
lower oxygen concentration becomes the anode.
Oxygen Cutting: A group of cutting processes used to sever or remove
metals by means of the chemical reaction between oxygen and the base metal
at elevated temperatures. In the case of oxidation-resistant metals, the
reaction is facilitated by the use of a chemical flux or metal powder. See also
chemical flux cutting, metal powder cutting, oxyfuel gas cutting. Oxygen arc
cuning. And oxygen Jance cutting. (see Chemical Flux Cutting) (see Metal
Powder Cutting) (see Oxyfuel Gas Cutting)
Oxygen Free Copper: Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide,
produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers.
Oxygen Gouging: Oxygen cutting in which a bevel or groove is formed.
Oxygen Lance: A length of pipe used to convey oxygen either beneath or on
top of the melt in a steelmaldng furnace, or to the point of cutting in oxygen
lance cutting
Oxygen Lance: A length of pipe used to convey oxygen onto a bath of
molten metal.
Oxygen Lance Cutting: An oxygen cutting process used to sever metals
with oxygen supplied through a consumable lance; the preheat to start the
cutting is obtained by other means.
Oxygen pitting : Damage caused due to the presence of oxygen in the
feedwater. Damage results are small pit-like holes in the metal.
Oxygen Probe: An atmosphere-monitoring device that electronically
measures the difference between the partial pressure of oxygen in a furnace
or furnace supply atmosphere and the extemal air.
Oxygen scavenger : A substance that will absorb oxygen by chemical
reaction.
Oxygen-free Copper: Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide, produced
without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers.
Ozone : Triatomic oxygen (03). Sometimes used in cold storage or air
conditioning installations as an odor eliminator. Can be toxic in certain
concentrations.
P: Chemical symbol for phosphorus.
P trap: A material installed under carpet to add foot comfort, isolate sound,
and to prolong carpet life.
P trap: Curved, “” section of drain pipe that holds a water seal to prevent
sewer gasses from entering the home through a fixtures water drain.
P&id: Piping & Instrumentation Diagram.
P/C: An abbreviation for the pre coat section of the line.
P/M: The acronym for powder metallurgy.
P1: In production, the acceptable quality level.
P2: In production, lot tolerance.
P4: s Professional Publications & Presentation Program.
Paci: Partnering Against Corruption Initiative, an anti-corruption initiative
formed at the World Economic Forum.
Pack Carburizing: A method of surface hardening of steel in which parts
are packed 10 a steel box with a carburizing compound and heated to
elevated temperatures. This process has been largely supplanted by gas and
liquid carburizing processes.
Pack Hardening : See Case Harding
Pack Nitriding: A method of surface hardening of steel in which parts are
packed in a steel box with a nitriding compound and heated to elevated
temperatures.
Pack out: When joists are erected in multiple bays, they begin to hit each
other end to end (or pack out) because the center to center of beam is not true
or the joists are to long.
Pack Rolling: Hot rolling a pack of two or more sheets of metal; scale
prevents their being welded together.
Pack Rolling: Rolling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same time, a
method usually practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil.
Package units: Complete refrigerating system including compressor,
condenser and evaporator located in the refrigerated space.
Packing: Deformable substance used for sealing between locations at which
fluids are present under different conditions, usually where relative motion
occurs at the boundary between the fluids.
Packing : A seal or gasket.
Packing : Material made usually of woven animal, plant, mineral or metal
fiber and some type of lubricant, placed in rings around the shaft of a pump
and used to control leakage from the stuffing box.
Packing : The fill in a confined space in a stripping vessel, ranging from
simple shaped units such as rocks or slats to complex shapes that provide
large surface area per unit volume.
Packing Box: The portion of the casing or cover through which the shaft
extends and into which a seal or packing is placed to limit leakage; also
known as a stuffing box.
Packing Gland: An adjustable follower that compresses packing in a
stuffing box.
Packing gland : The metal part that compresses and holds packing in place
in a stuffing box.
Packing Gland Assembly (Lube Systems): Assembly that is screwed into
the measuring valve body.
Packing Grease: A type of grease used to keep a seal and prime on a pump.
Pad out, pack out: Wooden platforms used for storing and shipping
material. Forklifts and hand trucks are used to move these wooden platforms
around.
Pad out, pack out: To shim out or add strips of wood to a wall or ceiling in
order that the finished ceiling/wall will appear correct.
Padding: A thin flat piece of wood, plywood, or similar material, framed by
stiles and rails as in a door (or cabinet door), or fitted into grooves of thicker
material with molded edges for decorative wall treatment.
Padding: A material installed under carpet to add foot comfort, isolate
sound, and to prolong carpet life.
Padding: The process of adding metal to a cross-section of a casting wall,
usually extending from a riser, to ensure adequate feed to a localized area
where a shrink would occur if the added metal were not present.
Padding: The process of adding metal to a cross section of a casting wall,
usually extending from a riser, to ensure adequate feed to a localized area
where a shrink would occur if the added metal were not present.
Padstone: A block of concrete or stone used to spread the weight of a beam
or joist, to avoid crushing the wall upon which it rests.
Paint: A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in
buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally comes in
long rolls.
Paint: Paint is usually a colored liquid laid on the surface of building
materials by a brush, roller or spray gun, drying as an impervious coat to
protect the material covered from the effects of the atmosphere and also for
decorative purposes.
Paint: A combination of pigments with suitable thinners or oils to provide
decorative and protective coatings. Can be oil based or latex water based.
Painter’s putty: A plastic substance composed of a mixture of whiting and
linseed oil and sometimes including white lead, used for fixing panes of glass
in window frames and to fill nail holes and defects in wood before applying
paint or enamel.
Palladium: Chemical symbol Pd. A major component in the production of
petrochemical catalysts.
Palladium: Chemical symbol Pd. A major component in the production of
petrochemcial catalysts.
Pallets: A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling off.
Pallets: Wooden platforms used for storing and shipping material. Forklifts
and hand trucks are used to move these wooden platforms around.
Pancake Forging: A rough forged shape which may be obtained quickly
with a minimum of tooling. It usually requires considerable machining to
attain the finish size.
Pancake Forging: A rough forged shape which may be obtained quickly
with a minimum of tooling. It usually requires considerable machining to
attain the finish size.
Pancake Grain Structure: A metallic structure in which the lengths and
widths of individual grains are large compared to their thicknesses.
Pane: Single piece of glass in a window or door.
Panel: Plywood substitute made of course sawdust that is mixed with resin
and pressed into sheets. Used for closet shelving, floor underlayment, stair
treads, etc.
Panel: An area on a wall, ceiling, raised above or sunk below the general
surface; a piece of wood framed within four other pieces of wood, as in the
styles and rails of a door, but often applied to the whole square frame and the
sinking itself; in fencing, a section or infilling between two posts.
Panel: A thin flat piece of wood, plywood, or similar material, framed by
stiles and rails as in a door (or cabinet door), or fitted into grooves of thicker
material with molded edges for decorative wall treatment.
Panel Coker: A testing device that involves dripping cold fluid onto a hot
panel to determine the detergency and deposit-forming tendencies of the test
fluid.
Panel or panel length: 1) The distance between two adjacent panel points of
a joist or joist girder 2) A sheet of deck for a roof or floor.
Panel point: The point where one or more web members intersect the top or
bottom chords of a joist or joist girder. See Joint.
Panel Spalling Test: A test using a panel of the refractory being tested to
provide a reference to spalling behavior.
Panic Button: A small control button used in situations that require stopping
the line without losing power to the line.
Panoramic Analyzer: An instrument for analyzing sounds and displaying
the results either on an oscilloscope or a graph.
Pans: The area beneath the conveyor belts in the coal bucket area.
Paper Drum: Paper insert placed on the reel around which the coil is wound.
The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil. Certain
customers may require that coils are to be shipped with this paper drum.
Paper Drum: Paper insert placed on the reel around which the coil is wound.
The drum is used to eliminate damage in the center of the coil. Certain
customers may require that coils are to be shipped with this paper drum.
Paper Interleaved: To prevent damage to the surface during shipment,
handling or storage. The material is frequently coiled with a large roll of
paper paid off at the same time so that between each wrap of metal there is a
wrap of paper. This paper between the steel wraps prevents the surface of the
metal from rubbing against each other to spoil the surface.
Paper Interleaved: To prevent damage to the surface during
shipment,handling or storage. The material is frequently coiled with a large
roll of paper paid off at the same time so that between each wrap of metal
there is a qrap of paper. This paper between the steel wraps prevents the
surface of the metal from rubbing against each other to spoil the surface.
Paper, building: A small wood piece used in the side and head jambs of
double hung windows to separate the upper sash from the lower sash.
Paper, building: A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials
used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses. Generally
comes in long rolls.
Papping Plate: A metal plate attached to a pattern to prevent injury to the
pattern and assist in loosening it from the sand.
Papping Plate: A metal plate attached to a pattern to prevent injury to the
pattern and assist in loosening it from the sand.
Paraffin Wax: A high-VI crystalline substance removed from paraffinic
crudes after distillation, composed of unbranched straight chain hydrocarbons
that are solid at room temperature. Waxes are primarily used for
waterproofing and candles; in small quantities, they degrade the low-
temperature properties of lubricants.
Paraffinic Base: Characterizes certain petroleum products prepared from
paraffinic crudes (crudes that contain high percentages of straight chain
aliphatic or paraffin hydrocarbon molecules).
Parallel : Setting on Welder) Temperature setting on transformer used to
weld heavy (>.040) gauge steel.
Parallel chord: Type of joist or joist girder which has its top and bottom
chords parallel to each other. The member can be sloped and still have
parallel chords.
Parallel circuit : One where all the elements are connected across the
voltage source. Therefore, the voltage on each element is the same but the
current through each may be different.
Parallel flange channel: A form of steel channel.
Paramagnetic Material: (1) A material whose specific permeability is
greater than unity and is practically independent of the magnetizing force. (2)
Material with a small positive susceptibility due to the interaction and
independent alignment of permanent atomic and electronic magnetic
moments with the applied field. Compare with ferromagnetic material.
Paramagnetism: property exhibited by substances that, when placed in a
magnetic field, are magnetized parallcl to the field to an extent proportional
to the field (except at very low temperatures or in extremely large magnetic
fields). Compare with ferromagnetism.
Parapet: A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or
room.
Parapet: The portion of a vertical wall of a building which extends above the
roof line at the intersection of the wall and roof.
Parapet: A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from falling
off.
Parapet : Any protective railing, low wall or barrier at the edge of a bridge,
roof, balcony or the like.
Parent Coil: A coil that has been processed to final temper as a single unit.
The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller coils or
into individual sheets or plates to provide the required width and length.
Parent Coil: A coil that has been processed to final temper as a single unit.
The parent coil may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller coils or
into individual sheets or plates to provide the required width and length.
Parent Plate: A plate that has been processed to final temper as a single unit.
The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller plates to
provide the required width and length.
Parent Plate: A plate that has been processed to final temper as a single unit.
The parent plate may subsequently be cut into two or more smaller plates to
provide the required width and length.
Pargetting or pargeting: (pronounced pargeing). Rendering, especially (1)
decorative sculptured rendering on the outside of a building, found mainly in
East Anglia (2) the render (traditionally consisting of cow manure) lining the
inside of a flue, formed into a cylindrical tube by pulling up an iron sphere on
a chain.
Parkerizing: A proprietary method of producing a protective phosphate
coating on ferrous metals. Parker A treatment involves immersing in a bath of
acid manganese phosphate. The Parker D is a modification using acid zinc
phosphate with a nitrate iron as accelerator.
Parkerizing: A proprietary method of producing a protective phosphate
coating on ferrous metals. Parker A treatment involves immersing in a bath of
acid manganese phosphate. The Parker D is a modification using acid zinc
phosphate with a nitrate iron as accelerator.
Parkes Process: A process used to recover precious metals from lead and
based on the principle that if 1 to 2% Zn is stirred into the molten lead, a
compound of zinc with gold and silver separates out and can be skimmed
off.
Parkway : An arterial highway for non-commercial traffic, with full or
partial control of access, usually located within a park or a ribbon of park like
development.
Parlanti Casting Process: A proprietary permanent mold process using dies
of aluminum with a controlled rate of heat transfer.
Parlanti Casting Process: A proprietary permanent mold process using dies
of aluminum with a controlled rate of heat transfer.
Parson turbine : -
Parsons Duncan Process: A method of casting steel ingots wherein the top
layer of the mold is heated and the last to solidify.
Part number: See Mark and Piece Mark.
Parted Pattern: A pattern made in two or more parts.
Partial: IMIS action indicating that part of the final produced coil weight is
credited to one turn and the balance of the weight is credited to the next turn.
Partial Annealing: An imprecise term used to denote a treatment given cold
worked material to reduce the strength to a controlled level or to effect stress
relief. To be meaningful, the type of material, the degree of cold work, and
the time-temperature schedule must be stated.
Partial Bearings: See journal bearing.
Partial pressures : Condition where two or more gases occupy a space and
each one creates part of the total pressure.
Partially Graphitized Cast-Iron: A blackheart malleable casting only partly
graphitized in annealing, giving a mixture of black and white. Sometimes
termed salt and pepper fracture.
Partially restrained: A type of connection that displays a moment rotation
behavior that can neither be described as pinned nor fixed.
Particle board: Materials—commonly masonry—laid down to make a firm,
even surface.
Particle board: Plywood substitute made of course sawdust that is mixed
with resin and pressed into sheets. Used for closet shelving, floor
underlayment, stair treads, etc.
Particle Count: The visual or electronic summation of the quantity of
particles, grouped by size, in a fluid sample of specified size.
Particle Counter: A testing device used to measure the amount and size of
solid contamination in the hydraulic oil.
Particle Counter Computer: The part of the particle counter that tabulates
and supplies a printout of the oil test results.
Particle Counter Sampler: The part of the particle counter which contains
the sensor and related parts that the hydraulic oil passes through while being
tested.
Particle Shape: The appearance of a metal particle, such as spherical,
rounded, angular, acicular, dendritic, irregular, porous, fragmented, blocky,
rod, flake, nodular or plate.
Particle Size: The controlling lineal dimension of an individual particle as
detemtined by analysis with screens or other suitable instruments. See also
sieve analysis and sieve classification. (see Sieve Analysis) (see Sieve
Classification)
Particle Size Distribution: The percentage, by weight or by number, of each
fraction into which a powder or sand sample has been classified with respect
to sieve number or particle size.
Particle Sizing: Segregation of granular material into specified particle size
ranges.
Particleboard: A manufactured material formed by bonding together flakes
of wood and pressing them into a dense sheet
Particulate Matter: In air pollution control, solid or liquid particles, except
water, visible with or without a microscope, that make up the obvious portion
smoke.
Particulate Matter: In air pollution control, solid or liquid particles, except
water, visible with or without a microscope, that make up the obvious portion
smoke.
Parting: The operation of cutting off a piece from a part held in the chuck of
a lathe.
Parting: The operation of cutting off a piece from a part held in the chuck of
a lathe
Parting Agent: See Release Agent
Parting Compound: A material dusted or sprayed on foundry casting
patterns to prevent adherence of sand to promote easy separation of cope and
drag parting surfaces when the cope is lifted from the drag.
Parting Line: A line on a pattern or casting corresponding to the separation
between the cope and drag portions of a sand mold. A condition unique to
stepped extrusions where more than one cross-section exists in the in the
same extruded shape. A stepped shape uses a split die for the minor or small
cross-section and after its removal, another die behind it for the major
configuration. Slightly raised fins can appear on that portion of the shape
where the two dies meet. (see Profile) (see Stepped Extruded)
Parting Line: A line on a pattern or casting corresponding to the separation
between the cope and drag portions of a sand mold. A condition unique to
stepped extrusions where more than on e cross section exists in the same
extruded shape. A stepped shape uses a split die for the minor or small cross
section and after its removal, another die behind it for the major
configuration. Slightly raised fins can appear on that portion of the shape
where the two dies meet . See also ?Profile, Stepped Extruded?.
Parting Plane: (1) In forging, the dividing line between dies. (2) In casting,
the dividing line between mold halves.
Parting Sand: In foundry practice, a fine sand for dusting on sand mold
surfaces that are to be separated.
Parting stop or strip: A pre-agreed upon schedule of payments to a
contractor usually based upon the amount of work completed. Such a
schedule may include a deposit prior to the start of work. There may also be a
temporary 'retainer' (5-10% of the total cost of the job) at the end of the
contract for correcting any small items which have not been completed or
repaired.
Parting stop or strip: A small wood piece used in the side and head jambs
of double hung windows to separate the upper sash from the lower sash.
Partition: A metal box installed at various locations along utility easements
that contain electrical, telephone, or cable television switches and
connections.
Partition: A wall that is one story or less in height used to subdivide the
interior space in a building and can be a bearing wall or a non-bearing wall.
Partition: A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or
room.
Partition: A non load bearing wall between rooms or areas in a building.
Partitions may be of any material but are often studwork.
Party: A participant in an action (civil actions or human rights complaints).
Party wall: The wall between two adjoining buildings but common to and
used to advantage of both buildings.
Party wall: A wall shared between two buildings. Laws have existed for
many years, particularly in London but now throughout the UK, for
governing the building, alteration and maintenance of party walls. (Fr. mur
(m) mitoyen).
Pascal: The SI unit of measure for stress or force per unit area (N/m^2).
Pascal : The accepted metric unit of measurement or pressure and stress
component in the measurement of viscosity. A Pascal is equal to a force of 1
Newton acting an area of 1 square meter. The symbol is Pa.
Pascal’s Law: Axiom stating that the pressure on a confined fluid is
transmitted undiminished and with equal force to all equal areas of the
container.
Pascal's law : Pressure imposed upon a fluid is transmitted equally in all
directions.
Pass: 1. Movement of a piece of steel through a stand of rolls. 2. The open
space between two grooved rolls through which is rolled the steel which is
being processed.
Pass: (1) A single transfer of metal through a stand of rolls. (2) The open
space between two grooved rolls through which metal is processed. (3) The
weld metal deposited in one run along the axis of a weld. (4) A term
indicating the process of passing metal through a rolling mill
Pass Line: 1. Measurement used to level all rolls. 2. The travel direction
through which a strip is processed. When out of alignment, it requires
adjusting so that the coil can be properly processed.
Pass Line: 1) Measurement used to level all rolls. 2) The travel direction
through which a strip is processed. When out of alignment, it requires
adjusting so that the coil can be properly processed.
Passage: A hole through which fluid is passed in a fluid power system.
Passivated Tin Plate: Tin plate that has been chemically treated to control
tin oxide formation and growth.
Passivated Tin Plate: Tin plate that has been chemically treated to control
tin oxide formation and growth.
Passivating (anodic) inhibitors : A material capable of forming a protective
oxide film on metal surfaces.
Passivation: When exposed in air, stainless steels passivate naturally (due to
the presence of chromium). But the time required can vary. In order to ensure
that the passive layer reforms rapidly after pickling, a passivation treatment is
performed using a solution of nitric acid and water.
Passivation : The changing of the chemically active surface of a metal to a
much less reactive state. Contrast with activation.
Passivation : The process of rendering a metal surface chemically inactive,
either by electrochemical polarization or by contact with a passivating agent.
Passivation Treatment: (see Chemical Treatment)
Passivation : changing chemically active metal surfaces to a much less
reactive state (see phosphating and chromating)
Passivator : A type of corrosion inhibitor that appreciably changes the
potential of a metal to a more noble (positive) value.
Passivator : A type of corrosion inhibitor that appreciably changes the
potential of a metal to a more positive value.
Passivator : An inhibitor which changes the potential of a metal to a more
cathodic value.
Passive: A characteristic condition of stainless steels which impedes normal
corrosion tendencies to the point where the metal remains virtually
unattacked — hence passive to its environment.
Passive active cell : A corrosion cell in which the anode is a metal in that
active state and the cathode is the same metal in the passive state.
Passive pressure : A pressure acting to counteract active pressure.
Passive-active Cell: A corrosion cell in which the anode is a metal in the
active state and the cathode is the same metal in the passive state.
Passivity: A condition in which a piece of metal, because of an impervious
covering of oxide or other compound, has a potential much more positive
than that of the metal in the active state.
Passivity : A condition on metal surfaces that inhibits electrochemical action
between the metal and its environment, such as with boiler water.
Passivity : The property of some metals to become abnormally inactive
towards certain reagents.
Patching: Repair of a furnace lining; repair of a mold core.
Patching: Repair of a furnace lining; repair of a mold core.
Patenting: In wire making, a heat treatment applied to medium-carbon or
high-carbon steel before the drawing of wire or between drafts. This process
consists in heating to a temperature above that range, in air or in a bath of
molten lead or salt maintained at a temperature appropriate to the carbon
content of the steel and to the properties required of the finished product.
Patenting: Treatment of steel, usually in wire form, in which the metal is
gradually heated to about 1830 (degrees) F., with subsequent colling, usually
in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a fused salt mixture held between 800
(degrees) F. and 1050 (degrees) F.
Pathogenic bacteria : Disease-causing bacteria.
Patina: The coating, usually green, that forms on the surface of metals such
as copper and copper alloys exposed to the atmosphere. Also used to describe
the appearance of a weathered surface of any metal.
Patina : relatively insoluble zinc carbonate layer that forms as the galvanized
coating weathers, providing added corrosion protection and abrasion
resistance
Pattern: A form of wood, plastic, metal, or other material around which
molding material is placed to make a mold.
Pattern Draft: The taper on vertical elements in a pattern which allows easy
separation of pattern from compacted sand mixture.
Pattern Draft: The taper on vertical elements in a pattern which allows easy
separation of pattern from compacted sand mixture.
Pattern Layout: Full-sized drawing of a pattern showing its arrangement
and structure features.
Pattern Layout: Full sized drawing of a pattern showing its arrangement and
structure features.
Pattern Welding: A process in which strips or other small sections of iron
and steel are twisted together and then forge welded. Homogeneity and
toughness are thereby improved. A regular decorative pattern can be
developed in the final product. Commonly used for making swords as early
as the 3rd Century A.D.
Pattern Welding: A process in which strips or other small sections of iron or
steel are twisted together and then forge welded. Homogeneity and toughness
are thereby improved. A regular decorative pattern can be developed in the
final product. COmmonly used for making swords as early as the 3rd century
A.D.
Patternmaker: A craftsman engaged in production of foundry patterns from
wood, plastic, or metals, such as aluminum, brass, etc.
Pavement : The uppermost layer of material placed on the travelled way or
shoulders. This term is used interchangeably with surfacing.
Pavement structure : The combination of sub base, base course, and surface
course placed on a subgrade to support the traffic load and distribute it to the
subgrade.
Paver Blocks: A refractory brick shape used to form the bottom working
lining of furnaces or abrasion-resistant floors.
Paver, paving: A provision in a contract that provides for a reduction in the
amount otherwise payable under a contract to a contractor as a penalty for
failure to meet deadlines or for failure of the project to meet contract
specifications.
Paver, paving: Materials—commonly masonry—laid down to make a firm,
even surface.
Pawl: A device for holding the machinery against undesired rotation by
engaging a ratchet.
Pax: Passengers
Pay Off: Entry end unwrapping of coil and the beginning of the production
process.
Payload: Revenue passengers and/or cargo, or more specifically their
combined weight.
Payment schedule: As applied to nails, it originally indicated the price per
hundred. The term now series as a measure of nail length and is abbreviated
by the letter "d". Normally, 16d (16 "penny") nails are used for framing
Payment schedule: A pre-agreed upon schedule of payments to a contractor
usually based upon the amount of work completed. Such a schedule may
include a deposit prior to the start of work. There may also be a temporary
‘retainer’ (5-10% of the total cost of the job) at the end of the contract for
correcting any small items which have not been completed or repaired.
Payoff: Entry end unwrapping of coil and the beginning of the production
process.
Payoff End: The entry end of the line.
Payoff Reel: Reel on which the coil to be processed is loaded. This reel is
sometimes referred to as the entry end reel.
Payoff Reel: Reel on which the coil to be processed is loaded. This reel is
sometimes referred to as the entry end reel.
Pb: Chemical symbol for lead.
PCB Assembly: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively in modern
electronics and computer components and are often used to modularize
specific functions. Examples of this use are the individual PCB cards used in
computers such as sound and video cards. Many vendors offer PCB assembly
services to design and manufacture custom PCB components. In order to
ensure high quality components, PCB assembly providers often follow
standard procedures and practices such as ISO-9001.
PCB Design Layout: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively in
modern electronics and computer components and are often used to
modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the individual PCB
cards used in computers such as sound and video cards. Many vendors offer
PCB Design Layout services for custom PCB components. In order to ensure
high quality components, PCB Design Layout providers often follow
standard procedures and practices such as ISO-9001.
PCB Fabrication: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively in
modern electronics and computer components and are often used to
modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the individual PCB
cards used in computers such as sound and video cards. Many vendors offer
PCB Fabrication services for custom PCB components. In order to ensure
high quality components, PCB Fabrication providers often follow standard
procedures and practices such as ISO-9001. PCB units are often fabricated
using surface mount or through-hole procedures, though a mix of the two is
also used by many vendors.
PCB Mounting Connectors: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used
extensively in modern electronics and computer components and are often
used to modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the individual
PCB cards used in computers such as sound and video cards. A PCB
mounting connector is a pinned connection device used to interconnect the
PCB device with other components. The design of the mounting connector
varies, depending on the type of connection and cabling requirements.
PCB Terminals: Printed circuit boards (PCB) are used extensively in
modern electronics and computer components and are often used to
modularize specific functions. Examples of this use are the individual PCB
cards used in computers such as sound and video cards. A PCB terminal
block is a component mounted to the circuit board for the purpose of
connectiong multiple wires together. There are many different types of
terminal blocks and the selection is based on the number of wires being
connected at both the input and output and the type of termination required.
Typical termination options are screw clamps, spring clamps, tab/blade
terminals and insulation displacement connections.
PCE: Pyrometric Cone Equivalent
PCI Coal: The coals used by steelmakers for pulverized coal injection (PCI)
into blast furnaces are broadly speaking steam coals (which are mostly used
by coal-fired power stations) rather than the coking coals used to produce
coke. The desirable qualities in a PCI coal relate both to its thermal
performance in the furnace, and to its physical characteristics (which vary
depending on the individual coal preparation, handling and injection
techniques used). Coal with a low phosphorus, low sulfur and low ash
content is sought, and other key qualities are a good calorific value and good
combustibility. As already indicated, coking qualities are not required. High
volatility coals are desirable for their ready combustibility, but high volatility
is not synonymous with a high calorific value (which increases the coke
replacement rate that can be achieved), so there has to be something of a
compromise here. The behavior of ash, char and any remnant coal particles in
the furnace is also an important consideration when selecting coals for PCI.
Pd: Chemical symbol for palladium.
P-delta effect: The secondary effect of column axial loads and lateral
deflection on the moments in structural members.
Pe: Abbreviation for 'Professional Engineer'.
Pea shingle: Shingle consisting of rounded stones that pass through a 10mm
grid.
Peak: The highest point of a gable or also the highest point on a joist or joist
girder where the sloped chords meet. See also Apex.
Peak Demand: Amount of power purchased for the 30-minute periods
during what are known as peak hours. Peak hours are 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.
Monday through Saturday. All other hours are off-peak.
Peak demand : The greatest amount of kilowatts needed during a demand
interval.
Peak Demand : Amount of power purchased for the 30 minute periods
during what are known as peak hours. Peak hours are 7 00 am to 10 00 pm,
Monday through Saturday. All other hours are off peak.
Peak Earnings: The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top of the
business cycle. This is the expected profit during the time of the highest
commodity demand and the strongest product pricing.
Peak Earnings: The ultimate earnings level of a company at the top of the
business cycle. This is the expected profit during the time of the highest
commodity demand and the strongest product pricing.
Peak hour : The hour during the morning andevening when the greatest
number of
Peak load pricing : A pricing principle that charges more for purchases that
contribute to the peak demand and, thereby, cause the expansion of
productive capacity when the peak demand exceeds the peak capacity (less
minimum excess capacity). In the electric power industry, this means
charging more hr electricity bought on or near the seasonal peak of the utility
or on or near the daily peak of the utility. The latter requires special meters;
the former does not.
Peak Time: The time during which the sheets of metal are held at the
recommended temperature for full cure is known as the Peak Time.
Peaking load : Is the electrical load drawn on the system during high power
usage. Usually on very hot or cold days or during the supper hour.
Pearlite: A microstructural constituent of steel. It is a mixture of ferrite and
cementite which normally exists in lamellar form and results from the
eutectoidal transformation of cooling of austenite.
Pearlitic Structure: A microstructure resembling that of the pearlite
constituent in steel. Therefore, it is a lamellar structure of varying degrees of
coarseness.
Peat : Plant material partly decomposed by action of water.
Pebbles : Smaller pieces of material (0.12 to 0.25 inch minimum size) which
have broken away from a bedrock
Pedestal: Tests that a soil engineer performs on earth to determine the
feasibility of installing a leech field type sewer system on a lot. A test to
determine if the soil on a proposed building lot is capable of absorbing the
liquid affluent from a septic system.
Pedestal: A metal box installed at various locations along utility easements
that contain electrical, telephone, or cable television switches and
connections.
Pedestal : An upright compression member whose height does not exceed
three times its average least lateral dimension.
Peel: The process by which several outside laps of a coil are taken off to
bring it down to gauge.
Peel: The process by which several outside laps of a coil are taken off to
bring it down to gauge.
Peel Bar: The bar used to push billets out of a reheat furnace (bar rolling).
Peel Test: A destructive method of inspection that mechanically separates a
lap joint by peeling.
Peeler Table: The 32 extension connected to the threading table to assist in
threading hot rolled coils.
Peeling: Separation of the zinc coating from the steel strip.
Peeling: Separation of the zinc coating from the steel strip.
Peen: Peening action obtained by impact of metal shot, often used to improve
fatigue properties by putting the surface in compression.
Peen: Peening action obtained by impact of metal shot, often used to improve
fatigue properties by putting the surface in compression.
Peeners: Automatic chisels on welder wheels that remove metal slag.
Peeners: Automatic chisels on welder wheels that remove metal slag.
Peening: Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot
impingement.
Peening: Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot
impingement.
Pelletizing: The process by which iron ore is crushed, ground into a powder,
rolled into balls and fired in a furnace to produce strong, marble-sized pellets
that contain 60% to 65% iron. Raw iron ore pellets are generally
manufactured within certain size categories and with mechanical properties
high enough to maintain usefulness during the stresses of transference,
transport and use. Both mechanical force and thermal processes are used to
produce the correct pellet properties.
Pellets: Iron ore or limestone particles which are baked into little balls of a
specified size in a balling drum and hardened by heat.
Pellets: Iron ore or limestone particles are rolled into little balls in a balling
drum and jardened by heat. (See Agglomerating Processes)
Peltier effect : When direct current is passed through two adjacent metals
one junction will become cooler and the other will become warmer. This
principle is the basis of thermoelectric refrigeration.
Penalty clause: An amount of money (usually 10% of the total price of a
job) that a contractor must put on deposit with a governmental agency as an
insurance policy that guarantees the contractors' proper and timely
completion of a project or job.
Penalty clause: A provision in a contract that provides for a reduction in the
amount otherwise payable under a contract to a contractor as a penalty for
failure to meet deadlines or for failure of the project to meet contract
specifications.
Pencil Core: A core projecting to the center of a blind riser allowing
atmospheric pressure to force out feed metal.
Pencil Core: A core projecting to the center of a blind riser allowing
atmospheric pressure to force out feed metal.
Pencil Ingots: Small ingots in Kgs produced in mini-steel plants.
Pendant Pushbutton Station: Means suspended from the crane operating
the bridge crane controllers from the floor or other level beneath the crane.
Pendentive : a triangular shape that adapts the circular ring of a dome to fit
onto a flat supporting wall
Penetrameter: A strip of metal with stepped thickness variation and with
holes at varying depths; used in radiography to indicate the sensitivity of the
radiograph.
Penetrant: A liquid with low surface tension used in liquid penetrant
inspection to flow into surface openings of parts being inspected.
Penetrant Inspection: A method of non destructive testing for determining
the existence and extent of discontinuities that are open to the surface in the
part being inspected. The indications ore made visible through the use of a
dye or fluorescent chemical in the liquid employed as the inspection medium.
Penetrating Oil: Usually a solvent based oil; loosens rusty nuts or bolts by
penetrating the rust barrier, thereby facilitating disassembly without
destruction.
Penetration: Condition where molten metal has penetrated into the sand,
resulting in a mixture of metal and sand adhering to the casting.
Penetration (Grease): (ASTM 217) the depth, in tenths of a millimeter, that
a standard cone penetrates a semisolid sample under specified conditions.
Test methods include undisturbed (sample tested in its container); unworked
(sample transferred to worker cup); worked 60X (transferred to worker cup
and worked with 60 strokes); prolonged worked (worked more than 60X) and
block (sample of block grease cut into a cube). (see Consistency (grease))
Penetration--Second Definition: (1) In founding, an imperfection on a
casting swface caused by metal running into voids between sand grains;
usually referred to as metal penetration. (2) In welding, the distance from,
original surface of the base metal to that point at which fusion ceased.
Penetrometer: Instrument for measuring the penetration of semisolid
substances like greases.
Penny: 3" or 4" perforated plastic pipe that goes around the perimeter (either
inside or outside) of a foundation wall (before backfill) and collects and
diverts ground water away from the foundation. Generally, it is "daylighted"
into a sump pit inside the home, and a sump pump is sometimes inserted into
the pit to discharge any accumulation of water.
Penny: As applied to nails, it originally indicated the price per hundred. The
term now series as a measure of nail length and is abbreviated by the letter
“d“. Normally, 16d (16 “penny”) nails are used for framing
Pensky-Marten Closed-Cup Test: Closed-cup test for determining the flash
point of fuel oil or open gear lubricant; sometimes used for lubricants
suspected of being contaminated with fuel or solvent.
Penthouse: A small enclosed structure above the roof of a building.
Percent Reduction: Expression of reduction in gauge during any rolling
process. Percent reduction equals starting gauge minus finish gauge after
rolling divided by starting gauge times 100.
Percent Reduction: Expression of reduction in gauge during any rolling
process. Percent reduction equals starting gauge minus finish gauge after
rolling divided by starting gauge times 100.
Percolation test or perc. Test: A measure of the ease with which water
penetrates a material.
Percolation test or perc. Test: Tests that a soil engineer performs on earth to
determine the feasibility of installing a leech field type sewer system on a lot.
A test to determine if the soil on a proposed building lot is capable of
absorbing the liquid affluent from a septic system.
Percussion Welding: A resistance welding process that produces
coalescence of abutting surfaces using heat from an arc produced by a rapid
discharge of electrical energy. Pressure is applied percussively during or
immediately following the electrical discharge.
Perennial streams: ones that flow throughout the year
Perfect gas : A hypothetical gas obeying the relation pv = RT.
Perforated : Pierced with holes.
Perforating: The punching of many holes, usually identical and arranged in
a regular pattern, in a sheet, workpiece blank or previously formed part. The
holes are usually round, but may be any shape. The operation is also called
multiple punching. See also piercing. (see Piercing)
Performance bond: A governmental municipal authorization to perform a
building process as in:
Performance bond: An amount of money (usually 10% of the total price of
a job) that a contractor must put on deposit with a governmental agency as
an insurance policy that guarantees the contractors’ proper and timely
completion of a project or job.
Performance indicators : Performance indicators are assessable actions that
a person must demonstrate in order to satisfy an outcome (indicators may be
prescribed or typifying)
Pergola: An open framework over a path, terrace or patio
Periclase: A crystalline magnesium oxide in granular form; this contains at
least 85% magnesia.
Periclase: Natural magnesia in nodular form, formed by heating.
Perimeter drain: A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal
cross section, used to support other structural members. Also see Caisson.
Perimeter drain: 3″ or 4″ perforated plastic pipe that goes around the
perimeter (either inside or outside) of a foundation wall (before backfill) and
collects and diverts ground water away from the foundation. Generally, it is
“daylighted” into a sump pit inside the home, and a sump pump is sometimes
inserted into the pit to discharge any accumulation of water.
Perimeter : the distance around the outside of a shape
Peripheral Hoses: Hoses that carry recycled water from the peripheral
prequench spray header to the area of the scrubber known as the “wet
elbow”.
Peripheral Hoses: Hoses that carry recycled water from the peripheral
prequench spray header to the area of the scrubber known as the wet elbow.
Peripheral Milling: Milling a surface parallel to the axis of the cutter.
Periphyton: algae growing on surfaces in a stream, lake, or ocean
Peristaltic Pumps: A pump is a mechanical device used to drive a fluid or
gas from one place to another. In a peristaltic pump, the fluid is enclosed in a
flexible tube that passes through a circular arc in the pump casing. Centered
in the circular arc is a shaft with a roller bar that rotates around the pump
casing. As the roller bar reaches the pump inlet, it compresses the flexible
tube, forcing the liquid along the tube, ahead of the roller bar, until it reaches
the pump exit. Peristatic pumps are commonly used in industries such as the
medical field where it is desired that the fluid not come in contact with any of
the pump components.
Peritectic: An isothermal reversible reaction in metals in which a liquid
phase reacts with a solid phase to produce a single (and different) solid phase
on cooling.
Peritectic: An isothermal reversible reaction in which a liquid phase reacts
with a solid phase to produce another solid phase.
Peritectic Grade: Crack sensitive grade of steel with 0.08 to 0.16% carbon.
Peritectic Grade: Crack sensitive grade of steel with .08 to .16% Carbon.
Peritectoid: An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid phase reacts
with a second solid phase to produce a single (and different) solid phase on
cooling.
Perlite: A volcanic glass which expands on heating and forms a useful
insulating aggregate.
Perlite: A highly siliceous volcanic rock which can be expended by heating
into a porous mass of particles. Perlite can be used as an insulation in foundry
sand mixtures. Not to be confused with Pearlite.
Permalloy: Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high
magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
Permalloy: Nickel alloys containing about 20 to 60% Fe, used for their high
magnetic permeability and electrical resistivity.
Permanent gases : Cryogenic refrigerants.
Permanent Magnet Material: A ferromagnetic alloy capable of being
magnetized permanently because of its ability to retain induced
magnetization and magnetic poles after removal of externally applied fields;
an alloy with high coercive force. The name is based on the fact that the
quality of the early permanent magnets was related to their hardness.
Permanent Mold: A metal, graphite or ceramic mold (other than an ingot
mold) of two or more parts that is used repeatedly for the production of many
castings of the same form. Liquid metal is usually poured in by gravity.
Permanent Mold: A metal mold of two or more parts; not an ingot mold. It
is used repeatedly for the production of many casting of the same form.
Permanent Set: The deformation remaining after a specimen has been
stressed a prescribed amount in tension, compression or shear for a specified
time period and released for a specified time period. For creep tests, the
residual unrecoverable deformation after the load causing the creep has been
removed for a substantial and specified period of time. Also, the increase in
length, expressed as a percentage of the original length, by which an elastic
material fails to return to its original length after being stressed for a standard
period of time.
Permanent Set: Non elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under stress,
after passing the elastic limit.
Permeability: A powdered solid used in paint or enamel to give it a color.
Permeability: A measure of the ease with which water penetrates a material.
Permeability: 1. Magnetic permeability, the ratio of the magnetic induction
to the intensity of the magnetizing field. 2. In a mold, the porosity of foundry
sands and the ability of trapped gasses to escape through the sand.
Permeability : That property of a material which permits a liquid to flow
through its pores or interstices.
Permeability : The ability of a body to pass fluid under pressure.
Permissible stress: Stress that can be sustained safely. Codes of Practice for
structural design used to specify permissible stresses with which the actual
stress was to be compared.
Permit: The electric cord that the electrician provides and installs on an
appliance such as a garbage disposal, dishwasher, or range hood.
Permit: An official document or certificate by a governmental agency or
building official authorizing performance of a building process or other
specified activity.
Permit: A governmental municipal authorization to perform a building
process as in:
Perp.: The vertical mortar joint between two bricks (bricklayers' slang).
Perpends: The vertical joints in a masonry wall.
Persuader Roll: The roll inside a looper that makes the bar loop (bar
rolling).
Petrographic study of boiler scales : The systematic and descriptive study
of rocks. This method also allows the identification of boiler scales, since
scale can consist of a large variety of minerals
Petrolatum: Product made from the residuals of paraffinic crudes, consisting
primarily of high molecular weight amorphous waxes, with some grades
containing microcrystalline waxes. It is pale to yellow in color, with oily or
grease-like characteristics, used in some lubricants and rust preventives or as
a lay-up lubricant for some kinds of wire rope.
Petrolene: A petroleum naphtha containing asphalt, used in protective
coatings.
Petroleum: Oily liquids or semisolids found in the earth, composed of
hydrocarbons and primarily such non-metallic elements as sulfur, oxygen,
nitrogen, etc. Though the composition of these dark, highly complex mixture
varies, they are often lighter than water and highly flammable. Only a small
percentage of crude petroleum can be processed for lubricants.
Petroleum Fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from a petroleum base.
Normally will support combustion if heated to a specific temperature.
Petroleum oil: (see mineral oils).
Petroleum Spirits: Solvents obtained from petroleum with boiling ranges
from 300–400ºF and flash points exceeding 100ºF. (see Mineral Spirits)
Pewter: A tin-base white metal containing antimony and copper. Originally,
pewter was defined as an alloy of tin and lead, but to avoid toxicity and
dullness of finish, lead is excluded from modern pewter. These modem
compositions contain 1 to 8% Sb and 0.25 to 3% Cu.
Pfd: Process Flow Diagram.
Ph: measure of the hydrogen ion activity; measures the acidity or alkalinity
of a solutionthe pH scale ranges from 1 (strong add) to 14 (strong base), with
7.0 as neutral
pH: A symbol denoting the negative logarithm of the concentration of the
hydrogen ion in gram-atoms per liter, used in expressing both acidity and
alkalinity; pH 3D log 1/H per liter. An important factor in foundry sand
control, pH7 is neutral; values less than 7 acid, and higher than 7, basic.
Ph : The negative logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration of a solution;
simply a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a water solution. (pH
1 very acidic; pH 14, very basic; pH 7, neutral).
Ph : A term used to describe the quantity of cyclic electrical power sources
in a high voltage system.
Ph : Chemical cymbol for lead.
Ph of saturation (phs ): The pH at which a sample of water is saturated with
a specific salt; for example, the pH of saturation of calcium carbonate is the
pH of a saturated solution of calcium carbonate.
Ph value : An index of the acidity or alkalinity of a soil in terms of logarithm
of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration (e.g., a pH indication of less
than 7.0 is acidic, whereas a reading of more than 7.0 is alkaline).
Phase: Term used to describe one of the three branches of electricity in most
high-voltage circuits. The three phases all carry power simultaneously.
Phase: Part of an AC voltage cycle. Residential electrical service is 2-phase;
commercial facilities are usually 3-phase AC voltage.
Phase Change: The transition from one physical state to another, such as gas
to liquid, liquid to solid, gas to solid, or vice versa.
Phase Diagram: A graphic representation of the equilibrium temperature and
composition limits of phase fields reactions in an alloy system. In a binary
system, temperature is usually the ordinate and composition the abscissa.
Ternary and more complex systems require several two-dimensional
diagrams to show the temperature – composition variables completely. In
alloy systems, pressure is usually considered constant, although it may be
treated as an additional variable.
Phase Diagram: A graphic representation of the equilibrium temperature and
composition limits of phase fields reactions in an alloy system. In a binary
system, temperature is usually the ordinate and composition the abscissa.
Ternary and more complex systems require several two dimensional
diagrams to show the temperature composition variables completely. In alloy
systems, pressure is usually considered constant, although it may be treated
as an additional variable.
Phase Rule: The maximum number of phases (P) that may coexist at
equilihriumis two, plus the number of componenls (C) in the mixture, minus
the number of degrees of freedom (F): P + F = C + 2.
Phase Shift: A time difference between the input and output signal of a
control unit or system, usually measured in degrees.
Phenolic: A type of resin made from a condensation reaction of phenols and
aldehydes. Resultant films have a high degree of chemical resistance with
limited flexibility properties.
Phenolic: A type of resin made from a condensation reaction of phenols and
aldehydes. Resultant films have a high degree of chemical resistance with
limited flexibility properties.
Phenolic Resin (One Step): A resin made by the polymerization of a phenol
with an aldehyde; used a binder for cores and sand molds. See Urea Form
aldehyde Resin
Phenols: A class of aromatic chemicals used chiefly as antioxidants in
lubricating oils like hydraulic fluids and circulating oils. Because of its
biotoxicity, the EPA prohibits discharge of the parent chemical (“free
phenol” or C6H5OH) into waterways; therefore, most phenols utilized in
lubricants are sterically hindered. However, some refining extraction
processes still use free phenol to remove aromatic, naphthenic and
unsaturated hydrocarbons from lube base stocks.
Phial : Term sometimes used to denote the sensing element on a thermostatic
expansion valve.
Phosphate: An ion, compound, or salt containing phosphorus and oxygen,
such as sodium phosphate (Na3P04).
Phosphate Esters: A class of synthetic esters with superior fire resistance;
used primarily as FR fluids, they are formulated with these general
properties: specific gravity greater than one, good lubricating capability, fair
high-temperature stability, poor hydrolytic stability and poor viscosity-
temperature linkage. Though they are harmful to paints and some seal
materials, one such ester, tricresyl phosphate, has long been used as an
antiwear additive in lubricating oils.
Phosphate treatment : An internal boiler water treatment method to reduce
calcium in the boiler with low hardness feedwater.
Phosphating: Forming an adherent phosphate coating on a metal by
immersion in a suitable aqueous phosphate solution. Also called
phosphatizing. See also conversion coating.
Phosphating : forming an adherent phosphate coating on a metal by
immersion in a suitable aqueous phosphate solution, commonly used to
promote better adhesion of paint to galvanized steel
Phosphatized: (see Bonderized Coating)
Phosphor Bronze: Copper base alloys, with 3.5 to 10% of tin, to which has
been added in the molten state phosphorus in varying amounts of less than
1% for deoxidizing and strengthening purposes. Because of excellent
toughness, strength, fine grain, resistance to fatigue and wear, and chemical
resistance, these alloys find general use as springs and in making fittings. It
has corrosion resisting properties comparable to copper.
Phosphor Bronze Strip: A copper base alloy containing up to 10% tin,
which has been deoxidized with phosphorus in varying amounts of less than
1%. Temper is imparted by cold rolling, resulting in greater tensile strength
and hardness than in most copper base alloys or either of its alloying
elements copper or tin. The various tempers from One Number Hard to Ten
Numbers Hard are classified in hardness by the number of B&S Gages
reduction in dimension from the previous soft or as annealed state. Phosphor
Bronze is not heat treatable for purposes of hardness development. It does not
withstand elevated temperatures very well and should not be used in service
above 225 (degrees) F. even after stress relieving treatment at 325 (degrees)
to 350 (degrees) F. It has excellent electrical properties, corrosion resistant
comparable to copper; great toughness and resistance to fatigue. Rated good
for soft soldering, silver alloy brazing, oxyacetylene, carbon arc and
resistance welding.
Phosphorized Copper: General term applied to copper deoxidized with
phosphorus. The most commonly used deoxidized copper.
Phosphorous Bronze: Copper-based alloys with 3.5% to 10% tin, to which
up to 1% phosphorous has been added in the molten state for deoxidizing and
strengthening purposes. Because of excellent toughness, strength fine grain,
resistance to fatigue and wear and chemical resistance, these alloys find
general use as springs and in making steel fittings. It has corrosion-resistant
properties comparable to copper.
Phosphorus: (Chemical symbol P) Element No. 15 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 30.98. Non metallic element occurring in at least three
allotropic forms; melting point 111 (degrees) F.; boiling point 536 (degrees)
F.; specific gravity 1.82. In steels it is usually undesirable with limits set in
most specifications. However, it is specified as an alloy in steel to prevent the
sticking of light gage sheets; to a degree it strengthens low carbon steel;
increases resistance to corrosion, and improves machinability in free cutting
steels. In the manufacture of Phosphor Bronze it is used as a deoxidizing
agent.
Phosphorus : naturally occurring element commonly found in steel,
particularly reactive in molten zinc metal
Photoelasticity: An optical method for evaluating the magnitude and
distribution of stresses, using a transparent model of a part. Or a thick film of
photoelastic material bonded to a real part.
Photoetch Quality: Product description for USSM flatroll coils which
requires excellent finish and critical flatness.
Photomacrograph: A macrograph produced by photographic means.
Photomicrograph: A photograph of the grain structure of a metal as
observed when optically magnified more than 10 diameters. The term
micrograph may be used.
Photomicrograph: A photographic reproduction of any object magnified
more than ten diameters. The term micrograph may be used.
Photovoltaics: Photovoltaics (PV) is the physical effect causing voltage to be
generated across two electrical poles of a semiconductor plate and allowing
current to flow when connected to a consumer.
Physical Crack Size: In fracture mechanics, the distance from a reference
plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of
several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on
the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a
plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate.
Physical Metallurgy: The adaption of the metal to its intended uses, a part of
ferrous metallurgy dealing chiefly with physical changes produced in the
properties of the metal after chemical composition has been nearly entirely
fixed.
Physical Metallurgy: The science concerned with the physical and
mechanical characteristics of metals and alloys.
Physical Properties: Those properties familiarly discussed in physics,
exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example,
density, electrical conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion. This term
has often been used to describe mechanical properties, but this usage is not
recommended. (see Mechanical Properties)
Physical Properties: Those properties familiarly discussed in physics,
exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example,
density, electrical conductivity, co efficient of thermal expansion. This term
often has been used to describe mechanical properties, but this usage is not
recommended.
Physical stability : The quality which an ion-exchange resin must possess to
resist changes that might be caused by attrition, high temperatures, and other
physical conditions.
Physical Testing: Methods used to determine the entire range of the
material's physical properties of a material. In addition to density and
thermal, electrical and magnetic properties, physical testing methods may be
used to assess simple fundamental physical properties such as color,
crystalline form and melting point.
Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD): A coating process whereby the
deposition species are transferred and deposited in the form of individual
atoms or molecules. The most common PVD methods are sputtering and
evaporation. Sputtering, which is the principal PVD proces, involves the
transport of a material from a source (target) to a substrate by means of the
bombardment of the target by gas ions that have been accelerated by a high
voltage. Evaporation, which was the first PVD process used, involves the
transfer of material to form a coating by physical means alone, essentially
vaporization. Physical vapor deposition coatings are used to improve the
wear, friction and hardness properties of cutting tools and as corrosion-
resistant coatings.
Physical water treatment : Refers to the treatment of removing dissolved
gases from the boiler feedwater, using steam.
Pick Off: The transfer of portions of the coating from one surface of the
sheet to an adjacent surface due to poor adhesion of the coating
Pickle Brittleness: The brittleness induced in steel when pickled in dilute
acid for the purpose of removing the scale. The brittleness is commonly
attributed to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel.
Pickle Brittleness: The brittleness induced in steel when pickled in dilute
acid for the purpose of removing the scale. The brittleness is commonly
attributed to the absorption of hydrogen by the steel.
Pickle Only: A coil which is to be cleaned but not coated.
Pickle Stain: Discoloration of metal due to chemical cleaning without
adequate washing and drying.
Pickled: Steel that has gone through the Pickler operating unit to remove mill
scale or oxide.
Pickled and Oiled: Pickling is a continuous operation that requires the
decoiling and subsequent recoiling of the HRC so that it can pass through the
acid-based liquid pickling process. This cleans the steel, removing surface
scale, rust and dirt or grease, before rinsing and drying. Applying a surface
oil film after pickling helps protect the steel from corrosion and assists further
processing operations, such as press-forming, by providing lubrication to the
die.
Pickled Slit Width: Width of the coil after it has been sidetrimmed at the
pickler.
Pickled Slit Width: Width of the coil after it has been sidetrimmed at the
Pickler.
Pickler: 1. An operating unit that removes iron oxide from a hot rolled
product by immersion into a heated acid solution. 2. The pickler tank
contains 5-6% concentrations of sulfuric acid. This solution is kept at a
temperature of 180-190 degrees. The purpose of the pickler is to complete the
preparation of the steel for plating, by removing any oxides from the surface.
Pickler: 1) An operating unit that removes iron oxide from a hot rolled
product by immersion into a hydrochloric (#3/#5 Picklers) or sulfuric acid
solution. 2) The pickler tank contains 5 6% concentrations of sulfuric acid.
This solution is kept at a temperature of 180 190 degrees. The purpose of the
pickler is to complete the preparation of the steel for plating, by removing
any oxides from the surface.
Pickling: removing surface oxides from metals by immersion in ambient
temperature, dilute hydrochloric acid or hot (180 F/82 C) sulfuric acid
Pickling: The process in which the surface of the steel is cleaned with acid to
remove scale, rust and dirt, such process being preparation for further
processing, such as cold rolling, galvanizing or polishing.
Pickling: Removing surface oxides from metals by chemical or
electrochemical reaction.
Pickling Liquor: The waste resulting from the pickling process. The liquor
consists of acid and water.
Pickling Liquor: The waste resulting from the pickling process. The liquor
consists of acid and water.
Pickling Paste: A commercially available product that performs the pickling
function when used on the surface of stainless steel.
Pickling Patch: A defect in tin plate, galvanized or terne plated steel due to
faulty pickling, leaving areas from which the oxide has not been completely
removed.
Pickoff: An automatic device for removing a finished part from the press die
after it has been stripped.
Pickup: (1) Transfer of metal from tools to part or from pan to tools during a
forming operation. (2) Small particles of oxidized metal adhering to the
surface of a mill product.
Pickup, Roll: Small particles of aluminum and aluminum oxide generated in
the roll bite which subsequently transfer to the rolled product. It may be
distributed uniformly and/or in streaks. (see Streak (Stripe)) (see Coating)
Picral: An etchant for ferrous alloys; 4% picric acid in alcohol.
Picral: An etchant for ferrous alloys; 4% picric acid in alcohol.
Picture frame: In structural engineering, a rectangular steel frame consisting
of two columns and two beams, sometimes used when a load bearing wall
has to be removed.
Pidgeon Process: A process for production of magnesium by reduction of
magnesium oxide with ferrosilicon.
Piece mark: See Mark and Part Number.
Pier: A small-diameter, pre-drilled hole that guides a nail or screw.
Pier: A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section,
used to support other structural members. Also see Caisson.
Pier: A masonry column; a jetty.
Pier : A wide column or a wall of masonry, plain or reinforced concrete for
carrying heavy loads, such as a support for a bridge.
Pier cap : The top part of a bridge pier which uniformly distribute the
concentrated loads from the bridge over the pier.
Pier shaft : The part of a pier structure which is supported by the pier
foundation.
Pier : a vertical supporting structure, such as a pillar
Piercers: predators that feed by sucking fluids out of their prey
Piercing: The general term for cutting (shearing or punching) openings, such
as holes and slots, in sheet material, plate, or parts. This operation is similar
to blanking; the difference is that the slug or pierce produced by piercing is
scrap, while the blank produced by blanking is the useful part.
Piezoelectric Effect: The reversible interaction, exhibited by some
crystalline materials, between an elastic strain and an electric field. The
direction of the strain depends on the polarity of the field or vice versa.
Compare with electrostrictive effect.
Pig: An ingot of virgin or secondary metal to be remelted for use.
Pig: Initial post smelting casting of lead or iron. Named long ago when
molten metal was poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow
earthen holes, the arrangement looked like newborn pigs suckiling. The
central channel became known as the ?sow: and the molds ?pigs?.
Pig Iron: Hot metal or blast furnace product cast to ingots.
Pig iron : High-carbon iron made by reduction of iron ore in the blast
furnace.
Pig Iron -- Basic/Steel Making Grade Pig Iron: Pig iron (including hot
metal) used for production of steel.
Pig Iron -- Foundry Grade Pig Iron: Pig iron used in the Foundries for
production of Cast Iron (CI) Castings using Cupola Furnace. This is the
major use of pig iron.
Pigment: A small, continuous flame (in a hot water heater, boiler, or furnace)
that ignites gas or oil burners when needed.
Pigment: A powdered solid used in paint or enamel to give it a color.
Pigtails, electrical: The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to
the total width of a house, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth
pitch roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal
run.
Pigtails, electrical: The electric cord that the electrician provides and installs
on an appliance such as a garbage disposal, dishwasher, or range hood.
Pilaster: A reinforced or enlarged portion of a masonry wall to provide
support for vertical roof loads or lateral loads on the wall.
Pile: A foundation consisting of a deep column extending down into the
ground, used when the foundation needs to get support from a deeper and
stronger or more stable layer. Originally piles were timber (often elm) but
they can now be concrete or steel or even aluminium. Bored piles are made
by pouring concrete into a hole drilled in the ground whereas driven piles are
ready-made and driven into the ground. There are many ingenious proprietary
piling systems and piling can be used both for new buildings and for
strengthening or stabilising the foundations of existing buildings. Contiguous
piles are used to form a retaining-wall.
Pile : A long slender timber, concrete, or steel structural element, driven,
jetted, or otherwise embedded on end in the ground for the purpose of
supporting a load or compacting the soil.
Pile : A heavy beam of timber, concrete, or steel,driven into the earth as a
foundation.
Pile cap: A (normally reinforced concrete) structure transferring loads from
the building into the piles.
Pile driver: Machine for hammering or forcing piles into the ground.
Pile driver : a noisy machine that repeatedly drops a heavy weight on top of
apile until the pile reaches solid soil or rock or cannot be pushed down any
farther
Pile : a long, round pole of wood, concrete, or steel driven into the soil
by pile drivers
Piling (Sheet Piling): A structural steel product with edges designed to
interlock; used in the construction of cofferdams or riverbank reinforcement.
Piling rig: A machine which drills a hole in the ground for a cast-in-situ pile.
Pillow Block: Denotes bearings support on a site other than the machine
itself.
Pilot Casting: Casting produced prior to the production run to verify
correctness of procedures, materials, and process to be used in production.
Pilot duty relay : A relay used for switching loads such as another relay or
solenoid valve coils. The pilot duty relay contacts are located in a second
control circuit. Pilot duty relays are rated in volt-amperes (VA).
Pilot hole: Principal, interest, taxes and insurance (the four major
components of monthly housing payments).
Pilot hole: A hole drilled to receive a nail or screw
Pilot hole: A small-diameter, pre-drilled hole that guides a nail or screw.
Pilot Hole: A starting hole for large drills to serve as a guide, reduce the
resistance and aid in maintaining the accuracy of the larger hole. Also called
a lead hole. (see Lead Hole)
Pilot light: Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking
down.
Pilot light: A small, continuous flame (in a hot water heater, boiler, or
furnace) that ignites gas or oil burners when needed.
Pilot Line: A passage in a fluid power system that is used to transport a fluid
at a pressure lower than the normal operating pressure to facilitate controlled
shifting of spool valves.
Pilot Pressure: The pressure in the pilot circuit.
Pilot Valve: Hydraulic solenoid valve that uses pilot hydraulic pressure to
control the movement of another (slave) valve.
Pilot Valve: A valve applied to operate another valve or control. The
controlling stage of a 2 stage valve.
Pilot-operated: In hydraulics, the technique of using a small value to control
a much larger one.
Pilots: Natural gas fired device used to provide positive ignition of the boiler
fuels.
Pin: External (male) threaded end.
Pin (for bend testing): The plunger or tool used in making semiguided,
guided or wraparound bend tests to apply the bending force to the inside
surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of 180°, a
shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the
specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a
pin or mandrel. See also mandrel. (see Mandrel)
Pin connection or support: A connection where no moment is transfered
from one member to another, only axial and shear forces. This type of
support has one degree of freedom, it can freely rotate about its axis but it
cannot displace in any direction. Two mutually perpendicular reactive forces
exist at the pin and their lines of action pass through the center of the pin. See
Hinge Support.
Pin Expansion Test: A test for determining the ability of a tube to be
expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal
weaknesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of the tube.
Pin Expansion Test: A test for determining the ability of tubes to be
expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal
weaknesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of a tube.
Pin Hole Detector: Device that identifies and tabulates the number of pin
holes in a coil.
Pin Hole Detector: Device that identifies and tabulates the number of pin
holes in a coil.
Pin Holes: Microscopic imperfection of the coatings,that is, microscopic bare
spots, also microscopic holed penetrating through a layer or thickness of
light.
Pinch Mark: See ?Crease?.
Pinch Pass: A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is lightly
rolled with the object of preventing stretcher lines or kinks on subsequent
cold working.
Pinch Pass: A term applied when, after annealing, sheet or strip is lightly
rolled with the object of preventing stretcher lines or kinks on subsequent
cold working.
Pinch Roll: 1. Roll used to jog the strip forward and backward, and to hold
the strip stationary. One is before the welder and the other is between the
welder and looping pit. 2. Motor-driven rolls used to assist in threading coils,
cutting scrap and making loops for welds.
Pinch Roll: 1) Roll used to jog the strip forward and backward, and to hold
the strip stationary. One is before the welder and the other is between welder
and looping pit. 2) Motor driven rolls used to assist in threading coils, cutting
scrap, and making loops for welds.
Pinch Trimming: The trimming of the edge of a tubular metal pan or shell
by pushing or pinching the flange or lip over the cutting edge of a stationary
punch or over the cutting edge of a draw punch.
Pinchers: Surface disturbances on metal sheet or strip that result from rolling
processes and that ordinarily appear as fern-like ripples running diagonally to
the direction of rolling.
Pinchers: Long fern like creases usually diagonal to the direction of rolling.
Pinhole Porosity: Porosity consisting of numerous small gas holes (pinholes)
distributed throughout the metal; found in weld metal, castings and
electrodeposited metal.
Pinhole : small hole left in a weld area that allows low viscosity liquids to
enter and become pressurized under the high temperature conditions of the
molten zinc bath
Pinholes: A coating defect consisting of the randomly spaced small round
holes.
Pinion: The smaller of two mating or meshing gears, usually the driving
gear. In the steel industry, the term “mill pinions” describes a mating pair of
gears in a one-to-one ratio, each of which is coupled to a mill roll, one above
the other in the mill stand; employed in both unidirectional and reversing
mills, they are driven by a mill motor and mill drive coupled to the pinion
stand.
Pinion Drives: The large gear transmissions that power the finishing mill
work rolls.
Pinning: A term used to describe the condition of a file clogged with metal
filings causint it to scratch the work.
Pipe: A hollow cylinder of metal used for the conveyance of water or gas or
used as a structural column which comes in sizes of standard, extra strong
and double-extra strong.
Pipe: Technically, a tube used to transport fluids or gases. However, pipe and
tube are often used interchangeably in steel lexicon, with a given label
applied primarily as a matter of historical use.
Pipe: A passage in a fluid power system that is constructed of metal and
conforms dimensionally to standards established by the ANSI.May be
acquired by size and schedule, where increase in wall thickness does not
increase the outside diameter.
Pipe arch: a "squished" CMP culvert that has greater invert width.
Pipe bridge: A structural system where two joists are used to carry loads
such as piping or ducts. The two joists have to have diagonal bridging and
their top and bottom chords have to be laced together with structural
members to provide stability for the whole structure,
Pipe jacking: a process by which a culvert is pushed horizontally through the
ground to allow placement of a culvert without excavation.
Pipe scale : Rust or mill scale found on the interior of water pipe.
Pipe Tap: A tap for making internal pipe threads within pipe fittings or
holes.
Pipe Threads: Internal or external machine threads, usually tapered, of a
design intended for making pressure-tight mechanical joints in piping
systems.
Pipe, Drawn: Pipe brought to the final dimensions by drawing through a
die.
Pipe, Extruded: Pipe formed by hot extruding.
Pipe, Seamless: Extruded or drawn pipe which does not contain any line
junctures, resulting from the method of manufacture.
Piping: water flowing along the outside of a culvert. This can lead to erosion
and failure.
Pirep: Pilot report. Weather observations reported by a pilot in flight.
Piston (Lube Systems): Sliding part contained in the cylinder of the injector,
consisting of a rod, extension and packing.
Piston Rings: Used in engines to maintain a gas-tight seal between piston
and cylinder, to assist in cooling the piston and to control cylinder wall
lubrication; the three rings include a fire ring, a compression ring and an oil
ring.
Piston Stop Plug (Lube Systems): The lower portion of the adjusting
assembly.
Pit: Corrosion localized in a small spot.
Pit : Any borrow pit, mine, quarry or surface excavation to obtain sand, clay,
gravel, etc.
Pit (Defect): A sharp depression in the surface of the metal.
Pit run: unscreened alluvial aggregates as extracted from a pit.
Pitch: Normally a 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 that lays horizontally within a framed
structure, such as:
Pitch: The angle of inclination to the horizontal of a roof or stair.
Pitch: Is the slope or inclination of a member. It is defined as the ratio of the
total rise to the total width. It also is defined as the angle that the top chord
makes with the lower chord. There can be single or double pitched members.
Pitch: The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total
width of a house, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth pitch
roof. Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal run.
Pitch: Of roofs, the angle of the rafters from the horizontal. Traditionally the
pitch was expressed as the number of vertical inches corresponding to twelve
horizontal inches, thus a 45 degree roof was described as a twelve inch pitch.
Pitch (Gears): Used in gear geometry to characterize features governing
tooth size, shape, spacing, etc.; common terminology includes pitch circle,
pitch diameter, pitch point, normal circular pitch and normal diametrical
pitch.
Pitch Circle: The line (circle) of contact between two meshing gears.
Pitch Circle (Gears): Curve where the imaginary pitch cylinder and a plane
normal to the axis of rotation intersect.
Pitch Diameter: The distance from center to center of a rope passing over a
sheave or wound on a drum, measured across the diameter of the sheave or
drum power transmission parts the power transmission parts of the hoist are
the machinery components, including the gears, shafts, clutches, couplings,
bearings, motors, and brakes.
Pitch Diameter (Gears): Diameter of the pitch circle of mating gears in
imaginary line contact along the centerline between the two shafts.
Pitch Diameter (Rope): Distance through the center of a drum or sheave
from center to center of a rope passed about the periphery.
Pitch diameter : the diameter of a fastener cylinder prior to threading
Pitch Line: Corresponds in the cross-section of a rack to the pitch circle in
the cross-section of a gear.
Pitch Line: An imaginary line which passes through threads at such points
that the length of the part of the line between adjacent threads is equal to the
length of the line within a thread.
Pitch Line Velocity (Gears): Linear speed at the pitch line, measured in fpm
or m/s.
Pitch Point (Gears): Point of tangency of the two pitch circles of the mating
gears, lying on the common centerline between them.
Pitched roof: One whose slope exceeds ten degrees.
Pitcock Valve: Small lever controlled valve.
Piti : The main hot-air supply duct leading from a furnace.
Piti : Principal, interest, taxes and insurance (the four major components of
monthly housing payments).
Pitote tube -: An open ended tube arrangement to face against the current of
a stream of fluid; used in measuring the velocity head of a flowing medium.
Pits : Petroleum Industry Training Service. (Canada)
Pitted surfaces : areas of metal where small, sharp cavities exist, usually
formed by corrosion
Pitting: (1) Forming small sharp cavities in a surface by corrosion, wear or
other mechanically assisted degradation. (2) Localized corrosion of a metal
surface, confined to a point or small area, that takes the form of cavities.
Pitting: A surface defect consisting of randomly spaced small depressions.
Pitting may be caused by inclusions, scabs, scale, or other material which has
been embedded into the surface then fallen out.
Pitting : Localized corrosion of a metal characterized by small blisters under
which holes have perforated the metal.
Pitting : Sharp depressions in the surface of the metal generally attributed to
localized chemical attack by a corrosive media. In stainless steels,
molybdenum additions (i.e. types 316, 317, 434) help improve pitting
resistance.
Pivot Bearing: Axial-load, radial-load bearing that supports the end of a
shaft or pivot (as on the balance wheel of a watch).
Pivoted Pad Bearing: An axial or radial-load bearing with a surface
consisting of one or more pads or shoes pivoted to tip, thereby promoting the
establishment of a hydrocarbon film.
Placing plan: See Erection Plan and Framing Plan.
Plain Bearing: Any simple sliding bearing, as distinguished from fixed pad,
pivoted pad or rolling bearings. Depending on the direction of the load on the
bearing surface, plain bearings are classified as guide bearings, journal
bearings or thrust bearings.
Plain Carbon Scrap: Scrap steel with less than: 1.65% manganese, 0.60%
silicon, 0.60% copper, or any other alloying element added for a special
alloying effect.
Plain Carbon Steel: Iron-carbon alloys with minimal alloy content.
Plain Cutter: A milling cutter with cutting teeth on the periphery
(circumference) only.
Plain Reversing Bridge Crane Control: A reversing bridge crane control
which has identical characteristics for both directions of motor rotation.
Plaintiff: A party who commences a civil action, seeking compensation or
redress for a wrong done to them.
Plan north: The North arrow symbol on a contract drawing usually 90
degrees to the longitudinal axis of the plan so that communication will be
easier for the elevations of the building, sections, etc.
Plan view: An overhead view plan that shows the location of the home on
the lot. Includes all easements, property lines, set backs, and legal
descriptions of the home. Provided by the surveyor.
Plan view: Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking
down.
Plane frame: A two-dimensional structural framework.
Plane Strain: The stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics in
which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied
tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (that is, parallel to the crack
front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel
to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture
instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress.
Plane Strain: A stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics (See
LEFM) in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of
applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth. Under plane strain
conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the
principal tensile stress.
Plane Stress: The stress condition in linear elastic fracture mechanics in
which the stress in the thickness direction is zero; most nearly achieved in
loading very thin sheet along a direction parallel to the surface of the sheet.
Under plane-stress conditions, the plane of fracture instability is inclined 45°
to the axis of the principal tensile stress.
Plane, Forging: The plane that includes the principle die face and that is
perpendicular to the direction of the ram stroke; when the parting is flat, the
forging plane coincides with the parting line. (see Forging Plane)
Plane-strain Fracture Toughness: The crack extension resistance under
conditions of crack-tip plane strain. See also stress-intensity factor. (see
Stress-intensity Factor)
Plane-stress Fracture Toughness: In linear elastic fracture mechanics, the
value of the crack-extension resistance at the instability condition determined
from the tangency between the R-curve and the critical crack-extension force
curve of the specimen. See also stress-intensity factor. (see Stress-intensity
Factor)
Planetary Gear: A train of internal gears consisting of a sun gear, to which
input power is applied, and planet gears that give the output power.
Planetary Gear Unit: Planetary gear units are a specialized gear unit used in
power transmissions when a high power density and high transmission
efficiency need to fit into a compact volume. The gear arrangement
incorporates a central gear, the sun gear, with a collection of outer gears, the
planets. The planet gears are often mounted to a rotating carrier plate and are
surrounded by an annular gear.
Planimetric Method: A method of measuring grain size in which the grains
within a definite area are counted.
Planimetric Method: A method of measuring grain size, in which the grains
within a definite area are counted.
Planing: Producing flat surfaces by linear reciprocal motion of work and the
table to which it is attached, relative to a stationary single-point cutting tool.
Planish Rolling: Process which involves light reduction in a single pass on a
cold rolling mill.
Planish Rolling: Process which involves light reduction in a single pass on a
cold roling mill.
Planishing: Producing a smooth finish on metal by a rapid succession of
blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a hammer designed for the
purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill.
Planishing: Producing a smooth surface finish on metal by rapid succession
of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a hammer designed for the
purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill.
Plank: A timber member between 50mm and 100mm thick and over 150mm
wide.
Plankton: microscopic plants and animals suspended in the water
Planning: The legal system, operated and enforced by local authorities, by
means of which the development of land is controlled for the public good.
Not to be confused with Building Control.
Plans : The official project plans and Standard Plans, profiles, typical cross
sections, cross sections, working drawings and supplemental drawings, or
reproductions thereof, approved by the Engineer, which show the location,
character, dimensions and details of the work to be performed. All such
documents are to be considered as a part of the plans, whether or not
reproduced in the special provisions.
Plant: Tools and equipment used in building operations. To attach or fix by
nailing or otherwise, eg planted door stop
Plant Load: The amount of power the entire mill is using. It is the total of
what is generated plus what is purchased.
Plant Load: The amount of power the entire mill is using. It is the total of
what we are generating plus what we are purchasing.
Plant/Instrument Air: Compressed air produced to operate pneumatic
controls and valves.
Plasma Arc Welding: An arc welding process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with a constricted arc between an electrode and the
workpiece (transferred arc) or the electrode and the constricting nozzle
(nontransferred arc). Shielding is obtained from hot, ionized gas issuing from
an orifice surrounding the electrode and may be supplemented by an auxiliary
source of shielding gas, which may be an inert gas or a mixture of gases.
Pressure mayor may not be used, and filler metal may or may not be
supplied.
Plasma Refining: Process used to reduce sulfur and oxygen to very low
levels.
Plasma Refining: Process used to reduce sulfur and oxygen to very low
levels.
Plasma Spraying: A thermal spraying process in which a nontransferred arc
of a plasma torch is utilized to create a gas plasma that acts as the source of
heat for melting and propelling the surfacing material to the substrate.
Plasma-assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition: A chemical vapor deposition
process that uses low-pressure glow-discharge plasmas to promote the
chemical deposition reactions. Also called plasma-enhanced chemical vapor
deposition.
Plaster: Material of a mortar like consistency used for covering walls and
ceilings of buildings usually made of Portland cement mixed with sand and
water.
Plaster: The material which is spread to leave a smooth surface on a wall or
ceiling. The main binding material may be cement (when it is known in the
UK as render), or lime, or gypsum, the latter two being restricted to internal
use; in any case there will be a filler of sand, or in proprietary prepackaged
plasters, powdered vermiculite. (Fr. plâtre, m; enduit (m) interieur).
Plaster Molding: Molding in which a gypsun-bonded aggregate flour in the
form of a water slurry is poured over a pattern, permitted to harden, and, after
removal of the pattern, thoroughly dried. This technique is used to make
smooth nonferrous castings of accurate size.
Plaster of Paris: A semihydrated form of calcium sulfate made by sintering
gypsum to 120-130°C (248-266°F).
Plaster Of Paris: A semi hydrated form of calcium sulfate made by sintering
gypsum to 120 130 C (248 266F).
Plasterboard: A rigid insulating board made of plastering material covered
on both sides with heavy paper.
Plasterboard: A sandwich made of two sheets of cardboard with a gypsum
plaster filling, typically 9mm or 12mm thick. Nailed or screwed to studs,
joists or rafters as a carrier for a plaster skim finish, or plasterboards with
chamfered edges can be jointed so that they act as a finish without being
skimmed with plaster. Plasterboard helps to provide the resistance to fire of
buildings. (Fr. placoplâtre, m, from a trade name).
Plastering: Any calcareous compound, usually of gypsum plaster, Portland
cement or lime putty and sand, that has been applied to a surface in a plaster
state and sets hard.
Plastic Adhesive: Plastic adhesives are used in the construction of building
structures and smaller components to join one or more types of plastic
together. The type of adhesive used depends on the material being joined.
Most plastic adhesives chemically melt a thin layer of the plastics, causing
the dried joint to be a strong, chemically-connected bond between the two
surfaces. Acrylic cement, for the joining of PVC, ABS and other materials is
a common plastic adhesive.
Plastic Deformation: Permanent deformation occurring in forming of metal
which occurs after elastic limits have been exceeded.
Plastic Deformation: Permanent deformation occurring in forming of metal
which occurs after elastic limits have been exceeded.
Plastic design: A design concept based on multiplying the actual design
loads by a suitable load factor and then using the yield stress as the maximum
stress in any member.
Plastic Extruded Hanger: An extrusion is a component fabricated with a
manufacturing process in which a material such as plastic or a soft metal is
pulled through a die. The extrusion process results in long pieces of material
with a constant cross-sectional shape. A plastic extruded hanger is a channel
hanger, usually an U or J-channel cross-section shape made by extruding a
plastic such as PVC. The hanger is then mounted to a wall or other surface
for the purpose of hanging other objects.
Plastic Extrusion: A plastic extrusion is a component fabricated with a
manufacturing process in which a material such as PVC, ABS or some other
plastic is pulled through a die. The extrusion process results in long segments
of plastic with a constant cross-section shape, with the shape set by the die
pattern.
Plastic Flow: The phenomenon that takes place when metals are stretched or
compressed permanently without rupture.
Plastic limit : The water content at the lower limit of the plastic state of a
clay. It is the minimum water content at which a soil can be rolled into a
thread of 1/8 inch diameter without crumbling.
Plastic Molding: Plastic molding is a manufacturing process that uses
thermoplastics to fabricate components. The thermoplastic is heated to the
melt temperature, then injection molded into a form. The thermoplastic is
then cooled sufficiently to return the thermoplastic to its solid state before
removing it from the mold. Plastic molding is used for a wide range of
applications and is widely used in the fabrication of automobile body panels.
Plastic paints: Synthesized paints using a form of liquid plastic as vehicle.
Plastic Refractory: A refractory material, tempered with water, that can be
extruded and that has suitable workability to be pounded into place to form a
monolithic structure.
Plastic : a synthetic material made from long chains of molecules; has the
capability of being molded or shaped, usually by the application of heat
and pressure
Plasticity: The ability of a metal to be deformed extensively without rupture.
Plasticity : The property of a soil which allows it to be deformed beyond the
point of elastic recovery without cracking or appreciable volume change.
Plasticity : The ability of a substance to be deformed without rupturing.
Plasticity index (pi) : Numerical difference between the liquid limit and the
plastic limit. This is an indication of the clay content on a soil or aggregate.
Plasticizer or water reducer : An admixture in mortar or concrete which
can increase the workability of a mix so much, that the water content can be
low and the mortar or concrete strength can thus be increased.
Plastic-strain Ratio (r-value): An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with a constricted arc between an
electrode and the workpiece (transferred arc) or the electrode and the
constricting nozzle (nontransferred arc). Shielding is obtained from hot,
ionized gas issuing from an orifice surrounding the electrode and may be
supplemented by an auxiliary source of shielding gas, which may be an inert
gas or a mixture of gases. Pressure may or may not be used, and filler metal
may or may not be supplied.
Plastigauge : provides a simple but effective method for the measurement of
clearance between fitted surfaces. It is particularly useful for measuring
clearances in split bearings or in situations where a feeler gauge cannot be
inserted. Measurement of clearance in big-end bearings can be achieved
without dismantling the crankshaft.
Plat : A small plot of land
Plate: To cut a lengthwise groove in a board or plank. An exterior handrail
normally has a ploughed groove for hand gripping purposes
Plate: A thin, flat piece of metal of uniform thickness usually over 8 inches
to 48 inches in width.
Plate: Normally a 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 that lays horizontally within a framed
structure, such as:
Plate: Carbon steel plates comprise that group of fla- rolled finished steel
products within the following size limitation: 0.180 in. or thicker, over 48 in.
wide; 0.230 in. or thicker, over 6 in. wide; 7.53lb/sq ft or heavier, over 48 in.
wide; 9.62lb/sq ft or heavier, over 6 in. wide.
Plate: Carbon steel plates comprise that group of flat rolled finished steel
products within the following size limitaion: 0.180in or thicker, over 48in
wide; 0.230in or thicker, over 6in wide; 7.53lb/sq ft or heavier, over 48in
wide; 9.62lb/sq ft or heavier, over 6in wide.
Plate : A sheet of steel used to cover constructiontrenches and pits to allow
traffic to flow when construction is not happening.
Plate girder: A built-up structural beam.
Plate Martensite: Martensite formed, partly in steels containing more than
about 0.5% C and solely in steels containing more than about 1.0% C, as
lenticular shape plates on irrational habit planes that are near or {259}A in
very high carbon steels
Plate, Alclad: Composite plate comprised of an aluminum alloy core having
on both surfaces (if on one side only, Alclad One Side Plate) a
metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to
the core, thus electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion.
Plate, Alclad: Composite plate comprised of an aluminum alloy core having
on both surfaces (if on one side only, Alclad One Side Plate) a
metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to
the core, thus electrolytically protectin the core against corrosion.
Plate, Martensite: Martensite formed, partly in steels containing more than
about 0.5% C and solely in steel containing more than about 1.0% C.
Platen: (1) The sliding member, slide or ram of a metal forming press. (2) A
part of a resistance welding, mechanical testing or other machine with a flat
surface to which dies, fixtures, backups or electrode holders are attached and
that transmits pressure or force.
Plater: An operating unit which electrolytically applies zinc, chrome or tin to
black plate.
Plater: An operating unit which electrolytically applies zinc, chrome or tin to
black plate.
Plater Distribution Tank: The tank that holds the plater solution.
Plater Roll: A steel roll used in the plater. The roll has electricity running
through it.
Plater Roll: A steel roll used in the plater. The roll has electricity running
through it.
Plates, Core Drying: Flat plates of metal on which cores are placed for
baking.
Plating: Forming an adherent layer of metal on an object; often used as a
shop term for electroplating. See also electrodeposition and electroless
plating.
Plating: A thin coating of metal laid on another metal.
Plating Rack: A fixture used to hold work and conduct current to it during
electroplating.
Platinum: Chemical symbol Pt. The key material in the manufacture of
automotive catalysts.
Platinum: Chemical symbol Pt. The key material in the manufacture of
automaotive catalysts
Platinum Group Metals: Called the "noble metals" because they are among
the scariest of the metallic elements; more importantly, they are totally
imperious to oxidation or corrosion. The family is six metals: platinum, a
white infusible metal with high electrical resistance; palladium, also white,
noted for its strength and high ductility; iridium, a yellowish mineral with the
most corrosion resistance of any metal known; rhodium, a silver-white metal
also found with nickel; ruthenium, a white metal noted for its hardness; and
osmium, a bluish-white metal that is so hard it is difficult to fabricate.
Platinum Group Metals: Called the ?noble metals? because they are among
the scariest of the metallic elements; more important, they are totally
imperious to oxidation or corrosion. The family is six metals: Platinum, a
white infusible metal with high electrical resistance; Palladium, also white,
noted for its strength and high ductility; Iridium, a yellowish mineral with the
most corrosion resistance of any metal known; Rhodium, a silver white metal
also found with nickel; Ruthenium, a white metal noted for its hardness; and
osmium, a bluish white metal that is so hard it is difficult to fabricate.
Plattcos: Double-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the
vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
Plattcos: Double gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the
vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
Pleadings: A document written by each party to a civil
dispute outlining their legal position and the facts relevant to the dispute.
Pleadings must be filed with the court and formally served on all other
parties. The most common pleadings are the Statement of Claim (filed by a
Plaintiff), and the Statement of Defence (filed by a Defendant).
Plenum: A lead weight attached to a string. It is the tool used in determining
plumb.
Plenum: The main hot-air supply duct leading from a furnace.
Plenum chamber : An air compartment connected to one or more
distributing ducts.
Plenum chamber : Chamber or container for moving air or other gas under a
slight positive pressure.
Plf (pounds per linear foot): A unit of load obtained by multiplying pounds
per square foot times the tribituary width on a joist.
Plot plan: Exactly vertical and perpendicular.
Plot plan: An overhead view plan that shows the location of the home on the
lot. Includes all easements, property lines, set backs, and legal descriptions of
the home. Provided by the surveyor.
Plough, plow: Metal saddles used to strengthen a bearing wall/vertical
stud(s) where a plumbing drain line has been cut through and installed.
Plough, plow: To cut a lengthwise groove in a board or plank. An exterior
handrail normally has a ploughed groove for hand gripping purposes
Plug: A rod, plate, or angle welded between a two angle web member or
between a top or bottom chord panel to tie them together usually located at
the middle of the member. See Tie or Filler.
Plug: small (2-6") plant grown in a multi-celled tray.
Plug: (1) A rod or mandrel over which a pierced tube is forced. (2) A rod or
mandrel that fills a tube as it is drawn through a die. (3) A punch or mandrel
over which a cup is drawn. (4) A protruding portion of a die impression for
forming a corresponding recess in the forging. (5) A false bottom in a die.
Plug Tap: A tap with chamfer extending from three to five threads.
Plug weld: A weld in a slot in a piece of steel which overlaps another piece.
A principle use for a plug weld is to transmit shear in a lap joint. See Slot
Weld and Puddle Weld.
Plug Weld: A weld made in a circular hole in one member of a joint, fusing
that member to another member.
Plugged Die: Galvanize metal obstructions in the which block the air wipe
and affect coating.
Plugging: A bridge crane control function which accomplishes braking by
reversing the motor line voltage polarity or phase sequence.
Plugging Relay: A current relay used on a bridge or trolley Bridge Crane
Control panel which senses current in the motor secondary circuit of an
alternating current motor and limits reverse torque of the motor to the first
Bridge Crane Control point until the motor rotation has stopped. In a direct
current Bridge Crane Control panel, the relay performs the same function by
establishing a patented sensing circuit at the motor armature. (Sometimes
called an anti- plugging relay.)
Plum: A large stone or piece of solid concrete used as a filler in mass
concrete.
Plumb: Sleeves that fit around drain and waste vent pipes at, and are nailed
to, the roof sheeting.
Plumb: Vertical or perpendicular.
Plumb: A lead weight attached to a string. It is the tool used in determining
plumb.
Plumb: Vertical or verticality, measured using a plumb-line or plumb-rule or
these days a spirit level.
Plumb bob: The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed beneath a
basement floor.
Plumb bob: Exactly vertical and perpendicular.
Plumbage: A special quality of powdered graphite used to cool molds and, in
a mixture of clay, to make crucibles.
Plumber: A qualified tradesperson who fixes metal roofing, installs waste
pipes, water systems and gas piping.
Plumbing boots: Work performed by the plumbing contractor after the
Rough Heat is installed. This work includes installing all plastic ABS drain
and waste lines, copper water lines, bath tubs, shower pans, and gas piping to
furnaces and fireplaces. Lead solder should not be used on copper piping.
Plumbing boots: Metal saddles used to strengthen a bearing wall/vertical
stud(s) where a plumbing drain line has been cut through and installed.
Plumbing ground: A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
Plumbing ground: The plumbing drain and waste lines that are installed
beneath a basement floor.
Plumbing jacks: Work performed by the plumbing contractor to get the
home ready for a final plumbing inspection. Includes installing all toilets
(water closets), hot water heaters, sinks, connecting all gas pipe to appliances,
disposal, dishwasher, and all plumbing items.
Plumbing jacks: Sleeves that fit around drain and waste vent pipes at, and
are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
Plumbing rough: Plastic pipe used to collect and drain sewage waste.
Plumbing rough: Work performed by the plumbing contractor after the
Rough Heat is installed. This work includes installing all plastic ABS drain
and waste lines, copper water lines, bath tubs, shower pans, and gas piping to
furnaces and fireplaces. Lead solder should not be used on copper piping.
Plumbing stack: A term to denote the number of layers of roofing felt,
veneer in plywood, or layers in built-up materials, in any finished piece of
such material.
Plumbing stack: A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
Plumbing trim: A panel (normally 4' X 8') of wood made of three or more
layers of veneer, compressed and joined with glue, and usually laid with the
grain of adjoining plies at right angles to give the sheet strength.
Plumbing trim: Work performed by the plumbing contractor to get the home
ready for a final plumbing inspection. Includes installing all toilets (water
closets), hot water heaters, sinks, connecting all gas pipe to appliances,
disposal, dishwasher, and all plumbing items.
Plumbing waste line: A point where a bearing/structural weight is
concentrated and transferred to the foundation.
Plumbing waste line: Plastic pipe used to collect and drain sewage waste.
Plunge Grinding: Grinding wherein the only relative motion of the wheel is
radially toward the work.
Plunger (Lube Systems): Slide valve that controls the valve port.
Plunger Spring (Lube Systems): Spiral spring in the injector body cylinder.
Plus Mesh: The powder sample retained on a screen of stated size, identified
by the retaining mesh number. See also sieve analysis and sieve
classification. (see Sieve Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Plus Sieve: The portion of a sample of a granular substance (such as metal
powder) retained on a standard sieve of specified number. Contrast with
minus sieve. See also sieve analysis and sieve classification. (see Sieve
Analysis) (see Sieve Classification)
Ply: Cement made by heating clay and crushed limestone into a brick and
then grinding to a pulverized powder state.
Ply: A term to denote the number of layers of roofing felt, veneer in
plywood, or layers in built-up materials, in any finished piece of such
material.
Ply or plywood: Two or more thin sheets of wood glued together, with the
grain of adjacent layers usually at right angles to each other to form a sheet.
Plymetal: Sheet consisting of bonded layers of dissimilar metals.
Plywood: A vertical framing member usually designed to carry a beam.
Often a 4" x 4", a 6" x 6", or a metal pipe with a flat plate on top and bottom.
Plywood: A panel (normally 4′ X 8′) of wood made of three or more layers
of veneer, compressed and joined with glue, and usually laid with the grain of
adjoining plies at right angles to give the sheet strength.
Pm: Particulate matter.
PM 2.5: The moniker for the Environmental Protection Agency’s new
Particulate Matter standards. The EPA is revising current PM standards and
establishing a new PM 2.5 standard regarding the release of particulate matter
down to 2.5 micrometers in diameter (less than 1/3 the width of a human
hair).
PMMA: Polymethymethacralate Foam used in the lost foam process, does
release as much carbon as polystyrene.
Pneumatic : Operated by air pressure.
Pneumatic Conveyors: A conveyor is any mechanical device used to
transfer material from one location to another. Unlike conventional belt
conveyors, pneumatic conveyors use a piping system and high-pressure air to
move lightweight particles or objects through the system. There are two types
of pneumatic conveyors. Carrier systems used high-pressure air to move an
object from one point to another. Dilute-phase systems use pressure to guide
materials through a system.
Pneumatic Hoses: Pneumatic Hoses are used for directing air under pressure
in a pneumatic system. Hose material is flexible, typically rubber or plastic.
Pneumatic hose is rated for maximum and minimum (vacuum) pressure.
Pneumatic Press: A press that uses air or a gas to deliver lhe pressure to the
upper and lower rams.
Pneumatic-electric (pe) switches : Device that operates an electric switch
from a change of air pressure.
Pnr: Passenger Name Record. Another word for Reservation.
Pob: Number of Persons On Board. Also SOB, Souls On Board.
Poh: Pilot’s Operating Handbook. It is the aircraft’s “owner’s manual”.
Poh : An expression of the alkalinity of a solution; the negative logarithm of
the hydroxyl-ion concentration.
Pohland Method: A technique for the ultrasonic testing of steel in which a
visible image of the defects present in the steel can be shown on a screen.
Pohland Method: A technique for the ultrasonic testing of steel in which a
visible image of the defects present in the steel can be shown on a screen.
Point Angle: Most commonly, the included angle at the point of a twist drill,
the general-purpose angle being 118°.
Point bar: accumulation of bedload on the inside of a curve.
Point load: A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and
beams to support an entire structure. Contrasts with stud framing.
Point load: A point where a bearing/structural weight is concentrated and
transferred to the foundation.
Point source pollution: air or water pollutants entering the environment
from a specific source
Point, critical : Of a substance, state point at which liquid and vapor have
identical properties; critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical volume
are the terms given to the temperature, pressure, and volume at the critical
point. Above the critical temperature or
Pointing: The surface treatment of the mortar between bricks or other
masonry units. There are various styles of pointingflush, struck and
weathered, recessed, tuck, bucket handle etc. (Fr. jontoiement, m).
Poise: The standard unit of absolute viscosity in the cgs system; expressed in
dyne-s/cm2.
Poisson's ratio: Defined as the ratio of the unit lateral strain to the unit
longitudinal strain. It is constant for a material within the elastic range. For
structural steel, the value is usually taken as 0.3. It gradually increases
beyond the proportional limit, approaching 0.5.
Poisson's Ratio: If a square bar is stressed in a testing machine and the
direction of its length increases, there is a contraction in each opposite
direction, which produces a decrease in the thickness of the bar. The ratio
between the contraction at right angles to a stress and the direct extension is
called the Poisson's ratio. Its value in steel is in the order of 0.28.
Polar Compounds: Chemical compounds whose molecules exhibit positive
electrical charges at one end and negative charges at the other. This
characteristic, known as “polarity,” endows such compounds with an affinity
for metal surfaces. As lubricant additives, they serve as “oiliness agents”;
they have good metal-wetting properties and some polar compounds promote
emulsification between water and oil.
Polar moment of inertia (j): Is the sum of any two moments of inertia about
axes at right angles to each other. It is taken about an axis which is
perpendicular to the plane of the other two axes.
Polarity: See direct current electrode negative and direct current electrode
positive. (see Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN))(see Direct Current
Electrode Positive)
Polarity: The direction of current flow in a DC circuit. By convention,
current flows from plus to minus. Electron flow is actually in the opposite
direction.
Polarization: (1) The change from the open-circuit electrode potential as the
result of the passage of current. (2) A change in the potential of an electrode
during electrolysis, such that the potential of an anode becomes more noble,
and that of a cathode more active than their respective reversible potentials.
Often accomplished by formation of a film on the electrode surface.
Polarization Curve: A plot of current density versus electrode potential for a
specific electrode-electrolyte combination.
Polarization : the partial or complete polar separation of positive and
negative electric charges in a nuclear, atomic, molecule or chemical system
Polarize: In corrosion, to develop a barrier on the anodic or cathodic surface,
disrupting the corrosion process.
Pole: (1) A means of designating the orientation of a crystal plane by
stereographically plotting its normal. For example, the north pole defines the
equatorial plane. (2) Either of the two regions of a permanent magnet or
electromagnet where most of the lines of induction enter or leave.
Pole : An electrical connection point. In a panel, the point of connection. On
a device, the terminal that connects to the power.
Pole Breaker: A pole breaker, also called a circuit breaker, is an electrical
component designed to automatically trip, or open, a circuit when the circuit
reaches an overload or a fault condition. Circuit breakers can be reset, either
manually or automatically based on the design of the breaker. Circuit
breakers are characterized by the number of breaker poles it has, with one
breaker pole dedicated to each live conductor.
Pole Figure: A stereoscopic projection of a polycrystalline aggregate
showing the distribution of poles or plane normals, of a specific crystalline
plane, using specimen axes as reference axes. Pole figures are used to
characterize preferred orientation in polycrystalline materials.
Poling board: A short strong board used in the temporary timbering of
excavations and tunnels.
Polished Surface: The finish obtained by buffing with rouge or similar fine
abrasive, resulting in a high gloss or polish.
Polishing: (1) Smootrungmetal sulfaces, often to a high luster, by rubbing the
surface with a fine abrasive, usually contained in a cloth or other soft lap.
Results in microscopic flow of some surface metal together with actual
removal of a small amount of surface metal. (2) Removal of material by the
action of abrasive grains carried to the work by a flexible support, generally
either a wheel or a coated abrasive belt. (3) A mechanical, chemical or
electrolytic process or combination thereof used to prepare a smooth,
reflective surface suitable for microstructural examination that is free of
artifacts or damage introduced during prior sectioning or grinding. See also
electrolytic polishing and electropolishing.
Polishing: Producing a specularly reflecting surface.
Polishing Filter: oil from the hydraulic system tank through the filters and
then back to the tank.
Polyalphaolefins (PAOs): A class of synthetic lubricant bases formed by
polymerization of an olefin monomer, such as ethylene or propylene, whose
properties after such as ethylene or propylene, whose properties after
polymerization include good oxidation stability at high temperatures, good
hydrolytic stability, compatibility with mineral oils and low volatility. They
have found service in turbines, gears, compressors and automotive engines.
Polybutene: Synthetic lubricating oil, a polymer of butene (C4H8); principle
uses include insulating oils, gas compressor oils and process oils in the
aluminum industry.
Polycrystalline: Pertaining to a solid comprised of many crystals or
crystallites, intimately bonded together. May be homogeneous (one
substance) or heterogeneous (two or more crystal types or compositions).
Polycrystalline: Comprising an aggregate of more than one crystal, and
usually a large number of crystals.
Polyelectrolyte: A water-soluble polymer that is highly charged with
cationic or anionic sites. Used as an aid with coagulants.
Polyesters: Synthetic resins, usually obtained from polymerization of a
dibasic acid with a dihydric alcohol, not normally used as lubricant
stocks. (see Diester (Dibasic Acid Ester))
Polyglycol: A polymer of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) used as a synthetic base
stock: water-soluble polyglycols serve as thickeners or antifreezes in FR
fluids; insoluble forms are used as heat transfer and hydraulic fluids or high-
temperature bearing oils.
Polymer: A chemical compound formed by the adjoining of many molecules
of the same characteristics; for example, polyvinyl chloride is a polymer of
the molecule vinyl chloride.
Polymeric dispersant : A water-soluble polymer that acts as a suspending
agent; that is, it promotes suspension of particles in water so that they resist
settling.
Polymerization: The chemical combination and recombination of the same
unsaturated hydrocarbon with itself to form an extensive chain; the chemical
process of combining similar molecules to form larger molecules.
Polymers: Organic compounds created by polymerization that become
progressively heavier and acquire diverse properties as the multiple linkages
increase. The original monomer may be a gas or a liquid; according to the
extent of polymerization, the final product will be a high molecular weight
liquid or solid that retains the same proportion of elements as the original
monomer.
Polymorphism: The ability of a material to exist in more than one
crystallographic structure. Numerous metals change in crystallographic
structure at transformation temperatures during heating or cooling. If the
change is reversible, it is allotropy. The allotropy of iron, particularly the
changes between the alpha body-centered and the gamma face centered form,
is of fundamental importance in the hardening of steel.
Polyolesters: A class of synthetic esters formed by reacting fatty acids with a
polyol such as glycol; physical properties vary according to the polyols and
acids used. Polyolesters formulated as lubricants have low volatility and good
oxidation stability at high temperatures; they are used as base oils for
turbines, compressors, jet engines and automotive engines and as base fluids
for certain greases.
Polyphosphate: A chemical compound formed by the adjoining of phosphate
ions, hence a polymer of phosphate.
Polysilicon: Short version for polycrystalline silicon.
Polystyrene: A polymer of styrene used in making molding products. In
particular, used in the lost foam process.
Polytrophic process : A non-adiabatic reversible process characterized by
the equation of path, pv = constant.
Polyureas: Polymeric thickeners for grease, made from isocyanates and
amines. Greases thickened with polyureas have high oxidation resistance and
high dropping points; they work well in ball bearings for electric motors.
Ponding: The gathering of water at low or irregular areas on a roof.
Ponding : The collection of water at a low point of apaved surface.
Pool: a localized increase in water depth, generally formed by scour
processes.
Pool: deeper and slower flowing water in a stream or river
Pool and weir: a fishway consisting of stepped pools connected by small
falls.
Poor Oiling: Not enough oil on the strip per customer specification.
Poor Slitting: The quality of the slit edge due to bad shape, dull knives, etc.
Pop Solvent: Blister and/or void in the coating resulting from trapped
solvents released during curing process
Pop-off: Loss of small portions of a porcelain enamel coating. The usual
cause is outgassing of hydrogen or other gases from lhe substrate during
firing, but popoff may also occur because of oxide particles or other debris on
the surface of the substrate. Usually, the pits are minute and cone shaped, but
when pop-off is the result of severe fishscale the pits may be much larger and
irregular.
Poppet: That port of certain valves which blocks flow when it closes against
a seat.
Population: group of individuals of a specific kind, in a given area, at a
given time
Porcelain Enamel: A substantially vitreous or glassy, inorganic coating
(borosilicate glass) bonded to metal by fusion at a temperature above 425 °C
(800 °F). Porcelain enamels are applied primarily to components made of
sheet iron or steel, cast iron, aluminum or aluminum-coated steels.
Pore: (1) A small opening, void, interstice or channel within a consolidated
solid mass or agglomerate, usually larger than atomic or molecular
dimensions. (2) A minute cavity in a powder metallurgy compact, sometimes
added intentionally. (3) A minute perforation in an electroplated coating.
Porosity: the percentage of open spaces between pieces of gravel cobble etc.
Porosity: Unsoundness caused in cast metals by the presence of blowholes
and shrinkage cavities.
Porous Bearing: Bearing made from porous material such as compressed
metal powders; the pores serve as reservoirs or passages for lubricant.
Porous vase: A vase having a porous construction, which was used to cool
its content.
Portable power saw: A circular saw powered by an electric current. Can be
carried and operated when held by hand.
Portal frame: Joining the rafters of a roof and wall frame together by a rigid
joint such as that provided by welding.
Portal frame: A rigid frame structure which is designed to resist longitudial
loads where diagonal bracing is not permitted. It has rigidity and stability in
its plane.
Portal frame: A structural frame consisting of two columns and a cross-
beam, with rigid connections. Often used for single-storey warehouses and
workshops. The cross-beam is often formed as two rafters to make a pitched
roof shape.
Portland cement: A vent that includes a fan to speed up air flow. Often
installed on roofs.
Portland cement: A component of concrete and mortars which combines
with water to provide the cement agent. Named for its resemblance to
Portland stone.
Portland cement: Cement made by heating clay and crushed limestone into
a brick and then grinding to a pulverized powder state.
Portland cement: A hydraulic cement used almost universally for making
concrete and other cement based products. So-called because concrete made
with it resembles limestone from the Isle of Portland.
Portland cement : A product obtained by pulverizing clinker consisting
mainly of hydraulic calcium silicates. Many different cements now use
Portland cements or at least contain some, the varieties include: Ordinary,
Rapid-hardening, Ultra-high-early-Strength, Portland blast-furnace, Sulphate-
resisting and Water-repellent cements, apart from Collared cements
Posidrive: Type of slot formed in the head of screws providing a very
positive grip for the screwdriver.
Positive charge : The electrical potential acquired by an atom which has lost
one or more electrons; a characteristic of a cation.
Positive Displacement: A characteristic of a pump or motor when a constant
volume is delivered for each revolution or stroke.
Positive Displacement Oil Pumps: Vane, gear or piston pumps that build up
high-pressure on the discharge side because the capacity output of the pump
is positive. If the discharge is not utilized, the oil pressure regulator or by-
pass prevents damage. (see Controlled Volume Pump) (see Gear pump)
Post: Amount payable on a loan.
Post: A vertical framing member usually designed to carry a beam. Often a
4″ x 4″, a 6″ x 6″, or a metal pipe with a flat plate on top and bottom.
Post Paint: To paint a manufactured part after at it has been formed.
Post stressed concrete: Concrete strengthened with steel wires which are
stressed after the concrete has cured.
Post-and-beam: -. Any pesticide substance that, for a reasonable length of
time, will prevent the action of wood-destroying fungi, insect borers, and
similar destructive agents when the wood has been properly coated or
impregnated with it. Normally an arsenic derivative. Chromated Copper
Arsenate (CCA) is an example.
Post-and-beam: A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and
beams to support an entire structure. Contrasts with stud framing.
Postheating: A process used immediately after welding whereby heat is
applied to the weld zone either for tempering or for providing a controlled
rate of cooling, in order to avoid a hard or brittle structure.
Postheating: A process used immediately after welding whereby heat is
applied to the weld zone either for tempering or for providing a controlled
rate of cooling, in order to avoid a hard or brittle structure.
Post-tensioning : A method of pressurising concrete in which the cables are
pulled or the concrete is jacked up after it has been placed. This method is
usual for bridges and heavy structures which are placed in place.
Post-treatment : subjecting the steel to specific processes after it has been
galvanized (see quenching, phosphating, and chromating)
Postweld Heat Treatment: Heating and cooling a weldment in such a way
as to obtain desired properties.
Pot: (1) A vessel for holding molten metal. (2) The electrolytic reduction cell
used to make such metals as aluminum from a fused electrolyte.
Pot: A vessel for holding molten metal. Also used to refer to the electrolytic
reduction cell employed in winning certain metals, such as aluminum, from a
fused electrolyte.
Pot Annealing: (see Box Annealing)
Pot Annealing: Is the same as box annealing.
Pot Quenching: Quenchinhg carburised parts directly fron the carburising
pot or box.
Pot size: standard nursery stock sizes expressed in inches diameter or gallons
volume.
Potable Water: Treated water used for human consumption.
Potable water : Drinking water.
Potential: (1) Any of various functions from which intensity or velocity at
any point in a field may be calculated. (2) The driving influence of an
electrochemical reaction.
Potential energy : Energy due to position such as the elevation head of water
or the elastic energy of a spring or structure caused by its deformation
Potential energy : The energy, that a body has by virtue of its position or
state, enabling it to do work. (Water in a reservoir has potential energy by
virtue of its elevation above some other point.)
Potential transformer : A voltage transformer. The voltage supplied to a
primary coil induces a voltage in a secondary coil according, to the ratio of
the wire windings in each of the coils.
Potentiometer : An electromechanical device having a terminal connected to
each and to the resistive element, and a third terminal connected to the wiper
contact. The electrical input is divided as the contact moves over the element,
thus making it possible to mechanically change the resistance.
Poultice Corrosion: A term used in the automotive industry to describe the
corrosion of vehicle body parts due to the collection of road salts and debris
on ledges and in pockets that are kept moist by weather and washing. Also
called deposit corrosion or attack.
Pound: The unit of mass in the imperial system of weights and measures.
Confusingly, the same word is also used sometimes for a unit of force, more
accurately called a pound-force. The UK's unit of currency called a pound
was originally the value of a pound of 'sterling' silver.
Poundal: A unit of force in the imperial system of weights and measures.
Pounds (lb or #): A unit of weight.
Pounds Per Inch of Width (P.I.W.): Pounds per inch of width refers to the
weight of a one-inch wide multiple of a coil. To determine the PIW, divide
the weight of the coil by its width in inches.
Pour Point: (ASTM D 97) the lowest temperature at which a lubricant will
pour or flow under specified conditions.
Pour point : The lowest temperature at which a lubricant can be observed to
flow under specified conditions. For oil, the pour point is a temperature
-15°C above the temperature at which the oil is solid.
Pour Point Depressant: An additive in lubricating oil that lowers the pour
point, by preventing any wax present from crystallizing to form a solid mass.
Pour stop: An angle used around the sides of a floor to contain the concrete
when it is being poured.
Pouring: The transfer of molten metal from the ladle into ingot molds or
other types of molds; for example, in castings.
Pouring: Transfer of molten metal from furnace to ladle, ladle to ladle, or
ladle into molds.
Pouring Basin: In metal casting, a basin on top of a mold that receives the
molten metal before it enters the sprue or downgate.
Pouring Basin: In metal casting, a basin on top of a mold that receives the
molten metal before it enters the sprue or downgate.
Pouring Cup: The flared section of the top of the downsprue. It can be
shaped by hand in the cope, or be a shaped part of the pattern used to form
the downsprue; or may be baked core cup placed on the top of the cope over
the downsprue.
Pouring Pit Refractory: A refractory associated with the transfer or flow
control of molten steel between furnace and mold.
Pour-point depressant : An additive that lowers the pour point of a
lubricant.
Powder: An aggregate of discrete particles that are usually in the size range
of 1 to 1000 um.
Powder actuated: A fastening method which uses a powdered charge to
imbed the fastener into the member.
Powder Cutting: Introducing iron powder in an oxygen stream to hasten
oxygen torch cutting by the combination of fluxing and oxidation. Generally
used for cutting stainless steel.
Powder Cutting: Introducing iron powder in an oxygen stream to hasten
oxygen torch cutting by the combination of fluxing and oxidation. Generally
used for cutting stainless steel.
Powder Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process variation in which the
material to be sprayed is in powder form.
Powder Forging: The plastic deformation of a powder metallurgy compact
or preform into a fully dense finished shape by using compressive force;
usually done hot and within closed dies.
Powder Injection: The injection of certain materials into the molten bath at
the ladle refining station. The material is usually injected through a
consumable lance using argon as a carrier gas.
Powder Lubricant: In powder metallurgy, an agent or component
incorporated into a mixture to facilitate compacting and ejecting of the
compact from its mold.
Powder Lubricant: In powder metallurgy, an agent or component
incorporated into a mixture to facilitate compacting and ejecting of the
compact from its mold.
Powder Metallurgy: The technology and art of producing metal powders
and utilizing meta1 powders for production of massive materials and shaped
objects.
Powder Metallurgy Part: A shaped object that has been formed from metal
powders and sintered by heating below the melting point of the major
constituent. A structural or mechanical component made by the powder
metallurgy process.
Powder Metals: Fabrication technology in which fine metallic powder is
compacted under high-pressure and then heated at a temperature slightly
below the melting point to solidify the material. Primary users of powder
metal parts are auto, electronics and aerospace industries.
Powder Metals: Fabrication technology in which fine metallic powder is
compacted under high pressure and then heated at a temperature slightly
below the melting point to solidify the material. Primary users of powder
metal parts are auto, electronics and aerospace industries.
Powdered Coal Mill: (Pulverizer). Electrically or steam-driven device that
crushes coal to a fine powder form and exhausts it into the boiler as fuel.
Powdered Coal Mill: (Pulverizer) Electrically or steam driven device that
crushes coal to a fine powder form and exhausts it into the boiler as fuel.
Powdering: A problem encountered in the field where the iron-zinc coating
(from Galvanneal products) comes off the base metal and collects in the die.
Powdering: A problem encountered in the field where the iron zinc coating
(from Galvanneal products) comes off the base metal and collects in the die.
Power (p) : Expressed in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), and is equal to:
Power Consumption: This is measured in terms of Number of units of
electrical power consumed in KWH per tonne of crude steel produced
(KWH/TCS).
Power Driven Hammer: A forging hammer with steam or air cylinder for
raising the ram and augmenting its downward blow.
Power element : Sensitive element of a temperature-operated control.
Power Factor: 1. Inductor flow in the pot. A high number may indicate an
obstruction in circulation. 2. Term that describes the relationship between real
power (KW) and apparent power (KVA) in a circuit. It is the cosine of the
angle between KW and KVA on a phasor drawing of a circuit. (In a phason
drawing, this angle is the same angle formed by the voltage and current
relationship). It is almost always better to run the generators with a lagging
power factor (meter pointing to left of zero).
Power factor (pf) : A quantity that relates the volt amperes of an AC circuit
to the wattage (power = volt-amperes x power factor). Power factor also is
the ratio of the circuit resistance (R) to the impedance (Z) expressed as a
decimal between zero and one (pf = R/Z). When the power factor equals one,
all consumed power produces useful work.
Power Factor (Pf) : 1) Inductor flow in the pot. A high number may
indicate an obstruction in circulation. 2) Term that describes the relationship
between real power (KW) and apparent power (KVA) in a circuit. It is the
cosine of the angle between KW and KVA on a phasor drawing of a circuit.
(In a phasor drawing, this angle is the same angle formed by the voltage and
current relationship.) It is almost always better to run the generators with a
lagging power factor (meter pointing to left of zero).
Power factor charge : A utility charge for "poor" power factor. It is more
expensive to provide power to a facility with a poor power factor (usually
less than 0.8).
Power factor correction : Installing capacitors on the utility service’s supply
line to improve the power factor of the building.
Power vent: A device mounted on a hot water heater or boiler which is
designed to release any high steam pressure in the tank to prevent tank
explosions.
Power vent: A vent that includes a fan to speed up air flow. Often installed
on roofs.
Ppb: Parts per billion.
Ppb : equals 0.001 ppm. (Parts per billion)
Ppe: Personal Protective Equipment.
Ppm: Parts per million.
Ppm: parts per million or milligrams per litre (mg/l)
PPM: Parts per million.
Pre Paint: To paint a product in coil form and then manufacture it into a
final part.
Prealloyed Powder: A metallic powder composed of two or more elements
that are alloyed in the powder manufacturing process and in which the
particles are of the same nominal composition throughout.
Precast: concrete products cast at a site remote from the final installation.
Pre-cast: Poured or cast in any place other than its ultimate position (eg pre-
cast units of concrete houses).
Precast concrete: Concrete components made in a factory or yard and
transported to the site.
Precast concrete : Concrete beams, columns, lintels, piles, manholes, and
parts of walls and floors which are cast and partly matured on the site or in a
factory before being placed in their final position in a structure. Where many
of the same unit are required, precasting may be more economical than
casting in place, may give a better surface finish, reduce shrinkage of the
concrete on the site and make stronger concrete.
Precharge Pressure: The pressure of compressed gas in an accumulator
prior to the admission of liquid.
Precious Metals: Relatively scarce, highly corrosion-resistant, valuable
metals found in periods 5 and 6 (groups VIII and Ib) of the periodic table.
They include ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, asmium, iridium,
platinum and gold.
Precious Metals: Relatively scarce, highly corrosion resistant, valuable
metals found in periods 5 and 6 (groups VIII and Ib) of the periodic table.
They include ruthenium,rhodium,palladium,silver,asmium,iridium,platinum
and gold.
Precipitate : An insoluble reaction product; in an aqueous chemical reaction,
usually a crystalline compound that grows in size to become settable.
Precipitating (cathodic) inhibitors : The are chemicals which form
insoluble precipitates that are able to coat and protect surfaces. They are less
durable then the passivating type inhibitors.
Precipitation: rain, snow, hail, or sleet falling to the ground
Precipitation: In metals, the separation of a new phase from solid or liquid
solution, usually with changing conditions of temperature, pressure or both.
Precipitation: A process whereby salts drop or come out of a water solution.
Precipitation Hardening: (PH). A small group of stainless steels with high
chromium and nickel content, with the most common types having
characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium stainless class
with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment provides this class with its
very high strength and hardness. Applications for PH stainless steels include
shafts for pumps and valves as well as aircraft parts.
Precipitation Hardening: (PH) A small group of stainless steels with high
chromium and nickel content, with the most common types having
characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium stainless class
with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment provides this class with its
very high strength and hardness. Applications for PH stainless steels include
shafts for pumps and valves as well as aircraft parts.
Precipitation Hardening (PH): A small group of stainless steels with high
chromium and nickel content, with the most common types having
characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium stainless class
with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment provides this class with its
very high strength and hardness. Applications for PH stainless steels include
shafts for pumps and valves, as well as aircraft parts.
Precipitation Heat Treatment: Any of the various aging treatments
conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain mechanical properties
through precipitation from solid solution.
Precipitation Heat Treatment: Any of the various aging treatments
conducted at elevated temperatures to improve certain mechanical properties
through precipitation from solid solution.
Precipitation Number: (ASTM D 91) the number of milliliters of solid
matter precipitated from a mixture of oil and petroleum solvent under
specified conditions; chiefly used to determine the presence of asphalts in
semi-refined or black oils, or to examine sludge in used oils.
Precision : Of a measurement, the fineness with which it has been read,
therefore, precision is different from accuracy.
Precision Casting: A metal casting of reproducible, accurate dimensions,
regardless of how it is made. Often used interchangeably with investment
casting.
Precision Forging: A forging produced to closer tolerances than normally
considered standard by the industry. With precision forging, a net shape, or at
least a near-net shape, can be produced in the as-forged condition. Ser also
net shape. (see Net Shape)
Precision Forging: A forging produced to closer tolerances than normally
considered standard by the industry.
Precision Grinding: Machine grinding to specified dimensions and low
tolerances.
Precision phosphate treatment : A phosphate treatment based upon
maintaining 2 to 4 ppm of phosphate and 15 to 50 ppm of hydrate alkalinity
in the boiler.
Precision Rotary Tube Laser Cutting: Precision Rotary Tube Laser Cutting
uses a laser to make precision cuts in thin walled tubing. 4th and 5th axis
CNC controlled rotary tube laser cutting machines and produce a variety of
complex shapes including miters, slots, holes, and windows.
Precision Strip: Cold rolled strip with an ideal thickness of between 0.01
and 0.4mm and a maximum width of 650mm and/or which fulfill special
demands in terms of strength or edge quality, as well as displaying a high
degree of dimensional accuracy.
Precision Thermometers: Precision Thermometers is a device for measuring
temperature. While common thermometers use fluid expansion to determine
temperature, precision instruments often use RTD sensors of other electronics
for a precise measurement.
Precoat: (1) In investment casting, a special refractory slurry applied to a
wax or plastic expendable pattern to form a thin coating that serves as a
desirable base for application of the main slurry. See also investment casting.
(2) To make the thin coating. (3) The thin coating itself. (see Investment
Casting)
Precoated Metal Products: Mill products that have a metallic, organic or
conversion coating applied to their surfaces before they are fabricated into
parts.
Precracked Specimen: A mechanical test specimen that is notched and
subjected to alternating stresses until a crack has developed at the root of the
notch.
Predator: an animal that hunts and kills other animals for food
Predicting method : A method for determining when load shedding should
occur. A formula is used to arrive at a preset kilowatt limit. Then the actual
amount of energy accumulated during the utility's demand intervals is
measured. A projection is made of the actual rate of energy usage during the
rest of the interval. If the predicted value exceeds the preset limit, loads will
be shed.
Prefabricate: To manufacture or construct parts or sections of structural
assemblies beforehand that are ready for quick assembly and erection at a
jobsite.
Prefabricated construction, prefabrication: The manufacture in a factory
of whole or parts of buildings such as individual rooms, walls and roofs, in
contrast with the conventional construction of a building piece by piece on
the site.
Preferred Orientation: A condition of a polycrystalline aggregate in which
the crystal orientations are not random, but rather exhibit a tendency for
alignment with a specific direction in the bulk material, commonly related to
the direction of working. See also texture.
Preferred Orientation: A condition of a polycrystalline aggregate in which
the crystal orientations are not random.
Prefilter: A filter system containing 16 filter elements that clean the
hydraulic oil as it passes from one storage tank to another.
Prefilter: A filter system containing 16 filter elements that clean the
hydraulic oil as it passes from one storage tank to another.
Pre-flux : the process of fluxing steel before it enters the galvanizing kettle
as opposed to using a top-flux layer, which would be located on top of the
molten zinc in the kettle
Preform: The forging operation in which stock is performed or shaped to a
predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die forging operations;
the operation may involve drawing, bending, flattening, edging, fullering,
rolling or upsetting. The preform operation is not considered to be a
scheduled operation unless a separate heat is required; usually, when a
preform operation is required, it will precede a forging operation and will be
performed in conjunction with the forging operation and in the same heat. In
ring rolling, a term generally applied to ring blanks of a specific shape to be
used for profile (contour) ring rolling.
Preform: The forging operation in which stock is preformed or shaped to a
predetermined size and contour prior to subsequent die forging operations;
the operation may involve drawing,bending,flattening, edging, fullering,
rolling or upsetting. The preform operation is not considered to be scheduled
operation unless a separate heat is required; usually, when a preform
operation is required, it will precede a forging operation and will be
performed in conjunction with the forging operation and in the same heat. In
ring rolling, a term generally applied to ring blanks of a specific shape to be
used for profile (contour) ring rolling.
Preheating: 1. A general term used to describe heating applied as a
preliminary to some further thermal or mechanical treatment. 2. A term
applied specifically to tool steel to describe a process in which the steel is
heated slowly and uniformly to a temperature below the hardening
temperature and is then transferred to a furnace in which the temperature is
substantially above the preheating temperature.
Preheating: A high temperature soaking treatment used to change the
metallurgical structure in preparation for a subsequent operation, usually
applied to the ingot.
Preignition : A condition in an internal combustion engine characterized by
a knocking sound and caused by the fuel-air mixture having been ignited to
soon because of an abnormal condition.
Preloading: Procedures employed during assembly and mounting to remove
all looseness or play in a bearing, usually performed on shafts or spindles in
machine tools and precision machines that must rotate without clearance in
either the axial or radial direction. Preloaded bearings are not used where
deflection is excessive.
Prelubed Bearings: Bearings lubricated by the manufacturer to preserve
their integrity during storage.
Prelubricant: An oil coating that is applied to steel sheet to enhance
formability (deep drawing). This lubricant is usually applied when the
customer wishes to avoid the application of a forming lubricant in his plant.
Premium: Lumber that has been saturated with a preservative.
Premium: Amount payable on a loan.
Premium: Cost of an option and/or an amount added to a base price for a
material,i.e. added cost beyond the base Comex, LME and/or producer and
manufacturer prices.
Premium Melting or Vacuum Melting: A process in which raw materials
are first melted within a vacuum. The metal is often remelted again under a
vacuum to produce very pure alloys. Together, these processes result in
tighter control of a metal’s chemistry and greater consistency in structural
properties such as toughness, ductility and fatigue strength.
Pre-paint: To paint a product in coil form and then manufacture it into a
final part.
Prepierce: In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching) tool used
for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. A tapered tool of
various diameters and lengths.
Prepierce: In ring rolling, a vertically mounted piercing (punching) tool used
for preparation of ring blanks on the ring blank press. A tapered tool of
various diameters and lengths.
Preservative: The first, base coat of paint when a paint job consists of two or
more coats. A first coating formulated to seal raw surfaces and holding
succeeding finish coats.
Preservative: Any pesticide substance that, for a reasonable length of time,
will prevent the action of wood-destroying fungi, insect borers, and similar
destructive agents when the wood has been properly coated or impregnated
with it. Normally an arsenic derivative. Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)
is an example.
Presintering: Heating a powder sample to a temperature below the final
sintering temperature, usually to increase the ease of handling or shaping of a
compact or to remove a lubricant or binder prior to sintering.
Press: A machine tool having a stationary bed and a slide or ram that has
reciprocating motion at right angles to the bed surface, the slide being guided
in the frame of the machine. See also hydraulic press, mechanical press and
slide. (see Hydraulic Press) (see Mechanical Press) (see Slide)
Press brake: A machine used in cold-forming metal sheet or strip into a
desired cross section or structural shape.
Press Brake: An open-frame single-action press used to bend, blank,
corrugate, curl, notch, perforate, pierce or punch sheet metal or plate.
Press Forging: The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical or
hydraulic pressure. Usually this is accomplished with a single work stroke of
the press for each die station.
Press Forging: The shaping of metal between dies by mechanical or
hydraulic pressure. Usually this is accomplished with a single work stroke of
the press for each die station
Press Forming: Any sheet metal forming operation performed with tooling
by means of a mechanical or hydraulic press. (see Brake Press Bending)
Press Forming: See Brake Press Bending.
Press Quenching: A quench in which hot dies are pressed and aligned with a
pan before the quenching process begins. Then the part is placed in contact
with a quenching medium in a controlled manner. This process avoids part
distortion.
Press-brake Forming: A metalforming process in which the workpiece is
placed over an open die and pressed down into the die by a punch that is
actuated by the ram portion of a press brake. The process is most widely used
for the forming of relatively long, narrow parts that are not adaptable to press
forming and for applications in which production quantities are too small to
warrant the tooling cost for contour roll forming.
Pressed Density: The weight per unit volume of an unsintered compact.
Same as green density.
Pressing Area: The clear distance (left to right) between housings, stops,
gibs, gibways, or shoulders of strain rods, multiplied by the total distance
from front to back on the bed of a metalforming press. Sometimes called
working area.
Pressing Crack: A rupture in a green powder metallurgy compact that
develops during ejection of the compact from the die. Sometimes referred to
as a slip crack.
Pressure: The force applied to a unit area of surface; measured in pascals (SI
unit) or in dynes (cgs unit)
Pressure: The normal force exerted by a homogeneous liquid or gas, per unit
of area, on the wall of its container.
Pressure : A force acting on a unit area.
Pressure Angle (Gears): Angle between the line of action and a line tangent
to both pitch circles. This angle remains constant with involute form teeth at
any point in the contact path. Common pressure angles are 14.5º and 20º;
when stronger teeth are needed, larger angles are used. Pressure angles
increase with center distance.
Pressure Casting: (1) Making castings with pressure on the molten or plastic
metal, as in die casting, centrifugal casting, cold chamber pressure casting.
And squeeze casting. (2) A casting made with pressure applied to the molten
or plastic metal.
Pressure Chamber: (Cylinder) Part of the particle counter sampler where
the oil sample is placed to be drawn for testing.
Pressure Compensator: A hydro mechanical device fitted to a pump or
other flow producing/controlling device that reduces flow when pressure rises
and increases flow as pressure decreases, to preset limits.
Pressure Control Valves: Devices that control the pressure in a hydraulic
system, including relief unloading, counterbalance, sequence and pressure-
reducing valves and, occasionally, brake valves.
Pressure Die Casting: A British term. See Die Casting
Pressure Differential: The difference in pressure between any two points in
a system or a component.
Pressure Differential Switch: A digital device that opens or closes a switch
when the internal pressure differential changes state.Most commonly used to
sense clogging of filter elements.
Pressure Drop: Loss of pressure caused by restriction in a hydraulic system,
where restriction includes valves, orifices and pipes; synonymous with
“pressure differential” or “upstream minus downstream pressure” across any
device in a hydraulic system.
Pressure Drop : See Pressure, Differential.
Pressure drop : Pressure loss in fluid pressure, as from one end of a duct or
pipe to the other, due to friction, dynamic losses, and changes in velocity
pressure.
Pressure Gas Welding: An oxyfuel gas welding process that produces
coalescence simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces by
heating them with gas flames obtained from combustion of a fuel gas with
oxygen and by application of pressure without the use of filler metal.
Pressure gauge : Instrument for measuring the pressure exerted by the
contents on its container.
Pressure Gauge : A visual indicator of pressure that is set for 'zero' psi at
atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to indicate the
level of pressure above atmospheric pressure. See VACUUM GAUGE and
COMPOUND GAUGE.
Pressure head : The height to which liquid can be raised by a given pressure
(sometimes referred to as pump head).
Pressure Level: In lubrication terminology, a closed contatiner used for
conducting tests under elevated pressures.
Pressure Line: A passage that carries fluid from the source of flow to
various operating elements of a fluid power system. Rated for operating
pressure at the maximum expected pressure of the system.
Pressure motor control : Device which opens and closes an electrical circuit
as pressures change.
Pressure Mottling: See ?Mottling, Pressure?
Pressure operated thermometer : Temperature indicator which is
controlled by bellows, a capillary or remote sensitive bulb.
Pressure Override: The measure of pressure increase over the nominal
setting of a device when additional fluid flow is passed over the device after
it initially opens.
Pressure regulator, suction (refrigeration compressors) : An automatic
valve designed to limit the suction pressure to prevent motor overload.
Pressure relief valve (prv): The original amount of the loan, the capital.
Pressure relief valve (prv): A device mounted on a hot water heater or
boiler which is designed to release any high steam pressure in the tank to
prevent tank explosions.
Pressure Sintering: A hot-pressing technique that usually employs low
loads, high sintering temperatures, continuous or discontinuous sintering and
simple molds to contain the powder. Although the terms pressure sintering
and hot pressing are used interchangeably, distinct differences exist between
the two processes. In pressure sintering, the emphasis is on thermal
processing; in hot pressing, applied pressure is lhe main process variable.
Pressure switch : Switch operated by a rise or drop in pressure.
Pressure Tight: A term describing a casting free from porosity of the type
that would permit leaking.
Pressure Transducer: An analog device that produces a change in voltage
or current when the internal pressure changes state. Normally a fast response
device for use in servo control systems.
Pressure Transmitter: An analog device that produces a change in voltage
or current when the internal pressure changes state. Normally a slow acting
device for use in display systems where update time is not crucial.
Pressure velocity : In moving fluid, the pressure capable of causing an
equivalent velocity, if applied to move the same fluid through an orifice such
that all pressure energy expended is converted into kinetic energy.
Pressure Vessel Oxidation Stability: Resistance of oils and greases to
oxidation when subjected to accelarated oxidation in a sealed unit filler with
pure oxygen under pressure and at elevated temperatures. As the lubricant
absorbs oxygen, the pressure drops to indicate oxidation resistance. ASTM
test D 2272, the Rotary Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test, roates the container
during the test.
Pressure Vessel Quality (PVQ): Product intended for pressure vessels and
similar end-use applications.
Pressure Viscometer/Viscometer (Grease): A capillary instrument used to
determine apparent viscosity.
Pressure Welding: See preferred terms cold welding, diffusion welding,
forge welding, hot pressure welding, pressure-controlled welding, pressure
gas welding and solid-state welding.
Pressure : a force applied or distributed over an area
Pressure, absolute: Pressure referred to that of a perfect vacuum. It is the
sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
Pressure, atmospheric: It is the pressure indicated by a barometer. Standard
atmosphere is the pressure equivalent
Pressure, critical: Vapor pressure corresponding to the substance's critical
state at which the liquid and vapor have identical properties.
Pressure, gage: GaugePressure above atmospheric.
Pressure, Gauge (psig): Pressure differential above or below atmospheric
pressure.
Pressure, hydrostatic: The normal force per unit area that would be exerted
by a moving fluid on an infinitesimally small body immersed in it if the body
were carried along with the fluid.
Pressure, operating: Pressure at which a system is operating.
Pressure, partial : Portion of total gas pressure of a mixture attributable to
one component.
Pressure, saturation: The saturation pressure for a pure substance for any
given temperature is that pressure at which vapor and liquid, or vapor and
solid, can coexist in stable equilibrium.
Pressure, static : The normal force per unit area that would be exerted by a
moving fluid on a small body immersed in it if the body were carried along
with the fluid. Practically, it is the normal force per unit are at a small hole in
a wall of the duct through which the fluid flows (piezometer) or on the
surface of a stationary tube at a point where the disturbances, created by
inserting the tube, cancel. It is supposed that the thermodynamic properties of
a moving fluid depend on static pressure in exactly the same manner as those
of the same fluid at rest depend upon its uniform hydrostatic pressure
Pressure, total: In the theory of the flow of fluids, the sum of the static
pressure and the velocity pressure at the point of measurement. Also called
dynamic pressure.
Pressure, vapor: The partial pressure exerted by the water vapor contained
in air.
Pressure-controlled Welding: A resistance welding process variation in
which a number of spot or projection welds are made with several eleclTodes
functioning progressively under the control of a pressure sequencing device.
Pressure-heat diagram : Graph of refrigerant pressure, heat and temperature
properties. (Mollier's diagram.)
Pressure-Reducing Valve (Hydraulics): Device that keeps pressure in a
branch of a hydraulic circuit below the pressure in the remainder of the
circuit.
Pressurestat: A control which reacts to pressure changes in the evaporator.
Pressure-treated wood: A survey to determine the boundaries of your
property. The cost depends on the complexity of the survey.
Pressure-treated wood: Lumber that has been saturated with a preservative.
Prestressed concrete: Concrete strengthened with steel wires which are
stressed before the concrete is poured.
Prestressed concrete : Concrete in which cracking and tensile forces are
eliminated or greatly reduced by compressing it by stretched cables, wires or
bars within it. Two main methods for pressurising are: post-tensioning and
pre-tensioning. Pressurised concrete is economical for spans which are large
or where the beam depth must be reduced to a minimum
Prestressing : A process of preparing concrete slabs and beams for extra
strength by placing the mix over tightly-drawn special steel wire rope or rods
which are later released to provide strong dense concrete. Pressurising
accomplished by applying forces to a structure to deform it in such a way that
it will withstand its working loads more effectively or with less total
deflection. When concrete beams are pressurised they deflect upwards
slightly by an amount about equal to their total downward deflection under
design load. Downward deflection is thus less than half that of a reinforced-
concrete beam of the same shape. The struts or braces to deep excavations in
bad ground are pressurised to prevent settlement of the surface and damage to
neighbouring structures.
Pretreated: Steel to which a chemical treatment has been applied to prepare
it for future surface treatments such as painting.
Pretreated: Steel to which a chemical treatment has been applied to prepare
it for future surface treatments such as painting. (See Bonderized, Light
Special Treatment, Special Treatment, Weirbrite Clear).
Pretreatment : Also referred to as external treatment, consisting of treating
the raw make-up water, and include removing dissolved oxygen, carbon
dioxide, suspended solids, hardness, alkalinity, silica, dissolved solids, etc..
Pre-treatment : subjecting steel to specific processes before galvanizing
Preventative and Predictive Maintenance (PM and PDM): Two basic
programs that use selected features of condition monitoring procedures in
managing maintenance practices and costs to increase plant productivity; PM
programs schedule maintenance at regular intervals, while PDM programs
schedule maintenance on the basis of information obtained from sophisticated
condition-monitoring tests.
Primary air : The initial air stream discharged by an air outlet (the air being
supplied by a fan or supply duct) prior to any entrainment of the ambient air
or for he purpose of combustion.
Primary Choke : That part of the gating system which most restricts or
regulates the flow of metal into the mold cavity.
Primary constituents : Refers to the category of dissolved solids present in
water at a level of more then 5 mg/L.
Primary control : A device which directly or indirectly controls the control
agent in response to needs indicated by the controller. Typically a motor,
valve, relay, etc.
Primary Creep: The first or initial stage of creep or time-dependent
deformation.
Primary Crystals: The first type of crystals that separate from a melt during
solidification.
Primary element : The portion of the controller which first uses energy
derived from the controlled medium to produce a condition representing the
value of the controlled variable; for example, a thermostat bimetal.
Primary members: This is the main load carrying members of a structure
such as a beam or joist girder.
Primary Metal: Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal
scrap. Compare wilh native metal.
Primary Metal: Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal
scrap. Compare with native metal.
Primary Metal: Metal extracted from minerals and free of reclaimed metal
scrap. Compare with native metal.
Primary Mill: A mill for rolling ingots or the rolled products of ingots to
blooms, billets or slabs. This type of mill is often called a blooming mill and
sometimes called a cogging mill.
Primary production: organic material produced by plants from inorganic
material and sunlight
Primary Scale: Oxide of iron (Fe3O4) which is formed while the steel is
being heated.
Primary system : A closed water system in which the water is circulated
directly through a chiller for cooling or heat exchanger or boiler for heating.
Primary Upper Limit Device Remote Bridge crane controlled: The first
device that, when actuated, limits hoisting motion in the upward direction.
Note, this is not to be used as an operational limit switch.
Prime: Coil type indicating that the produced coil or lift meets all the
requirements of the order.
Prime coat : The initial application of a low viscosity bituminous material to
an absorbent surface, preparatory to any subsequent treatment, for the
purpose of hardening or toughening the surface and promoting adhesion
between it and the superimposed constructed layer.
Prime Coil: Any coil produced by the line that is not held for any out-of-
spec or quality reasons.
Prime Coil Any: quality reasons.
Prime cost sum: A sum allowed for and included in the contract
specifications and/or Bill of Quantities by the architect to cover certain items
which are subject to a later selection by the architect. The allowance made is
to cover the supply and/or labour of the item selected; and charges by the
contractor are based on net purchase prices and are accounted for and
adjusted in the final statement of accounts.
Prime mover : An engine or other device by which natural source of energy
is converted into mechanical energy.
Prime or priming coat: In painting, to apply the first or priming coat.
Primer: Special concrete that will be used in a concrete pump. Generally, the
mix has smaller rock aggregate than regular mix.
Primer: The first, base coat of paint when a paint job consists of two or more
coats. A first coating formulated to seal raw surfaces and holding succeeding
finish coats.
Primer or paint: The initial coating of a member applied in the shop which
is not a finish coat and only protects from rust for a limited time.
Primes: Metal products such as sheet and plate, of the highest quality and
free from visible surface defects.
Priming: In pump operation, filling the liquid end of a pump with liquid to
remove vapors and eliminate the possibility of becoming vapor bound.
Priming: The phenomenon in which the level of water in a boiler is changed
by bouncing rapidly. The result is, that boiler water will enter the steam flow.
Principal: A list of discrepancies that need to be corrected by the contractor.
Principal: The original amount of the loan, the capital.
Principal Stress (normal): The maximum or minimum value of the normal
stress at a point in a plane considered with respect to all possible orientations
of the considered plane. On such principal planes the shear stress is zero.
There are three principal stresses on three mutually perpendicular planes. The
state of stress at a point may be (1) uniaxial, a state of stress in which two of
the three principal stresses are zero, (2) biaxial, a state of stress in which only
one of the three principal stresses is zero and (3) triaxial, a state of stress in
which none of the principal stresses is zero. Multiaxial stress refers to either
biaxial or triaxial stress.
Principle of superposition: States that the resultant is the algebraic sum of
the effects when applied separately.
Principle Reference Planes (Gears): Pitch plane, axial plane and transverse
plane, all intersecting at a point and mutually perpendicular.
Principles (of engineering) : General laws of the natural and engineering
sciences and good practice.
Principles-based: An approach to an action that uses the relevant concepts
and principles to guide and support the work.
Prismatic beam: A beam with uniform cross section.
Privative clause: A section in an act or piece of legislation that seeks to
eliminate or limit the ability of Courts to review that decision.
Problem analysis : Problem analysis a systematic analysis of a problem to
ensure proper identification of the problem, full Understanding of the
situation and the criteria for an acceptable solution, generally as a prelude to
solution synthesis
Problem solving : The combination of problem analysis and solution
synthesis; is the ability to get answers to questions through a conscious,
organized process.
Procedural law: This term stands in contrast to substantive law (defined
below). Procedural law consists of the technical rules by which a court hears
and determines what happens in a civil lawsuit, or criminal or administrative
proceedings. For example, the rules for serving documents are procedural.
Process Annealing: In the sheet and wire industries, a process by which a
ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit of
the transformation range and is subsequently cooled. This process is applied
in order to soften the alloy for further cold working.
Process Capability: The amount of variation in the output of a controlled
manufacturing process, the range defined by plus or minus three standard
deviations.
Process Capability: The amount of variation in the output of a controlled
manufacturing process, the range defined by plus or minus three standard
deviations.
Process Control: Flow to pressure for steam flow for oil pressure for
O2 blow. Auto/manual that transfers steam supply from flow to pressure or
pressure to flow.
Process Control: Flow to pressure for steam flow for oil pressure for 02
blow. Auto/manual that transfers steam supply from flow to pressure or
pressure to flow.
Process Crane: A crane integral to the actual process being undertaken.
Process hot water : Hot water needed for manufacturing processes over and
above the "domestic hot water" that is for the personal use of industrial
workers.
Process Metallurgy: The science and technology of winning metals from
their ores and purifying metals; sometimes referred to as chemical
metallurgy. Its two chief branches are extractive metallurgy and refining.
Process Oil/Process Lubricants: In the steel industry, materials used in
direct contact with the product being produced, e.g., rolling oils in hot and
cold rolling mills, wire drawing compounds, forging compounds, slushing
oils for rust protection, stamping and drawing compounds, quenching oils,
wire rope laying-up lubricant, etc.
Process Parameter: An I.M.I.S.screen used to find customer specifications.
Process vessel: A container for handling or chemically changing liquids and
gases within a process system.
Procter test: a method to determine the maximum density that can be
achieved through wetting and packing for a given aggregate.
Produced Ipm Number: The IPM number assigned to a produced coil by
the delivery end of the unit. Any units from the caster get an IPM# when
processed.
Producers: plants that manufacture food from inorganic nutrients
Product Analysis: The chemical analysis taken from a sample of a steel
product.
Product Analysis: In castings, the analysis of the actual part as opposed to
the analysis of the steel from which the casting was poured.
Production Welding: Any welding carried out during manufacturing before
final delivery to the purchaser. This includes joint welding of casting and
finishing welding.
Production Welding: Any welding carried out during manufacturing before
final delivery to the purchaser. This includes joint welding of casting and
finishing welding.
Proeutectoid: The constituent that separates out of a solid solution before the
formation of eutectoid.
Proeutectoid: The constituent that separates out of a solid solution before the
formation of eutectoid.
Proeutectoid Phase: Particles of a phase in ferrous alloys that precipitate
during cooling after austenitizing but before the eutectoid transformation
takes place. See also euteetoid.
Professional category [of registration] : A mode of registering a person
who is competent to perform a particular professional role, for example,
engineer, engineering technologist or engineering technician.
Professional competency profiles : Professional competency profiles for
each professional category record the elements of competency necessary for
competent performance that the professional is expected to be able to
demonstrate in a holistic way at the stage of attaining registration.
Professional ethics : The accepted norms of conduct recognized in respect to
a practice within a profession.
Professional indemnity: Insurance against claims against a professional
person or practice.
Professional level agreement : Professional level agreement are agreements
that provide benchmarking professional standards and aim to provide
mobility at professional level.
Professionally [or occupationally] competent person : A person who has
the baseline competencies for the professional role and has specific
competencies for the actual work undertaken.
Profile: Applied to a professional category, is a set of attributes that a person
in the category would display and typical functions that these attributes
would enable.
Profile: A wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-sectional
dimensions which is of a form other than of sheet plate, rod, bar, tube, wire or
roll.
Profile: A wrought product that is long in relation to its cross sectional
dimensions which is of a form other than of sheet plate, rod, bar, tube, wire or
roll.
Profile drawing: A drawing or diagram which shows the outline of a joist
with dimensions and also maybe the web system configuration and bridging
rows. See Side-View Diagram
Profile grade : The trace of a vertical plane intersecting the top surface of the
proposed wearing surface, usually along the longitudinal centreline of the
roadbed. Profile grade means either elevation or gradient of such trace
according to the context.
Profile Tolerances: A system of locating and tolerancing developed to
control the orientation of rough parts in machine fixtures. From locating
points on the casting, a “perfect profile” is established for all surfaces and
features. A tolerance envelope surrounding that profile defines the limitations
of an acceptable part.
Profile, Cold Finished: A profile brought to final dimensions by cold
working to obtain improved surface finish and dimensional tolerance.
Profile, Drawn: A profile brought to final dimensions by drawing through a
die.
Profile, Extruded: A profile produced by hot extruding.
Profile, Flute Hollow: A hollow profile having plain inside surfaces and
whose outsides surfaces comprise regular, longitudinal, concave corrugations
with sharp cusps between corrugations.
Profile, Helical Extruded: An extruded profile twisted along its length.
Profile, Hollow: A profile of any part of whose cross-section completely
encloses a void.
Profile, Pinion Hollow: A hollow profile with regularly spaced, longitudinal
serrations outside and round inside, used primarily for making small gears.
Profile, Structural: A profile in certain standard alloys, tempers, sizes and
sections, such as angles, channels, H-sections, I-beams. There are two
standards, namely Aluminum Association Standard and American Standard.
Profiling: Any operation that produces an irregular contour on a workpiece,
for which a tracer or template-controlled duplicating equipment usually is
employed.
Profiling: A process that charts the gauge of steel across the width and/or
length.
Profilograph : An instrument for measuring smoothness of a surface (as of
metal casting, or a highway or road) by amplification of the minute variations
from the plane or arc of smoothness.
Profilometer: A device that profiles or measures surfaces to determine
smoothness.
Profilometer: An instrument that quantitatively measures surface roughness
and reports height and/or depth of surface ridges.
Profilometer: An instrument used to measure the heights and depths of
surface features.
Programmable Logic Controller: A programmable logic controller (PLC)
is a real-time electronic automation component used to control
electromechanical systems. PLC's are designed to accommodate multiple
inputs and outputs, include the ability to respond to system feedback devices.
PLC's are also designed to operate over a range of operating conditions and to
minimize the negative effects of electrical noise, vibration, and damage.
Programme : Programme a structured, integrated teaching and learning
arrangement with a defined purpose, usually leading to a qualification
Programme outcomes: Learning outcomes that must be fulfilled at the exit
level of a programme that are consistent with the educational objectives.
Progressive Aging: Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or
continuously during the aging cycle. Compare with interrupted aging and step
aging. (see Aging)
Progressive Aging: Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or
continuously during the aging cycle. See also aging and compare with
interrupted aging and step aging.
Progressive Aging: An aging process in which the temperature of the alloy
is continuously increased during the aging cycle. The temperature may be
increased in steps or by any other progressive method. Compare with
interrupted aging.
Progressive collapse: The process wherein the collapse of part of a building
leads to the collapse of an adjacent part in 'house of cards' fashion.
Progressive Die: A die with two or more stations arranged in line for
performing two or more operations on a part; one operation is usually
performed at each station.
Progressive dipping : the act of dipping steel more than once in cleaning
solutions and molten zinc metal in order to produce a coating that covers the
entire surface of the steel; commonly done when the steel article/fabrication
is too large to fit entirely into the kettle in one dip
Progressive Forming: Sequential forming at consecutive stations with a
single die or separate dies.
Project : The specific section of the highway together with all construction to
be performed thereon under the contract.
Project management : Project management is the application of planning,
organizing, and managing resources to achieve predetermined objectives of a
project scope, quality, time and cost, to the equal satisfaction of the parties
Projection Welding: A welding process that uses small projections on one or
both components of the weld to localize the heat and pressure, the projections
collapse when the weld is made.
Projection Welding: A welding process that uses small projections on one or
both components of the weld to localize the heat and pressure, the projections
collapse when the weld is made.
Projects online: s robust project collaboration and document management
tool that engages the entire project team-home office, site personnel, clients,
vendors, fabricators and suppliers.
Proof: (1) To test a component or system at its peak operating load or
pressure. (2) Any reproduction of a die impression in any material; often a
lead or plaster cast. See also die proof. (see Die Proof)
Proof Load: A predetermined load, generally some multiple of the service
load, to which a specimen or structure is submitted before acceptance for
use.
Proof Pressure: The level of pressure at which a component, pipe, tube, hose
or other fluid passage will not yield during application of internal pressure.
Normally 1.5 times working pressure.
Proof Stress: 1. The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in
a material. 2. A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to
indicate its ability to withstand service loads.
Proof Stress: (1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in
a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to
indicate its ability to withstand service loads.
Propane: A paraffin hydrocarbon (C3H8) that is a gas at ordinary
atmospheric conditions but easily liquefied under pressure.
Propertional Limit: The greatest stress that the material is capable of
sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionally of stress to
strain (Hooke's Law).
Property survey: To inspect and make a discrepancy list.
Property survey: A survey to determine the boundaries of your property.
The cost depends on the complexity of the survey.
Proportional band : The range of values of a proportional positioning
controller through which the controlled variable must pass to move the final
control element through its full operating range. Commonly used equivalents
are "throttling range" and "modulating range".
Proportional limit: The point on a stress-strain curve where the linear
relationship between stress and strain ends and usually coincides with the
material yield point.
Proportional Limit: The greatest stress a material is capable of developing
without a deviation from straight-line proportionality between stress and
strain. See also elastic limit and Hooke's law. (see Elastic Limit) (see Hooke's
Law)
Proportional Valve (Hydraulics): A hydraulic valve that produces an output
proportional to its input signal, that can be adjusted electronically, remotely;
uses proportional solenoids with constant force for a given signal.
Proportional Valvel: An electronically measured valve capable of a high
flow rate and low pressure drop. Suitable for position, speed or force control
in hydraulically controlled valves.
Proposal : The offer of a bidder, on the prescribed forms, to perform the
work and to furnish the labour, equipment’s and materials at the prices
quoted.
Protection Tube: A metal, graphite, or ceramic tube which shrouds and
protects the wires of a thermoelectric pyrometer.
Protective Atmosphere: (1) A gas or vacuum envelope surrounding the part
to be brazed, welded, or thermal sprayed with the gas composition controlled
with respect to chemical composition, dew point, pressure, flow rate and so
forth. Examples are inert gases, combusted fuel gases, hydrogen and vacuum.
(2) The atmosphere in a heat treating or sintering furnace designed to protect
the parts or compacts from oxidation, nitridation or other contamination from
the environment.
Protective Panel: An assembly containing overload and undervoltage
protection for all crane motions.
Provisional sum: A sum set aside in the Bill of Quantities or Contract to
provide for work whose scope is not clearly foreseen.
Proximity Switches (Lube Systems): Magnetic (dry contact) switches that
detect divider valve piston movement without a cycle indicator pin attached
to the piston.
Pseudobinary System: (1) A three-component or ternary alloy system in
which an intermediate phase acts as a component. (2) A vertical section
through a ternary diagram.
Pseudocarburizing: (see Blank Carburizing)
Psf (pounds per square foot): A unit of stress which to multiply the
tribituary width on a joist by to get PLF.
Psi: Pounds per Square Inch. Unit of measure for pressure.
PSI: Pounds per square inch.
Psi: Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure measured in pounds per
square inch.
Psi : Pounds per square inch.
Psi (pounds per square inch): A unit of stress or pressure.
Psia: Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure measured in pounds per
square inch absolute. Absolute pressure equals gauge pressure plus
atmospheric pressure. The "A" indicates that the gauge pressure is reading in
absolute.
Psig: Symbol or initials used to indicate pressure in pounds per square inch
gauge. The "G" indicates that is gauge pressure and not absolute pressure.
Psychrometer : An instrument for ascertaining the humidity or hygrometric
state of the atmosphere.
Psychrometer or wet bulb hygrometer : An instrument for measuring the
relative humidity of atmospheric air.
Psychrometric chart : A chart that shows relationship between the
temperature, pressure and moisture content of the air.
Psychrometric measurement : Measurement of temperature pressure and
humidity using a psychometric chart.
Psychrometry : The study of air-vapor mixtures.
Public-private partnerships (p3): Public-Private Partnerships develop
major transportation projects with innovative contracting methods.
Puckering: Wrinkling or buckling in a drawn shell in an area originally
inside the draw ring.
Puddle weld: See Plug Weld.
Puddling Process: A process for making wrought iron in which cast-iron is
melted in a hearth furnace and rabbled with slag and oxide until a pasty mass
is obtained. This process was developed by Henry Cort about 1784 and
remained in use until 1957, although on a very small scale during the present
century.
Puddling Process: A process for making wrought iron in which cast orn is
melted in a hearth furnace and rabbled with slag and oxide until a pasty mass
is obtained. This process was developed by Henry Cort about 1784 and
remained in use until 1957, although on a very small scale during the present
century.
Pug Mill: A mixing device used to mix materials coming off of #21
conveyor belt.
Pugging: Traditional infill between timber floor joists intended to enhance
the acoustic insulation of the floor. It may occupy the whole depth of the
floor or only part of it. Materials used include sand, mortar, concrete, straw
and sea shells.
Pugnill: A mill for mixing foundry sands and sand mixtures consisting
essential of a shaft fitted with plows or paddle wheel which revolve in a tub
or vat.
Pull Cracks: In a casting, cracks that are caused by residual stresses
produced during cooling and that result from the shape of the object.
Pull down : An expression indicating action of removing refrigerant from all
or part of a refrigeration system.
Pulpit: An enclosed operator’s platform.
Pulpit Bridge Crane Controlled: A unit operated from a fixed operator
station not attached to the crane. Push button Station. A device consisting of
pushbutton operated contacts in an enclosure used by the operator for Bridge
Crane Control of the powered motions of the crane, hoist, and other auxiliary
equipment.
Pulsation dampener : Any gas or liquid charged, chambered device that
minimizes periodic increases and decreases in pressure.
Pulse Oximeter: A pulse oximeter is non-invasive medical device used to
determine the oxygen level in a person's blood. Pulse oximeters are slipped
onto the patients fingertip and a pair of light emitting diodes transmit light to
a photosensor on the other side of the oximeter. The two diodes operate at red
and infrared wavelengths and the difference in absorption rates yields the
blood oxygen level, with 95 to 100% being a normal reading.
Pulse-echo techniques : Corrosion detecting processes which, by recording
the action of ultrasonic waves artificially introduced into production
structures, can determine metal thickness and detect flaws.
Pulverised fuel ash: A fine white powder resulting from burning powdered
coal in power stations, which can be used to supplement cement in making
concrete for civil engineering works.
Pulverization: The process of reducing metal powder particle sizes by
mechanical means; also called comminution or mechanical disintegration.
Pulverized Coal Injection System (PCI): A blast furnace enhancement to
reduce an integrated mill's reliance on coke (because of environmental
problems with its production). Up to 30% of the coke charged into the blast
furnace can be replaced by this talcum-like coal powder, which is injected
through nozzles at the bottom of the furnace.
Pulverized Coal Injection System (Pci): A blast furnace enhancement to
reduce an integrated mill's reliance on coke (because of environmental
problems with its production). Up to 30% of the coke charged into the blast
furnace can be replaced by this talcum like coal powder, which is injected
through nozzles at the bottom of the furnace.
Pump: to use a pump to transport wet concrete from truck to form; or in the
case of grout, to fill voids by pressure.
Pump : A device that increases the pressure on a fluid or raises it to a higher
level.
Pump : A device that moves oil or grease into a system (in gallons per
minute).
Pump Capacity: The gallons per minute that a pump puts out.
Pump down : The act of using a compressor or a pump to reduce the
pressure in a container or a system.
Pump mix: A type of dough used in sealing glass in the sash, filling small
holes and crevices in wood, and for similar purposes.
Pump mix: Special concrete that will be used in a concrete pump. Generally,
the mix has smaller rock aggregate than regular mix.
Pump Room Master: Controller which monitors the difference in feed water
header and steam header pressures at all times and makes changes in pump
output to maintain the feed water pressure at 150 psi greater than the steam
pressure at all times.
Pump Select Button: Push buttons on the hydraulic systems and the morgoil
system control panels that must be pressed to determine if a pump is in off,
on or stand by mode.
Pump, positive displacement : A pump that moves a measured quantity of
fluid with each stroke of a piston or each revolution of vanes or gears.
Pump, rotary : A pump that moves fluid by positive displacement, using a
system of rotating vanes, gears, or lobes.
Pumpability: See mobility.
Pump-discharge pressure : The point of highest pressure in a re-circulating
water system which is at the discharge side of the re-circulating pump.
Punch: A shearing operation to remove a section of metal as outlined by the
inner parting line in a blocked or finished forging: the operation is generally
performed on a trim press using a punch die. A tool used in punching holes in
metal. The movable die in a press or forging machine.
Punch: A shearing operation to remove a section of metal as outlined by the
inner parting line in a blocked or finished forging: the operation is generally
performed on a trim press using a punch die. A tool used in punching holes in
metal. The moveable die in a press or forging machine.
Punch list: Poly Vinyl Chloride-A type of white or light gray plastic pipe
sometimes used for water supply lines and waste pipe.
Punch list: A list of discrepancies that need to be corrected by the contractor.
Punch out: Q
Punch out: To inspect and make a discrepancy list.
Punch Out Hot Metal: Hot metal as a result of “punching” the trough at the
end of the cast in the BF. It is also categorized as draining the trough. It can
occur during switching the cast(s) through the taphole(s) and during the
delays in the BF. The punch out hot metal in the Hot Metal Cars contain
relatively more BF slag than a normal cast.
Punch Out Hot Metal: Hot metal as a result of “punching” the trough at the
end of the cast in the BF. It is also categorized as draining the trough. It can
occur during switching the cast(s) through the taphole(s) and during the
delays in the BF. The punch out hot metal in the Hot Metal Cars contain
relatively more BF slag than a normal cast.
Punch Out Hot Metal: Hot metal as a result of “punching” the trough at the
end of the cast in the BF. It is also categorized as draining the trough. It can
occur during switching the cast(s) through the taphole(s) and during the
delays in the BF. The punch out hot metal in the Hot Metal Cars contain
relatively more BF slag than a normal cast.
Punch Press: (1) In general, any mechanical press. (2) In particular, an
endwheel gap-frame press with a fixed bed, used in piercing.
Punch Radius: The radius on the end of the punch that first contacts the
work, sometimes called nose radius.
Punching: (1) The die shearing of a closed contour in which the sheared out
sheet metal part is scrap. (2) Producing a hole by die shearing, in which the
shape of the hole is controlled by the shape of the punch and its mating die.
Multiple punching of small holes is called perforating. See also piercing.
Punching: Shearing holes in sheet metal with punch and die.
Punchout Machines: A machine used to force the entire sand and casting
contents from the molding box in one motion, without the use of vibration.
Punchout Machines: A machine used to force the entire sand and casting
contents from the molding box in one motion, without the use of vibration.
Pup Coil: A small coil weighing on the average from 1,500 to 6,000 pounds.
These coils usually contain defects that are unacceptable to the average
customer.
Pup Coil: A small coil weighing on the average from 1500 to 6000 pounds.
These coils usually contain defects that are unacceptable to the average
customer.
Pupa: stage of a life cycle between larva and adult
Purging : Releasing compressed gas to atmosphere through some part or
parts for the purpose of removing contaminants from that part or parts.
Purging : Elimination of air and other undesirable gases from furnaces or
heating boxes.
Purging Steam: Low-pressure steam used to purge a line or manifold.
Purging Steam: Low pressure steam used to purge a line or manifold.
Purging valves : Devices used to remove non-condensable gases from the
refrigeration system.
Purifier Tank: A vessel containing a baffle or separator through which
steam, produced by the boiler continuous blowdown flash process, is fed. The
purifier separates unwanted carryover, such as dirt or excess moisture, from
the steam before it is returned to the system.
Purifier Tank: A vessel containing a baffle or separator through which
steam, produced by the boiler continuous blow down flash process, is fed.
The purifier separates unwanted carryover, such as dirt or excess moisture,
from the steam before it is returned to the system.
Purlin: Usually a cold-formed horizontal structural member attached
perpendicular to the joist top chord or main frames of a building for support
of the roof deck.
Purlin: A horizontal structural member which supports a sloping roof
covering, with or without rafters, and which carries the roof loads to the
primary framing members. (Fr., panne, f).
Push Bench: Equipment used for drawing moderately heavy-gage tubes by
cupping sheet metal and forcing it through a die by pressure exerted agaist
the inside bottom of the cup.
Push Buttons: A push button is a component used to provide a contact
interface between a human user and an electrical or mechanical device. Push
buttons typically include words, symbols, and/or colors to help portray the
action controlled by the button.
Push Welding: Spot or projection welding in which the force is applied
manually to one electrode, and the work or backing plate takes the place of
the other electrode.
Pushbutton Station: An electrical bridge crane control device, consisting of
pushbutton operated contacts, used by the operator for the bridge crane
control of the powered motions of the crane, hoist and other auxiliary
equipment.
Pusher Furnace: A type of continuous furnace in which parts to be heated
are periodically charged into the furnace in containers which are pushed
along the hearth against a line of previously charged containers thus
advancing the containers toward the discharge end of the furnace, where they
are removed.
Pusher Furnace: A type of continuous furnace in which parts to be heated
are periodically charged into the furnace in containers, which are pushed
along the hearth against a line of previously charged containers thus
advancing the containers toward the discharge end of the furnace, where they
are removed.
Put: An option, but not an obligation to sell. Nonferrous metal producers
often buy puts to lock in a price for their metal. It is akin to a price insurance
policy. For example, if a producer uses put options to lock in a price of 90
cents per pound and the price falls to 85 cents per pound, he would continue
to make 90 cents per pound (See Options and Call).
Putlog or putlock: A horizontal scaffold member one end of which is built
into the wall. Putlog scaffolds are not much used these days because they can
be dangerous, and because the hole in the wall has to be repaired when the
scaffold is taken down.
Putty: A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor or wall.
Generally 6" X 6" X 1/4" thick .
Putty: A ‘mastic’ formed by binding whiting with linseed oil.
Putty: A type of dough used in sealing glass in the sash, filling small holes
and crevices in wood, and for similar purposes.
Pvc (polyvinyl chloride): A widely used plastic - the main uses include
water pipes, waste pipes and floor covering.
PVC Coating: PVC is an abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride plastic, a
material used to coat stainless steels. The heavy plastic ranges from 0.001 to
0.006 inches thick, normally has a dye in it to color it (white or black) and
one side has a contact adhesive coating. Customers use it to protect the
surface of the stainless while they are doing manufacturing operations on it
and then peel it off after they are finished with those operations. PVC should
not be allowed to remain on the stainless for extended periods of time,
especially in sunlight, as it will adhere to the stainless more and more tightly
as time goes on and can, in extreme cases, be virtually impossible to remove.
PVC Electrical Tape: PVC electrical tape is a soft, flexible plastic tape
made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is an insulating material, making
it ideal for use in electrical applications.
PVC Extrusion: An extrusion is a component fabricated with a
manufacturing process in which a material such as plastic, such as PVC, or a
soft metal is pulled through a die. The extrusion process results in long pieces
of material with a constant cross-sectional shape.
Pvc or cpvc: A small trim molding that has the cross section of a quarter
circle.
Pvc or cpvc: Poly Vinyl Chloride-A type of white or light gray plastic pipe
sometimes used for water supply lines and waste pipe.
Pycnometer: A device for measuring densities of liquids.
Pyramidal Plane: In noncubic crystals, any plane that intersects all three
axes.
Pyrolysis: Chemical decomposition by the action of heat.
Pyrometallurgy: Metallurgy that depends on the action of heat, as elting.
Pyrometallurgy: Chemical metallurgical process dependent upon heat.
Pyrometallurgy: Chemical metallurgical process dependent upon heat.
Pyrometer: A device for recording high temperatures that uses a
thermocouple or an infrared pyrometer to measure invisible light emitted by
the hot object.
Pyrometer: An instrument of any of various types used for measuring
temperatures.
Pyrometer : A device for measuring temperatures above the range of liquid
thermometers.
Pyrometric Cone: A slender trihedral pyramid made of a mixture of
minerals similar in composition to that of a clay or other refractory being
tested. Each cone is assigned a number indicating its fusion temperature.
Pyrometric Cone: A slender trihedral pyramid made of a mixture of
minerals similar in composition to that of a clay or other refractory being
tested. Each cone is assigned a number indicating its fusion temperature.
Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE): The number of that Standard
Pyrometric Cone whose tip would touch the supporting plaque
simultaneously with a cone of the refractory material being investigated when
tested in accordance with ASTM Test Method C24, Test Method for
Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (PCE) of Refractory Materials.
Pyrometric Cone Equivalent (Pce): An index of refractoriness obtained by
heating on a time temperature schedule a cone of the sample material and a
series of standardized pyrometric cones of increasing refractoriness.
Pyrometry: A method of measuring temperature with any type of
temperature indicating instruments.
Pyropboric Powder: A powder whose particles self-ignite and bum when
exposed to oxygen or air.
Q Bop: Modified Basic Oxygen Furnace in which the oxygen and other
gases are blown in from the bottom, rather than from the top. While the Q
BOP stirs the metal bath more vigorously, allowing for faster processing, the
design produces essentially the same steel grades as the top blowing basic
oxygen furnace. Today's state of the art furnace design combines the previous
technologies: 60% of the oxygen is blown from above, with the rest blown
through the bottom of the vessel.
Q&cr: Quality and Certification Requirements.
Qa: Quality Assurance.
Q-Bop: Modified basic oxygen furnace in which the oxygen and other gases
are blown in from the bottom, rather than from the top. While the Q-bop stirs
the metal bath more vigorously, allowing for faster processing, the design
produces essentially the same steel grades as the top-blowing basic oxygen
furnace. Today's state-of-the-art furnace design combines the previous
technologies: 60% of the oxygen is blown from above, with the rest blown
through the bottom of the vessel.
Qc: Quality Control.
Qdr: magnetic bearing from the station.
Qfe: atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation. With its sub-scale set to
the aerodrome QFE an altimeter will indicate height above that airfield.
Qfu: magnetic orientation of runway in use.
Qne: reading in feet on an altimeter set to 1013.2 millibars (standard
pressure) when the aircraft is at aerodrome elevation.
Qnh: altitude above mean sea level based on local station pressure.
Qod: Quick Opening Device.
Qov: Quick Opening Valve.
Qsr: Quality Surveillance Report.
Qte: true line of position from a direction-finding station.
Quad: Moulding having a profile of a quarter of a circle.
Quadrant: A quarter of a circle. The name is also used for various things in
this shape, such as a timber moulding, a corner kerbstone, or a historic
navigational instrument.
Qualification : Qualification the formal recognition of a specified learning
achievement, usually awarded on successful completion of a programme.
Qualification Trials: The testing required for a new process adopted to make
certain grades of steel with exacting end uses. In order for the process to
become qualified, the steel made by the process must be tested.
Qualification Trials: The testing required for a new process adopted to make
certain grades of steel with exacting end uses. In order for the process to
become qualified, the steel made by the process must be tested.
Quality: Refers to the suitableness of the steel for the purpose or purposes
for which it is intended.
Quality: Refers to the suitability and integrity of the steel for the purpose or
purposes for which it is intended
Quality : Weight fraction of the vapor in a vapor-liquid mixture.
Quantitative Metallography: Determination of specific characteristics of a
microstructure by quantitative measurements on micrographs or
metallographic images. Quantities so measured include volume concentration
of phases, grain size, particle size, mean free path between like particles or
secondary phases, and surface-area-to-volume ratio of microconstituents,
particles or grains.
Quarry : An open pit from which building stone, sand, gravel, mineral, or
fill, can be obtained.
Quarry tile: A measure of a materials resistance to the passage of heat. New
homewalls are usually insulated with 4" of batt insulation with an R value of
R-13, and a ceiling insulation of R-30.
Quarry tile: A man-made or machine-made clay tile used to finish a floor or
wall. Generally 6″ X 6″ X 1/4″ thick .
Quarter Buckle: See ?Buckle, Quarter.?
Quarter Hard (No. 3 Temper): 1. In low-carbon cold rolled strip steel, a
medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after
annealing. 2. In brass mill terminology, quarter hard is one B and S number
hard or 10.95% reduction. 3. In stainless steel terminology, tempers are based
on minimum tensile, or yield strength. For chromium-nickel grades, quarter
hard temper is 125,000 tensile strength, 75,000 yield strength min.
Quarter Hard (No. 3 Temper): (A) In low carbon cold rolled strip steel, a
medium soft temper produced by a limited amount of cold rolling after
annealing. (B) In brass mill terminology. Quarter hard is one B and S number
hard or 10.95% reduction. (C) In stainless steel terminology tempers are
based on minimum tensile, or yield strength. For Chromium Nickel grades
Quarter Hard Temper is 125,000 T. S., 75,000 Y.S. min.
Quarter Hard Temper: Cold rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness
range of 60 to 75 on the B scale. Product of this temper is intended for
limited bending and cold forming and can be bent 90° in the rolling direction
and 180° across the rolling direction over its own thickness.
Quarter Hard Temper: Cold Rolled steel produced to a Rockwell hardness
range of 60 to 75 on the B scale. Product of this temper is intended for
limited bending and cold forming and can be bent 90 degrees in the rolling
direction and 180 degrees across the rolling direction over its own thickness.
Quarter round: A measure of insulation. A measure of a materials resistance
to the passage of heat. The higher the R value, the more insulating "power" it
has. For example, typical new home's walls are usually insulated with 4" of
batt insulation with an R value of R-13, and a ceiling insulation of R-30.
Quarter round: A small trim molding that has the cross section of a quarter
circle.
Quarto Plate: Quarto plate is hot rolled from slab. Desired thickness is
achieved by passing the slab back and forth through the mill (a four-high,
hence "quarto", reversing mill). This distinguishes it from plate rolled on a
multiple stand (tandem) mill without reversing direction (continuously
produced plate, CPP). Quarto plate mills tend to be dedicated to plate rolling,
and can achieve a wider, thicker product than on a tandem mill. It ranges
from 5-400mm thick (though usually up to 150mm), can exceed 5,000mm
wide and be as much as 35m long. A single quarto plate can weigh 35t or
more. Depending on steel grade – and the term applies to carbon, alloy and
stainless – applications include shipbuilding, pressure vessels/boilers,
offshore structures, large oil/gas pipe, construction/mining plant, railway
stock, and engineering molds/dies.
Quartz: A form of silica occurring in hexagonal crystals which are
commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown,
purple, green, etc. It is the most common of all solid minerals. (see Silica)
Quartz: A form of silica occurring in hexagonal crystals which are
commonly colorless and transparent, but sometimes also yellow, brown,
purple, green, etc. It is the most common of all solid minerals. See also Silica
Quartzite: A compact granular rock composed of quartz. It is a
metamorphosed sandstone, and siliceous cement is often so blended with the
quartz grains as to give the rock a nearly homogeneous texture. Primary
material in silica brick.
Quartzite: A compact granular rock composed of quartz. It is a
metamorphosed sandstone, and siliceous cement is often so blended with the
quartz grains as to give the rock a nearly homogeneous texture. Primary
materiel in silica brick.
Quasi-binary Fracture: A fracture mode that combines the characteristics of
cleavage fracture and dimple fracture. An intermediate type of fracture found
in certain high-strength metals.
Quasi-binary System: In a ternary or higher-order system, a linear
composition series between two substances each of which exhibits congruent
melting wherein all equilibria, at all temperatures or pressures, involve only
phases having compositions occuring in the linear series, so that the series
may be represented as a binary on a phase diagram.
Quasi-judicial: A term used to describe the actions of an entity that is not
part of the judiciary, but functions like the courts.
Queen post truss: A truss with two posts directly supporting the purlins.
Quench Aging: Aging that occurs after quenching following solution heat
treatment.
Quench Aging: Aging that occurs after quenching following solution heat
treatment.
Quench Annealing: Annealing an austenitic ferrous alloy by solution heat
treatment followed by rapid quenching.
Quench Crack: A crack resulting from thermal stress induced during rapid
cooling or quenching, or from stresses induced by delayed transformations
some time after the article has been fully quenched.
Quench Cracks: Cracks formed in a steel part during or after quenching that
result from high stress in cooling.
Quench Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable
composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling
at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually
involves the formation of martensite.
Quench Hardening: A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of suitable
composition by heating within or above the transformation range and cooling
at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process usually
involves the formation of martensite.
Quench Hardening (Steel): A process of hardening a ferrous alloy of
suitable composition by heating within or above the transformation range and
cooling at a rate sufficient to increase the hardness substantially. The process
usually involves the formation of martensite.
Quench Oils: Paraffin oils with high flash points, usually exhibiting
excellent oxidation and thermal stability, suitable for either tempering or
martempering. Testing methods include ASTM D 3520, an older quench
speed test, and a newer computer-recorded Diacpot test that gives
quantitatively more information about the quenching process.
Quench Severity: The quench severity is characterized by the H value and
relates to the rate of temperature change during quenching.
Quench Severity: The quench severity is characterized by the H value and
relates to the rate of temperature change during quenching.
Quench Tank: Tank of water used to quickly cool the strip before it reaches
the delivery end of the line.
Quench Tank: 1) Tank of water used to quickly cool the strip before it
reaches the delivery end of the line. 2) The water bath which is used to cool
the steel strip after it has been annealed on CA line or reflowed on the Tin
plater.
Quench-Age Embrittlement: Embrittlement of low-carbon steel evidenced
by a loss of ductility on aging at room temperature following rapid cooling
from a temperature below the lower critical temperature.
Quenched and Tempered Steel: This is a complex process to describe fully
because it involves fundamental changes to metallurgical structure. But in
outline, preheated steel is rapidly cooled (quenched), increasing its hardness
and brittleness. It is then reheated (usually to between 400-600°C) resulting
in reduced brittleness but greater toughness and the desired ductility. Control
of time and temperature during tempering is critical, and is specific to each
grade of steel treated. Quenching and tempering is used both on flat and long
products. It is, for example, applied to bar used for manufacturing fasteners
like bolts, or when making wire for automotive engine valve springs. In flat
products, the high-strength structural and wear resistance plate achievable
with this process would typically go into mining equipment.
Quencher Water: Water that keeps boiler duct work cool.
Quencher Water: Water that keeps boiler duct work cool.
Quenching: A process of rapid cooling from an elevated temperature by
contact with liquids, gases or solids.
Quenching: In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly
in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by
immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper base alloys,
quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling.
Quenching: Rapid cooling of metals (often steels) from a suitable elevated
temperature. This generally is accomplished by immersion in water, oil,
polymer solution or salt although forced air is sometimes used.
Quenching: The process of rapidly cooling the steel from a temperature
above the critical temperature.
Quenching : rapid cooling by dipping galvanized steel in a tank filled with a
liquid solution; usually water or a dilute chromate or phosphate solution
Quick Disconnect: A mechanical device that may be engaged or dis engaged
to attach two fluid passages. Typically, disengagement is possible by manual
means.
Quick Return: A mechanism on some machine tools that provide rapid
movement of the ram or table on the return stroke of the machine.
Quick Return: A mechanism on some machine tools that provide rapid
movement of the ram or table on the return or onointing stroke of the
machine.
Quicklime : Unslaked lime (calcium oxide).
Quj: true bearing
Quoin: The external corner where two brick walls meet.
R & O Oils: Oils with rust and oxidation inhibitors, usually applied to highly
refined circulating oils used for long term service, as in compressors,
hydraulic systems and turbines.
R Enamel: An unpigmented enamel used to increase resistance to corrosion,
or decrease bleaching effect of tinplate on food can interiors.
R Enamel: An unpigmented enamel used to increase resistance to corrosion,
or decrease bleaching effect of tinplate on food can interiors.
R factor or value: A rectangular longitudinal groove cut in the corner edge
of a board or plank.
R factor or value: A measure of a materials resistance to the passage of heat.
New homewalls are usually insulated with 4″ of batt insulation with an R
value of R-13, and a ceiling insulation of R-30.
R value: A method of heating, usually consisting of a forced hot water
system with pipes placed in the floor, wall, or ceiling. Also electrically heated
panels.
R value: A measure of insulation. A measure of a materials resistance to the
passage of heat. The higher the R value, the more insulating “power” it has.
For example, typical new home’s walls are usually insulated with 4″ of batt
insulation with an R value of R-13, and a ceiling insulation of R-30.
R/w: abbreviation – right of way
R1 Valves: Double gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the
vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
R1-Valves: Double-gated valves that allow particulate to drop out of the
vacuum gas stream with minimal air loss.
Ra: Chemical symbol for radium.
Ra: Chemical symbol for Radium
RA & RMS: RMS (root mean square) is the measure of the surface texture
of a material. Texture is a deviation of the actual surface profile from the
nominal surface, including roughness and waviness. RA has replaced RMS as
the US standard because it averages important detail needed to analyze
complex engineering surface.
Rabbet-: Energy transmitted from a heat source to the air around it.
Radiators actually depend more on convection than radiation.
Rabbet-: A rectangular longitudinal groove cut in the corner edge of a board
or plank.
Rabbit Ear: Recess in the comer of a metalforming die to allow for
wrinkling or folding of the blank.
Rabbles: Rakes for rabbling. Usually made of wood.
Rabbling: A raking or stirring operation performed on a charge of ore or
semimolten metal either by hand or mechanically.
Raceway : Any support system, open or closed, for carrying electric wires.
Rack : An array of gears spaced on a straight bar.
Rack (Gears): A gear with teeth spaced along a straight line and suitable for
straight line motion.
Rack and Pinion Gear (Gears): A power-transmitting unit that changes
linear or reciprocal movement to rotary motion when the rack gear is the
driving member and vice versa when the pinion gear is the driving member.
Racking: A tem used to describe the placing of metal parts to be heat treated
on a rack or tray. This is done to keep parts in a proper position to avoid heat-
related distortions and to keep the parts separated.
Racking : the process of arranging articles on a rack in order to transport
them more efficiently through the galvanizing process
Radial: line from a VOR or NDB. For example, the 180 radial from a VOR
represents a line south of that VOR.
Radial: In a direction directly outward from the center of a circle or sphere or
from the axis of a cylinder. The spokes of a wheel, for example, are radial.
Radial : In a direction directly outward from the center of a circle or sphere
or from the axis of a cylinder. The spokes of a wheel, for example, are radial.
Radial Draw Forming: The forming of sheet metals by the simultaneous
application of tangential stretch and radial compression forces. The operation
is done gradually by tangential contact with the die member. This type of
forming is characterized by very close dimensional control.
Radial Forging: A process using two or more moving anvils or dies foc
producing shafts with constant or varying diameters along their length or
tubes with internal or external variations. Often incorrectly referred to as
rotary forging.
Radial Load Bearing: Bearing in which the load acts in a radial direction
with respect to the axis of rotation.
Radial Marks: Lines on a fracture surface that radiate from the fracture
origin and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. Radial
marks result from the intersection and connection of brittle fractures
propagating at different levels. Also known as shear ledges. See also chevron
pattern. (see Chevron Pattern)
Radial Ring Rolling Mill (RW): A type of ring forging equipment for
producing seamless rolled rings by controlling only the outside and inside
diameters.
Radial Roll: (see Main Roll) (see King Roll)
Radial Roll: (main roll, king roll)
Radial Rolling Force: The action produced by the horizontal pressing force
of the rolling mandrel acting against the ring and the main roll. Usually
expressed in metric tons.
Radiant Heat: Heat communicated by radiation and transmitted by
electromagnetic waves.
Radiant heating: A naturally-occurring, heavier than air, radioactive gas
common in many parts of the country. Radon gas exposure is associated with
lung cancer. Mitigation measures may involve crawl space and basement
venting and various forms of vapor barriers.
Radiant heating: A method of heating, usually consisting of a forced hot
water system with pipes placed in the floor, wall, or ceiling. Also electrically
heated panels.
Radiant heating : Heating system in which warm or hot surfaces are used to
radiate heat into the space to be conditioned.
Radiant Tube: Tubular heating elements open at one or multiple ends. Each
tube has an inlet burner arrangement where combustion is initiated, a suitable
length where combustion occurs, and an outlet for the products of
combustion.
Radiant Tube Annealing Box: A box which is heated, inside, by means of
tubes in which gas is burned; the hot tubes radiate their heat to the covered
pile of metal, standing on the base of the box. Usually a protective
atmosphere is maintained in the box to protect the metal from oxidation.
Radiation: A ventilation system beneath the floor of a basement and/or
structural wood floor and designed to fan exhaust radon gas to the outside of
the home
Radiation: Energy transmitted from a heat source to the air around it.
Radiators actually depend more on convection than radiation.
Radiation : Transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves.
Radiation Area: Any part of an installation accessible to employees in
which there exists a radiation level of 7.5 millirem in any one hour over 150
millirem in any seven consecutive days.
Radiation Area: Any part of an installation accessible to employees in
which there exists a radiation level of 7.5 millirem in any one hour over 150
millirem in any seven consecutive days.
Radiation Damage: A general term for the alteration of properties of a
material arising from exposure to ionizing radiation (penetrating radiation),
such as x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, heavy-particle radiation or fission
fragments in nuclear fuel material. See also neutron embrittlement. (see
Neutron Embrittlement)
Radiation Hazard: Any situation where persons might be exposed to
radiation in excess of the maximum permissible dose.
Radiation, Direct: All radiation coming from within an x-ray tube and tube
housing except the useful beam.
Radio Bridge Crane Controlled: A unit operated from a radio transmitter
located at a point not mechanically attached to the device being Bridge Crane
Controlled.
Radioactive Element: An element that has at least one isotope that
undergoes spontaneous nuclear disintegration to emit positive alpha particles,
negative beta particles or gamma rays.
Radioactive Isotopes: Varieties of an element possessing the same chemical
characteristics but emitting detectable radiations by means of which they can
be identified and traced.
Radioactive Isotopes: Varieties of an element possessing the same chemical
characteristics but emitting detectable radiation's by means of which they can
be identified and traced.
Radioactive Material: Any compound or element which may emit any or all
of the following: alpha and beta particles, electrons, protons, neutrons and
gamma and all other emissions which produce ionization directly or
indirectly.
Radioactive Material: Any compound or element which may emit any or all
of the following: alpha and beta particles, electrons, photons neutrons and
gamma and all other emissions which produce ionization directly or
indirectly.
Radioactivity: (1) The property of the nuclei of some isotopes to
spontaneously decay (lose energy). Usual mechanisms are emission of alpah,
beta or other particles and splitting (fissioning). Gamma rays arc frequently,
but not always, given off in the process. (2) A particular component from a
radioactive source, such as beta radioactivity.
Radiograph: A photographic shadow image resulting from uneven
absorption of penetrating radiation in a test object.
Radiography: A non-destructive method of internal examination in which
metal objects are exposed to a beam of x-ray or gamma radiation. Differences
in thickness, density or absorption, caused by internal defects or inclusions,
are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen or on
photographic film placed behind the object.
Radiography: A nondestructive method of internal examination in which
metal objects are exposed to a beam of X ray or gamma radiation.
Differences in thickness, density or absorption, caused by internal defects or
inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen or
on photographic film placed behind the object.
Radium: A radioactive element with the chemical symbol Ra; radium and its
salts are used in gamma-ray radiography because of their radioactivity.
Melting point is 700°C (1,292°F).
Radium: A radioactive element which the chemical symbol Ra; radium and
its salts are used in gamma ray radiography because of their radioactivity.
Melting point is 700 B0C (1292 B0F).
Radius: The distance from the center of a circle to its circumference
(outside).
Radius of Bend: The radius of the cylindrical surface of the pin or mandrel
that comes in contact with the inside surface of the bend during bending. In
the case of free or semiguided bends to 180" in which a shim or block is used,
the radius of bend is one-half the thickness of the shim or block.
Radius of gyration (r): Is the distance from the neutral axis of a section to
an imaginary point at which the whole area of the section could be
concentrated and still have the same moment of inertia.
Radon: Lumber used to support the roof sheeting and roof loads. Generally,
2 X 10's and 2 X 12's are used. The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called
roof joists.
Radon: A naturally-occurring, heavier than air, radioactive gas common in
many parts of the country. Radon gas exposure is associated with lung
cancer. Mitigation measures may involve crawl space and basement venting
and various forms of vapor barriers.
Radon system: A rafter that forms the intersection of an external roof angle.
Radon system: A ventilation system beneath the floor of a basement and/or
structural wood floor and designed to fan exhaust radon gas to the outside of
the home
Raf: Royal Air Force. Is also used as a prefix for a Royal Air Force base (for
example RAF Mildenhall)
Rafter: A rafter that forms the intersection of an internal roof angle. The
valley rafter is normally made of double 2-inch-thick members.
Rafter: The main beam supporting a roof system or a sloping roof framing
member.
Rafter: Lumber used to support the roof sheeting and roof loads. Generally,
2 X 10’s and 2 X 12’s are used. The rafters of a flat roof are sometimes called
roof joists.
Rafter: Sloping structural member supporting a roof. (Fr. chevron, m).
Rafter (common): In roof construction, a timber framing member providing
the principal support for the roofing material
Rafter, hip: Cross members of panel doors or of a sash. Also, a wall or open
balustrade placed at the edge of a staircase, walkway bridge, or elevated
surface to prevent people from falling off. Any relatively lightweight
horizontal element, especially those found in fences (split rail).
Rafter, hip: A rafter that forms the intersection of an external roof angle.
Rafter, valley: Black, tar and preservative impregnated, 6" X 8" and 6'-8'
long wooden timber that was used to hold railroad track in place. Normally
used as a member of a retaining wall.
Rafter, valley: A rafter that forms the intersection of an internal roof angle.
The valley rafter is normally made of double 2-inch-thick members.
Rag Layer: The layer that forms at the interface when oil and water are
seperated by gravity. A mixture of solids, oil and water, it looks like sludge.
Ragged Edges: Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged
or burred or otherwise disfigured.
Ragged Edges: Edges of Sheet or Strip which are torn, split, cracked, ragged
or burred or otherwise disfigured.
Rail: The vertical face of the sloping end of a roof eave.
Rail: Cross members of panel doors or of a sash. Also, a wall or open
balustrade placed at the edge of a staircase, walkway bridge, or elevated
surface to prevent people from falling off. Any relatively lightweight
horizontal element, especially those found in fences (split rail).
Rail Sweep: A device attached to the crane and located in front of the crane’s
leading wheels to push aside loose obstructions.
Rail, Bridge: The track supported by the bridge girder(s), on which the
trolley travels.
Rail, Runway: The track supported by the runway beams, on which the
crane travels.
Railroad tie: The practice of installing lap siding diagonally
Railroad tie: Black, tar and preservative impregnated, 6″ X 8″ and 6′-8′ long
wooden timber that was used to hold railroad track in place. Normally used
as a member of a retaining wall.
Rails: Hot rolled Rail Sections obtained upon hot rolling of blooms/billets.
Used in rail ways/tram ways, on which rail/tram moves.
Rake: Concrete mixed at a plant or in trucks en route to a job and delivered
ready for placement.
Rake: The edge of a roof which intersects the gable part of a roof.
Rake: The vertical face of the sloping end of a roof eave.
Rake: That surface of a cutting tool against which the chips bear while being
severed. If this surface is less than 90 inches from the surface being cut, the
rake is positive. If more, the rake is negative.
Rake: That surface of a cutting tool against which the chips bear while beign
severed. If this surface is less than 90? from the surface being cut, the rake is
positive. If more, the rake is negative.
Rake fascia: Slope or slanted.
Rake fascia: The practice of installing lap siding diagonally
Rake siding: A single story, one level home.
Rake siding: Slope or slanted.
Ram: The moving or falling part of a drop hammer or press to which one of
the dies is attached; sometimes applied to the upper flat die of a steam
hammer.
Ram air : Air forced through the condenser due to the rapid movement of
steam from the turbine exit.
Ramming: Packing sand in a mold by raising and dropping the sand, pattern,
flask on a table. Jolt squeezers, jarring machines, and jolt rammers are
machines using this principle.
Ramming Mix: A refractory material, usually tempered with water, that
cannot be extruded but that has suitable properties to permit ramming into
place to form a monolithic structure.
Ramp: The rate of change of a specific output, such as the ramp of a pressure
compensator.
Ramp : (1) A steeply sloping road or floor. Intersecting highways at a
highway separation steeply than the usual gradient.
Ramp Module: An electronic device that controls the rate of rise of a servo
or proportional valve by using capacitors to limit the rate of voltage or
current change to the servo or proportional valve.
Ranch: -Ribbed steel bars installed in foundation concrete walls, footers, and
poured in place concrete structures designed to strengthen concrete. Comes in
various thickness' and strength grade.
Ranch: A single story, one level home.
Rancidity: Biodegradation of fats or fluids causing an unpleasant odor.
Random sample : A sample selected without bias so that each part has an
equal chance of inclusion.
Random Sequence: A longitudinal welding sequence wherein the weld-bead
increments are deposited at random to minimize distortion.
Range: The difference between the highest and lowest values of a
measurable attribute of the output of a process.
Range indication/statement : Required extent or limitations on expected
performance stated in terms of situations and circumstances in which
outcomes are to be demonstrated.
Range of Stress: The algebraic difference between the maximum and
minimum stress in one cycle.
Rankine scale : Name given the absolute (Fahrenheit) scale. Zero (0) R on
this scale is -460°F.
Rankine temperature : Degrees Fahrenheit plus 491.60.
Rankine theory : For dry, cohesion less backfill soil behind retaining walls,
the Rankine theory is used to find the vertical and the horizontal (lateral)
pressure at any depth, H. The horizontal pressure depends on the coefficient
of earth pressure at rest, ko, which varies from 0.4 to 0.5 for unstamped sand.
Rapid hardening or high early strength cement : A Portland cement which
hardens more quickly than ordinary Portland cement and is more costly
because it is more finely ground.
Rapid Prototype Machining: Rapid prototype machining is the process of
using computer aided design (CAD) models and fast machining techniques to
quickly fabricate a component. Traditionally, rapid prototype machining has
been accomplished with additive methods, in which the product is divided
into a large number of thin slices in the CAD model and the part is fabricated
by depositing material in each thin layer. Stereolithography and 3D printing
are two common forms of additive manufacturing. With advances in
technology, rapid prototype machining is now being accomplished by highly
accurate CNC systems that deliver production quality components.
Rapid Solidification: The cooling or quenching of liquid (molten) metals at
rates that range from 10^4 to 108 °C/s.
Rapid Traverse: A lever-controlled, power-operated feature of some
machines that permits the rapid movement of the worktable from one position
to another.
Rapid Traverse: A lever controlled, power operated feature of some
machines that permits the rapid movement of the worktable from one position
to another.
Rapping: Knocking or jarring the pattern to loosen it from the sand in the
mold before withdrawing the pattern.
Rapping: Knocking or jarring the pattern to loosen it from the sand in the
mold before withdrawing the pattern.
Rapseed Oil: See vegetable oil.
Rapture membrane : A metal membrane (pressure relief device) designed to
rapture at a predetermined pressure.
Rare Earth (RE): Any of a group of 15 similar metals with atomic numbers
57 to 71. Also rare earth element, rare earth metal, lanthanide series,
uncommon metals, mischmetal.
Rare Earth (Re): Any of a group of 15 similar metals with atomic numbers
57 to 71. Also rare earth element, rare earth metal, lanthanide series,
uncommon metals, Mischmetal.
Rare Gases: Helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and radon.
Rare Gases: Helium, argon, neon, krypton, xenon and radon.
Ras: Rectified Airspeed. IAS corrected for instrument position error.
Raster To Vector Conversion: A raster object is a graphic comprised of an
array of pixels, or colored grid, with each element assigned a color. Raster
objects are often referred to as bitmaps. The conversion of raster objects to
vector objects is also referred to as vectorization and involves the conversion
of groups of pixels into points, lines, curves and polygons (filled shapes).
Raster to vector conversion is used in the process of scanning and converting
blueprints to CAD models.
Rat Tail: An expansion discontinuity in a sand casting, featured as a long,
narrow, linear depression, resulting from sand expansion and minor buckling
of the mold surface during filling of the mold.
Rat Tail: An expansion discontinuity in a sand casting, featured as a long,
narrow, linear depression, resulting from sand expansion and minor buckling
of the mold surface during filling of the mold.
Ratchet Marks: Lines or markings on a fatigue fracture surface that results
from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from
multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack
propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification.
Ratcheting: Progressive cyclic inelastic deformation (growth, for example)
that occurs when a component or structure is subjected to a cyclic secondary
stress superimposed on a sustained primary stress. The process is called
thermal ratcheting when cyclic strain is induced by cyclic changes in
temperature, and isothermal ratcheting when cyclic strain is mechanical in
origin (even though accompanied by cyclic changes in temperature).
Rate of Strain Hardening: Rate of change of true stress with respect to true
strain in the plastic range.
Rated Flow: The maximum flow that a manufacturer assigns to a specific
component as the maximum desirable flow at which the device will function
properly.Also the flow that a designer assigns to a system as the nominal
maximum flow.
Rated Load (Capacity): The maximum load designated by the manufacturer
for which a crane or individual hoist is designed and built.
Rated Pressure: The maximum pressure that a manufacturer assigns to a
specific component as the maximum desirable pressure at which the device
will function properly.
Ravelling or fretting : Progressive disintegration of a pavement surface
through the loss (Breaking away) of aggregate particles from a road surface
Ravine : Deep, narrow cliff or gorge in the earth surface.
Raw makeup water : Untreated water fed to a system to replace that lost.
Raw Water: Untreated river water.
Raw Water : Untreated river water.
Raw water : With water treatment it means untreated feedwater or water in
its natural state, prior to any treatment.
Rb: Chemical symbol for rubidium.
Rb: Chemical symbol for Rubidium
R-Bar: A test to measure the drawability of the steel in the longitudinal,
transverse and diagonal directions.
RCRA: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
RCS: Abbreviation for rigid container sheet.
Rcs: Abbreviation for Rigid Container Sheet
Rcsc (research council on structural connections): Abbreviation.
Rdo: Radio
Re: Chemical symbol for rhenium.
Re Pickle: Coil that will be reprocessed. Also Reclean, Reroll, and Reanneal.
Reach: distance that an excavator arm can extend.
Reach: a stream section with fairly homogenous characteristics
Reaction: The force or moment developed at the points of a support.
Reaction Sintering: The sintering of a metal powder mixture consisting of at
least two components that chemically react during the treatment.
Reactive Metal: A metal that readily combines with oxygen at elevated
temperatures to fonn very stable oxides, for example, titanium, zirconium and
beryllium. Reactive metals may also become embrittled by the interstitial
absorption of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
Reactive Power: The part of the electricity used by a motor or transformer
(or similar device) that is used to magnetize the iron. (You have to magnetize
the iron to create the magnetic field that makes the device work). (see
Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR))
Reactor: A vertical vessel containing a catalyst, which in service rearranges
the molecular structure and therefore changes the fractions in a process
system.
Reactor: A large inductor. Inductors have the characteristics of limiting
electrical power surges that would occur when a large amount of current
attempts to flow very quickly.
Readings: Readings taken from instruments and written on log sheet.
Ready mixed concrete: An electrical outlet. A typical household will have
many 120 volt receptacles for plugging in lams and appliances and 240 volt
receptacles for the range, clothes dryer, air conditioners, etc.
Ready mixed concrete: Concrete mixed at a plant or in trucks en route to a
job and delivered ready for placement.
Ready-mixed concrete: Mixed in a batching plant and delivered in ready-
mix trucks.
Reagent: A substance, chemical, or solution used in laboratory to detect,
measure, or react with other substances, chemicals or solutions.
Real Consumption: For any country or region, apparent consumption for
such country or region adjusted for inventory changes or stockists and end
users.
Real-time Radiography: A method of nondestructive inspection in which a
two-dimensional radiographic image can be immediately displayed in a
viewing screen of television monitor. This technique does not involve the
creation of a latent image; instead, the unabsorbed radiation is converted into
an optical or electronic signal which can be viewed immediatly or can be
processed in near real time with electronic and video equipment. See also
radiography.
Reaming: An operation in which a previously formed hole is sized and
contoured accurately by using a rotary cutting tool (reamer) with one or more
cutting elements (teeth). The principal support for the reamer during the
cutting action is obtained from the workpeice.
Reaming Line: The process of reaming two or more holes to bring them into
very accurate alignment.
Reaming, Line: The process of reaming two or more holes to bring them
into very accurate alignment.
Rearing habitat: places in a stream that provide food, resting places, and
shelter for young fish
Re-bar: ribbed steel bars of various sizes used to give concrete strength in
tension
Rebar : Refers to steel rods, which are put infootings and grade beams in a
concrete foundation.
Rebar (Reinforcing Bar): A steel bar, normally having surface
deformations, for use in reinforcing concrete.
Rebar, reinforcing bar: A charge for recording the transfer of a property,
paid to a city, county, or other appropriate branch of government.
Rebar, reinforcing bar: -Ribbed steel bars installed in foundation concrete
walls, footers, and poured in place concrete structures designed to strengthen
concrete. Comes in various thickness’ and strength grade.
Rebate: A step-shaped reduction cut along an edge or face or projecting
angle of wood.
Recalescence: An increase of temperature that occurs while cooling metal
through a range of temperatures in which changes in metal occur.
Recalescence: An increase of temperature that occurs while cooling metal
through a range of temperatures in which changes in metal occur.
Re-carbonation : A process using carbon dioxide gas to stabilize and
thereby prevent precipitation of calcium carbonate from cold process lime or
lime-soda softened water.
Recarburize: 1. To increase the carbon content of molten cast iron or steel
by adding carbonaceous material, high-carbon pig iron, or a high-carbon
alloy. 2. To carburize a metal part to return surface carbon lost in processing;
also known as carbon restoration.
Recarburizers: Material added to molten steel to increase its carbon content;
e.g., anthracite coal (slack) or hot metal.
Recarburizing: (1) Increasing the carbon content of molten cast iron or steel
by adding carbonaceous material, high carbon pig iron or a high carbon alloy.
(2) Carburizing a metal part to return surface carbon lost in processing.
Receiver: Someone who receives incoming signals and converts them to
perceptible forms.
Receiver : An auxiliary storage receptacle for fluids.
Receiver dehydrator : Small tank which serves as liquid refrigerants
reservoir and which also contains a desiccant so remove moisture. Used on
most automobile air conditioning installations.
Receiver heating element : Electrical resistance mounted in or around liquid
receiver. It is used to maintain head pressures when ambient temperature is
low.
Receiver-drier : Cylinder (container) in a refrigerating system for storing
liquid refrigerant and which also holds a quantity of desiccant.
Receiving Ladle: A ladle placed in front of the cupola into which all metal is
tapped. It acts as a mixer and reservoir and to smooth out metal flow to the
pouring area.
Receptacle: Blueprints that reflect changes and that are marked with red
pencil.
Receptacle: An electrical outlet. A typical household will have many 120
volt receptacles for plugging in lams and appliances and 240 volt receptacles
for the range, clothes dryer, air conditioners, etc.
Receptor site : A location chosen for analysis of airquality or noise. A
receptor site is
Recess: A groove or depression in a surface.
Recess: An internal groove.
Recessed pointing: Flat pointing set back from the surface of the bricks.
Reciprocal : A format defined by 1 divided by the complex number.
Reciprocating compressor : Compressor which uses a piston and cylinder
mechanism to provide pumping action.
Reciprocating Pump: Device designed to pump with a reciprocating motion,
similar to an engine piston.
Reciprocation: Back and forth straight line motion or oscillation.
Recirculating Line: Line that relieves the pressure between the feedwater
pump and the aerator tank.
Recirculating Line: Line that relieves the pressure between the feedwater
pump and the dearator tank.
Recirculating Water: Keeps water from dead-heading in feedwater pumps.
Recirculating Water: Keeps water from dead heading in feed water pumps.
Recording fee: A fitting with different size openings at either end and used
to go from a larger to a smaller pipe.
Recording fee: A charge for recording the transfer of a property, paid to a
city, county, or other appropriate branch of government.
Recording thermometer : Temperature measuring instrument which has a
pen marking a moving chart.
Recovery: The removal of residual stresses by localized plastic flow as the
result of low-temperature annealing operations; performed on cold worked
metals without altering the grain structure or strength properties
substantially.
Recovery Pump: A pump that carries water from the gland evacuation pump
to the condensate tank.
Recrystallization: The formation of new strain-free grains in a metal brought
about either by heating a cold worked metal, or by hot working a metal, or by
heating a metal through an allotropic change.
Recrystallization: A process whereby a distorted grain structure of cold
worked metals is replaced by a new, stress free grain structure as a result of
annealing above a specific minimum temperature for a specific time.
Recrystallization Annealing: Annealing cold worked metal to produce a
new grain structure without phase change.
Recrystallization Temperature: The approximate minimum temperature at
which complete recrystallization of a cold worked metal occurs within a
specified time.
Recrystallized Grain Size: (1) The grain size developed by heating cold-
worked metal. The time and temperature are selected so that, although
recrystallization is complete. Essentially no grain growth occurs (2) In
aluminum and magnesium alloys. The grain size after recrystallization,
without regard to grain growth or the recrystallized conditions. See also
recrystallization.
Rectangular hollow section: A structural steel component in the shape of a
steel tube with a rectangular cross section.
Rectangular Hollow Sections: Rectangular hollow sections (RHS) are
tubular products rolled from steel strip. They are made by first forming the
strip into a longitudinally welded tube before rolling through further mill
stands to change the shape to a rectangular, rather than circular, cross-section.
Also generically known as hollow structural sections (HSS), they are often
also made with a square cross-section. Rectangular hollow sections are
predominantly, though not exclusively made from carbon steels, and are
usually cold formed, rather than rolled with the steel preheated (hot formed).
A typical size range for cold formed RHS is 50-450mm x 25-250mm, with a
steel thickness of 2-15mm. Hot formed RHS can be produced with larger
sections and with a greater steel thickness. RHS have a wide range of
mechanical and structural applications in the engineering and constructions
sectors.
Rectifier : A device used to convert AC current into DC current.
Recuperator: A piece of equipment for recovering heat from hot spent gases
and using it for the preheating of incoming fuel or air. This is a continuous
operation, in which the incoming materials pass through pipes surrounded by
a chamber through which the outgoing gases pass.
Recuperator: Equipment for transferring heat from gaseous products of
combustion to incoming air or fuel. The incoming material passes through
pipes surrounded by a chamber through which the outgoing gases pass.
Recycling (pavement) : The re-use of existing pavement materials in a new
pavement structure.
Red Brass: A copper-zinc alloy containing approximately 85% copper, 15%
zinc, used for plumbing pipe, hardware, condenser tubes. Because of its
color, is used for vanity cases, coins, plaques, badges, etc. It is somewhat
stronger than commercial bronze and is hardened more rapidly by cold
working.
Red Brass: 85% Copper A copper zinc alloy containing approximately 15%
zinc, used for plumbing pipe, hardware, condenser tubes. Because of its
color, is used or vanity cases, coins, plaques, badges, etc. It is somewhat
stronger than commercial bronze and is hardened more rapidly by cold
working.
Red Hardness: A term sometimes associated with high-speed steel because
it has the property of retaining sufficient hardness for cutting metals even
when heated to a temperature high enough to cause a dull redness. The
tungsten content has a significant influence on this property.
Red Mud: A residue containing a high percentage of iron oxide, obtained in
purifying bauxite in the production of alumina in the Bayer process.
Red Rust: A reddish brittle coating of iron oxide which develops on an
uncoated or coated steel surface when oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with
iron.
Red Rust: A reddish brittle coating of iron oxide which develops on an
uncoated or coated steel surface when oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with
iron.
Red Shorness: Brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Red water : Water that has a red, cloudy appearance caused by suspended
red iron oxide.
Redd: a nest in the streambed in which salmon and trout lay their eggs; the
eggs incubate, then hatch in the gravel
Redline, red lined prints: Sheet material with one or both faces covered
with aluminum foil.
Redline, red lined prints: Blueprints that reflect changes and that are
marked with red pencil.
Redox Potential: This potential of a reversible oxidation-reduction electrode
measured with respect to a reference electrode, corrected to the hydrogen
electrode, in a given electrode.
Redox potential : A process designed to determine if a corrosion process
will occur.
Redraw Rod: This term is not recommended. The term ?Drawing Stock? is
preferred.
Redrawing: The second and successive deep-drawing operations in which
cup-likeshells are deepened and reduced in cross-sectional dimensions. See
also deep drawing.
Reduce (Reduction): To deoxidize or convert oxidized ores to metals.
Reduce : to remove oxygen from (a compound)
Reduced level: Elevation of a point relative to a given datum.
Reducer: A substance that remains a gas at low temperatures and pressure
and can be used to transfer heat. Freon is an example and is used in air
conditioning systems.
Reducer: A fitting with different size openings at either end and used to go
from a larger to a smaller pipe.
Reducing Agent: Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove the
oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute. In gas-based
processes, the iron ore is heated in a vessel as reformed natural gas passes
through. In coal-based processes, iron ore is combined with gasified or
ground coal and heated. The oxygen in the ore combines with carbon and
hydrogen in the gas or coal, producing reduced, or metallic, iron.
Reducing Agent: Either natural gas or coal can be used to remove the
oxygen from iron ore in order to produce a scrap substitute. In gas based
processes, the iron ore is heated in a vessel as reformed natural gas passes
through. In coal based processes, iron ore is combined with gasified or
ground coal and heated. The oxygen in the ore combines with carbon and
hydrogen in the gas or coal, producing reduced, or metallic, iron.
Reducing Atmosphere: (1) A furnace atmosphere that tends to remove
oxygen from substances or materials placed in the furnace. (2) A chemically
active protective atmosphere that at elevated temperature will reduce metal
oxides to their metallic state. Reducing atmosphere is a relative term and such
an atmosphere may be reducing to one oxide but not to another oxide.
Reducing elbow : A fitting that makes an angle between two joints of pipe
and that decreases in diameter from one end to the other.
Reducing Flame: A gas flame produced with excess fuel in the inner flame.
Reducing flange : A flange fitting used to join pipes of different diameters.
Reducing nipple : A pipe fitting that is threaded on both ends and decreases
in diameter from one end to the other.
Reducing Station: Manifolds on both the A.G.C. system and the C.V.C.
system that break down the pressure coming from the main pumps into the
pressures that the system requires. In the A.G.C. system the reducing station
splits the pump pressure into P1, P2 and P3 pressures. In the C.V.C. system,
the reducing station splits the pump pressure into P1, P2, P3 andP4 pressures.
Reducing tee : A "T"shaped pipe fitting with openings of two different sizes.
The relationship:
Reducing Valve: A valve that decreases the downstream pressure (at the
valve outlet) in order to control the flow and therefore the outlet pressure to
some preset level.Normally accomplished by balancing the outlet pressure
against a precision spring.
Reduction: Process in which oxygen in removed from a compound.
Reduction: Reduction is the addition of hydrogen, removal of oxygen, or the
addition of electrons to an element or compound.
Reduction : The removal of oxygen or addition of hydrogen.
Reduction Cell: A pot or tank in which either a water solution of a salt or a
fused salt is reduced electrolytically to form free metals or other substances.
Reduction Factor: Area in vs. area out.
Reduction of Area: (1) Commonly, the difference expressed as a percentage
of original area between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile test
specimen and the minimum crosssectional area measured after complete
separation. (2) The difference expressed as a percentage of original area,
between the original cross sectional area and that after straining of the
specimen.
Reduction Of Area: (1) Commonly, the difference, expressed as a
percentage of original area, between the original cross sectional area of a
tensile test specimen and the minimum cross sectional area measured after
complete separation. (2) The difference, expressed as a percentage of original
area, between original cross sectional area and that after straining the
specimen.
Reduction of Area (Contraction of Area): The difference in a tension
specimen, between the size of the original sectional area and that of the area
at the point of rupture. It is generally stated as the percentage of decrease of
cross-sectional area of a tension specimen after rupture.
Redundants: The reactions which are not necessary for static equilibrium.
Reed valve : Thin, flat, tempered steel plate fastened at one end.
Reel Breaks: Fractured base metal normally caused by poor leveling. It is
indicated by light kinks across the width of the winding coil.
Reel Breaks: Transverse breaks or ridges on successive inner laps of a coil
that results from crimping of the lead end of the coil into a gripping
segmented mandrel. Also called reel kinks.
Reel Breaks: Fractured base metal normally caused by poor leveling. It is
indicated by light kinks across the width of the winding coil.
Reel Digs: Especially on high-carbon steel, marks made by the hot mill reels.
These occur because the reels run faster than steel is coming off the line, it
actually puts “digs” in itself.
Reel Digs: Especially on high carbon steel, marks made by the Hot Mill
reels. These occur because the reels run faster than steel is coming off the
line, it actually puts digs in itself.
Reel Kinks: Damage on the strip in the core of a coil.
Reel Kinks: Damage on the strip in the core of a coil.
Reeving: The reeving of the hoist is the path of the rope between the hoist
and the load block. (a) double reeving two parts of line leading off of the
reeving of the hoist is the path of the rope between the hoist and the load
block (a) double reeving two parts of line leading off of the drum. (b) single
reeving one part of the line leading off of the drum. (b) single reeving one
part of the line leading off of the drum.
Reference Electrodes: A nonpolarizable electrode with a known and highly
reproducible potential used for potentiometric and voltammetric analyses.
See also calomel electrode. (see Calomel Electrode)
Reference Material: In materials characterization, a material of definite
composition that closely resembles in chemical and physical nature the
material with which an analyst expects to deal; used for calibration or
standardization.
Reference power plant designs: s pre-engineered power plant designs that
can be customized using innovative design software and integrated
collaboration tools.
Refined Aluminum: Aluminum of very high purity (99.950% or higher)
obtained by special metallurgical treatments.
Refined Aluminum: Aluminum of very high purity (99.950 percent or
higher) obtained by special metallurgical treatments.
Refining: A stage in the process of making crude steel, during which most
residual impurities are removed from the crude steel and additions of other
metals may be made before it is cast. (see Ladle Furnace)
Refining: (a) the removal of impurities and metallic oxides from the molten
bath by the reaction of the slag and other additions. (b) A heat treatment
process with the object of refining or making the grain size of the steel
uniform.
Refining Temperature: A temperature, usually just higher than the
transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the
structure—in particular, the grain size.
Refining Temperature: A temperature, usually just higher than the
transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the
structure in particular, the grain size.
Reflective crack : Crack in a pavement surface layer caused by the high
stresses from movements of a cracked underlying layer.
Reflective insulation: A grill placed over a heating duct or cold air return.
Reflective insulation: Sheet material with one or both faces covered with
aluminum foil.
Reflectivity: A measure of the optical properties or “brightness” of a metallic
surface expressed in terms of the percentage of the impinging illumination
that is reflected back from that surface.
Reflector Sheet: An Alclad product containing on one side a surface layer of
high-purity aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy of commercial-
purity aluminum or an aluminum-manganese alloy. The high-purity coating
imparts good polishing characteristics and the core gives adequate strength
and formability.
Reflector Sheet: An alclad product containing on one side a surface layer of
high purity aluminum superimposed on a core or base alloy of commercial
purity aluminum or an aluminum manganese alloy. The high purity coating
imparts good polishing characteristics and the core gives adequate strength
and formability.
Reflectoscope: An instrument for the ultrasonic testing of metals.
Reflectoscope: An instrument for the ultrasonic testing of metals.
Reflow: An area on the plating line where tin on the strip surface is melted
and resolidified to get a brite, shiny appearance.
Reflow Plate (Brite): Process on Tin Platers; section of Tin plater that heats
coil and melts the Tin coating.
Reflowed Surface: A shiny tin plate product surface which is achieved by
heating the tin coating up to its melting point (thereby melting the tin) and
cooling it back to room temperature.
Reflowed Surface: A shiny tin plate product surface which is achieved by
heating the tin coating up to its melting point (thereby melting the tin) and
cooling it back to room temperature.
Reflowing: Melting of an electrodeposit followed by solidification. The
surface has the appearance and physical characteristics of a hot dipped
surface (especially tin or tin alloy plates). Also called flow brightening.
Reflux accumulator: Generally a horizontal vessel, and without internal
parts; when in service it collects and tranits back to a fractionation column
the fraction which is processed by the column.
Refractive Index: (ASTM D 1218) number indicating the angle through
which a ray of light is deflected as it passes through a solid or fluid medium;
the number that expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the
sine of the angle of refraction. Typically used for monitoring water-based
fluids or solutions.
Refractories: Non-metallic materials having the ability to retain their
physical shape and chemical identity when subjected to high temperatures
above 1000°F (or 538°C).
Refractories, Acid: Refractories containing a substantial amount of silica
that may react chemically with basic refractories, basic slags or basic fluxes
at high temperatures.
Refractories, Basic: Refractories whose major constituent is lime, magnesia,
or both, and which may react chemically with acid refractories, acid slags, or
acid fluxes at high temperatures.
Refractoriness: In refractories, the capability of maintaining a desired degree
of chemical and physical identity at high temperatures and in the environment
and conditions of use.
Refractory: A substance which is infusible at the highest temperature it may
be required to withstand in service; heat-resistant material.
Refractory Alloy: (1) A heat-resistant alloy. (2) An alloy having an
extremely high melting point. See also refractory metal. (3) An alloy difficult
to work at elevated temperatures. (see Refractory Metal)
Refractory Alloy: 1. A heat-resistant alloy. 2. An alloy having an extremely
high melting point. 3. An alloy difficult to work at elevated
temperatures. (see Refractory Metal)
Refractory Alloy: A term applied to those alloys which due to hardness or
abrasiveness present relative difficulty in maintaining close dimensional
tolerances.
Refractory Brick: Heat-resistant brick. Because its melting point is well
above the operating temperatures of the process, refractory bricks line most
steelmaking vessels that come in contact with molten metal, like the walls of
the blast furnace, sides of the ladles and inside of the BOF.
Refractory Brick: Heat resistant brick. Because its melting point is well
above the operating temperatures of the process, refractory bricks line most
steelmaking vessels that come in contact with molten metal, like the walls of
the blast furnace, sides of the ladles, and inside of the BOF.
Refractory Clay: A clay which fuses at pce 25 (1590C, 2894F) or higher.
Refractory Consumption: This is measured in terms of total refractory
consumed per tonne of crude steel(Kg/TC).
Refractory Fibers: Non-metallic, inorganic continuous, or non-continuous
filaments having those chemical and physical properties that make them
applicable for structures, or as components of systems, that are exposed to
environments above 1,000°F (538°C).
Refractory Magnesia: A dead-burned refractory material consisting
predominantly of crystalline magnesium oxide.
Refractory Metal: A metal having an extremely high melting point. In the
broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above the range of iron,
cobalt and nickel.
Refractory Metal: A metal having an extremely high melting point. In the
broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above the range of iron,
cobalt, and nickel.
Refrigerant: To replace a broken window.
Refrigerant: A substance that remains a gas at low temperatures and
pressure and can be used to transfer heat. Freon is an example and is used in
air conditioning systems.
Refrigerant : The fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigerating system, which
absorbs heat at a low temperature and a low pressure of the fluid and rejects
heat at a higher temperature and a higher pressure of the fluid, usually
involving changes of state of the fluid.
Refrigerant : The working fluid used in refrigerators.
Refrigerant charge : Quantity of refrigerant in a system.
Refrigerant control: Device used to meters flow of refrigerant between two
areas of a refrigerating system. It also maintains pressure difference between
high-pressure and low-pressure side of refrigerating system.
Refrigerating capacity: It is The ability of a system to remove heat as
compared with the cooling effect produced by melting of ice.
Refrigerating effect: It is specific amount of heat transferred by one kg of
refrigerant which circulates in the refrigeration system.
Refrigeration: PACKED COLUMN A tower filled with small objects,
designed to obtain large surfaces per volume between rising vapors and a
descending liquid.
Refrigeration: Transfer of heat from a lower temperature to a higher
temperature region.
Refrigeration oil: Special composition of oil which is used in refrigerator
mechanism which circulates, to some extent, with refrigerant.
Refrigerator: it is a medium which transfer heat from a low temperature to a
high temperature medium.
Regenerate: The solution which is used to restore the activity of an ion
exchange.
Regeneration : Restoration of the activity of an ion exchanger by replacing
the ions adsorbed from the treated solution by ions that were adsorbed
initially on the resin.
Regenerative Braking Means: A method of Bridge Crane Controlling speed
in which the electrical energy generated by the motor is fed back into the
power system rope refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
Regenerative Circuit: A piping arrangement for a differential type cylinder
in which discharge fluid from the rod end combines with pump delivery to be
directed into the head end.
Regenerative cycle : Is a gas turbine cycle employing a heat exchanger to
recover some of the heat before discharging the gases from the gas turbine to
the atmosphere, to recover some of the from
Regenerative gas turbine : Referring to a gas turbine employing heat
exchanger between the compressor and the combustor for the purpose of
recovering heat.
Regenerator: A chamber filled with checkerwork through which incoming
combustion air and hot exhaust gases pass alternately so that the heat from
the gases is stored in the checkerwork and given off to the air.
Regenerator: Equipment used for recovering heat iron hot, spent gases from
a furnace. The regenerator differs from the recuperator in that the hot spent
gases are used to heat a brick checkerwork; then after the flow of exhaust
gases have been turned off, the gases to be preheated are passed through the
checkerwork.
Register: A device designed to open if it detects excess temperature or
pressure.
Register: A grill placed over a heating duct or cold air return.
Register: A grille equipped with an integral damper or control valve.
Reglaze: Remote electrical, gas, or water meter digital readouts that are
installed near the front of the home in order for utility companies to easily
read the home owners usage of the service.
Reglaze: To replace a broken window.
Regression Analysis: A statistical method of determining, or predicting, the
value of a dependent variable, based on levels of one or more know
independent variables.
Regulated Speed: A function which tends to maintain constant motor speed
for any load for a given speed setting of the Bridge Crane Controller.
Regulations: Rules made to implement an Act of Parliament (ordinances).
Regulator: A device for controlling the delivery of welding or cutting gas at
some substantially constant pressure.
Regulator: A term used to describe a valve or device that limits the pressure
in a passage
Regulatory body : Regulatory body is responsible for certifying competence
through registration and regulating the practice of registered persons.
Rehabilitation : The improvement of an existing roadway surface by
improving the existing surface or by removing (milling) a specified thickness
of the existing pavement and placement of additional pavement layers.
Reheat Furnace: Reheat furnaces are used to ensure that partly worked steel,
which has been allowed to cool, arrives at its next processing stage at the
optimum temperature. They are mostly used for semi-finished items like
slabs, blooms, billets and beam blanks, but also tubes. There are several
different configurations, notably walking beam, walking hearth, pusher and
rotary hearth. Such furnaces are usually gas or oil fired, and during its
residence time the steel goes through three stages: preheating, heating and
soaking. In walking beam and walking hearth furnaces the steel is moved
through the furnace in a series of lifting/forward movements. With pusher
furnaces, each piece of steel pushes the one in front, propelled by a pusher
arm at the entrance. With the rotary hearth, the steel reaches its process
temperature after one revolution on the horizontal hearth, and this type of
furnace is also frequently used for forgings and for the heat treatment of
rolled steel.
Reheating: Heating metal again to hot working temperature. In general no
structural changes are intended.
Reinforced: To strengthen by the addition of new or extra material (e.g.
reinforced concrete, steel rods are embedded to give additional strength).
Reinforced concrete: Concrete reinforced with steel bars to make a versatile
structural material which is very strong
in bending, shear, tension andcompression, unlike plain concrete which is
strong only in compression.
Reinforced concrete : Concrete containing more than 0.6% by volume of
reinforcement consisting of steel rods or mesh. The steel takes all the tensile
stresses (theoretically). In good design the reinforcement is sufficiently
distributed so that the cracks are not conspicuous.
Reinforced concrete construction: Building construction in which the
principal structural members are made of concrete which is poured around
isolated steel bars, or steel meshwork, in such a way that the two materials act
together.
Reinforced concrete : concrete with steel bars or mesh embedded in it for
increasedstrength in tension; in pretensioned concrete, the embedded steel
bars or cables are stretched into tension before the concrete hardens;
in posttensioned concrete, the embedded steel bars or cables are stretched into
tension after the concrete hardens
Reinforcement: An additional member added to a structural member to
provide additional strength.
Reinforcement: (Also known as rebar). Steel bars for reinforcing concrete.
They are bent into special shapes according to the Engineer's bending
schedule, and fitted into the correct position by a skilled operative called a
steelfixer.
Reinforcing: The process of strengthening a member with some additional
piece of material.
Reinforcing Bar (Rebar): Steel used to strengthen concrete in highway and
building construction.
Reinforcing Bar (Rebar): A commodity grade steel used to strengthen
concrete in highway and building construction.
Reinforcing fabric: Prefabricated steel reinforcement for concrete,
consisting of an oblong or square mesh of parallel steel wires welded at
points of contact and manufactured in flat sheets or rolls.
Reinforcing steel: Steel bars of various sizes and shapes used in concrete
construction for giving added strength
Reinforcing steel (rebar) : steel embedded in concrete to increase the
concrete’s load strength
Rejects: (1) Sheets—a secondary product of a single size and gage. (2) Plates
—a specific size and gage containing minor defects.
Rejects Box: Also known as a HOLES box, where scrap sheets accumulate
during production.
Rejuvenation: (see regeneration)
Relative humidity : The amount of moisture the air holds relative to the
maximum moisture the air can hold at the same temperature.
Relative humidity : -The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the amount of
water vapor present in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the
amount required to saturate the air at that temperature.
Relative humidity (rh): The ratio of water vapor in the air as compared to
the maximum amount of water vapor that may be contained.
Relaxation: Is a decrease in load or stress of a member under a sustained
constant deformation.
Relay : An electromechanical switch that opens or closes contacts in
response to some controlled action. Relay contacts can be normally open
(NO) and/ or normally closed (NC). Relays may be electric, pneumatic, or a
combination of both.
Relay, thermal : A switching relay in which a small heater warms a bimetal
element which bends to provide the switching force.
Release agent or parting agent or parting compound : A general term that
includes any greases, mould oils or sealants, laid over forms or form linings
either to ensure a good finish to the concrete, to prevent concrete bonding to
forms or to improve the durability of the form or for both.
Reliability: A quantitative measure of the ability of a product or service to
fufill its intended function for a specified period of time.
Relief: A term for clearance or clearance angle.
Relief valve: A structure that holds back a slope and prevents erosion.
Relief valve: A device designed to open if it detects excess temperature or
pressure.
Relief Valve: A hydraulic mechanism designed to limit or control pressure
by opening an auxiliary fluid passage at a predetermined or set pressure.
Relief valve : Safety device on a sealed system. It opens to release fluids
before dangerous pressure is reached. Also called pressure relief valve.
Relieving: Buffing or other abrasive treatment of the high points of an
embossed metal surface to produce highlights that contrast with the finish in
the recesses.
Reline: The process of replacing the refractory lining of a liquid steel vessel.
Once it wears out, the brick lining of a furnace must be cooled, stripped and
replaced. This maintenance can be significant because a blast furnace reline
may require up to three months to complete.
Reline: The process of replacing the refractory lining of a liquid steel vessel.
Once it wears out, the brick lining of a furnace must be cooled, stripped and
replaced. This maintenance can be significant because a blast furnace reline
may require up to three months to complete.
Remanence: The magnetic induction remaining in a magnetic circuit after
removal of the applied magnetizing force. Sometimes called remanent
induction.
Remanence: The remaining flux density after the magnetizing force has been
removed.
Remedy : The means used to redress or compensate a wrong or injury.
Remedies can take many forms: monetary compensation, striking down or
amending a law, demanding that a service provider take certain steps to
comply with human rights laws or reduce discrimination.
Remember: Remember retrieving relevant knowledge from long term
memory recognizing, recalling. (Lowest level Anderson-Krathwohl action)
Remote: A station near a pump consisting of both an 'On' and an 'Off' button.
A pump can be started or stopped by its corresponding remote.
Remote-: Amounts withheld from progress billings until final and
satisfactory project completion.
Remote-: Remote electrical, gas, or water meter digital readouts that are
installed near the front of the home in order for utility companies to easily
read the home owners usage of the service.
Remote Bridge Crane Controlled: A unit operated from a Bridge Crane
Control station located at a point not mechanically attached to the device
being Bridge Crane Controlled.
Remote system : Refrigerating system in which condensing unit is away
from space to be cooled.
Remote temperature set point: Ability to set a temperature control point for
a space from outside the space. Often used in public areas.
Removable Sections: Side panel section of tubes that make up the vessel
cover. The removable sections are located on the north and south sides of
both boilers.
Render: Cement-based wall plaster.
Rendering cement: The covering of a wall surface with one or more coats of
cement mortar.
Renewable energy: Energy from resources naturally replenished on a human
time scale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, geothermal heat and
biomass. Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct
areas:electricity generation, hot water/space heating, motor fuels, and rural
(off-grid)energy services.
Reoil: Oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for shipment to
prevent water stain.
Reoil: Oil put on the sheet after cleaning and before coiling for shipment to
prevent water stain.
Repair: The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing structure or
building for the purpose of its maintenance.
Repair Welding: Any welding carried out after delivery to the end user, i.e.,
after the casting has been in service.
Repair : performing finishing work after galvanizing in order to meet
standards or specifications, or coating areas of steel that have been exposed
due to post-galvanizing fabrication, installation, or extremely rough handling
Rephosphorizing (Steel): An ladle-chemical treatment consisting of the
addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper rolling
blackplate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and stiffness and with a
corresponding loss in ductility.
Rephosphorizing (Steel): A Ladle chemical treatment consisting of the
addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper rolling black
plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and stiffness and with a
corresponding loss in ductility. . NOTE: Black Plate in tempers T5 and T6
(R/B range 68/84) are temper rolled from Rephosphorized steel.
Repickle: Coil that will be reprocessed. Also reclean, reroll and reanneal.
Replate: To reprocess a coil on the plater that has been plated previously.
Replate: To reprocess a coil on the plater that has been plated previously.
Replenish: To add fluid to maintain a full hydraulic system.
Replicast Process (CS): A ceramic shell process similar to the investment
casting process. Uses a pattern made from expanded polystyrene (EPS) and is
surrounded by a thin ceramic shell.
Replicast Process (Cs): A ceramic shell process similar to the investment
casting process. Uses a pattern made from expanded polystyrene (EPS) and is
surrounded by a thin ceramic shell.
Repositioning: Flying from the point of destination to the next point of
origin, without carrying any PAYLOAD (in the case of an aircraft) or without
being responsible for payload (in the case of a crew member). Example a
scheduled U.S. airline operates a charter flight from Los Angeles to Lisbon.
Then, payload-free, it flies to Paris, where it will board passengers and cargo
for a scheduled flight back to Los Angeles. Also known as deadheading, ferry
flight.
Repressing: The application of pressure to a previously pressed and sintered
powder metallurgy compact, usually for the purpose of improving some
physical or mechanical property or for dimensional accuracy.
Rerefined Oils: Spent mineral oils that have been collected, sent to a refinery
and reprocessed by distillation, often with hydrofinishing.
Reroll Stock: A semifinished rolled product of rectangular cross-section in
coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples are foil stock and sheet
stock.
Reroll Stock: A semi finished rolled product of rectangular cross section in
coiled form suitable for further rolling. Examples: ?Foil Stock? and ?Sheet
Stock?.
Research-based knowledge : A systematic understanding of knowledge and
a critical awareness of current problems and/or new insights, much of which
is at, or informed by, the forefront of the academic discipline, field of study
or area of professional practice.
Reservoir: A chamber used to store fluid.
Reset: A process of automatically adjusting the control point of a given
controller to compensate for changes in outdoor temperature. The hot deck
control point is normally reset upward as the outdoor temperature drops. The
cold deck control point is normally reset downward as the outdoor
temperature increases.
Reset ratio : The ratio of change in outdoor temperature to the change in
control point temperature. For example, a 2:1 reset ratio means that the
control point will increase 1 degree for every 2 degrees change in outdoor
temperature.
Residual: Small amount like oxygen, sulfite, acid. etc..
Residual Element(s): A specified or unspecified element, not intentionally
added, originating in the raw materials, refractories, or surrounding
atmospheres used in steel making.
Residual Elements: Small quantities of elements unintentionally present in
an alloy.
Residual Oil: Oil from the bottom of the distillation column. (see Bottoms
(residuum))
Residual stress: Pre induced stresses within a structural member due to
uneven cooling of the shape after hot-rolling.
Residual Stress: (1) The stress existing in a body at rest, in equilibrium, at
uniform temperature, and not subjected to external forces. Often caused by
the forming or thermal processing curing process. (2) An internal stress not
depending on external forces resulting from such factors as cold working,
phase changes or temperature gradients. (3) Stress present in a body that is
free of external forces or thermal gradients. (4) Stress remaining in a structure
or member as a result of thermal or mechanical treatment or both. Stress
arises in fusion welding primarily because the weld metal contracts on
cooling from the solidus to room temperature.
Residual Stress: Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the
result of non-uniform plastic deformation. This deformation may be caused
by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from quenching or
welding.
Residual Stress: Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the
result of non uniform plastic deformation. This deformation may be caused
by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from quenching or
welding.
Residuals: The impurities in mini-mill steel as the result of the mix of metals
entering the process dissolved in obsolete scrap. Residuals are key concerns
regarding the mini-mills’ recent entry into the flat-rolled market, where high
residuals can leave sheet steel too brittle for customer use.
Residuals: Any element remaining in any alloy following melting and
casting which was not added to meet an analytical specification limit.
Residue : contaminants (oil, grease, dirt, rust, mill scale) that unless
removed, will prevent complete galvanizing of the steel surface
Resilience: (1) The amount of energy per unit volume released on unloading.
(2) The capacity of a material, by virtue of high yield strength and low elastic
modulus, to exhibit considerable elastic recovery on release of load.
Resin: A solid or liquid compounding material, generally a solid or
semisolid, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; includes polyesters,
polystyrenes and acrylics used in the manufacture of varnishes, plastics and
elastomers. Some lubricating resins are residual oils.
Resinoid Wheel: A grinding wheel bonded with a synthetic resin.
Resist: (1) Coating marerial used to mask or protect selected areas of a
substrate from the action of an etchant, solder or plating. (2) A material
applied to prevent flow of brazing filler metal into unwanted areas.
Resist: 1. A material applied to a part of the surface of an article to prevent
reaction of metal from that area during chemical or electrochemical
processes. 2. A material applied to prevent the flow of brazing filler metal
into unwanted area.
Resistance: The capacity of a structure or structural member to resist the
effects of loads or forces imposed on it.
Resistance : The opposition which limits the amount of current that can be
produced by an applied voltage in an electrical circuit, measured in ohms.
Resistance Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is
obtained from the resistance to electric current flow in a circuit of which the
workpiece is a part.
Resistance Brazing: Brazing by resistance heating, the joint being part of the
electrical circuit.
Resistance Heating: Heating of steel by passing current through solid
conductors and using the heat generated as a result of the conductors' inherent
resistance to the flow of current. It can be applied through three methods : 1)
The indirect method, in which the steel is heated by radiation and convection
from resistors through which the current is passed. 2) The direct method in
which the current is passed directly from a power source through the metal.
3) The induction method in which the current is induced in the steel by an
induction coil connected to the power supply. Neither the indirect nor the
direct method of resistance heating is practical for steel-making operations.
However, the induction method is employed successfully in special steel-
melting operations.
Resistance Seam Welding: A resistance welding process that produces
coalescence at the faying surfaces of overlapped parts progressively along a
length of a joint. The weld may be made with overlapping weld nuggets, a
continuous weld nugget or by forging the joint as it is heated to the welding
temperature by resistance to the flow of the welding current.
Resistance Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is
obtained from the resistance to electric current flow in a circuit of which the
workpiece is a part.
Resistance Spot Welding: A resistance welding process that produces
coalescence at the faying surfaces of a joint by the heat obtained from
resistance to the flow of welding current through the workpieces from
electrodes that serve to concentrate the welding current and pressure at the
weld areas.
Resistance Welding: A type of welding process in which the workpieces are
heated by the passage of an electric current through the contact. Such
processes include spot welding, seam or line welding and percussion
welding. Flash and butt welding are sometimes considered as resistance
welding processes.
Resistance Welding Electrode: The part(s) of a resistance welding machine
through which the welding current and, in most cases, force are applied
directly to the work. The electrode may be in the form of a rotating wheel,
rotating bar, cylinder, plate, clamp, chuck or modification thereof.
Resistance, thermal : The reciprocal of thermal conductance.
Resistive loads : Electrical loads whose power factor is one. Usually contain
heating elements.
Resistivity : A measure of a substance's resistance to the flow of electricity
through it, expressed in ohm-centimetres. Used on soils to determine coating
requirements for new pipe and used to determine the extent of corrosion of
existing metal pipes.
Resolution: The capacity of an optical or radiation system to separate closely
spaced forms or entities; also, the degree to which such forms or entities can
be discriminated.
Resonant vibration : Everything has a natural frequency. This frequency is
effected by two propertiesMass and Stiffness. This "natural frequency" is the
cause of many vibration problems in HVAC equipment. If you strike an
object (say a tuning fork or a bell) it will continue to vibrate at its natural
frequency until damping extinguishes the vibration.
Respirator: A filtering device which covers the nose and mouth and prevents
inhalation of dust or fumes; should have the U.S. Bureau of Mines certificate
or approval for the specific contaminant being filtered out. Handkerchiefs and
gauze masks give little or no protection.
Respondent: This term arises in (among other places) human rights
complaints. The respondent is the person against whom a human rights
complaint is launched.
Response Time: The elapsed time that occurs after the beginning of a
function until its completion.For example, the time elapsed between
application of electrical power to a solenoid and its full excursion or stroke.
Responsibilities of engineering practice: Responsibilities of engineering
practice include social responsibilities, ethics, health and safety and other
legislation; cultural; environmental responsibilities, including sustainable
development and design and legislative responsibilities.
Restraint: Any external mechanical force that prevents part from moving to
accommodate changes in dimension due to thermal expansion or contraction.
Often applied to weldments made while clamped in a fixture.
Restriction: A reduced cross sectional area in a line or passage producing a
pressure drop.
Restrictor: A device for producing a deliberate pressure drop or resistance in
a line by reducing the cross-sectional flow area.
Restriking: (1) The striking of a trimmed but slightly misaligned or
otherwise faulty forging with one or more blows 10 improve alignment,
improve surface condition, maintain close tolerances, increase hardness or
effect other improvements. (2) A sizing operation in which coining or
stretching is used to correct or alter profiles and to counteract distortion. (3)
A salvage operation following a primary forging operation in which the parts
involved are rehit in the same forging die in which the pieces were last
forged.
Resulfurized Steel: Steel to which sulfur has been added in controlled
amounts after refining. The sulfur is added to improve machinability.
Retaining wall: Normally a 1 X 4 board let into the studs horizontally to
support the ceiling or second-floor joists.
Retaining wall: Any wall subjected to lateral pressure other than wind
pressure and built to retain material.
Retaining wall: A wall designed to resist the lateral displacement of soil,
water, or any other type of material.
Retaining wall: A structure that holds back a slope and prevents erosion.
Retaining wall: Retains soil on one side. May be made of masonry,
reinforced concrete, or various other traditional or proprietary structural
systems.
Retarder or retarder of set : An admixture which slows up the setting rate
of concrete.
Retention: A percentage withheld from a contractor's payment until an
agreed time after the work is complete.
Retentions: The board placed on the ridge of the roof onto which the upper
ends of other rafters are fastened.
Retentions: Amounts withheld from progress billings until final and
satisfactory project completion.
Retort: A vessel used for distillation of volatile materials, as in separation of
some metals and in destructive distillation of coal.
Return: A term denoting that a feature has been continued at another angle
Return air: Air returned from conditioned or refrigerated space.
Return current path : the path through which the current in an electric cell
returns to the source
Return Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil of an operating hydraulic
system before it returns to the system's storage tank.
Return Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil of an operating hydraulic
system before it returns to the system's storage tank.
Return Line: A passage that is used to route fluid to a reservoir or tank after
use in some function.Normally limited to low pressures of 0 150 psig, but
may be higher in special applications if so designed.
Return-steam condensate : That steam produced by a boiler which returns
to the boiler after it has condensed.
Reusable Filter: Type of filter element that can be cleaned in solvent and
used again.
Revamp: Renovation or reconstruction of outdated equipment.
Reveal: The thickness of wall from the wall face to the door or window
frame. The remainder of the thickness of wall is known as the ‘jamb’
Reverberatory: A furnace or kiln in which the flame passes over the charge
to be heated.
Reverse cycle defrost : Method of heating evaporator for defrosting. Valves
move hot gas from compressor into evaporator.
Reverse cycle refrigeration : A refrigeration system which uses reject heat
to produce warmth.
Reverse deionization : The use of an anion exchange unit and a cation
exchange unit in that order to remove all ions from solution.
Reverse Drawing: Redrawing of a sheet metal part in a direction opposite to
that of the original drawing.
Reverse Engineering: Reverse engineering is the process of measuring and
analyzing the characteristics and operation of a product. Reverse engineering
if often used to make copies of a product for which a design does not exist or
to determine how a competitor's product works the way it does. The process
of reverse engineering makes us of 3D scanning processes and computer
modeling to recreate the product of interest.
Reverse oosis: A process where water is cleaned by forcing water through an
ultra-fine semi-permeable membrane, allowing only the water to pass through
and retaining the contaminants.
Reverse osmosis : A process that reverses (by the application of pressure)
the flow of water in the natural process of osmosis so that it passes from the
more concentrated to the more dilute solution.
Reverse Osmosis Membrane: A reverse osmosis water system is a device
used to filter water in both residential and commercial/industrial applications.
In a reverse osmosis system, the water is passed through a membrane to
separate the dissolved particles (solute) in the water from the pure water
(solvent). Reverse osmosis systems are used by the military to make potable
water throughout the world and as part of the process in turning salt water
into drinking water. Reverse osmosis membranes are designed to fit specific
systems and deliver different levels of filtration performance.
Reverse Osmosis Water System: A reverse osmosis water system is a
device used to filter water in both residential and commercial/industrial
applications. In a reverse osmosis system, the water is passed through a
membrane to separate the dissolved particles (solute) in the water from the
pure water (solvent). Reverse osmosis systems are used by the military to
make potable water throughout the world and as part of the process in turning
salt water into drinking water.
Reverse Polarity: See preferred term direct current electrode positive
(DCEP). (see Direct Current Electrode Positive)
Reverse Redrawing: A second drawing operation in a direction opposite to
that of the original drawing.
Reverse-current Cleaning: Electrolytic cleaning in which a current is
passed between electrodes through a solution, and the part is set up as the
anode. Also called anodic cleaning.
Reversible process : A process by which a fluid is made to undergo a change
of state and by traversing the path in exactly the reverse of the original path is
returned to its original state, and all associated systems are similarly returned
to their original state.
Reversing Block: Part of a grease system that changes the flow of grease
from one direction to the other after a predetermined pressure has been met.
Reversing Block: Part of a grease system that changes the flow of grease
from one direction to the other after a predetermined pressure has been met.
Reversing Mill: The stand of rollers used to reduce steel sheets or plates by
passing the steel back and forth between the rollers; the gap between the
rollers is reduced after each pass.
Reversing Mill: Any rolling mill in which the direction of rotation of the
rolls can be reversed at will. Heavy primary mills for bloom and slab rolling
are the most common, but others, including some cold rolling mills, are also
made to reverse.
Reversing valve : Device used to reverse direction of the refrigerant flow
depending upon whether heating or cooling is desired.
Reversing, Tandem and Continuous Mills: Steel is rolled to reduce its
thickness (gauge) by passing it between a pair of rolls in a rolling mill (a mill
stand). But as it is rare to achieve the desired final thickness or cross-section
in one step (single pass); the steel will need to go through the same mill
several times (with a reduced roll gap, and/or changed roll profile each time),
or transferred to other mill stands for further reduction/shaping. When steel is
rolled back-and-forth through the same mill, this is a reversing mill. When it
moves directly in a continuous process to other mill stands, this is a tandem
or continuous mill. These can achieve far higher throughputs than a reversing
mill. Tandem mills are associated with flat products and typically have four
or six stands. Continuous mill is a long products term, and can be followed
by an indication of the number of stands and product (e.g., 8-stand bar mill,
10-stand rod mill, etc.)
Revert: Recycled sprues, gates, risers, defective castings and machine chips.
Revert: Recycled sprues, gates, risers, defective castings and machine chips.
Rewind: A coil that needs to be reprocessed on a side trimmer.
Rewind: A coil that needs to be reprocessed on a side trimmer.
Rework: Coil that will be reprocessed. Also Reclean, Reroll, and Reanneal.
Reyn: Standard unit of absolute viscosity in the English system, expressed in
lb-s/in.2 (see Viscosity)
Reynolds Numbers: Used in hydraulics and in casting gating theory. A
dimensionless value (dynamic viscosity/density) describing the fairly sudden
shift of flow from laminar to turbulent. Re >2,000 represents turbulent flow.
Laminar flow is seldom experienced in runner and gating systems.
Reynolds Numbers: Used in hydraulics and in casting gating theory. A
dimensionless value (dynamic viscosity / density) describing the fairly
sudden shift of flow from laminar to turbulent. Re > 2000 represents
turbulent flow. Laminar flow is seldom experienced in runner and gating
systems.
Rf: Radio Frequency
RF Backbone: Hardware and software which enables real-time tracking of
inventory by receiving the signal from the scanners and transmitting it to the
DEC computer. It includes the scanners, relay base stations, links to the
computer and all required software to operate the system.
Rf Backbone: Hardware and Software which enables real time tracking of
inventory by receiving the signal from the scanners and transmitting it to the
DEC computer. It includes the scanners, relay base stations, links to the
computer and all required software to operate the system.
Rh: Chemical symbol for Rhodium
Rheocasting: Casting of a continuously stirred semisolid metal slurry. Tbe
process involves vigorous agitation of the melt during the early stages of
solidification to break up solid dendrites into small spherulites.
Rheology: The study of the deformation and/or flow of matter in terms of
stress, strain, temperature and time. Apparent viscosity and penetration of
grease are examples of rheological properties.
Rheopectic: Term applied to greases that thicken and harden when subjected
to shear; the opposite of thixotropic.
Rhodium: Chemical symbol Rh. A silver-white metal found in nickel
deposits.
Rhodium: Chemical symbol Rh. A silver white metal found in nickel
deposits.
Rib: A fabricated fold or bend in a sheet of deck which projects up from a
horizontal plane.
Rib: An elongated projection on a shape, forging or casting to provide
stiffening.
Rib: An elongated projection on a shape, forging or casting to provide
stiffening.
Ribbing A Coating: A coating defect consisting of a flow mark defect with
an appearance similar to corduroy fabric. Ribbing usually occurs when the
flow marks (ribs), from application on the coater, do not flow out and level
the surface of the coating.
Ribbon (girt): Shingles used to cover the ridge board.
Ribbon (girt): Normally a 1 X 4 board let into the studs horizontally to
support the ceiling or second-floor joists.
Ribbon Wound: A term applied to a common method of winding strip steel
layer upon layer around an arbor or mandrel.
Ribbon Wound: A term applied to a common method of winding strip steel
layer upon layer around an arbor or mandrel.
Richter scale : used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake; introduced
in 1935 by the seismologists Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter
Ridge: The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge. Also the vertical
distance from stair tread to stair tread (and not to exceed 7 ½").
Ridge: The highest point on the roof of a building formed by two intersecting
slopes or the horizontal line made by the top surfaces of the two intersecting
sloping roof surfaces.
Ridge: The board placed on the ridge of the roof onto which the upper ends
of other rafters are fastened.
Ridge: The top of a pitched roof, where roof planes that slope in opposite
directions meet. (Fr. faîte, m).
Ridge: A hump across the width of the surface of the coil.
Ridge : A long narrow elevation of land.
Ridge board: The horizontal line at the junction of the top edges of two
sloping roof surfaces.
Ridge board: Shingles used to cover the ridge board.
Ridge board: A thin timber used to align the tops of the rafters. In most
roofs the ridge board is not a load bearing member. (Fr. planche (f) faîtière).
Ridge shingles: A joist that runs around the perimeter of the floor joists and
home.
Ridge shingles: The horizontal line at the junction of the top edges of two
sloping roof surfaces.
Ridge tile: A curved tile which covers the ridge on a pitched roof.
Riffle: reach of river channel characterized by shallow medium velocity flow
over cobble or small boulder.
Riffle: relatively fast flowing, shallow water in a stream
Riffles: Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
Riffles: Waviness at the edge of sheet or strip.
Rigging: Gates, risers, loose pieces, etc., needed on the pattern to produce a
sound casting.
Rigging: Gates, risers, loose pieces, etc., needed on the pattern to produce a
sound casting.
Righthand End: A reference to parts or dimensions on the viewer’s right of
the centerline of span, established when facing the drive girder side of the
crane.
Right-of-way : A general term denoting land, property of interest therein,
usually in a strip, acquired for or devoted to transportation purposes.
Right-of-way : A corridor of land acquired byreservation, dedication,
prescription, or condemnation, and intended to be utilized as a road, rail line,
utility service, buffer, or similar use.
Rigid connection: A connection where moment is transfered from one
member to another. See also Fixed-End Support.
Rigid Flange Couplings: Rigid Flange Couplings are commonly employed
in the assembly of large, straight shafts where tight tolerances on alignment
must be maintained. These couplings are very common in the power
transmission industry and are made up of two separate flanged halves that are
bolted together. The halves are keyed to the shaft with tapered keys to ensure
proper alignment and a tight fit. A rigid flange coupling is often employed in
situations where a strong coupling is required, but little axial distance is
available.
Rigid frame or structure: A structural framing system consisting of
members joined together with moment or rigid connections which maintain
their original angular relationship under load without the need for bracing in
its plane. See Frame and Stability.
Rigid pavement : A pavement having sufficiently high bending resistance to
distribute loads over a comparatively large area (Portland Cement Concrete
Pavement).
Rigid : (adj.) ability to resist deformation when subjected to
a load;rigidity (n.) the measure of a structure's ability not to change shape
when subjected to a load
Rigidity: The degree of flexibility of steel.
Rigidity : Resistance to twisting or shearing.
Rim joist: The exterior vertical pipe (riser) and metal electric box (panel) the
electrician provides and installs at the "Rough Electric" stage.
Rim joist: A joist that runs around the perimeter of the floor joists and home.
Rimmed Steel: Low-carbon steel in which incomplete deoxidation permits
the metal to remain liquid at the top of the ingot, resulting in the formation of
a bottom and side rim of considerable thickness. The rim is of somewhat
purer composition than the original metal poured. If the rimming action is
stopped shortly after pouring of the ingot is completed, the metal is known as
capped steel. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steels. For the
same carbon and manganese content, rimmed steel is softer than killed steel.
Ring and Circle Shear: A cutting or shearing machine with two rotary-disk
cutters driven in unison and equiped with a circle attachment for cutting
inside cirIes or rings from sheet metal, where it is imposible to start the cut at
the edge of the sheet. One cutter shaft is inclided to the other to provide
cutting clearnance so that the outside section remains flat and usable.
Ring Rolling: The process of shaping weldless rings from pierced disks or
thick-walled, ring-shaped blanks between rolls that control wall thickness,
ring diameter, height and contour.
Rinse : The operation which follows regeneration; a flushing out of excess
regenerate solution.
Rinsing : removing any active solution from the surface of steel by
immersion in water Rust -* corrosion product consisting of hydrated iron
oxides; this term is applicable only to ferrous (iron-containing) alloys
Rip: Defect indicating the edge of the strip has been torn and yet is still
attached to the strip.
Rip: Defect indicating the edge of the strip has been torn and yet is still
attached to the strip.
Rip rap: coarse angular rock, generally blasted or crushed. Also known as
shot rock
Riparian area: the border of the stream above its banks; wet soil areas
influenced by the water of a stream, lake, or wetland
Riparian area of influence: transition area between riparian area and upland
vegetation
Ripios: Previously processed material that contains residual copper.
Ripping: Sawing timber in the direction of the grain
Ripple (defect): A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing at
intervals.
Ripple (Defect): A slight transverse wave or shadow mark appearing at
intervals along the piece.
Riprap: rock covering used to protect stream banks from erosion
Riprap : Rock used for the protection of embankments, cut slopes, etc.,
against agents of erosion, primarily water.
Rise: Each of the vertical boards closing the spaces between the treads of
stairways.
Rise: The vertical distance from the bottom to the top of an entity.
Rise: The vertical distance from the eaves line to the ridge. Also the vertical
distance from stair tread to stair tread (and not to exceed 7 ½”).
Riser: When referring to drywall, this means to install drywall to the walls
and ceilings (with nails and screws), and before taping is performed.
Riser: Each of the vertical boards closing the spaces between the treads of
stairways.
Riser: Vertical board rising from the back of one tread of a staircase to the
front of the next.
Riser: Reservoir of molten metal from which casting feeds as it shrinks
during solidification.
Riser and panel: A aggregate mixture of sand and stone.
Riser and panel: The exterior vertical pipe (riser) and metal electric box
(panel) the electrician provides and installs at the “Rough Electric” stage.
Riser Blocks: (1) Plates or pieces inserted between the top of a metal
forming press bed or bolster and the die to decrease the height of the die
space. (2) Spacers placed between bed and housings to increase shut height
on a four-piece tie-rod straight-side press.
Riser Distance: The length of the riser neck. The term is applied to side
risers only.
Riser Distance: The length of the riser neck. The term is applied to side
risers only.
Riser Gating: Practice of running metal for the casting through the riser to
help directional solidification.
Riser Height: The distance from the top of the riser when when liquid to the
top of the riser neck. Riser height when solid is usually several inches less
than when liquid because of contraction and loss of feed metal to the casting.
Riser Height: The distance from the top of the riser when liquid to the top of
the riser neck. Riser height when sold is usually several inches less than when
liquid because of contraction and loss of feed metal to the casting.
Riser Neck: The connecting passage between the riser and casting. Usually
only the height and width or diameter of the riser neck are reported, although
the shape can be equally important.
Riser Neck: The connecting passage between the riser and casting. Usually
only the height and width or diameter of the riser neck are reported, although
the shape can be equally important.
Riser Pad (Riser Contact): An enlargement of the riser neck where it joins
the casting. The purpose of the pad is to prevent the riser from breaking into
the casting when it is struck or cut from the casting.
Riser Pad (Riser Contact): An enlargement of the riser neck where it joins
the casting. The purpose of the pad is to prevent the riser from breaking into
the casting when it is struck or cut from the casting.
Riser, Blind: A riser that does not break through the top of the cope and is
entirely surrounded by sand; opened to the atmosphere by means of a
firecracker core.
Riser, Open: Conventional form of riser usually located at the heaviest
section of the casting and extending through the entire height of the cope.
Riser-Gating: Practice of running metal for the casting through the riser to
help directional solidification.
Rising damp: Water soaking up through the walls of the building. May be
prevented by the use of a damp proof course in the walls.
River continuum: a conceptual model explaining changes in composition of
aquatic invertebrate communities in streams and rivers
River Pattern: A term used in fractography to describe a characteristic
pattern of cleavage steps running parallel to the local direction of crack
propagation on the fracture surfaces of grains that have separated by
cleavage.
Rivet: Before structural steel I and H sections became available engineers
made up sections by joining narrow plates together using steel rivets with a
head formed by hammering while red-hot. Rivets are no longer used for
connecting structural steelwork in the UK, with fabrications mostly replaced
by ready made sections, and with bolting and welding available which are
both faster and safer for connections. The presence of rivets in an existing
structure can help in dating it, and usually indicates steelwork dating to
before about the 1950s.
Riveting: Joining of two or more members of a structure by means of metal
rivets, the unheaded end being upset after the rivet is in place.
RMA: Rubber Manufacturers Association Inc.
Rmi: Radio Magnetic Indicator. A navigation aid which
combines DI, VOR and/orADF display and will indicate bearings to stations,
together with aircraft heading.
Rmi (rack manufacturers institute): An institute organized in 1958 by
industry leaders as a not-for-profit trade association. Its mission is to advance
standards, quality, safety, and general fitness for intended use of industrial
steel storage rack systems.
Rnav: Area Navigation. A system of radio navigation which permits direct
point-to-point off-airways navigation by means of an on-board computer
creating phantom VOR/DME transmitters termed WAYPOINTS.
Road base: Asphalt roofing products manufactured in roll form. 36-inch
wide rolls with and 108 square feet of material. Weights are generally 45 to
90 pounds per roll.
Road base: A aggregate mixture of sand and stone.
Road base: a mixture of gravel, sand and fines that compacts well
Roadbed : The roadbed is that area between the intersection of the upper
surface of the roadway and the side slopes or curb lines. The roadbed rises in
elevation as each increment or layer of sub base, base, surfacing or pavement
is placed. Where the medians are so wide as to include areas of undisturbed
land, a divided highway is considered as including two separate roadbeds.
Roadside : A general term denoting the area adjoining the outer edge of the
roadway. Extensive areas between the roadways of a divided highway may
also be considered roadside.
Roadway : That portion of the highway included between the outside lines of
sidewalks, or curbs, slopes, ditches, channels, waterways and including all
the appertaining structures and other features necessary to proper drainage
and protection.
Roasting: Heating an ore to effect some chemical change that will facilitate
smelting.
Robber: An extra cathode or cathode extension that reduces the current
density on what would otherwise be a high-current-density area on work
being electroplated.
Rochelle Copper: (1) A copper electrodeposit obtained from copper cyanide
plating solution to which Rochelle salt (sodium potassium tartrate) has been
added for grain refinement, better anode corrosion and cathode efficiency. (2)
The solution from which a Rochelle copper electrodeposit is obtained.
Rock 1, 2, 3: To install the floor joists or trusses in their correct place. (To
"roll the floor" means to install the floor joists).
Rock 1, 2, 3: When referring to drywall, this means to install drywall to the
walls and ceilings (with nails and screws), and before taping is performed.
Rock bolt : A long bolt for stabilizing rockexcavations by transferring loads
from the exterior into the stronger, interior rock mass. Often used with mesh
and shotcrete.
Rock Candy Fracture: A fracture that exhibits separated-grain facets, most
often used to describe intergranular fractures in large grained metals.
Rock Candy Fracture: A fracture that exhibits separated grain facets, most
often used to describe intergranular fractures in large grained metals.
Rock tunnel : a passage constructed through solid rock
Rocking Shear: One type of shear for cutting steel plates. The upper knife
blade is shaped somewhat like the rocker of a rocking chair. This was
designed to avoid shear bow, a bend in plates sometimes caused by guillotine
shears.
Rockwell (Hardness Tester): A device used to determine the hardness of the
steel strip.
Rockwell Hardness: An indentation hardness test that measures hardness by
determining, under load, the depth of penetration of an indenter, such as a
steel ball. The hardness number is related to the depth of indentation; the
greater the number, the harder the material.
Rockwell Hardness Testing: A method of determining the relative hardness
value of material by measuring the depth of residual penetration by a steel
ball or diamond point under controlled loading.
Rockwell Hardness Testing: Measure of resistance to penetration when
material is exposed to a pointed load. The hardness numbers obtained by a
Rockwell machine are related to the depth of the impression measured after
the load is applied. See hardness
Rockwell Superficial Hardness number: Like the Rockwell hardness
number, the superficial Rockwell number is expressed by the symbol HR
followed by a scale designation. For example, 81 HR30N represents the
Rockwell superficial hardness number of 81 on the Rockwell 30N scale.
Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test: The same test as used to determine
the Rockwell hardness number except that smaller minor and major loads are
used. In Rockwell testing, the minor load is 10 kgf, and the major load is 60,
100 or 150 kgf. In superficial Rockwell testing, the minor load is 3 kgf and
major loads are 15, 30 or 45 kgf. In both tests, the indenter may be either a
diamond cone or a steel ball, depending principally on the characteristics of
the material being tested.
Rod: A smooth solid round bar used for the web system of a bar joist.
Rod: measurement stick used with a level or theodolite.
Rod: Round, thin semifinished steel length that is rolled from a billet and
coiled for further processing. Rod is commonly drawn into wire products or
used to make bolts and nails. Rod trains (rolling facilities) can run as fast as
20,000 feet per minute<="" span="">
Rod: Round, thin semi finished steel length that is rolled from a billet and
coiled for further processing. Rod is commonly drawn into wire products or
used to make bolts and nails. Rod trains (rolling facilities) can run as fast as
20,000 feet per minute D1more than 200 miles an hour.
Rod Mill: (1) A mill for fine grinding, somewhat similar to the bar mill, but
employing long steel rods instead of balls as the grinding medium. (2) A mill
for rolling metal rod.
Rod Mill: (1) A mill for fine grinding, somewhat similar to the ball mill, but
employing long steel rods instead of balls as the grinding medium. (2) A mill
for rolling metal rod.
Rod Side Pressure: Pressure applied to the backside of the head of a
cylinder ram or shaft that supplies less force than the blank side pressure.
Rod Side Pressure: Pressure applied to the back side of the head of a
cylinder ram or shaft that supplies less force than the blank side pressure.
Rod, Alclad: Rod having on its surface a metallurgically bonded or
aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core alloy to which it is bonded,
thus electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion.
Rodding: Reinforcing the sand in a core with metal rods or shapes to
strengthen parts of the core.
Rodding: Reinforcing the sand in a core with metal rods or shapes to
strengthen parts of the core.
Roll Bending: Curving sheets, bars and sections by means of rolls.
Roll Compacting: Progressive compacting of metal powders by use of a
rolling mill.
Roll Flattening: The flattening of metal sheets that have been rolled in packs
by passing them separately through a two-high cold mill with virtually no
deformation. Not to be confused with roller leveling.
Roll Force Systems: Mill stands place considerable pressure on slabs,
blooms and coils to further process the material. There are two general ways
of applying the force to the steel<="" span="">
Roll Force Systems: Mill stands place considerable pressure on slabs,
blooms and coils to further process the material. There are two general ways
of applying the force to the steel D1screw and hydraulic systems. SCREW
(INCLINE PLANE) This older method used the basic principle of the screw
to adjust the space between the mill rolls. Because metal touches metal, these
configurations will wear down over time and can cause quality problems.
HYDRAULIC (PANCAKE CYLINDER) This modern system uses fluid
pressure to rapidly adjust the roll spacing several times per second. These
minute, instantaneous adjustments allow for superior gauge tracking and
higher quality products.
Roll Forging: A process of shaping stock between two driven rolls that
rotate in opposite directions and have one or more matching sets of grooves
in the rolls; used to produce finished parts or preforms for subsequent forging
operations.
Roll Forming: An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are passed
between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively into
structural members of various contours, sometimes called "molded sections."
Roll Grind: The uniform ground finish on the work rolls which is imparted
to the sheet or plate.
Roll In Metal: An extraneous chip or particle of metal rolled into the surface
of the product.
Roll Marks: Concave or convex defects introduced on the surface of the
metal or alloy coil by rolls. A combination of roll pressure and the defects in
the rolls or contamination on the rolls determine the severity of the roll
marks. Roll marks are generally repetitive.
Roll roofing: A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is
used for indoor wiring.
Roll roofing: Asphalt roofing products manufactured in roll form. 36-inch
wide rolls with and 108 square feet of material. Weights are generally 45 to
90 pounds per roll.
Roll Scale: Oxide of iron which forms on the surface of steel while it is being
heated and rolled. Much of the scale is cracked and loosened during the
rolling operation and may fall off the piece naturally or be blown off by high-
pressure water sprays or other means.
Roll Scale: Oxide of iron which forms on the surface of steel while it is being
heated and rolled. Much of the scale is cracked and loosened during the
rolling operation and may fall off the piece naturally or be blown off by high
pressure water sprays or other means.
Roll Straightening: The straightening of metal stock of various shapes by
passing it through a series of staggered rolls, the rolls usually being in
horizontal and vertical planes or by reeling in two-roll straightening
machines.
Roll Welding: Solid-state welding in which metals are heated, then welded
together by applying pressure, with rolls, sufficient to cause deformation at
the faying surfaces. See also forge welding. (see Forge Welding)
Roll, rolling: A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is
used for indoor wiring.
Roll, rolling: To install the floor joists or trusses in their correct place. (To
“roll the floor” means to install the floor joists).
Rolled Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by
side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are square
corners, rounded corners and rounded edges.
Rolled Edges: Finished edges, the final contours of which are produced by
side or edging rolls. The edge contours most commonly used are square
corners, rounded corners and rounded edges.
Rolled Ring: See ?Forging, Rolled ring?.
Rolled steel joist (rsj): One of a range of I- and H-shaped steel members.
Only small sizes of joist are still produced, most of the larger sizes having
been replaced by Universal Beam and Universal Column sections. RSJs were
originally devised for use in filler-joist construction.
Roller: (1) In rolling mill terminology, a part of a roller table which
transports steel from stand to stand as contrasted with "roll" which is a part of
a stand of rolls and serves to reduce the cross-section of the steel specimen
which is being rolled. (2) Term applied to the man in charge of the actual
rolling.
Roller Bearings: Describes all rolling bearings except for ball bearings. (see
Rolling Element/rolling contact/antifriction bearing)
Roller Flattening: The process in which a series of staggered rolls of small
diameter is used to remove bow and waves
Roller Hearth Furnace: A modification of the pushertype continuous
furnace that provides for rollers in the hearth or muffle of the furnace
whereby friction is greatly reduced and lightweight trays can be used
repeatedly without risk of unacceptable distortion and damage to the work.
See also pusher furnace. (see Pusher Furnace)
Roller Level: A staggered system of rolls used to flatten the steel without
any appreciable reduction in gauge.
Roller Level: appreciable reduction in gauge.
Roller Leveling: Passing sheet or strip metal through a series of staggered
small rolls so as to flatten the metal. This method is relatively ineffective in
removing defects such as buckles, wavy edges, corrugations, twists, etc., or
from steel in the higher hardness ranges.
Roller Stamping Die: An engraved roller used for impressing designs and
markings on sheet metal.
Roller support: This type of support has two degrees of freedom, it can
freely rotate about its axis or displace in one direction in the plane. Only one
reactive force exists at a roller which acts perpendicular to the path of the
displacement and its line of action passes through the center of the roller.
Rolling: The reduction of the cross-sectional area of metal stock, or the
general shaping of metal products, through the use of rotating rolls.
Rolling Direction (In Rolled Metal): The direction, in the plane of the sheet,
perpendicular to the axes of the rolls during rolling.
Rolling Element/Rolling Contact/Antifriction Bearing: Generic terms for
all types of rolling bearings (ball, cylindrical roller, tapered roller, spherical
convex roller, spherical concave roller and needle roller), all of which roll
between rings and races except for needle bearings.
Rolling Ingot: A cast form suitable for rolling. See ?Fabricating Ingot?.
Rolling Lap: A fault arising from the overfilling or misalignment of rolls, the
result is a bulge on the bar which is rolled into the metal and is lapped over. It
remains throughout subsequent working and appears as a longitudinal crack.
Rolling Lap: A fault arising from the overfilling or mis alignment of rolls,
the result is a bulge on the baaaar which is rolled into the metal and is lapped
over. It remains throughout subsequent working and appears as a longitudinal
crack.
Rolling Mandrel: In ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter to
accept various sizes of ring blanks and to exert rolling force on an axis
parallel to the main roll.
Rolling Mandrel: In ring rolling, a vertical roll of sufficient diameter to
accept various sizes of ring blanks and to exert rolling force on an axis
parallel to the main roll.
Rolling Mill: 1. Any of the mills in which metal undergoes a rolling process.
2. Any operating unit that reduces gauge by application of loads through
revolving cylindrical rolls; operation can be hot or cold.
Rolling Mills: Equipment used for rolling down metal to a smaller size or to
a given shape employing sets of rolls the contours of which determine or
fashion the product into numerous intermediate and final shapes, e.g.,
blooms, slabs, rails, bars, rods, sections, plates, sheets and strip.
Rolling Oil: Hot and cold rolling mills, especially cold mills, use formulated
coolants.
Rolling Over: The operation of reversing the position of a flask. If the drag
part of the pattern has been rammed with the parting surface downward, it is
rolled over 180 degrees to allow core setting and placement of cope.
Rolling Slab: A rectangular semi finished product, produced by hot rolling
fabricating ingot and suitable for further rolling.
Rolling Ticket: The order matte, order paper, and mill order paper; tells how
coil should be rolled or processed.
Rolling-contact Fatigue: Repeated stressing of a solid surface due to rolling
contact between it and another solid surface or surfaces. Continued rolling-
contact fatigue of bearing or gear surfaces may result in rolling-contact
damage in the form of subsurface fatigue cracks and/or material pining and
spallation.
Rollover Board: A wood or metal plate on which the pattern is laid top face
downward for ramming the drag half mold, the plate and half mold being
turned over together before the joint is made.
Rollover Board: A wood or metal plate on which the pattern is laid top face
downward for ramming the drag half mold, the plate and half mold being
turned over together before the joint is made.
Rollover Machine: A molding machine with which the flask is rolled over
before the pattern is drawn from the mold.
Rollover Machine: A molding machine with which the flask is rolled over
before the pattern is drawn from the mold.
Romex: Sleeves that fit around the black plumbing waste vent pipes at, and
are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
Romex: The rafters of a flat roof. Lumber used to support the roof sheeting
and roof loads. Generally, 2 X 10's and 2 X 12's are used.
Romex: A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is used
for indoor wiring.
Romex: A name brand of nonmetallic sheathed electrical cable that is used
for indoor wiring.
Ron: Remain Overnight. Aircraft remaining overnight at the airport, either at
the gate, remote parking stand or hangar. Airlines take advantage of RONs to
perform maintenance, cleaning, etc. on the aircraft.
Roof covering: The exposed exterior roof skin of a building which can be
sheets, panels or other materials.
Roof jack: The wood panels or sheet material fastened to the roof rafters or
trusses on which the shingle or other roof covering is laid.
Roof jack: Sleeves that fit around the black plumbing waste vent pipes at,
and are nailed to, the roof sheeting.
Roof joist: The "V" created where two sloping roofs meet.
Roof joist: The rafters of a flat roof. Lumber used to support the roof
sheeting and roof loads. Generally, 2 X 10’s and 2 X 12’s are used.
Roof overhang: A roof extension that projects beyond the ends or sides of a
building.
Roof pitch: The angle formed between a sloping roof surface and a
horizontal line.
Roof sheathing or sheeting: The horizontal and vertical measurement of a
window or door opening before drywall or siding is installed.
Roof sheathing or sheeting: The wood panels or sheet material fastened to
the roof rafters or trusses on which the shingle or other roof covering is laid.
Roof truss: A frame designed to carry the loads of a roof and it’s covering
over the full span without intermediate support
Roof valley: The framing member at the bottom of a rough opening for a
window. It is attached to the cripple studs below the rough opening.
Roof valley: The “” created where two sloping roofs meet.
Roofing Sheet: Coiled or flat sheet in specific tempers, widths and thickness
suitable for the manufacture of corrugated or v crimp roofing.
Root Crack: A crack in either the weld or heat-affected zone at the root of a
weld.
Root Diameter: See minor diameter.
Rope: Refers to wire rope unless otherwise specified.
Rope Drum: The cylindrical member around which the rope is wound for
lifting and lowering the load.
Rope Sheave: A grooved wheel used with a rope to change direction and
point of application of a pulling force.
Roping: A rope-like appearance in the rolling direction after the metal has
undergone severe deformation.
Roping: A rope like appearance in the rolling direction after the metal has
undergone severe deformation
Rosette: (1) Rounded configuration of microconstituents in metals arranged
in whorls or radiating from a center. (2) Strain gages arranged to indicate at a
single position strains in three different directions.
Rosin Powder: Powder used on reels to ensure a tight start and prevent
slippage.
Rotary Actuator: An actuator is a mechanical device used to move one
component relative to another. There is no one design for an actuator - they
are designed specifically for the job they need to perform. Rotary actuators
are used to drive the rotational motion of another component.
Rotary compressor : A compressor Mechanism which pumps fluid by using
rotating motion.
Rotary Forging: A process in which the workpiece is pressed between a flat
anvil and a swiveling (rocking) die with a conical working face; the platens
move toward each other during forging.
Rotary Furnace: A circular furnace constructed so that the hearth and
workpieces rotate around the axis of the furnace during heating.
Rotary Furnace: A circular furnace constructed so that the hearth and
workpieces rotate around the axis of the furnace during heating. Also called
rotary hearth. Furnace.
Rotary Joint: A connector or fitting that is equipped with seals or o rings
that allow it to rotate while passing one or more fluid paths through sealed
internal passages.
Rotary Press: A machine for forming powder metallurgy parts that is fitted
with a rotating table carrying multiple die assemblies in which powder is
compacted.
Rotary Retort Furnace: A continuous-type furnace in which the work
advances by means of an internal spiral, which gives good control of the
retention lime within the heated chamber.
Rotary Shear (Slitting Machine): A cutting machine with sharpened
circular blades or disc-like cutters used for trimming edges and slitting sheet
and foil. Note: cutter discs are also employed in producing circles from flat
sheets but with differently designed machines.
Rotary Shear (Slitting Machine): A cutting machine with sharpened
circular blades or disc like cutters used for trimming edges and slitting sheet
and foil. NOTE: cutter discs are also employed in producing dircles from flat
sheets but with differently designed machines.
Rotary Strainer: A second stage in-line water filter for water delivered from
a blowing room pump to the blast furnace. The strainer contains an electric-
driven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from entering
the water system.
Rotary Strainer: A second stage in line water filter for water delivered from
the New Blowing Room Pump to the Blast Furnace. The strainer contains an
electric driven rotary sieve that catches particulates and prevents them from
entering the water system.
Rotary Swager: A swaging machine consisting of a power-driven ring thai
revolves at high speed, causing rollers to engage cam surfaces and force the
dies to deliver hammerlike blows on the work at high frequency. Both
straight and tapered sections can be produced.
Rotary Swaging: A bulk forming process for reducing the cross-sectional
area or otherwise changing the shape of bars, rubes or wires by repeated
radial blows with one or more pairs of opposed dies.
Rotary Switch: A track switch with a movable inner frame containing
straight and/or curve sections of track. The inner frame can be rotated around
a vertical axis to align these tracks with other tracks for routing carriers from
one track to another.
Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT): An electro
mechanical rotary device that produces an analog signal in proportion to the
difference in distance between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Rotary Variable Transformer (RVT): An electromechanical rotary device
that produces an analog signal in proportion to the difference in velocity
between a magnet and a separate fixed coil.
Rotary/Teeming Nozzle: Mounted on the bottom of the ladle and used to
regulate the flow of molten metal from the ladle into the trumpet.
Rotating Axle: An axle which rotates with the wheel.
Rotor: Part that rotates in the pumping chamber, sometimes given specific
designation such as gear, screw, impeller, etc.
Rotoweigh: An electronic scale mounted to the lifting block of a crane used
to weigh scrap and coils. A weight readout is displayed on the side of the
crane cab.
Rotoweigh: An electronic scale mounted to the lifting block of a crane used
to weigh scrap and coils. A weight readout is displayed on the side of the
crane cab.
Rouge Finish: A highly reflective finish produced with rouge (finely
divided, hydrated iron oxide) or other very fine abrasive, similar in
appearance to the bright polish or mirror finish on sterling silver utensils.
Rough arch: A brick arch in which the bricks are rectangular and the arch
shape is formed by means of the mortar joints being wedge-shaped. (cf 'axed
arch').
Rough Blank: A blank for a metalforming or drawing operation, usually of
irregular outline, with necessary stock allowance for process metal which is
trimmed after forming or drawing to the desired size.
Rough Grinding: Grinding without regard to finish usually to be followed
by a subsequent operation.
Rough Machining: Machining without regard to finish usually to be
followed by a subsequent operation.
Rough Machining: Machining without regard to finish, usually to be
followed by a subsequent operation.
Rough opening: The initial stage of a plumbing, electrical, heating,
carpentry, and/or other project, when all components that won't be seen after
the second finishing phase are assembled. See also Heat Rough, Plumbing
Rough, and Electrical Rough.
Rough opening: The horizontal and vertical measurement of a window or
door opening before drywall or siding is installed.
Rough sawn: Timber direct from the saw
Rough sill: The horizontal distance from the eaves to a point directly under
the ridge. One half the span.
Rough sill: The framing member at the bottom of a rough opening for a
window. It is attached to the cripple studs below the rough opening.
Roughing: The fast removal of stock to reduce a workplace to approximate
dimensions, leaving only enough material to finish the part to specifications.
Roughing Stand: The first rolling stand through which metal passes during
hot rolling. Once reduced by the roughing stands, the metal continues on to
the finishing stands where smoother rolls with a smaller gap are used to
complete the hot roll process.
Roughing Stand: The first rolling stand through which metal passes during
hot rolling. Once reduced by the roughing stands, the metal continues on to
the finishing stands where smoother rolls with a smaller gap are used to
complete the hot roll process.
Roughing-in: the horizontal distance of a stair tread from the nose to the
riser.
Roughing-in: The initial stage of a plumbing, electrical, heating, carpentry,
and/or other project, when all components that won’t be seen after the second
finishing phase are assembled. See also Heat Rough, Plumbing Rough, and
Electrical Rough.
Roughness: a way of quantifying the degree of drag on flowing water by a
surface. Most commonly expressed as a dimensionless Manning’s number.
Roughness: a way of quantifying the degree of drag on flowing water by a
surface. Most commonly expressed as a dimensionless Manning’s number
Roughness: (1) Relatively finely spaced surface irregularities, the heights,
widths, and directions of which establish the predominant surface pattern. (2)
The microscopic peak-to-valley distances of surface protuberances and
depressions. See also surface roughness.(see Surface Roughness)
Roughness Average (Ra): An expression of measured surface roughness or
texture, typically, of a polished or machined metal surface. The arithmetic
average value of the departure (peaks and valleys) of a surface profile from
the centerline throughout the sampling length, generally expressed in micro-
inch (0.000,001-inch) or micro-meter (or micron) (0.0003937-inch) units.
Route: The system of transport for moving any piece of inventory from a
source location to any destination includes the physical path as well as the
mover/hauler chosen to transport.
Rpm: Revolutions Per Minute.
Ru: Chemical symbol for Ruthenium
Rub Mark: See ?Mark Rub?.
Rub Tool: A surface area showing a scratch or abrasion resulting from
contact of the hot extrusion with the press equipment
Rubber Forming: Forming a sheet metal wherein rubber or another resilient
material is used as a functional die pan. Processes in which rubber is
employed only to contain the hydraulic fluid are not classified as rubber
forming.
Rubber Id's: Inserts used to change the center diameter (20 24 ID).
Rubber Roll: A roll in the line mainly used as a wringer roll or backup roll.
Rubber Roll: A roll in the line mainly used as a wringer roll or back up roll.
Rubber Wheel: A grinding wheel made with a rubber bond.
Rubber-pad Forming: A sheet metal forming operation for shallow parts in
which a confined, pliable rubber pad attached to the press slide (ram) is
forced by hydraulic pressure to become a mating die for a punch or group of
punches placed on the press bed or baseplate. Also known as the Guerin
process. Variations of the Guerin process include the fluid-cell process,
fluidforming and Marforming process.
Rubbing Oil: Low-viscosity mineral oil used with or without an abrasive as
a polishing medium.
Ruling Section: More accurately termed limiting ruling section. One of the
most important factors associated with the choice of steel for a given purpose
is to ensure that the desired mechanical properties are obtained throughout
the section when the material has been heat-treated. The limiting ruling
section determines the maximum diameter or cross-section of a bar or
component in which the specified properties can be achieved by a given heat
treatment. The analysis of the steel also has an important bearing on this.
Ruling Section: More accurately termed limiting ruling section. One of the
most important factors associated with the choice of steel for a given purpose
is to ensure that the desired mechanical properties are abtained throughout the
section when the material has been heat treated. The limiting ruling section
determines the maximum diameter or cross section of a bar or component in
which the specified properties can be achieved by a given heat treatment. The
analysis of the steel also has an important bearing on this.
Rumble strip, serrated strip or jiggle bar : A slightly raised or lowered
strip of asphalt, plastic, etc., across the highway traffic lane or along the
shoulder lane. Rumple strips are placed together at a spacing (usually one
foot) to warn the driver, through an audible warning of the approaching
hazard.
Run: a part of the stream with smooth, slow to moderate flow, deeper than a
riffle
Run: reach of river characterized by deep medium to high velocity flow.
Run, roof: The amount of Portland cement in a cubic yard of concrete mix.
Generally, 5 or 6 sack is required in a foundation wall.
Run, roof: The horizontal distance from the eaves to a point directly under
the ridge. One half the span.
Run, stair: A small second roof built behind the back side of a fireplace
chimney to divert water around the chimney. Also, the plate at the bottom of
some—usually exterior—door openings. Sometimes called a threshold.
Run, stair: the horizontal distance of a stair tread from the nose to the riser.
Runner: A channel through which molten metal or slag is passed from one
receptacle to another.
Runner Box: A distribution box that divides molten metal into several
streams before it enters the casting mold cavity.
Runner Extension: In a mold, that part of a runner which extends beyond
the farthest ingate as a blind end. It acts as a dirt trap since the first rush of
metal along the runner will pick up any loose particles of sand or dirt and
carry them into the extension and not into the mold cavity.
Runner Riser: A conventional runner, usually in the horizontal plane, which
permits flow of molten metal to the ingate and is large enough to act as a
reservoir to feed the casting.
Runner Riser: A conventional runner, usually in the horizontal plane, which
permits flow of molten metal to the ingate and is large enough to act as a
reservoir to feed the casting.
Running current : The current that flows through a load after inrush current.
Usually called "full load current".
Running Pump: A pump in a hydraulic system that is being used to create
pressure.
Running Sheave: A sheave that rotates as the hook is lifted or lowered.
Running time : Amount of time a condensing unit is run per hour or per 24
hours.
Run-off : The amount of water from rain, snow, etc., which flows from a
catchment area past a given point over a certain period. It is the rainfall less
infiltration and evaporation. it can be increased by springs of groundwater or
reduced by loss to the ground.
Runout: Escape of molten metal from a furnace, mold or melting crucible.
Runout: A casting defect caused by incomplete filling of the mold due to
molten metal draining or leaking out of some part of the mold cavity during
pouring; escape of molten metal from a furnace, mold or melting crucible.
Runway: The rails, beams, brackets and framework on which the crane
operates.
Runway Conductors: The main conductors mounted on or parallel to the
runway which supplies current to the crane.
Runway Rail: The rail supported by the runway beams on which the bridge
travels.
Rupture Stress: The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress or
fracture stress.
Rust: A visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated oxides of iron.
Applied only to ferrous alloys.
Rust : A visible corrosion product consisting of hydrated oxides of iron.
Applied only to ferrous alloys.
Rust Preventive: A compound containing a rust inhibitor, used to coat metal
surfaces to prevent rust and corrosion; base material may be a petroleum oil,
a wax, an asphalt and/or solvent, depending on the environment and the
duration of the protection sought.
Rust staining : reaction between exposed intermetallic layers (specifically
the iron portion of the layers) with oxygen, that cause mild red or brown
staining.
Rust Test (Grease/Oils): (ASTM D 665 and D 1748) test that measures the
effectiveness of a lubricant at preventing the rusting of ferrous parts in the
presence of water.
Rust : corrosion product consisting of hydrated iron oxides; this term is
applicable only to ferrous (iron-containing) alloys
Rustication : Having the surface rough or irregular, or the joints deeply sunk
or chamfered.
Rusting: Corrosion mechanism of iron and steel when iron oxide is formed.
Passive stainless steel does not rust, but iron or steel contamination on the
surface will, which gives consumer a false impression concerning the
stainless steel itself. Passivation of stainless steel parts in a nitric acid
solution will remove this contamination while maintaining the passivity of
the stainless steel surface.
Ruthenium: Chemical symbol Ru. A white metal noted for its hardness; the
most expensive of the platinum group.
Ruthenium: Chemical symbol Ru. A white metal noted for its harness; the
most expensive of the platinum group
Rutting : Formation of longitudinal depressions by the displacement of soils
or surfaces under traffic.
Rvr: Runway Visual Range. A horizontal measurement of visibility along a
runway.
Rwy: Runway
Ryznar stability index : An index based on calcium carbonate pH of
saturation vs. actual pH to determine scaling or corrosion tendencies of a
water (R.I. = 2 pHs).
S Relay: A device used to direct the oil flow to the main piston which in turn
causes it to move allowing the opening and closing of the steam controlling
valves on a low pressure generator.
S shapes: A hot rolled shape called an American Standard Beam with
symbol S.
S.I. Engine: Distance travelled by piston per unit volume is called piston
speed . If L is piston stroke and speed of engine is shaft is N revolution per
minute. So piston speed will be 2LN m/min
S/T: Side trimmer.
Sack mix: A contract between a buyer and seller which should explain: (1)
What the purchase includes, (2) What guarantees there are, (3) When the
buyer can move in, (4) What the closing costs are, and (5) What recourse the
parties have if the contract is not fulfilled or if the buyer cannot get a
mortgage commitment at the agreed upon time.
Sack mix: The amount of Portland cement in a cubic yard of concrete mix.
Generally, 5 or 6 sack is required in a foundation wall.
Sacrificial anodes : Coupling of a more active metal to a structure resulting
in a galvanic current flow through the corroding electrolyte.
Sacrificial Barrier: A coating, such as zinc, which “sacrifices” itself to the
corrosive elements of the atmosphere to protect the steel from corrosion.
Sacrificial Barrier: A coating, such as zinc, which sacrifices itself to the
corrosive elements of the atmosphere to protect the steel from corrosion.
Sacrificial Protection: Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an electrolyte by
galvanically coupling it to a more anodic metal; a form of cathodic
protection.
Sacrificial protection : Reduction of corrosion of a metal in an electrolyte by
galvanically coupling it to a more anodic metal. A form of cathode
protection.
Sadaf: Saudi Arabia Petrochemical Company.
Saddle: Lime that is mixed with sand, resulting in a textured finish on a wall.
Saddle: A small second roof built behind the back side of a fireplace
chimney to divert water around the chimney. Also, the plate at the bottom of
some—usually exterior—door openings. Sometimes called a threshold.
Saddle : Line equipment used to transfer coils up, down, on, or off the reels.
The saddle is sometimes referred to as a traverse car.
Saddle angle: The angle connection or seat on the end of a header or frame
which bears from the side on the top chord of a joist. This angle should be
designed to carry the reaction of the header or frame to the center of the joist
and must rest on and weld to both top chord angles.
Saddle valve (tap-a-line: Valve body shaped so it may be silver brazed or
clamped onto a refrigerant tubing surface.
Saddling: Forming a seamless metal ring by forging a pierced disk over a
mandrel (or saddle).
SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers. www.sae.org
SAE Numbers/SAE Oil Viscosity Classification: Numbers assigned by the
SAE to crankcase, transmission and rear axle lubricants to indicate their
viscosity ranges; may be converted to ISO and/or ASTM/STLE
classifications.
Sae Specifications: A set of materials specification issued by the Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc.
Safeties: Valves that open to relieve excessive pressure.
Safety can: Approved container of not more than 5 gallon capacity. It has a
spring closing lid and spout cover. It is designed to relieve internal pressure
safely when exposed to fire. It may be used to contain oils and lubricants for
machine maintenance and repair works
Safety Closure System: A safety closure system is any system that helps to
prevent accidental access to an area. An example of a safety closure system
would be an automatic gate mechanism designed to prevent unintended
access to the edge of a dock, a stairway, or an elevator shaft.
Safety control: A system to stop refrigerating to reach in unsafe pressure
and/or temperatures and/or dangerous conditions
Safety Cup: 1. A device that prevents the oil reservoir from draining if the
water seal on the separator is lost. 2. Heavy steel mug-shaped device placed
on the welder shear frame from operating, enabling the safe removal of scrap
from the welder tray.
Safety Factor: The ratio of burst pressure to rated pressure under specific
static pressure and temperature conditions.
Safety Horn: A horn used to alert the crew that the line or parts of the line is
about to be jogged.
Safety Lug: A mechanical device fixed securely to the end truck or trolley
yoke which will limit the fall of the crane or carrier in case of wheel or axle
failure.
Safety plug: Device or plug which is used to release the contents of a
container before rupture pressures reached.
Sag: Semi-Autogeneous Grinding mill. Used in mineral extraction to grind
ore to a fine consistency for further extraction processes.
Sag: A decrease in metal section in casting due to sagging of the cope or
core.
Sag: A decrease in metal section in casting due to sagging of the cope or
core.
Sag rod: A tension member used to limit the deflection of a girt or purlin in
the direction of the weak axis.
Sagging moment : A bending moment which causes a beam to sink in the
middle. Usually described as a positive moment.
SaIt Fog Test: An accelerated corrosion test in which specimens are exposed
to a fine mist of a solution usually containing sodium chloride, but sometimes
modified with other chemicals. Also known as salt spray test.
Salamander: 1. A heating device, usually of drum shape, in which fuel is
burned in the open air by natural draft. 2. Iron which has collected in the
bottom of a blast furnace during a blow.
Salamander: 1) A heating device, usually of drum shape, in which fuel is
burned in the open air by natural draft, 2) iron which has collected in the
bottom of a blast furnace during a blow.
Saleable Steel: The term is used to designate various types of solid steel
products, which are sold to outside customers for further processing or for
direct use/consumption. Therefore, it includes ingots and/or semis and/or
finished steel products. (Liquid steel is normally not traded).
Sales contract : A sewer system designed for the collection of waste water
from the bathroom, kitchen and laundry drains, and is usually not designed to
handle storm water.
Sales contract : A contract between a buyer and seller which should explain:
(1) What the purchase includes, (2) What guarantees there are, (3) When the
buyer can move in, (4) What the closing costs are, and (5) What recourse the
parties have if the contract is not fulfilled or if the buyer cannot get a
mortgage commitment at the agreed upon time.
Salinity: A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances in
water. Salinity is the measure of all the salts dissolved in water. Salinity is
usually measured in ppt ( parts per thousand). The average ocean salinity is
35ppt . This means that in every kilogram (1000 grams) of seawater, 35
grams are salt. The average river water have 0.5ppt or less salinity
Salinity : A measure of the concentration of dissolved mineral substances in
water.
Salmonid: a fish of the Salmonidae family (salmon, trout, char)
Salt Bath: A method of heating steel using a bath of molten salts. Salt baths
give uniform heating and prevent oxidation, they are used for hardening,
tempering or quenching. The type of salt used depends on the temperature
range required. For hardening, sodium cyanide, sodium carbonate and
sodium chloride are in common use.
Salt spitting : The ability of an anion exchanger to convert a salt solution to
caustic; the ability of a cation exchanger to convert a salt solution to acid.
Salt Spray Test: 1. A test to determine the life of coated steel when exposed
to corrosive saltwater solution (generally 5% NaCl). 2. A moisture and
corrosion resistance test employing a controlled exposure of a painted sheet
to a fog or mist of a salt solution, usually 5% sodium chloride, for a specified
time period, say 500 or 1000 hours.
Salt Spray Test: A test to determine the life of coated steel when exposed to
corrosive saltwater solution (generally 5% NaCl).
Salt water : water with high concentrations of sodium chloride or other salts
Salvage: Smaller coils sold at above the scrap price.
Salvage Coil: A coil with a weight less than 5,000 lb that does not meet
customer specifications. These coils do not get an IPM number.
Sample: (1) One or more units of a product (or a relatively small quantity of
a bulk material) withdrawn from a lot or process stream and then tested or
inspected to provide information about the properties, dimensions or other
quality characteristics of the lot or process stream. (2) A portion of a material
intended to be representative of the whole.
Sample: A part , portion or piece taken for purposes of inspection or test as
representative of the whole
Sampling: The cutting or baring of samples for testing.
Sand: Aggregate consisting of mineral particles whose size is generally less
than 5mm; fine aggregate. Merchants in the UK supply soft sand and coarse
or fine sharp sand.
Sand: grains of rock between 0.06mm and 2mm
Sand: In metalcasting, a loose, granular material high in SiO2, resulting from
the disintegration of rock. The name “sand” refers to the size of grain and not
to mineral composition. Diameter of the individual grains can vary from
approximately 6 to 270 mesh. Most foundry sands are made up primarily of
the mineral quartz (silica). The reason for this is that sand is plentiful,
refractory and cheap; miscellaneous sands include zircon, olivine, chromite,
CaCO3, black sand (lava grains), titanium minerals and others.
Sand: In metalcasting, a loose, granular material high in SiO2, resulting from
the disintegration of rock. The name sand refers to the size of grain and not to
mineral composition. Diameter of the individual grains can vary from
approximately 6 to 270 mesh. Most foundry sands are mad up principally of
the mineral quartz (silica). Reason for this is that sand is plentiful, refractory,
and cheap; miscellaneous sands include zircon, olivine, chromite, CaCO3,
black sand (lava grains), titanium minerals and others.
Sand : Glandular material passing through a #4 sieve (4.76 mm), but
predominantly retained above the No. #200 sieve (74 micron).
Sand Blasting: The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand against
them at high velocity. See also Blast Cleaning.
Sand Control: Procedure whereby various properties of foundry sand, such
as fineness, permeability, green strength, moisture content, etc., are adjusted
to obtain castings free from blows, scabs, veins and similar defects.
Sand Control: Procedure whereby various properties of foundry sand, such
as fineness, permeability, green strength, moisture content, etc., are adjusted
to obtain castings free from blows, scabs, veins, and similar defects.
Sand equivalent : A measure of the amount of clay contamination in fine
aggregate.
Sand float finish: A single light frame containing one or more lights of
glass. The frame that holds the glass in a window, often the movable part of
the window.
Sand float finish: Lime that is mixed with sand, resulting in a textured finish
on a wall.
Sand Hole: A pit in the surface of a sand casting resulting from a deposit of
loose sand on the surface of the mold.
Sand Mulling: A method of evenly distributing the bond around the sand
grain by a rubbing action.
Sand Mulling: A method of evenly distributing the bond around the sand
grain by a rubbing action.
Sand Plow: A bladed device used to divert sand from a belt conveyor into a
sand hopper.
Sand Porosity: Volume of the pore spaces or folds in a sand. (Not
synonymous with permeability).
Sand Porosity: Volume of the pore spaces or folds in a sand. (Not
synonymous with permeability).
Sand Reclamation: Processing of used foundry sand grains by thermal,
attraction or hydraulic methods so that it may be used in place of new sand
without substantially changing current foundry sand practice.
Sand Reclamation: Processing of used foundry sand grains by thermal,
attraction or hydraulic methods so that it may be used in place of new sand
without substantially changing current foundry sand practice.
Sand Tempering: Dampening and cutting over or otherwise mixing sand to
produce uniform distribution of moisture, and allowing time for migration of
water molecules.
Sand Tempering: Dampening and cutting over or otherwise mixing sand to
produce uniform distribution of moisture, and allowing time for migration of
water molecules.
Sand Wall: Temporary independent wall separated from a slag pocket wall;
facilitates slag removal and protects permanent wall.
Sand Wall: Temporary independent wall separated from a slag pocket wall;
facilitates slag removal and protects permanent wall.
Sandblasting: The process of cleaning forgings by propelling sand against
them at high velocity. (see Blast Cleaning (Blasting))
Sandcasting: Metal castings produced in sand molds.
Sanding: The smoothing down of visible timber or other surfaces with
sandpaper.
Sanding Stick: A wooden stick that has sandpaper on one end that is used to
prevent defects on the rolls from being transferred onto the strip.
Sanding Stone: Equipment used to remove grit from rolls, tin or zinc buildup
from knives, and to clean the burr mashers.
Sanding Stone: Equipment used to remove grit from rolls, tin or zinc build
up from knives, and to clean the burr mashers.
Sand-lime brick: A kind of calcium silicate brick.
Sandwich Rolling: Rolling two or more strips of metal in a pack, sometimes
to form a roll-welded composite.
Sanitary sewer: A device, usually operated by a spring and designed to hold
a single hung window vent up and in place
Sanitary sewer: A sewer system designed for the collection of waste water
from the bathroom, kitchen and laundry drains, and is usually not designed to
handle storm water.
Saponification (Analysis): The process used to measure the ester content of
a material. (see Saponification Number)
Saponification (Grease): Process in which a fat or some other compound of
an acid and an alcohol reacts with an alkali to form a soap and glycerin or
other alcohol.
Saponification Number: (ASTM D 94) the number of milligrams of
potassium hydroxide required to saponify the fats and/or esters in a one-g
sample of a given material.
Sapwood: Wood from outside of trunk, usually high in starch
Sarking: A covering of water-proof building paper beneath the external roof
covering.
Sas: Self-anchored suspension bridge.
Sash: A felt which is impregnated with tar or asphalt.
Sash: The framework in a window, into which the glass is fitted.
Sash: A single light frame containing one or more lights of glass. The frame
that holds the glass in a window, often the movable part of the window.
Sash balance: A table on the blueprints that list the sizes, quantities and
locations of the windows, doors and mirrors.
Sash balance: A device, usually operated by a spring and designed to hold a
single hung window vent up and in place
Sash window: The traditional type of window which opens by sliding up and
down. The frame is called a box-frame, because the side members are hollow
wooden boxes inside which the counterweights slide up and down. The
biggest problems with them are that over-zealous painting leaves them
jammed shut, and the sash-cords have frequently to be replaced. Modern
versions are available incorporating draught proofing and springs instead of
weights.
Satin Finish: A diffusely reflecting surface finish on metals, lustrous but not
mirrorlike. One type is a butler finish.
Saturated air: When the air cannot hold any more moisture, the air is said to
be saturated. Relative humidity is the water-vapor content of the air relative
to its content at saturation.
Saturated air : When the air cannot hold any more moisture.
Saturated felt: The removal of all drywall material and debris after the home
is "hung out" (installed) with drywall.
Saturated felt: A felt which is impregnated with tar or asphalt.
Saturated liquid: A substance at vapor–liquid equilibrium is generally
referred to as a saturated fluid. A liquid which is at saturation pressure and
saturation temperature; in other words, a liquid which is at its boiling point
for any given pressure.
Saturated surface dry (ssd) : A condition of an aggregate which holds as
much water as it can without having any free surface water between the
aggregate particles.
Saturated vapor: A vapor which is at saturation pressure and saturation
temperature. A saturated vapor cannot be superheated as long as it is in
contact with the liquid from which it is being generated.
Saturates: Synonym for alkane hydrocarbons, or saturated hydrocarbons.
Saturation: Condition existing when substance contains all of another
substance it can hold for that temperature and pressure.
Saturation index: The relation of calcium carbonate to the pH, alkalinity,
and hardness of water to determine its scale forming tendency.
Saturation pressure: The point, where at a given temperature a pure
substance starts to boil.
Saturation temperature: The point, where at a given pressure a pure
substance starts to boil.
SAW: Submerged arc weld. A method of producing very large pipe.
Saw Gumming: In saw manufacture, grinding away of punch marks or
milling marks in the gullets (spaces between the teeth) and, in some cases,
simultaneous sharpening of the teeth; in reconditioning of worn saws,
restoration of the original gullet size and shape.
SAW Pipe: Both electric resistance welded (ERW) and submerged arc
welded (SAW) tube or pipe is mostly produced by first forming steel sheet or
plate into a cylinder and then welding the longitudinal gap to form a seam.
SAW is a form of electric arc welding. A power supply is used to strike an
arc between a consumable electrode and the pipe. This heats the steel, and
filler metal in the electrode melts and flows into the seam. Fluxes in the
electrode blanket the welding operation, suppressing sparks, fumes and
ultraviolet radiation. SAW is mostly associated with larger, thicker-walled
pipe manufacture. (see ERW)
Sawing: Using a toothed blade or disk to sever parts or cut contours.
Saybolt SUS/SFS: (ASTM D 88) the number of seconds required for 60 ml
of a fluid to flow through the orifice of the standard Saybolt Universal
Viscometer (SUS) or a Saybolt Furol Viscometer (SFS) at a given
temperature under specified conditions. Since the orifice of a Saybolt Furol
viscometer is larger than that of a Universal viscometer, it is used for more
viscous fluids.
Saybolt universal viscosity: A commercial measure of viscosity expressed
as a time in seconds or a measure of kinematic viscosity used in classical
mechanics required for 60 mL of a fluid to flow through the orifice of the
standard Saybolt universal viscometer at a given temperature under specific
conditions; used for the lighter petroleum products and lubrication oils.
Sb: Chemical symbol for antimony.
Sbc (standard building code): A minimum model regulatory code for the
protection of public health, safety, welfare and property by regulating and
controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy,
location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within a jurisdiction.
Scab: An imperfection consisting of a thin, flat piece of metal attached to the
surface of a sand casting or ingot. A scab usually is separared from the
casting proper by a thin layer of sand or refractory and is attached to the
casting along one edge. An erosion scab is similar in appearance to a cut or
wash.
Scab (Scabby): A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the
mold face, or by uneven mold surfaces; or occurring where the skin from a
blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded. They also result from
splashing of molten metal on mold walls during teeming.
Scab (Scabby): A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the
mold face, or by uneven mold surfaces; or occurring where the skin from a
blowhole has partly burned away and is not welded.
Scab on: A member fastened or welded to another member for
reinforcement.
Scabble: The dressing down of the roughest irregularities and projections of
stonework or the roughening of a smooth finish (e.g. concrete).
Scaffold: A framework for temporary access to building works. The
traditional way to build a scaffold in the UK used to be with timber poles
connected together with wire bonds. Standardised 1 15/16 inch (49mm) steel
tube with proprietary steel connectors came into widespread use after the
second world war, based on war surplus tubing that had been used in beach
defenses. Various proprietary scaffolding systems are also available and may
cost less, but "tube and fittings" scaffolding has the advantage of flexibility.
(Fr. échafaudage, m).
Scaffold board: Timber boards used to make walkways on a scaffold.
Scaffolding: A temporary structure specifically erected to support access
platforms or working platforms.
Scale: An oxide of iron which forms on the surface of hot steel exposed to air
or oxygen.
Scale: it can be defined as a unwanted layer of chemical reaction with any
material surface against environment or Surface oxidation, consisting of
partially adherent layers of corrosion products, left on metals by heating or
casting in air or in other oxidizing atmosphere. Also a deposit on a heat
transfer surface resulting from precipitation of salts present in water in
contact with that surface, forming a hard, dense material.
Scale causing elements: Calcium and magnesium elements forming scale.
Scale Line: A furrow in the rolling direction of the strip.
Scale Pits: Pits used in hot roll mills; scale loosened from hot slabs drops
into the pits and settles on the bottom.
Scale removal: it is the process of removing the scale by the application of
mechanical force , water treatment or the acid.
Scale Resistance: Resistance to corrosion by air at elevated temperatures. In
stainless steels, chromium is the most important element for increasing the
scaling resistance particularly at temperatures above 1,000°F.
Scale : a thick layer of imbedded oxidation (rust) products on metals
Scales: The oxidised surface of steel produced during hot working, as in
rolling, and exposure to air or steam at elevated tenmperature.
Scaling: (1) Forming a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at high
temperature. Scaling should be distinguished from rusting, which involves
the formation of hydrated oxides. See also rust. (2) Depositing water-
insoluble constituents on a metal surface, as in cooling tubes and water
boilers.
Scaling : A delamination of a thin portion of the top of Portland. Cement
concrete.
Scalping: Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs before
fabrication.
Scalping: Machining the surface layers from ingots, billets and slabs before
fabrication.
Scanner: 1. An electronic eye that is sensitive to certain areas of the light
spectrum used to detect flame in the boiler. 2. Refers to hardware used to
scan the bar-coded labels containing the IPM number of the coil and the
location for inventory identification. Interfaces directly to the DEC computer
through the radiofrequency (RF) backbone.
Scanner: 1) An electronic eye that is sensitive to certain areas of the light
spectrum used to detect flame in the boiler. 2) Refers to hardware used to
scan the bar coded labels containing the IPM no. of the coil and the location
for inventory identification. Interfaces directly to the DEC computer through
the Radiofrequency (RF) Backbone.
Scanner Fan: Fan which provides ambient air for the purpose of keeping the
flame scanners cool.
Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM): An analytical technique that measures
the lateral distribution of elements on the surface of a material by recording
the intensity of their Auger electrons versus the position of the electron
beam.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): An instrument used for obtaining
microstructure images using an electron beam. The micrographs obtained
give depth perception of the metal being observed.
Scantling: The cross-sectional dimensions of a length of timber; the principal
dimensions of a shaped stone; a piece of timber of a specific size.
Scantlings: Sawn framing timbers of comparatively small dimensions (e.g.
100 x 50) in a building.
Scarf: A traditional woodworking joint for extending the length of a timber.
Scarf: To remove surface defects from ingots, blooms, or billets, usually
with a gas torch.
Scarf Joint: A butt joint in which the plane of the joint is inclined with
respect to the main axes of the members.
Scarfing: The joining of two pieces of timber together in length by which the
two ends are cut to lap over and fit each other.
Scarfing: Cutting the surface of slabs, ordinarily by using a gas torch, to
remove surface defects prior to rolling at the hot mill.
Scarifier, ripper or rooter : An implement which may be self-propelled or
towed behind a tractor, with downward projecting tines for breaking a road
surface for approximately two feet deep or less.
Scavenging Rate: Establishes the purity of the hydrogen gas in the
generator.
Scavenging Rate: Establishes the purity of the hydrogen gas in the
generator.
Scba: Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
Scc: Stress corrosion cracking.
Scfd: Standard cubic feet per day.
Schedule: A list of product to be processed on a unit.
Schedule (window, door, mirror): The first coat of plaster, which is
scratched to form a bond for a second coat.
Schedule (window, door, mirror): A table on the blueprints that list the
sizes, quantities and locations of the windows, doors and mirrors.
Schedule Book: A group of schedules or order mattes that contain customer
specifications for processing.
Schedule, Pipe: A means of indicating the wall thickness of pipe sizes, as set
forth in ASME B36.1 and ASTM A530 and B775. Commonly available pipe
schedules are Schedules 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80. The actual wall thickness of a
schedule number varies with the nominal pipe size or diameter (e.g.: 0.5" Sch
40 = 0.109" while 2" Sch 40 = 0.154"). A higher number schedule indicates a
thicker wall for a particular pipe diameter.
Schists: Crystalline rocks whose constituent materials are arranged in layers
which are easily separated.
Scissor joist: A non-standard type of joist where both the top chord and
bottom chord are double pitched and parallel with each other.
Scleroscope Hardness (Test): A method for measuring the hardness of
metals; a diamond-pointed hammer drops from a fixed distance through a
tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the rebound measured. The
scleroscope hardness value is empirically taken from the rebound distance,
with a specified high-carbon steel as 100.
Scleroscope Hardness (Test): A hardness test where the loss in kinetic
energy of a falling metal tup, absorbed by indentation upon impact of the tup
on the metal being tested, is indicated by the height of rebound.
Scleroscope Hardness Number (HSc or HSd): A number related to the
height of rebound of a diamond tipped hammer dropped on the material being
tested. It is measured on a scale determined by dividing into 100 units the
average rebound of the hammer from a quenched (to maximum hardness) and
untempered AISI W-5 tool steel test block.
Scnr: Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction.
Scorification: Oxidation, in the presence of fluxes, of molten lead containing
precious metals, to partly remove the lead in order to concentrate the precious
metals.
Scoring: (1) The formation of severe scratches in the direction of sliding. (2)
The act of producing a scratch or narrow groove in a surface by causing a
sharp instrument to move along that surface. (3) The marring or scratching of
any formed metal part by metal pickup on the punch or die. (4) The reduction
in thickness of a material along a line to weaken it intentionally along that
line.
Scotch Brite: Mechanical finish produced by applying Scotch Brite to the
surface of the metal to give a fine scratch pattern appearance. It is also useful
in reducing tool wear (i.e., the removal of abrasive surface oxides).
Scotch Brite: Mechanical finish produced by applying scotch brite
(registered trademark of 3M co.) to the surface of the metal to give a fine
scratch pattern appearance. It is also useful I reducing tool wear (i.e. removal
of abrasive surface osides
Scour: localized erosion of substrate and banks by river flow.
Scour or erosion : Removal of the sea bed or of a river bed or banks by
erosive action of waves or flowing water
Scouring: (1) A wet or dry cleaning process involving mechanical scrubbing.
(2) A wet or dry mechanical finishing operation, using fine abrasive and low
pressure, carried out by hand or with a cloth or wire wheel to produce satin or
butler-type finishes.
Scr: Selective Catalytic Reduction.
Scrap: Iron or steel discard, or cuttings, or junk metal, which can be
reprocessed.
Scrap: Material unsuitable for direct use but usable for reprocessing by re
melting.
Scrap (Ferrous): Ferrous (iron-containing) material that generally is
remelted and recast into new steel. Integrated steel mills use scrap for up to
25% of their basic oxygen furnace charge; 100% of the mini-mills’ raw
material for their electric furnaces generally is scrap. Home scrap--Waste
steel that is generated from within the steel mill, through edge trimming and
rejects. It normally is sent directly back to the furnace. Prompt (industrial)
scrap--Excess steel that is trimmed by the auto and appliance stampers and
auctioned to scrap buyers as factory bundles. This is a high-quality scrap as
the result of its low-residual content and consistent chemistry. Obsolete
scrap--Iron-bearing trash. Automobile hulks, worn-out refrigerators and
useless storage tanks, for example, can be recovered from the junkyard and
remelted. The residual impurity of such scrap normally relegates obsolete
scrap to the mini-mills. (see No. 1 heavy melt)
Scrap Baller: Device on the delivery end of a slitter which collects the
sidetrimmed edges of the coils and winds them into a ball.
Scrap Baller: Device on the Delivery End of a slitter which collects the
sidetrimmed edges of the coils and winds them into a ball.
Scrap Deflector: A device used to direct the edge of the strip that was cut
away by the slitter knives. This waste is now considered to be scrap and is
directed to the scrap bailer by the deflector.
Scrap Deflector: A device used to direct the edge of the strip that was cut
away by the slitter knives. This waste is now considered to be scrap and is
directed to the scrap baller by the deflector.
Scrap out: To level off concrete to the correct elevation during a concrete
pour.
Scrap out: The removal of all drywall material and debris after the home is
“hung out” (installed) with drywall.
Scrap Sheet: The portions of the coil that are discarded because they are out-
of-spec.
Scrap Sheet: The portions of the coil that are discarded because they are out
of spec.
Scrap Substitute: Raw material that can be charged in place of scrap in
EAFs and BOFs. Scrap substitutes include, among others, DRI, HBI, iron
carbide and pig iron.
Scrap Substitute: Raw material that can be charged in place of scrap in
electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. Scrap substitutes include,
among others, DRI, HBI, iron carbide and pig iron.
Scrap Substitute: Raw material that can be charged in place of scrap in
electric arc furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces. Scrap substitutes include,
among others, DRI, HBI, iron carbide, and pig iron.
Scraper Ring: A metal or synthetic ring that is fitted to the shaft of a
cylinder to remove particles from the shaft so to prevent them from entering
the cylinder seal chamber.
Scrapers: aquatic invertebrates that feed by scraping the surface of rocks for
algae
Scrapless Nut Quality Wire Rods: Wire rods that are used to produce wire
for Scrapless nuts. Rods for Scrapless nuts are supplied in low-carbon, re-
sulfurized and aluminum killed non resulfurized steels. The wire rods are
produced to be free from detrimental segregation, and surface imperfections.
The steel must have satisfactory cold-heading, cold expanding, cold
punching, and threading and tapping characteristics. It is customary to order
this type of steel to a specified sulfur range.
Scrapping: The act of discarding a piece of steel or of cutting it into sizes
convenient for handling as scrap.
Scratch: (1) For rolled products, a sharp indentation in the surface usually
caused by a machine or during handling. (2) For extrusions, a synonym for
handling mark. See ?Mark, Handling?.
Scratch Brushed Finish: Finish obtained by mechanically brushing the
surface with wire bristle brushes, by buffing with greaseless compound or by
cold rolling with wire bristled rolls on scratch etched finish.
Scratch coat: A small strip of wood, usually the thickness of the plaster coat,
used as a guide for plastering.
Scratch coat: The first coat of plaster, which is scratched to form a bond for
a second coat.
Scratch Hardness: The hardness of a metal determined by the width of a
scratch made by drawing a cutting point across the surface under a given
pressure.
Scratch or Gouge: This type of defect can be recognized, in most cases, as
to its source. If the scratch or gouge occurs in the hot strip mill there will be
an oxide which has formed at the base of it. Scratches or gouges occurring at
the finishing end can be recognized by the bright appearance at the base of
the defect which is indicative of oxide removal after the steel has cooled.
Scratch, Drawn-In: A scratch occurring during the fabricating process and
subsequently drawn over making it relatively smooth to the touch.
Scratch, Friction: A scratch caused by relative motion between two
contacting surfaces.
Scratch, Machine: An indentation which is straight, is in the rolling
direction and is caused by contact with a sharp projection on equipment.
Scratch, Oscillation: Minor indentations at an angle to the rolling direction
that result from coil oscillation during unwinding or rewinding.
Scratch, Oven: A scratch which is caused by moving contact of coating
against a non-moving object in an oven.
Scratch, Rolled-In: A scratch which is subsequently rolled. It will then
appear as a grayish-white ladder (distinct transverse lines within the
longitudinal indentation).
Scratch, Tension: A short longitudinal indentation parallel to the rolling
direction.
Scratches: 1. A defect on a strip where small portions of tin coating have
been removed. 2. Defect that manifests itself in many forms generally due to
scoring of the strip surface by an outside source.
Scratches: 1) A defect on a strip where small portions of tin coating have
been removed. 2) Defect that manifests itself in many forms generally due to
scoring of the strip surface by an outside source.
Screed: Boards or battens set up to establish the height at which concrete is
to be levelled off.
Screed: A temporary rail, installed at a specific level, to enable concrete to
be finished at the correct level. Also sand and cement, mixed rather dry, laid
on a (usually concrete) floor and screeded and trowelled to make a smooth
surface. (Fr. chape, f).
Screed board: A board used to level off concrete between screeds.
Screed, concrete: Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Screed, concrete: To level off concrete to the correct elevation during a
concrete pour.
Screed, plaster: (1) An opening for drainage in a wall, curb or parapet. (2)
The drain in a downspout or flat roof, usually connected to the downspout.
Screed, plaster: A small strip of wood, usually the thickness of the plaster
coat, used as a guide for plastering.
Screed, screed board, screed rail or tamper : (1) A wood or metal templet
with which a concrete surface is finished. Screeds are set to the correct level
for the slab surface. The screed rail may be cambered but is usually straight.
(2) A layer of mortar 2 to 7 cm thick, laid to finish a floor surface or as a bed
for floor tiles.
Screen: (1) The woven wire or fabric cloth, having square openings, used in
a sieve for retaining particles greater than the particular mesh size. U.S.
standard, ISO or Tyler screen sizes are commonly used. (2) One of a set of
sieves, designated by the size of the openings used to classify granular
aggregates such as sand, ore or coke by particle size. (3) A perforated sheet
placed in the gating system of a mold to separate impurities from the molten
metal.
Screen (Sand): A sieve or riddle with openings of definite size used to
separate one gain size from another or to remove lumps from sand.
Screen Analysis (Sieve Analysis): Distribution of particle size sand
expressed in terms of the percentage of weight retained on each of a series of
standard screens decreasing in mesh size and the percentage passed by the
screen of finest mesh.
Screen Analysis (Sieve Analysis): Distribution of particle size sand
expressed in terms of the percentage of weight retained on each of a series of
standard screens decreasing in mesh size and the percentage passed by the
screen of finest mesh.
Screen Box: An in-line water filter for water delivered from the river to the
powerhouse. The screen box contains a screen filter that catches particulates
and prevents them from entering the water system.
Screen Box: An in line water filter for water delivered from the river to the
powerhouse. The screen box contains a screen filter that catches particulates
and prevents them from entering the water system.
Screen Box Chart: A chart in the old pump room that gives the Pump
Tender the pressure on the screen box and whether it is dirty or not.
Screen Decks: A system that provides a method to screen the fines from the
sinter product. The screen decks are slotted or blanked.
Screen Decks: A system that provides a method to screen the fines from the
sinter product. The screen decks are slotted or blanked.
Screen Tubes: Tubes that run from the front drum to a header on the east
wall at the third floor level. While no steam is generated, water circulates
rapidly through these tubes and their purpose is to block or screen the boiler
fly ash and prevent its carryover into the superheater elements and generators.
This area receives heavy slagging during boiler operation and must be
washed daily.
Screens: Equipment designed to prevent larger objects to enter water
treatment system.
Screw: Threaded fastener.
Screw Press: A high-speed press in which the ram is activated by a large
screw assembly powered by a drive mechanism.
Screw pump: Compressor constructed of two mated revolving screws.
Screw Stock: Free cutting steel bars suitable for the manufacture of bolts and
screws.
Screwdown Drives: Drives atop each finishing mill that provide the initial
downward force on the top backup roll, through the AGC cylinder. Each mill
has two drives (operator side and drive side).
Scribe Marking: Scribe marking is a surface marking process that etches
straight line segments into a surface. The line segments can be used to
represent a graphic image or a series of alphanumeric characters. Scribe
marking heads are mounted onto articulating or robotic arms and linked to a
controller that guides the marking process.
Scribing: A finishing material, either clear or pigmented, that is usually
applied directly over raw wood for the purpose of sealing the wood surface.
Scribing: Cutting a piece of timber (eg a moulding), to fit the profile of
another to which it is to be fitted.
Scribing: Cutting and fitting woodwork to an irregular surface.
Scrubber: An apparatus for the removal of solids from gases by entrainment
in water.
Scrubbers: The scrubber combines the use of wringers and sprays to wash
off any remaining foreign matter and cleaning compound adhering to the
strip. Cold water is mainly used in the scrubbers.
Sct: See SOCAL (below).
Scuffing: (1) Localized damage caused by the occurrence of solid-phase
welding between sliding surfaces, without local surface melting. (2) A mild
degree of galling that results from the welding of asperities due to frictional
heat. The welded asperities break, causing surface degradation.
Scupper: Drying and removing moisture from green wood in order to
improve its usability.
Scupper: Any opening or drain in the side of a structure, flat roof, or
downspout for the drainage of rain water.
Scupper: (1) An opening for drainage in a wall, curb or parapet. (2) The
drain in a downspout or flat roof, usually connected to the downspout.
Scuttle: A framed opening in a roof used for access to the roof from inside a
building.
Sdi (steel deck institute): An institute which brings uniformity to the design,
manufacture, quality control, and construction practices applicable to cold-
formed steel deck.
Se: Chemical symbol for selenium.
Se: Chemical symbol for Selenium.
SEA: Special End Area. Inspection to check for defects at either side of a
steel tube which is also being inspected electronically (EMI misses the ends).
Sea: Special end area ? inspection to check for defects at eithre of a steel tube
which is also being inspected electronic (EMI misses the ends.)
Seaa (steel erectors association of america): An organization that sets
uniform standards among the many steel erectors and helps promote safety in
the erection industry.
Seal: See O RING and GASKET.
Seal Coat: Material applied to infiltrate the pores of a thermal spray deposit.
Seal Oil: Pressurized oil that flows along the shaft through the clearance
space between the gland rings and the shaft. As long as the oil pressure
exceeds the gas pressure in the machine, the oil flow will prevent hydrogen
gas from escaping.
Seal Oil: Pressurized oil that flows along the shaft through the clearance
space between the gland rings and the shaft. As long as the oil pressure
exceeds the gas pressure in the machine, the oil flow will prevent hydrogen
gas from escaping. Seal oil systems are on #8 and #9 Generators.
Seal Swell: An increase in elastomer volume or linear dimension of a
specimen immersed in liquid or exposed to a vapor; hardness and durability
of the elastomer may also be affected. Swell characteristics vary with the
elastomer, but high aniline point oils cause less swell than low aniline point
oils.
Seal Tank: A tank that allows a free flow of effluent water in the scrubber to
the recycle/effluent tank and maintains a water seal on the scrubber to prevent
the sulfur gases from escaping into the surrounding atmosphere.
Seal Tank: A tank that allows a free flow of effluent water the scrubber to
the recycle/effluent tank and maintains a water seal on the scrubber to prevent
the sulfur gases from escaping into the surrounding atmosphere.
Seal Water: Water that is used to quench excess steam that escapes from the
seal areas.
Seal Water: Water that is used to quench excess steam that escapes from the
seal areas.
Seal Weld: Any weld designed primarily to provide a s eific degree of
tightness against leakage.
Seal, magnetic : A seal that uses magnetic material, instead of springs or
bellows, to provide the closing force.
Seal, rotary : A mechanical seal that rotates with a shaft and is used with a
stationary mating ring. This seal is provided to prevent any leakage in
system.
Sealant or sealing compound : (1) A fluid of plastic consistency laid over a
joint surface or the outside of a joint filler to exclude water. Hot bitumen,
rubber strip, plastic strip, hessian caulking, synthetic resins and building
mastics are used as sealant. (2) A durable coating of plastics such as epoxy
resin or polyurethane, painted on the face of form lining or timber formwork
to enable it to be reused many times. (3) Liquid-membrane curing compound.
A coating for roads (e.g., bituminous emulsion) over a damp, recently cast
concrete surface, which prevents loss of water, and thus ensures proper
curing of the concrete. (4) A treatment for a set concrete floor which
strengthens the concrete surface or binds the aggregate, ensuring that it does
not dust. Sodium silicate solution has been successfully used for many years
Sealed Source: Any radioactive material that is encased in and is to be used
in a container in a manner intended to prevent leakage of radioactive
material.
Sealed Source: Any radioactive material that is encased in and is to be used
in a container in a manner intended to prevent leakage of the radioactive
material.
Sealer: Shingles containing factory-applied strips or spots of self-sealing
adhesive.
Sealer: A finishing material, either clear or pigmented, that is usually applied
directly over raw wood for the purpose of sealing the wood surface.
Sealing: (1) Closing pores in anodic coatings to render them less absorbent.
(2) Plugging leaks in a casting by introducing thermosetting plastics into
porous areas and subsequently setting the plastic with heat.
Seal-welding : a weld used primarily to obtain tightness and prevent the flow
of cleaning solutions and zinc into otherwise enclosed areas, to prevent flash
steaming that causes localized ungalvanized areas
Seam: Surface crack on a rolled product which has been closed but not by
welding.
Seam: On the surface of metal, an unwelded ford or lap which appears as a
crack, usually resulting from a defect obtained in casting or in working.
Seam Weld: A continuous weld made between or upon overlapping
members, in which coalescence may start and occur on the Caying surfaces,
or may have oceeded from the outer surface of one member. The continuous
weld may consist of a single weld bead or a series of overlapping spot welds.
Seam Welding: An electric resistance type of welding process, in which the
lapped sheet is passed between electrodes of the roller type while a series of
overlapping spot welds is made by the intermittent application of electric
current.
Seam, Extrusion: The junction line of metal that has passed through a bridge
or porthole hollow die, separated and rejoined at the weld point. Seams are
present in all such extruded hollows in many cases are not readily
visible. (see Seamless) (see Weld, Incomplete)
Seamless: A hollow product which does not contain any line junctures
resulting from method of manufacture.
Seamless Pipe: Pipe made from a solid billet, which is heated, then rotated
under extreme pressure. This rotational pressure creates an opening in the
center of the billet, which is then shaped by a mandrel to form pipe.
Seamless Pipe: Pipe made from a solid billet, which is heated, then rotated
under extreme pressure. This rotational pressure creates an opening in the
center of the billet, which is then shaped by a mandrel to form pipe.
Seamless Steel Tube: Tubing refers to sections of long, hollow, flexible
cylinders typically used to move substances, usually fluids or gases. Seamless
steel tube is a high strength tubing used in applications where the tubing is
subjected to high stresses or loads. The tube is seamless as a result of the
production process, either extrusion through a die or in a forging application
called piercing.
Season Cracking: An obsolete historical term usually applied to stress-
corrosion cracking of brass.
Seasoned: Dried timber by air or kiln.
Seasoning: A paint or enamel made so that its coating, when dry, has some
luster but is not very glossy. Bathrooms and kitchens are normally painted
semi-gloss
Seasoning: Eliminating excess moisture from timber by air or kiln drying.
Seasoning: Drying and removing moisture from green wood in order to
improve its usability.
Seat depth: The out-to-out depth of the end bearing shoe or seat of a joist or
joist girder which is the distance from the top of the top chord to the bottom
of the bearing seat angle or plate.
Seawater Desalination System: A seawater desalination system is used to
turn saltwater into potable drinking water in areas of the world where
drinking water is in limited supply. Most seawater desalination systems make
use of a reverse osmosis system to help separate the salt and other particles
from the water. Seawater desalination systems also include other components
to pretreat, test and remineralize the water to safe levels.
Secant pile wall : A method of constructing aconcrete wall in weak soil by
means of a continuous row of concrete-filled boreholes.
Secant piles: Contiguous piles where each pile cuts into the one before, to
make a more-or-less waterproof retaining-wall.
Second fix: (See first fix). Work which takes place after plastering, for
example, fixing light switches, skirtings.
Second law of thermodynamics : Heat will flow only from material at
higher temperature to material at lower temperature.
Secondary Alloy: Any alloy whose major constituent IS obtained from
recycled scrap metal.
Secondary Coils: Coils not sold as prime.
Secondary Coils: Coils not sold as prime.
Secondary Divider Valve (Lube Systems): Divider valve that receives flow
from the master divider valve.
Secondary Hardening: Tempering certain alloy steels at certain
temperatures so that a hardness is obtained greater than that resulting from
the tempering of the same steel at some lower temperature for the same time.
Secondary Hardening: Tempering certain alloy steels at certain
temperatures so that the resulting hardness is greater than that obtained by
tempering the same steel at some lower temperature for the same time.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS).: An analytical technique that
measures the masses of Ions emitted from the surface of a material when
exposed to a beam of incident ions. The incident ions are usually
monoenergetic and are all of the same species, for example, 5 keV Ne+ ions.
Secondary Metal: Metal recovered from scrap by remelting and refining.
Secondary Metal: Metal recovered from scrap by remelting and refining.
Secondary Metallurgy: Steel's precise composition can vary from customer
to customer, and steelmakers use a secondary metallurgy vessel (often
referred to as a ladle furnace) between the steelmaking and casting operations
to allow molten steel to be brought to the required specification. Typically the
composition, purity and temperature of the steel are adjusted at this
intermediate stage by adding alloying elements or by more sophisticated
treatments such as vacuum degassing. Key operations can include
deoxidation, desulfurization and dephosphorization. Not only does the use of
secondary metallurgy enable a larger range of steel grades to be cast, but fine
tuning steel composition in a separate furnace greatly improves the
productivity of the main steelmaking unit. This is because with metallurgical
adjustments taking place elsewhere, the time from steelmaking raw materials
in, to tapped liquid steel out, is shortened.
Secondary production: material that is transformed by consumers (eaten or
decomposed)
Secondary Products: Those products which for any reason are not prime
quality but which are still good for some applications.
Secondary refrigerant : Chilled liquid like water, which is circulated to
distance units where air is to be cooled in individual rooms.
Secondary Scale: Oxide of iron which is formed on hot steel while it is
being rolled or forged.
Secondary Steel: Steel that does not meet the original customer's
specifications because of a defect in its chemistry, gauge or surface quality.
Mills must search to find another customer (that can accept the lower quality)
to take the off-spec steel at a discount. While secondary will not affect the
reported yield, margins will suffer.
Secondary Steel: Steel that does not meet the original customer's
specifications because of a defect in its chemistry, gauge or surface quality.
Mills must search to find another customer (that can accept the lower quality)
to take the off spec steel at a discount. While secondary will not affect the
reported yield, margins will suffer.
Secondary system : A recirculation water system that is a takeoff from a
primary system; it does not circulate directly through the source of heat or
cooling but only indirectly through a heat exchanger.
Secondary treatment : Treatment of boiler feed water or internal treatment
of boiler water after primary treatment.
Seconds: The designation given to sheet or strip that has imperfections in
moderate degree or extent, which may be classified in two general groups
imperfections in the base material, or other manufacturing defects. This term
not used in connection with non ferrous alloys.
Section modulus (s): A physical property of strength of a structural member.
It relates bending moment and maximum bending stress within the elastic
range. Formula: S=I/c where 'I' is the moment of inertia of the cross-section
about the neutral axis in inches^4 and 'c' is the distance from the neutal axis
to the outermost fibers.
Section Number: The number assigned to an extruded or drawn profile
(shape) for indentation and cataloging purposes, usually the same number
assigned for the same purpose to the die from which the profile (shape) is
made.
Section Number: The number assigned to an extruded or drawn profile
(shape) for indentation and cataloging purposes, usually the same number
assigned for the same purpose to the die from which the profile (shape) is
made.
Sectioning: The removal of a conveniently sized, representative specimen
from a larger sample for metallographic inspection. Sectioning methods
include shearing, sawing (using hacksaws, band saws and diamond wire
saws), abrasive cutting and electrical discharge machining.
Sections: (see Light Sections) (see Medium Sections) (see Heavy Sections)
Sector: Segment involving a take-off and landing (for example a London-
Bangkok-Sydney flight contains two sectors)
Sediment : Any material, mineral or organic matter deposited by water, air,
etc., often called silt.
Sediment budget: annual volume of sediment transported by a river.
Sedimentation: Gravitational settling of solid particles in a liquid system.
Seebeck effect : When two different adjacent metals are heated, an electric
current is generated between the metals.
Seediness: Coating defects consisting of the randomly spaced undissolved
particles, usually resin particles, which are immersed in the coating. They are
raised up in the coating and appear somewhat like fine sand sprinkled
throughout the film.
Seediness: Coating defects consisting of the randomly spaced undissolved
particles, usually resin particles, which are immersed in the coating. They are
raised up in the coating and appear somewhat like fine sand sprinkled
throughout the film
Segment: A part of the mandrel that moves in and out to expand to hold a
coil or collapse to release a coil.
Segment: A part of the mandrel that moves in and out to expand to hold a
coil or collapse to release a coil.
Segment Die: A die made of parts that can be separated for ready removal of
the workpiece. Synonymous with split die.
Segment Steel: Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content about
0.60%. Hardened and blue tempered with round edges. Hardness usually
Rockwells 30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from 0.058 to 0.163 and thicknesses
are 0.020, 0.024 and 0.030.
Segment Steel: Used for laminated piston rings. Carbon content about .60%.
Hardened and blue tempered with round edges. Hardness usually Rockwells
30 N 68 to 71, widths vary from .058 to .163 and thicknesses are .020, .024
and .030.
Segregation: The tendency for coarse aggregate in concrete to become
separated from the cement paste.
Segregation: (1) Nonuniform distribution of alloying elements, impwities or
microphases in metals and alloys. (2) A casting defect involving a
concentration of alloying elements at specific regions, usually as a result of
the primary crystallization of one phase with the subsequent concentration of
other elements in the remaining liquid. Microsegregation refers to normal
segregation on a microscopic scale in which material richer in an alloying
element freezes in successive layers on the dendrites (coring) and in
constituent network. Macrosegregation refers to gross differences in
concentration (for example, from one area of a casting to another). See also
inverse segregarion and normal segregation.
Segregation: Nonuniform distribution of alloying elements, impurities or
phases.
Segregation Banding: Inhomogeneous distribution of alloying elements
aligned in filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working.
Segregation Banding: In homogeneous distribution of alloying elements
aligned on filaments or plates parallel to the direction of working.
Seienium: A metalloid melting 220 B0C (428 B0F) added to stainless steel
to improve machinability.
Seimic load: Are assumed lateral forces acting in any horizontal direction
that produce stresses or deformations in a structural member due to the
dynamic action of an earthquake.
Seizing: The stopping of a moving part by a mating surface as a result of
excessive friction.
Seizure: The stopping of relative motion as the result of interfacial friction.
Seizure may be accompanied by gross surface welding. The term is
sometimes used to denote scuffing.
Selcal: Selective Calling. A high-frequency system enabling air traffic
control to alert a particular aircraft, by means of flashing light or aural signal
in the cockpit, for receipt of a message without the crew having to maintain a
listening watch. Used on long-haul over-ocean airline routes and by
intercontinental business jets.
Selective Heating: Intentionally heating only certain portions of a
workpiece.
Selective Leaching: Corrosion in which one element is preferentially
removed from an alloy, leaving a residue (often porous) of the elements that
are more resistant to the particular environment also called dealloying or
parting.
Selective Quenching: Quenching only certain portions of the object.
Selector Valve: Valves on some filter assemblies that allow switching from
one filter to the other.
Selenium: An element that closely resembles sulfur in its properties. A
metalloid melting point of 220°C (428°F) added to stainless steel to improve
machinability. The main use in steel is as a free-cutting additive, but due to
high-cost, it is limited to stainless steel. One of the benefits being the ability
to obtain a very good surface finish on machined components.
Selenium: An element that closely resembles sulphur in its properities. The
main use in steel is as a freecutting additive but due to high cost its is limited
to stainless steel. One of the benefits being the ability to obtain a very good
surface finish on machined components.
Self Diffusion: The spontaneous movement of an atom to a new site in a
crystal of its own species.
Self Hardening Steel: A steel containing sufficient carbon or alloying
element, or both, fo form martensite either through air hardening or, as in
welding and induction hardening, through rapid removal of heat from a
locally heated portion by conduction into the surrounding cold metal.
Self perform: provides self-perform construction services to clients rather
than subcontracting.
Self tapping screw: A mechanical fastener for attaching deck, panels, or
other materials to a structure which taps its own threads in a predrilled hole.
Self-Aligning Bearing: Bearing held by four points or in some other
arrangement that permits an automatic change in the position of the bearing
to conform to an out-of-line shaft or journal.
Self-Diffusion: Thermally activated movement of an atom to a new site in a
crystal in its own species, for example, a copper atom within a crystal of
copper.
Self-Hardening Steel: Preferred term is air-hardening steel. (see Air-
Hardening Steel)
Self-Lubricated Bearing: Bearing supplied with lubrication in the bearing
material, i.e., graphite in a powdered metal bearing or oil in a wood or
microporous bearing; not generally suited for heavy loads or high-operating
temperatures.
Self-lubricating Material: Any solid material that shows low friction
without application ofa lubricant.
Self-sealing shingles: An on site waste water treatment system. It usually has
a septic tank which promotes the biological digestion of the waste, and a
drain field which is designed to let the left over liquid soak into the ground.
Septic systems and permits are usually sized by the number of bedrooms in a
house.
Self-sealing shingles: Shingles containing factory-applied strips or spots of
self-sealing adhesive.
Semiautomatic Arc Welding: Arc welding with equipment that controls
only the filler metal feed. The advance of the welding is manually controlled.
Semiautomatic Plating: Plating in which prepared cathodes are
mechanically conveyed through the plating baths, with intervening manual
transfers.
Semiconductor: A solid crystalline material whose electrical resistivity is
intennediate between that of a metal conductor and an insulator and is usually
strongly temperature dependent.
Semi-Finished Products: Steel products such as billet, blooms and slabs.
These products can be made by direct continuous casting of hot steel or by
pouring the liquid steel into ingots, which are then hot rolled into semi-
finished products.
Semifinished Steel: Steel in the form of billets, blooms, itc., requiring further
working before completion into finished steel ready for marketing.
Semi-Finished Steel: Steel shapes, for example, blooms, billets or slabs that
later are rolled into finished products such as beams, bars or sheet.
Semifinisher: An impression in a series of forging dies that only
approximates the finish dimensions of the forging. Semifinishers are often
used to extend die life or the finishing impression, to ensure proper control of
grain flow during forging, and to assist in obtaining desired tolerances.
Semigloss paint or enamel: Main power cabinet where electricity enters a
home wiring system.
Semigloss paint or enamel: A paint or enamel made so that its coating,
when dry, has some luster but is not very glossy. Bathrooms and kitchens are
normally painted semi-gloss
Semiguided Bend: The bend obtained by applying a force directly to the
specimen in the portion that is to be bent. The specimen is either held at one
end and forced around a pin or rounded edge or is supported near the ends
and bent by a force applied on the side of the specimen opposite the supports
and midway between them. In some instances, the bend is started in this
manner and finished in the manner of a free bend.
Semikilled Steel: Steel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains
sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide
and thus offset solidification shrinkage.
Semi-Killed Steel: Steel incompletely deoxidized, to permit evolution of
sufficient carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage.
Semipermanent Mold: A permanent mold in which sand cores or plaster are
used.
Semis: Semis is short for semi-finished steel, which is the name given to
large, uniform cast pieces that require further processing in order to be
transformed into finished long, flat and tubular steel products. Most semis are
continuously cast, and take the form of blooms and billets (for rolling into
long products like bar and sections, or for making seamless tube) and slab
(for rolling flat products like coil and sheet). But there are still a few mills
without continuous casting and they cast ingots for subsequent processing.
Also, some producers of certain alloy steels specifically cast ingots for
metallurgical reasons. All semis have to be hot worked in order to achieve the
required dimensional changes. This is mostly by rolling, but can be by
rolling/piercing (for tube) or by forging (for individual components).
Semisolid Metal Forming: A two-step casting/forging process in which a
billet is cast in a mold equipped with a mixer that continuously stirs the
thixotropic melt, thereby breaking up the dendritic structure of the casting
into a fine-grained spherical structure. After cooling, the billet is stored for
subsequent use. Later, a slug from the billet is cut, healed to the semisolid
state and forged in a die. Normally the cast billet is forged when 30 to 40% is
in the liquid state. See also rheocasting.
Semi-Synthetic: A lubricant formulated with 20% or more of polymeric fluid
as a base stock component.
Semi-Synthetic (Metalworking): A metalworking lubricant containing
water.
Sender: Someone who is responsible for conveying a message.
Sendzimir Mill: A mill having two work rolls of 1 to 2 1/2 in diam. each,
backed up by two rolls twice that diameter and each of these backed up by
bearings on a shaft mounted eccentrically so that rotating it increases the
pressure between bearings and backup rolls.
Sendzimir Mill (Z-Mill): Compact mill used for rolling cold coils of
stainless steel in order to make the steel thinner, smoother and stronger. To
control the thickness of steel better at lower capital cost, and to roll thinner
sheets and strips. Stainless steel sheet or strip passes between a matching pair
of small work rolls with extremely smooth surfaces, heavily reinforced by
clusters of backup rolls. The rolls reduce the steel to the desired thickness. A
typical Sendzimir rolling stand is immediately recognizable by its large
number of small diameter backup rolls (typically about 20) clustered around
two small-diameter work rolls. This is in contrast to the large diameter work
rolls and two or four large backup rolls on most rolling mills. The large
number of backup rolls on the Sendzimir allows very high reduction forces to
be exerted on the passing sheet, and gauges down to 0.025mm are not
unusual for stainless steel – although several passes through the mill may be
required to achieve this. After each cold reduction, stainless coil must be
annealed before it can be further processed. The original design was
developed by the Polish engineer Tadeusz Sendzimir, but this type of mill is
also referred to as a Z-mill or cluster mill, and apart from rolling stainless, is
used for silicon and certain carbon steels, as well as some nonferrous metals.
Sensible heat : Heat which causes a change in temperature of a substance.
Sensible heat : Sensible heat is any heat transfer that causes a change in
temperature. Heating and cooling of air and water that may be measured with
a thermometer is sensible heat. Heating or cooling coils that simply increase
or decrease the air temperature without a change in moisture content are
examples of sensible heat.
Sensible heat factor : The ratio of sensible heat to total heat.
Sensing device : A device that keeps track of the measured condition and its
fluctuations so that when sufficient variation occurs it will originate the
signal to revise the operation of the system and offset the change. Example: a
thermostat "bulb". A sensing de vice may be an integral part of a controller.
Sensing element: The first system element or group of elements. The sensing
element performs the initial measurement operation.
Sensitization: In austenitic stainless steels, the precipitation of chromium
carbides, usually at grain boundaries, on exposure to temperatures of about
540 to 845°C (about 1000 to 1550 °F), leaving the grain boundaries depleted
of chromium and therefore susceptible to preferential attack by a corroding
medium. Welding is the most common cause of sensitization. Weld decay
(sensitization) caused by carbide precipitation in the weld heat-affected zone
leads to intergranular corrosion.
Sensitization: The phenomenon in austenitic stainless steels that causes a
change to occur in the grain boundaries when heated in the general range of
850 to 1,475°F. This change destroys the passivity in these locations.
Sensitizing Heat Treatment: A heat treatment, whether accidental,
intentional or incidental (as during welding), that causes precipitation of
constituents at grain boundaries, often causing the alJoy to become
susceptible to intergranular corrosion or intergranular stress-corrosion
cracking. See also sensitization.
Separate: A term used to describe the process of stopping the entry end of
the line, while the delivery end continues to run.
Separation systems: Gas-oil-water separation, gas and oil dehydrations,
desanding, desalting and sweetening facilities, produced-water handling and
treating facilities.
Separator: Oil filtering equipment that separates the water and dirt from the
oil.
Separator: A tank type pressure vessel installed in a steam pipe to collect
condensate to be trapped off and thus providing comparatively dry steam to
the connected machinery.
Separator: Device to separate one substance from another, it can be a cloth
also which separate the unwanted parts from oil.
Separator : A tank type pressure vessel installed in a steam pipe to collect
condensate to be trapped off and thus providing comparatively dry steam to
the connected machinery.
Separator : Device to separate one substance from another.
Separator Rubs: Mechanical scratches caused by separator arms
Septic system: Main control gear at the service entrance, such as circuit
breakers, switches, and fuses.
Septic system: An on site waste water treatment system. It usually has a
septic tank which promotes the biological digestion of the waste, and a drain
field which is designed to let the left over liquid soak into the ground. Septic
systems and permits are usually sized by the number of bedrooms in a house.
Septic-tank : Underground sewage collecting tank.
Sequence: A breakdown of when materials are to be made or delivered for a
project with one following after the other.
Sequence Valve: A valve that is normally closed or normally open and
changes to the opposite state when pilot pressure is applied to its spring
chamber at a preset pressure level.Normally used to initiate a secondary set of
operations in a system, based on application of the pilot signal.
Sequence Valve (Hydraulics): Device assuring that actuators move in a
certain sequence in a hydraulic system.
Sequencer: A mechanical or electrical device that may be set to initiate a
series of events and to make the events follow in sequence.
Sequester: To form a stable, water-soluble complex.
Sequestering Agent: A compound that reacts with metallic (positively
charged) ions in a solution to keep them in solution, thereby preventing the
metallic ions from forming a sludge or depositing on the workpiece.
Sequestrant: A substance that holds a mineral or metal in solution beyond its
saturation point.
Series circuit: The elements connected end to end are known to be connected
end to end. In whole system voltage can be different across each element but
current is the same throughout.
Series Welding: Resistance welding in which two or more spot, seam or
projection welds are made simultaneously by a single welding transformer
with three or more electrodes forming a series circuit.
Series-Progressive (Lube Systems): Positive, single-line lubrication system
utilizing piston divider valves for metering and distribution; each divider
valve must cycle completely in sequence before downstream valves and
pistons are activated.
Service: Delivery of communication of a pleading, a notice, or other
documents in an action to the opposing party.
Service Center: A catchall name for an operation that buys steel, often
processes it in some way and then sells it in a slightly different form. A
service center is distinguished from an end-user by the fact that, unlike an
end-user, a service center sells steel, not a fabricated product. Service centers
are manufacturers to the extent that they add labor to steel by providing a
service.
Service drop: The overhead service wires that serve a building.
Service entrance panel: Underground power supply line.
Service entrance panel: Main power cabinet where electricity enters a home
wiring system.
Service equipment: A thermostat with a clock which can be programmed to
come on or go off at various temperatures and at different times of the
day/week. Usually used as the heating or cooling system thermostat.
Service equipment: Main control gear at the service entrance, such as circuit
breakers, switches, and fuses.
Service lateral: Shifts in a structure, usually caused by freeze-thaw cycles
underground.
Service lateral: Underground power supply line.
Service Platform: A means provided for workers to perform maintenance,
inspections, adjustments, and repairs of cranes
Service switch: Disconnect switches or circuit breakers. Purpose is to
completely disconnect the building from the electric service.
Service valve: Manually operated valve mounted on refrigerating systems
used for service operation.
Service, Heavy: That service which involves operation within the rated load
limit which exceeds normal service.
Service, Normal: That distributed service which involves operation with
randomly distributed loads within the rated load limit, or uniform loads less
than 65% of rated load for not more than 15% of the time for manually-
operated hoists, and 25% of the time for electric-or air-powered hoists.
Service, Severe: That service which involves normal or heavy service with
abnormal operating conditions.
Service-life : anticipated length of time zinc will protect steel; the amount of
time until enough of the galvanized coating is consumed and 5% of the
substrate steel surface area shows signs of rust
Services: Supply or distribution pipes for cold or hot water, steam or gas;
also power cables, telephone cables, lift machinery, transformers, drains,
ventilation ducts, and so on.
Services: See Building services.
Servo: An electronically monitored hydraulic flow control valve used to
drive loads.
Servo Control: A term used to describe the type of electronic system used
for finite, analog control of a function. See SOLENOID CONTROL.
Servo Motor Encoder: An encoder is is any device or method used to
translate information from one format to another. In the case of machinery
systems, encoders are typically used to convert transducer signals measure
position and orientation to a signal that is sent to a processed by a control
system. A servo motor encoder is a rotary encoder used to measure rotational
location on shafts in motor-driven industrial machines. The type of encoder
used is dependent on the motor type, the machine being driven by the motor,
and the control inputs and accuracy required to monitor and control the
machine.
Servo Motor Repair: When a servo motor starts exhibiting reduced torque
levels, it may be necessary to have the motor repair or rebuilt. Servo motor
repair is often chosen as on alternative to purchasing new motors and may
include the replacement of worn parts in the motor and the remagnetization of
the magnets in the motor. Over time, the magnets may lose their current due
to frequent overloading of the motor, resulting to excessive current passing
through the motor windings.
Servo Valve: A high-performance directional and flow control valve usually
operated by a torque motor; similar to a proportional valve but superior in
terms of frequency response and hysteresis.
Servo Valve: A valve that uses a torque motor type coil to control a small
stream of fluid. Direction of the fluid stream is used to position a large spool;
therefore, a low level power signal may provide precise spool
position.Normally, the spool has mechanical feedback of spool position to the
torque motor, creating a closed loop spool position system.
Set back: The distance from the outside edge of an angle or other member to
the edge of a gusset plate or angle welded near the end.
Set point: The value of the controlled condition at which the instrument is set
to operate.
Setback thermostat: A pump used to 'lift' waste water to a gravity sanitary
sewer line. Usually used in basements and other locations which are situated
bellow the level of the side sewer.
Setback thermostat: A thermostat with a clock which can be programmed to
come on or go off at various temperatures and at different times of the
day/week. Usually used as the heating or cooling system thermostat.
Setting-out: The process of making sure that a building or structure is built
in the correct position and the right size.
Settlement: The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior
waste water lines to the main sewer lines. The side sewer is usually buried in
several feet of soil and runs from the house to the sewer line. It is usually
'owned' by the sewer utility, must be maintained by the owner and may only
be serviced by utility approved contractors. Sometimes called side sewer.
Settlement: Shifts in a structure, usually caused by freeze-thaw cycles
underground.
Settlement: The small downwards movement of foundations when the
weight of the building comes onto them, due to compression of the soil.
Tends to be negligible in clay soil but can be significant in sand. (Fr.
tassement, m).
Settlement: An agreement reached between opposing parties in a civil
matter before the final judgment
Settlement or subsidence : Downward movement of a structure such as a
railway bridge, dam, or building, due to compression or downward
movement of soil below it. It need not be harmful unless different parts settle
by different amounts.
Settling: (1) Separation of solids from suspension in a fluid of lower density,
solely by gravitational effects. (2) A process for removing iron from liquid
magnesium alloys by holding the melt at a low temperature after manganese
has been added to it.
Settling basin: A containment design with external water treatment to settle
sediments and to clarify.
Setup: Line preparation to slit new width size for customer specification. The
distance between the slitter heads must be changed and the knives must be
physically moved on the slitter shaft.
Setup: Line preparation to slit new width size for customer specification. The
distance between the slitter heads must be changed and the knives must be
physically moved on the slitter shaft.
Severity of Quench: Ability of quenching medium to extract heat from a hot
steel workpiece expressed in terms of the Grossmann number (H).
Severity Rate: A number that represents the quantity of days registered on
lost-time accidents per million of man-hours of exposure to risk.
Sewage ejector: The junction at the municipal sewer system where the
home's sewer line is connected.
Sewage ejector: A pump used to ‘lift’ waste water to a gravity sanitary sewer
line. Usually used in basements and other locations which are situated bellow
the level of the side sewer.
Sewer lateral: The physical connection point where the home's sewer line
connects to the main municipal sewer line.
Sewer lateral: The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior
waste water lines to the main sewer lines. The side sewer is usually buried in
several feet of soil and runs from the house to the sewer line. It is usually
‘owned’ by the sewer utility, must be maintained by the owner and may only
be serviced by utility approved contractors. Sometimes called side sewer.
Sewer stub: A wood roofing material, normally cedar or redwood. Produced
by splitting a block of the wood along the grain line. Modern shakes are
sometimes machine sawn on one side. See shingle.
Sewer stub: The junction at the municipal sewer system where the home’s
sewer line is connected.
Sewer tap: Plywood that is face nailed to short (2 X 4's or 2 X 6's) wall studs
(above a door or window, for example). This is done to prevent the wall from
sliding and collapsing.
Sewer tap: The physical connection point where the home’s sewer line
connects to the main municipal sewer line.
Sfsa: Steel Founders' Society
SG Iron: An abbreviation for spheroidal graphite cast-iron. As the name
implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes and compared
with gray cast-iron, it has higher mechanical strength, ductility and increased
shock resistance.
Sg Iron: An abbreviation for Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron. As the name
implies, graphite is present in spheroidal form instead of flakes and compared
with Grey Cast Iron it has higher mechanical strength, ductility and increased
shock resistance.
Shadowing: Directional deposition of carbon or a metallic film on a plastic
replica so as to highlight features to be analyzed by transmission electron
microscopy. Most often used to provide maximum detail and resolution of
the features of fracture surfaces.
Shaft: An interior space, enclosed by walls, which extends through one or
more stories or basement which connects successive floors and/or roof for
elevators, dumbwaiters, mechanical equipment, etc.
Shaft seal: Device used to prevent leakage between shaft and housing.
Shake: The structural wood panel covering, usually OSB or plywood, used
over studs, floor joists or rafters/trusses of a structure.
Shake: A wood roofing material, normally cedar or redwood. Produced by
splitting a block of the wood along the grain line. Modern shakes are
sometimes machine sawn on one side. See shingle.
Shake: A defect of timber damage caused by rough handling.
Shakeout: 1. The operation of removing castings from the mold. 2. A
mechanical unit for separating the molding materials from the solidified
metal casting.
Shakeout: 1) The operation of removing castings from the mold 2) a
mechanical unit for separating the molding materials from the solidified
metal casting.
Shaker: A device employed at the coal hopper to vibrate the railcars and
make the coal drop from the hoppers.
Shaker: A device employed at the coal hopper to vibrate the rail cars and
make the coal drop from the hoppers.
Shaker-hearth Furnace: A continuous type furnace that uses a reciprocating
shaker motion to move the parts along the hearth.
Shank: (1) The portion of a die or tool by which it is held in position in a
forging unit or press. (2) The handle for carrying a small ladle or crucible. (3)
The main body of a lathe tool. If the tool is an inserted type, the shank is the
portion that supported the insert.
Shank-type Cutter: Acutter having a straight or tapered shank to fil into a
machine-tool spindle or adapter.
Shanwick: ATC located in Shannon (Ireland) and Prestwick (Scotland, UK),
hence the name. Shanwick looks after traffic in the Northern Atlantic coast of
Europe.
Shape: This term is no longer recommended. The term ?Profile? is preferred.
See ?Profile?.
Shape Control: Ability to produce material to a given geometric flatness
standard. (see Flatness)
Shape Control: Ability to produce material to a given geometric flatness
standard. (See Flatness)
Shape Correcting: Rolling, heating and quenching steel sheets often affect
the dimensions of the steel. Levelers, temper mills and edge trimmers rework
the processed steel to match customer specifications.
Shape Correcting: Rolling, heating and quenching steel sheets often affect
the dimensions of the steel. Levelers, temper mills and edge trimmers rework
the processed steel to match customer specifications.
Shape Defect: Geometric non-uniformity of a strip, such as bent strip, coil
set, center buckle, wavy edge, etc.
Shape Defect: Geometric non uniformity of a strip, such as bent strip, coil
set, center buckle, wavy edge, etc.
Shape factor: The ratio of the plastic section modulus Z to the elastic section
modulus S or the ratio of the plastic moment Mp to the yield moment My.
Shape Memory Alloys: A group of metallic materials that demonstrate the
ability to return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected to
the appropriate thermal procedure.
Shaping: Producing flat surfaces using single-point tools. The work is held
in a vise or fixture or is clamped directly to the table. The ram supporting the
tool is reciprocated in a linear motion past the work.
Sharp freezing: Refrigeration at temperatures slightly below freezing, with
moderate air circulation.
Sharp sand: Sand which, unlike soft sand, does not include fine silt or clay
particles, making it more suitable for use in concrete and screed.
Shaving: (1) As a finishing operation, the accurate removal of a thin layer of
a work surface by straightline motion between a culler and the surface. (2)
Trimming parts such as stampings, forgings and tubes to remove uneven
sheared edges or to improve accuracy.
Shaw (Osborn Shaw) Process: A precision casting technique in ceramic
molds which do not require wax or plastic investment.
Shaw (Osborn-Shaw) Process: A precision casting technique in ceramic
molds which do not require wax or plastic investment.
Shear: A condition or force causing two contacting parts of a material to
slide past each other in opposite directions parallel to their plane of contact.
Shear: In a steel mill, a machine for cutting steel products. There are many
kinds of shears, but the general principle is the same as that used for shearing
cloth or paper—the work is held upon a lower blade and an upper blade is
thrust down, severing the piece. Steel shears may be classified: as to kind of
drive-hydraulic and electric; as to the work done-cropping, squaring, slab,
bloom, billet, bar shears; as to type of mechanism-rotary, rocking, gate,
guillotine, alligator shears; as to movement of work while shearing-flying
shears.
Shear : (1) The strain upon, or the failure of a structural member at a point
where the lines of force and resistance are perpendicular to the member. (2)
The load acting across a beam near its support. For a uniformly distributed
load or for any other symmetrical load, the maximum shear is equal to half
the total load on a simply supported beam, or to the total load on a cantilever
beam. Maximum shear occurs at both ends of a simply supported beam (the
acting moment equal to zero near the support's ends).
Shear Angle: The angle that the shear plane, in metal cutting, makes with the
work surface.
Shear Bands (Deformation): Bands in which deformation has been
concentrated inhomogeneously in sheets that extend across regional groups of
grains. Usually only one system is present in each regional group of grains,
different systems being present in adjoining groups. The bands are non-
crystallographic and form on planes of maximum shear stress (55°F to the
compression direction). They carry most of the deformation at large strains.
Compare microbands.
Shear Blade: The replaceable steel shapes carrying a knife edge that provide
the cutting edges of a shear.
Shear block: A roof containing only one sloping plane.
Shear block: Plywood that is face nailed to short (2 X 4’s or 2 X 6’s) wall
studs (above a door or window, for example). This is done to prevent the wall
from sliding and collapsing.
Shear Bow: A bend in one end of a plate caused by cutting with a guillotine
shear.
Shear Breakaway Force: The external force that is required to separate or
slide the vacuum pad or vacuum lifting device on the load when the force is
applied parallel to the attached load surface.
Shear Burr: A condition caused by a worn or out-of-adjustment shear knife.
It is indicated by a small raised area at the end of the strip.
Shear Burr: A condition caused by a worn or out of adjustment shear knife.
It is indicated by a small raised area at the end of the strip.
Shear Carriage: Bottom section of the shear that raises when a cut is made
and catches the pieces of scrap. Located at the welder.
Shear Carriage: Bottom section of the shear that raises when a cut is made
and catches the pieces of scrap. Located at the welder.
Shear center: The point in a cross section of a structural member to which a
load may be applied and not induce any torsional stress in the cross section.
Shear Crack: A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses.
Shear diagram: A diagram that represents graphically the shear at every
point along the length of a member.
Shear Edge: The more or less jagged edge of a plate or sheet caused by
shearing.
Shear Fracture: A mode of fracture in crystalline materials resulting from
translation along slip planes that are preferentially oriented in the direction of
the shearing stress.
Shear Lip: A narrow, slanting ridge along the edge of a fracture surface. The
term sometimes also denotes a narrow, often crescent-shaped, fibrous region
at the edge of a (racture that is otherwise of the cleavage type, even though
this fibrous region is in the same plane as the rest of the fracture surface.
Shear Modulus (G): In a torsion test, the ratio of the unit shear stress to the
displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic range. Units are Pa or
psi.
Shear Modulus (G): In a torsion test, the ratio of the unit shear stress to the
displacement caused by it per unit length in the elastic range. Units are Pa or
psi.
Shear or shear force: The force which tends to make the top and bottom
flanges or fibres of a beam move parallel to one another. The web of the
beam resists the shear force, which is at its greatest at the ends of the beam
next to where it rests on its supports.
Shear Plane: A confined zone along which shear takes place in metal
cutting. It extends from the cutting edge to the work surface.
Shear release: A boundary condition which constrains a member end from
axial displacement and rotation but allows movement in a direction
perpendicular to the members longitudinal axis.
Shear Stability/Mechanical Shear Stability: Measure of the change in
consistency of a grease after if has been subjected to prolonged shearing by
means of a mechanical device like a grease worker (10,000 strokes) or a roll
test; the percentage change in penetration values is an indicator of shear
stability.
Shear Steel: Steel produced by forge welding together several bars of blister
steel, providing a more homogeneous product.
Shear Strain: The tangent ofthe angular change, caused by a force between
two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body.
Also called angular strain.
Shear Strain: Elastic displacement produced by pure shear loading.
Shear Strength: The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of cross
section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of force and
of resistance are parallel and opposite although their paths are offset a
specified minimum amount.
Shear Stress: The tangent of the angular change, caused by a force between
two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body.
Also called angular strain.
Shear Stress: Load per unit area parallel to the plane of contact.
Shear stud connector: A steel device used in composite design which is
welded to the top flange of a beam or top chord of a joist which transfers
shear from a concrete slab to the supporting member.
Shear wall: A wall that resists horizontal shear forces applied in the plane of
the wall.
Shear : a force that causes parts of a material to slide past one another in
opposite directions
Shearing: If the edges of sheet and strip are not controlled during reduction,
they must be trimmed parallel by shears. This process may be performed by
either the steel mill or steel processor to match customer needs.
Shearing: A process of mechanically cutting metal bars to the proper stock
length necessary for forging and trimming dies.
Shearing Test: The test applied to metal to determine the stress required to
fracture it across its section.
Shearing : the type of force that causes or tends to cause two parts of the
same body that are touching along a boundary to slide relative to each other
in a direction parallel to their plane of contact
Shearwalls : solid concrete walls that resist shear forces; often used in
buildings constructed in earthquake zones
Sheathing : A sheet metal covering over underwater timber to protect it
against marine borers; sheeting
Sheathing, sheeting: The heating system. Usually round or rectangular metal
pipes and sheet metal (for Return Air) and installed for distributing warm (or
cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home.
Sheathing, sheeting: The structural wood panel covering, usually OSB or
plywood, used over studs, floor joists or rafters/trusses of a structure.
Sheave: A grooved wheel or pulley used with a rope or chain to change
direction and point of application of a pulling force.
Sheave, Running: A sheave which rotates as the load block is lifted or
lowered.
Sheave; Non-running (Equalizer): A sheave used to equalize tension in
opposite parts of the rope. Because of its slight movement, it is not termed a
running sheave.
Shed: To deenergize a load in order to maintain a kW demand set point.
Shed mode: A method of demand control that reduces kW demand through
shedding and restoring loads.
Shed roof: All components of a house employing sheet metal, such as
flashing, gutters, and downspouts.
Shed roof: A roof containing only one sloping plane.
Sheerlegs: A lifting device using two timber poles fixed together at the top.
Sheet: A flat rolled product over 12 inches in width and of less thickness
than plate.
Sheet: Wide, flat rolled steel. It is generally accepted that steel less than 3
mm thick is sheet and more than 3 mm (1/8 inch) thick is plate (See Plate).
Sheet Bar (Slab Bar): Semi-finished product of rectangular section, of
thickness not less than 6mm and width not less than 150mm, and of such
dimensions that the thickness does not exceed one-fourth of the width. This
term also includes tin plate bars.
Sheet flooring: Flooring made up and laid in large sheets.
Sheet Forming: The plastic deformation of a piece of sheet melal by tensile
loads into a three-dimensional shape, often without significant changes in
sheet thickness or surface characteristics. Compare with bulk forming.
Sheet metal duct work: A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster
and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in
size. The 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type drywall has a greater resistance
to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and
other "wet areas".
Sheet metal duct work: The heating system. Usually round or rectangular
metal pipes and sheet metal (for Return Air) and installed for distributing
warm (or cold) air from the furnace to rooms in the home.
Sheet metal work: A small piece of scrap lumber or shingle, usually wedge
shaped, which when forced behind a furring strip or framing member forces it
into position. Also used when installing doors and placed between the door
jamb legs and 2 X 4 door trimmers. Metal shims are wafer 1 1/2" X 2" sheet
metal of various thickness' used to fill gaps in wood framing members,
especially at bearing point locations.
Sheet metal work: All components of a house employing sheet metal, such
as flashing, gutters, and downspouts.
Sheet Mill: The facility which produces hot dipped galvanized products,
including galvanized and galvannealed.
Sheet Mill: The facility which produces hot dipped galvanized products,
including galvanized, galvannealed and Galfan.
Sheet Mill Product: A product produced at the Sheet Mill.
Sheet piles : Closely set piles of timber, reinforced or pressurised concrete,
or steel driven vertically into the ground to keep earth or water out of an
excavation
Sheet Piling: Rolled sections with interlocking joints (continuous throughout
the entire length of the piece) on each edge to permit being driven edge-to-
edge to form continuous walls for retaining earth or water.
Sheet Products: 1) Hot Rolled : Uncoated, heavy gauge, fully processed in
Strip Steel, never cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 2) Cold Rolled : Uncoated,
heavy gauge, primarily processed in Strip Steel, although some goes to the
Tin Mill, always cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 3) Galvanized : "Bath" coated
with zinc, heavy gauge, primarily processed through Strip Steel & Sheet Mill,
majority is cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 4) Electro-galvanized : Zinc coated,
normally lighter gauge than galvanized, processed through Strip Steel & Tin
Mill, mostly single reduced.
Sheet Products: 1) Hot Roll (01) Uncoated, heavy gauge, fully processed in
Strip Steel, never cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 2) Cold Roll (02) Uncoated,
heavy gauge, primarily processed in Strip Steel, although some goes to the
Tin Mill, always cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 3) Galvanized (05,06) Bath
coated with zinc, heavy gauge, primarily processed thru Strip Steel & Sheet
Mill, majority is cold reduced at Tandem Mill. 4) Weirzin (07)
electrogalvanized Zinc coated, normally lighter gauge than galvanized,
processed through Strip Steel & Tin Mill, mostly single reduced. (Tandem)
Sheet rock- drywall-wall board or gypsum: Roof covering of asphalt.
asbestos, wood, tile, slate, or other material cut to stock lengths, widths, and
thickness'.
Sheet rock- drywall-wall board or gypsum: A manufactured panel made
out of gypsum plaster and encased in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2″ thick and
4′ x 8′ or 4′ x 12′ in size. The ‘joint compound’. ‘Green board’ type drywall
has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white) plasterboard and is
used in bathrooms and other “wet areas”.
Sheet Steel: Thin, flat rolled steel. Coiled sheet steel accounts for nearly 1/2
of all steel shipped domestically and is created in a hot strip mill by rolling a
cast slab flat while maintaining the side dimensions. The malleable steel
lengthens to several hundred feet as it is squeezed by the rolling mill. The
most common differences among steel bars, strip, plate and sheet are merely
their physical dimensions of width and gauge (thickness).
Sheet Steel: Thin, flat rolled steel. Coiled sheet steel accounts for nearly one
half of all steel shipped domestically and is created in a hot strip mill by
rolling a cast slab flat while maintaining the side dimensions. The malleable
steel lengthens to several hundred feet as it is squeezed by the rolling mill.
The most common differences among steel bars, strip, plate, and sheet are
merely their physical dimensions of width and gauge (thickness).
Sheet, Alclad: Composite sheet comprised of an aluminum alloy core having
on both surfaces (if one side only, Alclad one side sheet) a metallurgically
bonded aluminum or aluminum alloy coating that is anodic or the core, thus
electrolytically protecting the core against corrosion.
Sheet, Anodizing: Sheet with metallurgical characteristics and surface
quality suitable for the development of protective and decorative films by
anodic oxidation processes.
Sheet, Clad: Composite sheet having on both surfaces (if on one side only,
Clad One Side Sheet) a metallurgically bonded metal coating, the
composition of which may or may not be the same as that of the core.
Sheet, Coiled: Sheet in coils with slit edges.
Sheet, Coiled Cut-to-Length: Sheet cut to a specified length from coils and
which has a lesser degree of flatness than flat sheet.
Sheet, Mill Finish (MF): Sheet having a non-uniform finish that may vary
from sheet to sheet and within a sheet, and may not be entirely free from
stains or oil.
Sheet, One Side Bright Mill Finish (1SBMF): Sheet having a moderate
degree of brightness on one side and a mill finish on the other.
Sheet, Painted: Sheet, one or both sides of which has a factory-applied paint
coating of controlled thickness.
Sheeting: Flat sheets of material to protect or cover a building framework
Shelf Roughness: Roughness on upward-facing surfaces where undissolved
solids have settled on parts during a plating operation.
Shell: (1) A hollow structure or vessel. (2) An article formed by deep
drawing. (3) The metal sleeve remaining when a billet is extruded with a
dummy block of somewhat smaller diameter. (4) In shell molding, a hard
layer of sand and thermosetting plastic or resin formed over a pattern and
used as the mold wall. (5) A tubular casting used in making seamless drawn
tube. (6) A pierced forging.
Shell and tube flooded evaporator: Device which flows water through
tubes built into cylindrical evaporator or vice versa.
Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger: Sheet having a uniform bright finish on
one side and a mill finish on the other
Shell Hardening: A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel
workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensite
layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a
core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is
accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability and
severity of quench.
Shell Molding: A process for forming a mold from resin-bonded sand
mixtures brought in contact with preheated (300-500°F) metal patterns,
resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the
pattern.
Shell Molding: A process for forming a mold from resin bonded sand
mixtures brought in contact with pre heated (300 500 B0F) metal patterns,
resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of the
pattern.
Shell type condenser: Cylinder or receiver which contains condensing water
coils or tubes.
Shell-and-tube: Designation of a heat exchanger having straight tubes
encased inside a shell.
Shelling: (1) A term used in railway engineering to describe an advanced
phase of spalling. (2) A mechanism of deterioration of coated abrasive
products in which entire abrasive grains are removed from the coating that
holds the abrasive to the backing layer of the product.
Shelving: A coating defect consisting of an intercoat adhesion failure where
a topcoat does not adhere to the coating below.
Shelving: A coating defect consisting of an intercoat adhesion failure where
a topcoat does not adhere to the coating below.
Sherardizing: A process developed in Britain in 1904 by Sherard Cowper-
Coles. It is a method of producing a protective zinc coating on iron and steel
products.
Sherardizing: A process developed in Britainin 1904 by sherard Cowper
coles. It is a method of producing a protective zinc coating on iron and steel
products.
Shewed Tolerances: Tolerances which are non-symmetrically distributed
about the design parameter.
Shewed Tolerances: Tolerances which are non symmetrically distributed
about the design parameter.
Shielded Arc Welding: Arc welding in which the arc and the weld metal are
protected by a gaseous atmosphere, the products of decomposition of the
electrode covering, or a blanket of fusible flux.
Shielded cable: Special cable used with equipment that generates a low
voltage output. Used to minimize the effects of frequency "noise" on the
output signal.
Shielded Metal Arc Cutting: A metal arc cutting process in which metals
are severed by melting them with the heat of an arc between a covered metal
electrode and the base metal.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): An arc welding process that
produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a
covered metal electrode and the workpieces. Shielding is obtained from
decomposition of the electrode covering. Pressure is not used. And filler
metal is obtained from the electrode. Also commonly referred to as stick
welding.
Shielding Gas: (1) Protective gas used to prevent atmospheric contamination
during welding. (2) A stream of inert gas directed at the substrate during
thermal spraying so as to envelop the plasma flame and substrate; intended to
provide a barrier to the atmosphere in order to minimize oxidation.
Shift: A casting defect caused by mismatch of cope and drag or of cores and
mold.
Shift: A casting defect caused by mismatch of cope and drag or of cores and
mold.
Shim: Various kinds of shingles, used over sheathing for exterior wall
covering of a structure.
Shim: A piece of steel used to level a joist seat. It can be a bent plate, flat
plate or rod.
Shim: A small piece of scrap lumber or shingle, usually wedge shaped,
which when forced behind a furring strip or framing member forces it into
position. Also used when installing doors and placed between the door jamb
legs and 2 X 4 door trimmers. Metal shims are wafer 1 1/2″ X 2″ sheet metal
of various thickness’ used to fill gaps in wood framing members, especially
at bearing point locations.
Shim: A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used
primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. In steel there are four
general types: 1. low-carbon Rockwell B 80/100; 2.hard-rolled high-carbon
Rockwell C28/33; 3. hardened and tempered spring steel Rockwell C 44/51;
4. austenitic stainless steel Rockwell C 35/45. Brass shim of commercial
quality is also used and most generally specified is 2 nos. hard, but may be 4
no. hard.
Shim: A thin flat hard metal strip produced to close tolerances; used
primarily for tool, die and machine alignment purposes. In steel there are four
general types: (1) Low Carbon Rockwell B 80/100; (2) Hard Rolled High
Carbon Rockwell C 28/33. (3) Hardened and Tempered Spring Steel
Rockwell C 44/51; (4) Austenitic Stainless Steel Rockwell C 35/45. Brass
shim of commercial quality is also used and most generally specified is 2
Nos. Hard but may be 4 Nos. Hard.
Shingle: Aggregate consisting of stones whose size is between 5 and 10mm.
Also, a wooden roof tile.
Shingles: A situation that occurs when hot and neutral wires come in contact
with each other. Fuses and circuit breakers protect against fire that could
result from a short.
Shingles: Roof covering of asphalt. asbestos, wood, tile, slate, or other
material cut to stock lengths, widths, and thickness’.
Shingles, siding: Usually lightweight louvered decorative frames in the form
of doors located on the sides of a window. Some shutters are made to close
over the window for protection.
Shingles, siding: Various kinds of shingles, used over sheathing for exterior
wall covering of a structure.
Shipout: A coil which has been fully processed to customer specification
Shipping list: A list that gives each part or mark number, quantity, length of
material, total weight, or other description of each piece of material to be
shipped to a jobsite. See also Bill of Ladding.
Shock: dehydration of plants and trees due to transplanting.
Shock dosage: The feeding of treatment to a system all in one slug or dose
rather than gradually (also called a slug dosage).
Shock feeder: Device which is used to add treatment to a system in an
instantaneous manner.
Shock Load: The sudden application of an external force that results in a
very rapid buildup of stress. For example, piston loading in internal
combustion engines.
Shoe: (1) A metal block used in a variety of bending operations to fonn or
support the part being processed. (2) An anvil cap or sow block.
Shoe: A holder used as a support for the stationary portions of forging and
trimming.
Shop drawings: 1) Can also be called the erection plans or framing plans 2)
The actual drawings used by a shop to fabricate a product which includes all
dimensions, materials, tolerances, etc.
Shore: The process of temporarily supporting a structure or structural
member with auxiliary members.
Shore Hardness Test: Same as scleroscope test.
Shore Scleroscope: An instrument that measures the hardness of a sample in
arbitrary terms of elasticity. A diamond tipped hammer is allowed to fall
freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sample under test. The hardness
is measured by the height of the rebound. In another for the rebounding
hammer, it actuates the pointer of a scale so that the height of the rebound is
recorded.
Shore Scleroscope: An instrument that measures the hardness of a sample in
arbitrary terms of elasticity. A diamond tipped hammer is allowed to fall
freely down a graduated glass tube on to the sampel under test. The hardness
is measured by the height of the rebound. In another for the rebounding
hammer actuates the pointer of a scale so that the height of the rebound is
recorded.
Shoring : A general term used in construction todescribe the process of
supporting a structure in order to prevent collapse so that construction can
proceed. The phrase can also be used as a noun to refer to the materials used
in the process.
Short: Brittle.
Short Belt: The belt that delivers coal from the seventh floor hopper to the
long belt.
Short circuit: The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior
waste water lines to the main sewer lines. The side sewer is usually buried in
several feet of soil and runs from the house to the sewer line. It is usually
'owned' by the sewer utility, must be maintained by the owner and may only
be serviced by utility approved contractors. Sometimes called sewer lateral.
Short circuit: A situation that occurs when hot and neutral wires come in
contact with each other. Fuses and circuit breakers protect against fire that
could result from a short.
Short circuit: Direct connections of low resistive value that can significant
alter the behavior of an element or system.
Short column : A column which is so short that if overloaded it will fail not
by crippling but by crushing
Short cycling: Unit runs and then stops at short intervals; generally this
excessive cycling rate is hard on the system equipment.
Short Terne: A term applying to terne coated (lead and tin) sheets with
reference to base box sizes (14 x 20). (see Terne Plate)
Short Terne: A term applying to terne coated (Lead and Tin) sheets with
reference to Base Box sizes (14 x 20) Refer to terne plate.
Short Tons: A common measure in the U.S., a short-ton is equal to 2,000
pounds, 907.18 kilograms or 0.907 metric tons (“tonnes”).
Short Transverse Direction: For plate, sheet and forging, the direction
through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and long transverse
directions.
Short Transverse Direction: For plate, sheet and forging, the direction
through the thickness perpendicular to both longitudinal and long transverse
directions.
Short-circuiting Transfer: In consumable electrode arc welding, a type of
metal transfer similar to globular transfer, but in which the drops are so large
that the arc is short circuited momentarily during the transfer of each drop to
the weld pool. Compare with globular transfer and spray transfer.
Shortness: A form of brittleness in metal. It is designed as cold, hot and red,
to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs.
Shortness: A form of brittleness in metal. It is designated as cold, hot, and
red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs.
Shortness (Hot): Brittleness in a metal at an elevated temperature.
Shot: (1) Small, spherical particles of metal. (2) The injection of molten
metal into a die casting die. The metal is injected so quickly that it can be
compared to the shooting of a gun.
Shot Blast: Shot blasting consists of attacking the surface of a material with
one of many types of shots. Normally, this is done to remove something on
the surface such as scale, but it is also sometimes to impart a particular
surface to the object being shot blasted, such as the rolls used to make a 2-D
finish. The shot can be sand, small steel balls of various diameters, granules
of silicon carbide, etc. The device that throws the shot is either a large air gun
or spinning paddles which hurl the shot off their blades.
Shot Blast: Shot blasting consists of attacking the surface of a material with
one of many types of shots. Normally this is done to remove something on
the surface such as scale, but it is also done sometimes to impart a particular
surface to the object being shot blasted, such as the rolls used to make a 2D
finish. The shot can be sand, small steel balls of various diameters, granules
of silicon carbide,etc. The device that throws the shot is ietheeer a large air
gun or spinning paddles which hurl the shot off their blades.
Shot Blast Hoses: Shot Blast Hoses are used to deliver a high-pressure
abrasive material, such as sand or shot, for the purposes of cleaning,
smoothing, or etching a surface. Shot blast hoses are typically made from
reinforced natural rubber (NR) to deliver maximum tensile strength, optimal
flexibility, and a wide operating temperature range. The inner layer of the
hose is an abrasive resistant liner necessary to ensure both high performance
and long life of the blasting system. Material, such as sand or shot, for the
purposes of cleaning, smoothing, or etching a surface. Shot blast hoses are
typically made from reinforced natural rubber (NR) to deliver maximum
tensile strength, optimal flexibility, and a wide operating temperature range.
The inner layer of the hose is an abrasive resistant liner necessary to ensure
both high performance and long life of the blasting system.
Shot Blast Roll Finish: The surface finish (with a grit microfinish) on the
rolls in the last stand of tandem mill or temper mill; deter-mines the surface
finish of the product where a grit finish produced to a specified micro-inch
reading is desired.
Shot Blast Roll Finish: The surface finish (with a grit microfinish) on the
rolls in the last stand of tandem mill or temper mill; determines the surface
finish of the product where a grit finish produced to a specified micro inch
reading is desired.
Shot Blasting: A process of cleaning forgings by propelling metal shot at
high velocity by air pressure or centrifugal force at the surface of the
forgings. See also Blast Cleaning.
Shot Peening: Stressing the surface layer of a material by bombarding it with
a selected medium (usually round steel shot) under controlled conditions.
Shotbalsting (Shot Peening): Casting cleaning process employing a metal
abrasive (grit or shot) propelled by centrifugal or air force.
Shot-blasting : abrasive blasting steel with metal shot, usually to remove
deposits or mill scale more rapidly or more effectively than can be done by
sand-blasting or chemical cleaning
Shotcrete : A commonly used term for concretesprayed through a hose and
projected at high velocity to cover a surface.
Shotting: The production of shot by pouring molten metal in finely divided
streams. Solidified spherical particles are formed during descent in a tank of
water.
Shoulders : The portion of the roadway continuous with the travelled way
for accommodation of stopped vehicles, for emergency use and for lateral
support of base and surface courses.
Shoving : Displacement of flexible pavement caused by high shear stresses
or because of deficient pavement material.
Shredded Scrap: Fist-sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile hulks.
After cars are sent through a shredder, the recyclable steel is separated by
magnets. Mini-mills consume shredded scrap in their electric arc furnace
operations.
Shredded Scrap: Fist sized, homogenous pieces of old automobile hulks.
After cars are sent through a shredder, the recyclable steel is separated by
magnets. Mini mills consume shredded scrap in their electric arc furnace
operations.
Shredders: aquatic invertebrates that feed on leaves or twigs that fall into a
stream
Shrink: The difference in volume between liquid metal and solid metal or the
void (shrink hole) left in a casting because of it.
Shrink: The difference in volume between liquid metal and solid metal or the
void (shrink hole) left in a casting because of it.
Shrink Forming: Forming metal wherein the inner fibers of a cross-section
undergo a reduction in a localized area by the application of heat, cold upset,
or mechanically induced pressures.
Shrink Hole: A hole or cavity in a casting resulting from shrinkage and
insufficient feed metal, and formed during solidification.
Shrink Hole: A hole or cavity in a casting resulting from shrinkage and
insufficient feed metal, and formed during solidification.
Shrinkage: 1. Liquid, contraction in volume as metal cools to solidification.
2. Solidification, contraction in volume when the metal passes from the liquid
to the solid at the freezing point (may expand over a range). 3. Solid, the
contraction on cooling from freezing point to normal temperature. 4. The
decrease in dimension in clays occurring when drying at 100°C (212°F) and
even more so on firing. 5. Reduction in dimension of refractory material
during heating. 5. The contraction of metal during cooling after forging. Die
impressions are made oversize according to precise shrinkage scales to allow
forgings to shrink to design dimensions and tolerances.
Shrinkage : The shrinkage of concrete during hardening can amount to
0.0004 of its length at one year or half this value at two months. Cement
mortar shrinks by a similar amount.
Shrinkage Cavity: A void left in cast metal as a result of solidification
shrinkage. Shrinkage cavities can appear as either isolated or interconnected
irregularly shaped voids. See also casting shrinkage. (see Casting Shrinkage)
Shrinkage Cavity: A void left in cast metals as a result of solidification
shrinkage and the progressive freezing of metal towards the center.
Shrinkage Cracks: Cracks that form in metal as a result of the pulling apart
of grains by contraction before complete solidification.
Shrinkage Cracks: Cracks that form in metal as result of the pulling apart of
grains by contraction before complete solidification.
Shroud: A protective, refractory-lined metal-delivery system to prevent
reoxidation of molten steel when it is poured from ladle to tundish to mold
during continuous casting.
Shroud, pumps: The front and/or back of an impeller.
Shroud, turbines: Also referred to as the sealing strip on turbine blades. Its
purpose is to supply rigidity to the blades, lessen vibration and provide
sealing between stages.
Shrouding: Protecting material with a loose covering of waterproof paper or
other suitable material. Only the top and sides of the material are covered.
Shrub: small to medium plant of woody character generally with multiple
stems.
Shunt: A device to divert part of an electric current.
Shut Height: For a metalforming press, the distance from the top of the bed
to the bottom of the slide with the stroke down and adjustment up. In general,
it is the maximum die height that can be accommodated for normal operation,
taking the bolster plate into consideration. See also bolster. (see Bolster (Die
Block))
Shut Off Valve: Any valve used to isolate pressure in a system.
Shutdown: When production is stopped for repairs, or scheduled down turns.
Shutter: The finished exterior covering of the outside walls of a frame
building.
Shutter: Usually lightweight louvered decorative frames in the form of doors
located on the sides of a window. Some shutters are made to close over the
window for protection.
Shuttering: Formwork.
Shuttering : That part of formwork which either is in contact with the
concrete or has the form lining attached to it.
Shuttle Valve: A valve that has three ports and a common ball or spool
check valve. When flow is applied at either of the two inlet ports, the third or
output port receives flow from the higher pressure inlet port.
Si (le systeme international d'unites): The international abbreviation for the
International System of Units or metric system.
Sid: Standard Instrument Departure. A standard IFR departure route
enabling air traffic controllers to issue abbreviated clearances and thus speed
the flow of traffic.
Side Arm Filter: See Polishing Filters.
Side Boards: Sometimes referred to as hot top. Used to insulate top of mold
to avoid a large cavity in the top of the ingot as it cools.
Side lap: The lap at the sides of a sheet of deck and is attached by side lap
screws or welds between supports.
Side lap screws: A screw used to connect the sides of two adjacent sheets of
deck together, #10 being the standard size.
Side loading: A load applied to an angle to the vertical plane of the boom.
Side Milling: Milling with cutters having peripheral and side teeth. They are
usually profile sharpened but may be form relieved.
Side Pull: The component of the hoist pull acting horizontally when the hoist
lines are not operated vertically.
Side Set: A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate, sheet or
foil.
Side Set: A difference in thickness between the two edges of plate, sheet or
foil.
Side sewer: Slightly wedge-shaped boards used as horizontal siding in a
lapped pattern over the exterior sheathing. Varies in butt thickness from ½ to
¾ inch and in widths up to 12".
Side sewer: The portion of the sanitary sewer which connects the interior
waste water lines to the main sewer lines. The side sewer is usually buried in
several feet of soil and runs from the house to the sewer line. It is usually
‘owned’ by the sewer utility, must be maintained by the owner and may only
be serviced by utility approved contractors. Sometimes called sewer lateral.
Side Trim: A process whereby a tin mill product edge is trimmed to produce
a relatively smooth finished edge.
Side Trim: A process whereby a Tin Mill Product edge is trimmed to
produce a relatively smooth finished edge.
Side wall: An exterior wall which is parallel to the ridge of the building.
Side Wall Thickness: The thickness of a steel coils side wall from the outer
diameter to the inner diameter.
Sidesway: The lateral movement of a structure when subjected to lateral
loads or unsymmetrical vertical loads.
Side-view diagram: A drawing or diagram which shows the outline of a joist
with dimensions and also maybe the web system configuration and bridging
rows. See Profile Drawing.
Sidewalk : That portion of the roadway primarily constructed for the use of
pedestrians.
Sidewalk shed : A structure built over the sidewalkand around the exterior of
a building, while work is occurring on the building, to protect pedestrians
from falling debris; also called a “sidewalk bridge”.
Sidewall: The sides of a coil.
Siding: (1) The 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 wood plate framing member that lays flat
against and bolted to the foundation wall (with anchor bolts) and upon which
the floor joists are installed. Normally the sill plate is treated lumber. (2) The
member forming the lower side of an opening, as a door sill or window sill.
Siding: The finished exterior covering of the outside walls of a frame
building.
Siding, (lap siding): An exterior water faucet (hose bib).
Siding, (lap siding): Slightly wedge-shaped boards used as horizontal siding
in a lapped pattern over the exterior sheathing. Varies in butt thickness from
½ to ¾ inch and in widths up to 12″.
Sieve: A standard wire mesh or screen used in graded sets to determine the
mesh size or particle size disuibution of paniculate and granular solids.
Sieve Analysis: A method of determining particle size distribution, usually
expressed as the weight percentage retained upon each of a series of standard
screens of decreasing mesh size.
Sieve Classification: The separation of powder into particle size ranges by
the use of a series of graded sieves. Also called screen analysis.
Sieve Fraction: That portion of a powder sample that passes through a sieve
of specified number and is retained by some finer mesh sieve of specified
number. See also sieve analysis. (see Sieve Analysis)
Sight Block: A 2 x 2 steel block located on the inside of the #1 feeder
housing used for lining up the front end of a coil with the pulling rolls before
loading it into the feeder.
Sight Glass: A measuring device where flow, oil level or water can be
monitored visually.
Sight glass: Glass tube or glass window in refrigerating mechanism. It shows
amount of refrigerant or oil in system and indicates presence of gas bubbles
in liquid line.
Sigma Phase: An extremely brittle Fe-Cr phase that can form at elevated
temperatures in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels.
Sigma-phase Embrittiement: Embrittlement of iron-chromium alloys (most
notably austenitic stainless steels) caused by precipitation at grain boundaries
of the hard, brittle intennetallic phase during long periods of exposure to
tempemtures between approximately 560 and 980 °C (1050 and 1800 °F).
Sigma-phase embrittlement results in severe loss in toughness and ductility
and can make the embrittled material susceptible to intergranular corrosion.
See also sensitization. (see Sensitization)
Sigmet: Significant Meteorological Information. A type of weather advisory
regarding severe weather conditions (thunderstorms, turbulence, icing,
volcanic ash, etc.) which could pose a threat to all types of
aircraft. AIRMET is a less inclusive type of advisory.
Signal Person: An individual or who is responsible for directing the crane
operator(s) throughout the connecting, moving, positioning and releasing of a
load or load cycle, through the constant and continuous use of hand, radio or
audible signals.
Silencer: See MUFFLER.
Silica: The oxide of silicon, the major chemical constituent of sand.
Silica: Silicon dioxide (Si02), a mineral found naturally as quartz or in
complex combination with other elements such as silicates.
Silica Brick: Refractory material of ganister, bonded with hydrated lime, and
fired at a high temperature.
Silica Brick: Refractory material of ganister, bonded with hydrated lime, and
fired at high temperature.
Silica Gel: A colloidal form of silica used as a drying agent.
Silica Gel: A colloidal form of silica used as a drying agent.
Silica gel: Absorbent chemical compound used as a drier. When heated,
moisture is released and compound may be reused.
Silica Sand: Sand with a minimum silica content of 95% used for forming
casting molds.
Silica Sand: Sand with a minimum silica content of 95% used for forming
casting molds.
Silica, colloidal: Silica in colloidal form.
Silica, volatile: Silica carryover with steam.
Siliceous: A material containing silica.
Silicon: Chemical symbol Si. Element No. 14 of the periodic system; atomic
weight 28.06. Extremely common element, the major component of all rodks
and sands; its chemical reactions, however, are those of a metalloid. Used in
metallurgy as a deoxidizing scavenger. Silicon is present, to some extent, in
all steels, and is deliberately added to the extent of approximately 4% for
electric sheets, extensively used in alternating current magnetic circuits.
Silicon cannot be electrodeposited.
Silicon (Si): Used as a deoxidizer in steelmaking, and also as a strengthening
agent. An alloy addition in spring steels (~1.5%), in heat resisting steel (1.5-
3.5%) and in steel sheet for transformer cores (>3%). It is important to be
aware silicon can influence the control of post-galvanizing, especially in
combination with phosphorous.
Silicon Carbide: A hard compound of silicon and carbon used as an abrasive
or refractory grain or electrical resistor.
Silicon Electrical Steel: A type of specialty steel created by introducing
silicon during the steelmaking process. Electrical steel exhibits certain
magnetic properties, which make it optimum for use in transformers, power
generators and electric motors. Grain-oriented--The metal's grain runs
parallel within the steel, permitting easy magnetization along the length of the
steel. Although grain-oriented steel may be twice as expensive to produce, its
magnetic directional characteristics enable power transformers, made from
this metal, to absorb less energy during operation. Non-grain-oriented--
Because there is no preferential direction for magnetization, non-grain-
oriented steel is best used in rotating apparatus such as electric motors.
Silicon Electrical Steel: A type of specialty steel created by introducing
silicon during the steelmaking process. Electrical steel exhibits certain
magnetic properties, which make it optimum for use in transformers, power
generators and electric motors. GRAIN ORIENTED The metal's grain runs
parallel within the steel, permitting easy magnetization along the length of the
steel. Although grain oriented steel may be twice as expensive to produce, its
magnetic directional characteristics enable power transformers, made from
this metal, to absorb less energy during operation. NON GRAIN ORIENTED
Because there is no preferential direction for magnetization, non grain
oriented steel is best used in rotating apparatus such as electric motors.
Silicon Manganese: An alloy containing silicon and manganese. In the open
hearth process, it is used as a deoxidizer in the furnace and for the
introduction of manganese and silicon into steel.
Silicon Steel: Steel usually made in the basic open hearth or electric furnace,
with about 0.50 5.% silicon, other elements being usually dept as low as
possible. Because of high electrical resistance and low hysterisis loss, silicon
sheet and strip are standard in electric magnet manufacture.
Silicon : naturally occurring element commonly found in steel; silicon is
particularly reactive in molten zinc metal
Silicones: Generic term for a class of synthetic lubricants that replace carbon
atoms with a chain of alternating oxygen and silicon; also known as
siloxanes. These fluids are water-resistant polymers with very high viscosity
indexes, excellent fluidity at low temperatures and good oxidation and
thermal stability at higher temperatures. They do not have high load-carrying
capacity.
Siliconizing: Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an elevated
temperature.
Siliconizing: Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an elevated
temperature.
Silicon-killed steel : steel treated with silicon as an oxidizing agent in order
to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no reaction occurs between
carbon and oxygen during solidification
Silky Fracture: A metal fracture in which the broken metal surface has a
fine texture, usually dull in appearance. Characteristic of tough and strong
metals.
Silky Fracture: A steel fracture that has a very smooth fine grain or silky
appearance.
Sill: Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top
a foundation, sometimes called mudsill. Also sole plate, bottom member of
an interior wall frame.
Sill: (1) The 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 wood plate framing member that lays flat against
and bolted to the foundation wall (with anchor bolts) and upon which the
floor joists are installed. Normally the sill plate is treated lumber. (2) The
member forming the lower side of an opening, as a door sill or window sill.
Sill: Projecting moulding at the bottom of a window or door. (Also
spelledcill).
Sill cock: Sill plateA horizontal member anchored to a concrete or masonry
wall.
Sill cock: An exterior water faucet (hose bib).
Sill plate (mudsill): Fiberglass or foam insulation installed between the
foundation wall and sill (wood) plate. Designed to seal any cracks or gaps.
Sill plate (mudsill): Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame
which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called mudsill. Also sole plate,
bottom member of an interior wall frame.
Sill seal: A window with one vertically sliding sash or window vent.
Sill seal: Fiberglass or foam insulation installed between the foundation wall
and sill (wood) plate. Designed to seal any cracks or gaps.
Sillimanite: A mineral, consisting of alumina and silica.
Silt: grains of rock between 0.002mm and 0.06mm
Silt: tiny, fine particles suspended in or deposited by water
Silt : Glandular material passing the No. 200 sieve (74 micron), finer than
sand but coarser than clay, such particles in the range from 2 to 50 micron. It
feels gritty between the fingers but the grains are difficult to see. It can be
distinguished from clay by the shaking test or by rolling it into a thread. A
thread of silt crumbles on drying, a clay thread does not. Rock flour and loess
are materials of silt size.
Silt density index: A measure of the tendency of a water to foul a reverse
osmosis membrane, based on time flow through a membrane filter at constant
pressure.
Silt : sediment particles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm (0.00016 to 0.0024
inch) in diameter
Siltation: the process of becoming clogged by fine sediments
Silver Soldering: Nonpreferred term used to denote brazing with a silver-
base filler metal. See preferred temr furnace brazing, induction brazing and
torch brazing. (see Furnace Brazing) (see Induction Brazing) (see Torch)
Silver Solders: Alloys of silver, copper, sinc and other metals, melting
between 650 and 875 (degrees) C. used for making strong yet moderately
ductile joints that resist corrosion.
Simple Beam: A structural member supported and unrestrained at each end
and subjected to loads acting transversely to its longitudinal axis
Simple cycle : Referring to the gas turbine cycle consisting only of
compression, combustion and expansion.
Simple or single span: A span with supports at each end, no intermediate
support, that restrain only against vertical displacement with the ends of the
member being free to rotate.
Simply supported: Describes a beam which rests on a support at each end,
that is, it is not supported at more than two points, is not held rigidly by the
supports, and does not form part of a larger framework.
Simultaneous Engineering: Refers to the process where user/designer and
producer interact to reduce lead time and improve the efficiency of a part.
This process is faster and more efficient than the traditional sequential
process of design and manufacture.
Single Action Press: A forming press that operates with a single function,
such as moving a punch into a die with no simultaneous action for holding
down the bland or ejecting the formed work.
Single curvature: When moments produce a deformed or bent shape of a
structural member having a smooth continuous curve or arc.
Single hung window: A more or less horizontal window located on the roof
of a building.
Single hung window: A window with one vertically sliding sash or window
vent.
Single Impulse Welding: A resistance welding process variation in which
spot, projection or upset welds are made with a single impulse.
Single phasing : The condition when one phase of a multiphase (polyphone)
motor circuit is broken or opened. Motors running when this occurs may
continue to run but with lower power output and overheating.
Single Reduced: Refers to temper rolling in the tin mill. No gauge reduction
occurs here. Steel sheet that is rolled in multiple-strand reduction mills while
cold, then annealed and temper rolled to produce thin gauges for can making.
Besides reducing gauge and permitting fabrication of lighter weight cans,
cold rolling also improves the steel's surface and metallurgical properties.
Single Reduced: Refers to temper rolling in the tin mill. No gauge reduction
occurs here. Steel sheet that is rolled in multiple strand reduction mills while
cold, then annealed and temper rolled to produce thin gauges for can making.
Besides reducing gauge and permitting fabrication of lighter weight cans,
cold rolling also improves the steel's surface and metallurgical properties.
Single shaft gas turbine : A gas turbine arrangement in which the
compressor and the gas turbine are all coupled to one shaft.
Single slope: A sloping roof in one plane which slopes from one wall to the
opposite wall.
Single Spot Test: A test of galvanized (or any other metallic) coating
weights administered by sampling the coated steel across the width at two
inches from each edge and dead center. (see Triple spot test)
Single stage compressor : Compressor having only one compressive step
between inlet and outlet.
Single Tool Post : A test of galvanized (or any other metallic) coating
weights administered by sampling the coated steel across the width at two
inches from each edge and dead center. See Triple Spot Test.
Single Welded Joint: In arc and gas welding, any joint welded from one side
only.
Single-action Press: A metalforming press that provides pressure from one
side.
Single-ply roof: A type of roofing system using thermoplastic membranes
which are seamed by either hot air or solvent welding of one sheet to the next
or using thermoset membranes which are seamed with an adhesive.
Single-point Tool: A cutting tool having one face and one continuous cuning
edge.
Single-stand Mill: A rolling mill designed such that the product contacts
only two rolls at a given moment.
Sinker Steel: Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery.
Supplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed. Usually
extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about 1.25.
Sinker Steel: Used for making sinkers in hosiery making machinery.
Supplied both hardened and tempered and cold rolled and annealed. Usually
extra precision rolled and extra flat. Carbon content about 1.25
Sinkhead or Hot Top: A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hold excess
molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the
ingot. Also called shrink head or feeder head.
Sinkhead Or Hot Top: A reservoir insulated to retain heat and to hod excess
molten metal on top of an ingot mold, in order to feed the shrinkage of the
ingot. Also called shrink head or feeder head.
Sinter: Particles in roughly 1-inch chunks produced by mixing and baking
iron ore concentrate and limestone flux prior to loading it into the blast
furnaces for reduction into pig iron.
Sinter: Baked particles that stick together in roughly one inch chunks,
normally used for iron ore dust collected from the blast furnaces.
Sinter Plant: A plant in which iron ore is crushed, homogenized and mixed
with limestone and coke breeze and then cooked (sintered) to form sinter,
which is the main ferrous component of a blast furnace burden.
Sintered Carbide: Composite, containing carbides of extremely refractory
metals, such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, etc., cemented together by a
relatively low melting metal, such as cobalt acing as a matrix.
Sintered Density: The quotient of the mass (weight) over the volume of the
sintered body expressed in grams per cubic centimeter.
Sintered Metal: A bronze or iron bearing material frequently used where
self-lubrication, low coefficient of friction, accurate dimensions and
simplicity of installation without machining are desirable.
Sintering: The agglomeration of particles by heating; the material need not
be completely melted.
Sintering: A process that combines iron bearing particles, once recovered
from environmental control filters, into small pellets. Previously, these
materials were too fine to withstand the air currents of the smelting process
and were thrown away. The iron is now conserved because the chunks can be
charged into the blast furnace (see Agglomerating Processes).
Sintering Point: That temperature at which the molding material begins to
adhere to the casting, or in a test when the sand coheres to a platinum ribbon
under controlled conditions. Also, the temperature at which sand grains begin
to adhere to one another.
Sintering Point: That temperature at which the molding material begins to
adhere to the casting, or in a test when the sand coheres to a platinum ribbon
under controlled conditions. Also, the temperature at which sand grains begin
to adhere to one another
Sinuosity: ratio of total stream length to straight line distance.
Siphon Line: A line that directs steam flow past an orifice to create a suction
on the intake line of a pump to get a prime.
Siphon Line: A line that directs steam flow past an orifice to create a suction
on the intake line of a pump to get a prime.
Six Sigma: Statistical measurement of tightly controlled processes with the
goal of generating only 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
Size Effect: Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical
and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging
reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower
for a larger size.
Sizes : A slang term used when obtaining the order of coils to be processed.
The size contains index, customer name, coil width, baseweight, and number
of coils in the order.
Sizing: (1) Secondary forming or squeezing operations needed to square up,
set down, flatten or otherwise correct surfaces to produce specified
dimensions and tolerances. See also restriking. (2) Some burnishing,
broaching, drawing and shaving operations are also sizing. 3) Finishing
operation for correcting ovality in tubing. 4) Final pressing of a sinistered
powder metallurgy part to obtain a desired dimension.
Sizing: (1) Secondary forming or squeezing operations needed to square up,
set down. flatten, or otherwise correct surfaces to produce specified
dimensions and tolerances. See also restriking. (2) Some burnishing,
broaching, drawing and shaving operations are also called sizing. 3) A
finishing operation for correcting ovality in tubing. 4) Pressing of a sintered
powder metallurgy part to obtain a desired dimension.
Sizing: A slang term used when obtaining the order of coils to be processed.
The size contains index, customer name, coil width, baseweight, and number
of coils in the order.
Sji (steel joist institute): The institute is a non-profit organization of active
joist manufacturers that maintains sound engineering practice throughout the
joist industry. The institute coopera Wtes with business and government
agencies to establish steel joist standards and does continuing research of
their products to maintain the integrity of their products.
Skeleton Cab: (see Dummy cab)
Skelp: Steel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. It resembles hot-rolled
strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and welding operations
required for pipe production.
Skelp: Steel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. It resembles hot rolled
strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and welding operations
required for pipe production.
Skew: The condition when two entities come together at an angle which is
not 90 degrees or perpendicular to each other.
Skew Block: A sloping, shaped block against which the end of an arch rests.
Skew nail: Nail driven at an oblique angle through a piece of timber and into
receiving piece. Usually in opposite pairs
Skewing Forces: Lateral forces on the bridge truck wheels caused by the
bridge girders not running perpendicular to the runways. Some normal
skewing occurs in all bridges.
Skid & Shroud: Skids are platforms upon which material is placed for
shipment. These platforms are normally of wooden boards nailed to 2 x 4's or
4 x 4's so that a fork truck can get its forks underneath the platform. The
material being shipped is usually fastened to this platform by narrow strips of
thin metal called banding. To shroud means to cover the steel being shipped
with heavy, water-proof paper to protect it from moisture and handling
damage during transit.
Skid Marks: Visibly colder "stripes" on slabs caused by contact with water-
cooled skids in a pusher-type reheat furnace.
Skid Marks: Visibly colder stripes on slabs caused by contact with water
cooled skids in a pusher type reheat furnace.
Skillion: A roof shape consisting of a single sloping surface
Skim Core (Skimmer): A flat core or tile placed in a mold to skim a flowing
stream of metal. Commonly used in pouring basins, it holds back slag and
dirt while clean metal passes underneath to the downsprue. (see Core Strainer
(Strainer Tub))
Skim Core (Skimmer): A flat core or tile placed in a mold to skim a flowing
stream of metal. Commonly used in pouring basins, it hold back slag and dirt
while clean metal passes underneath to the downsprue. See Core Strainer
Skim Gate: In foundry practice, a gating arrangement designed to prevent
the passage of slag and other undesirable materials into a casting.
Skim Gate: A gating arrangement which changes the direction of flow of
molten metal and prevents the passage of slag and other undesirable materials
into the mold cavity.
Skimming: Removing or hold back dirt or slag from the surface of the
molten metal before or during pouring.
Skimming: Removing or hold back dirt or slag from the surface of the
molten metal before or during pouring.
Skimmings (ash) : galvanizing byproduct comprised mainly of zinc oxides;
skimmings are recyclable
Skin: A thin outside metal layer, not formed by bonding as in cladding or
electroplating, that differs in composition, structure or other characteristics
from the main mass of metal.
Skin: A thin surface layer that is different from the main mass of a metal
object, in composition, structure or other characteristics.
Skin condenser : Condenser using the outer surface of the cabinet as the heat
radiating medium.
Skin Drying: Drying the surface of the mold by direct application of heat.
Skin Lamination: In flat-rolled metals, a surface rupture resulting from the
exposure of a substance lamination by rolling.
Skin Pass Mill: This is a specialized rolling mill which is used as a final
stage in the processing of hot or cold reduced steel coil to enhance product
quality. Basically, the steel coil is rolled not with the aim of achieving
significant further reductions in gauge, but to give the sheet better and
consistent mechanical and geometrical properties throughout its length –
properties such as good elongation tolerance, flatness and surface finish.
Gauge reduction is minimal. The skinpass mill can be located as an in-line
unit immediately following a hot or cold rolling line, or be a standalone
facility. In the latter case, the mill will have a decoiler on the entry side and a
recoiler on the exit side. Skinpass mills, which are also often referred to as
temper mills, can be single or two-stand units and have a two-high or four-
high mill roll configuration. Mills with a two-stand configuration are usually
considered preferable when processing harder materials.
Skin Passed: Steel which has been processed through the Skin Mill (Temper
Mill).
Skin Roll: Product to be sent to the Skin Mill for its next operation.
Skin Roll (Temper Roll): A product that has been processed at a Skin Mill
(Temper Mill).
Skin-Drying: Drying the surface of the mold by direct application of heat.
Skip: An area of uncoated sheet which is frequently caused by equipment
malfunciton.
Skip-welding : alternating the weld so that it is not continuous or complete
Skirting: Molding to cover the joint between floor and wall flooring.
Skirting: Timber or other moulding around the base of a wall.
Skiving: (1) Removal of a material in thin layers or chips with a high degree
of shear or slippage, or both, of the cutting tool. (2) A machining operatIon to
in which the cut is made with a form tool with its face so angled that the
cutting edge progresses from one end or the work to the other as the tool
feeds tangentially past the rotating workpiece.
Skull: A solid piece of steel left in a refractory-lined vessel after use that
must be removed in order for the vessel to be reused; mainly used in
reference to the ladle.
Skull: A layer of solidified metal or dross on the wall of a pouring vessel
often when metal has been poured.
Skylight: A type of foundation with a concrete floor which is placed directly
on the soil. The edge of the slab is usually thicker and acts as the footing for
the walls.
Skylight: An opening or roof accessory in a roof or ceiling for admitting
light. If it bears across a joist, the top chord angles may be unbraced for
design considerations.
Skylight: A more or less horizontal window located on the roof of a building.
Sla: Stereolithography Apparatus
Slab: The most common type of semifinished steel. Traditional slabs
measure 10 inches thick and 30-85 inches wide (and average about 20 feet
long), while the output of the recently developed "thin slab" casters is
approximately two inches thick. Subsequent to casting, slabs are sent to the
hot-strip mill to be rolled into coiled sheet and plate products.
Slab : A flat, usually horizontal cast concrete member of uniform thickness
which extends over three or more supports in a given direction.
Slab Caster: A continuous caster used to form slabs.
Slab Core: Flat, plain core.
Slab Haulers: Huge hydraulic lift trucks that carry up to six slabs at a time.
They move slabs between the caster, steelmaking area and the hot strip mill.
Slab Haulers: Huge hydraulic lift trucks that carry up to six slabs at a time.
They move slabs between the caster, open heath area, and the hot strip mill.
Slab on grade: Concrete pavement, i.e. driveways, garages, and basement
floors.
Slab on grade: A type of foundation with a concrete floor which is placed
directly on the soil. The edge of the slab is usually thicker and acts as the
footing for the walls.
Slab Shear: A shear for cutting a rolled ingot into slab lengths. This shear
also cuts off the discard or crop.
Slab, concrete: A rectangular door without hinges or frame.
Slab, concrete: Concrete pavement, i.e. driveways, garages, and basement
floors.
Slab, door: Concrete cement that sometimes covers the vertical face of the
foundation void material.
Slab, door: A rectangular door without hinges or frame.
Slabbing Mill: A mill which rolls ingots into slab shapes.
Slack: Excess strip in the line, without tension, used to allow movement of
the strip.
Slack: Excess strip in the line, without tension, used to allow movement of
the strip.
Slack Quenching: The incomplete hardening of steel due to quenching from
the austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for
the particular steel, resulting in the formation of one or more transformation
products in addition to martensite.
Slack Quenching: The process of hardening steel by quenching from the
austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for the
particular steel, resulting in incomplete hardening and the formation of one or
more transformation products in addition to or instead of martensite.
Slag: Usually, a wood member embedded in concrete, as in a floor, that
serves to support and to fasten the subfloor or flooring.
Slag: A non-metallic byproduct of the welding process forming a hard crust
over the molten steel which should be chipped away for inspection of a weld.
Slag: Concrete cement that sometimes covers the vertical face of the
foundation void material.
Slag: 1. A waste product in ironmaking and steelmaking. Limestone, acting
as a flux, combines with impurities to form slag. Usually slags consist of
combinations of acid oxides with basic oxides and neutral oxides are added to
aid fusibility. 2. Molten remnants of the coal burning process.
Slag : The waste glass-like product from a metallurgical furnace, which flows
off above the metal
Slag cements : Cements made by grinding blast-furnace slag and mixing it
with lime or Portland cement or dehydrated gypsum. Slag is also used in
making expanding cement and super sulphated cement.
Slag Inclusion: Non-metallic solids entrapped in solid metal.
Slag Inclusion: Nonmetallic solids entrapped in solid metal.
Slag Trap: An enlargement, dam, or extrusion in the gating or runners
system in a mold for the purpose of preventing molten slag particles from
entering the mold cavity.
Slant Fracture: A type of fracture in metals, typical of plane-stress fractures,
in which the plane of separation is inclined at an angle (usually about 45
degrees) to the axis of applied stress.
Slave Valve: A spool-type hydraulic valve that uses pressure from a pilot
valve to move the position of its spool.
Slave Valve: A spool type hydraulic valve that uses pressure from a pilot
valve to move the position of its spool.
Sleeper: Pipe installed under the concrete driveway or sidewalk, and that will
be used later to run sprinkler pipe or low voltage wire.
Sleeper: Usually, a wood member embedded in concrete, as in a floor, that
serves to support and to fasten the subfloor or flooring.
Sleeper wall: Supports a timber ground floor, and is often built in
honeycomb brickwork to allow ventilation of the space under the floor.
Sleeve Bearing: A 360º cylindrical plain bearing, sometimes called a
bushing, that supports a journal or roll neck, aptly called a sleeve.
Sleeve(s): The incline angle of a roof surface, given as a ratio of the rise (in
inches) to the run (in feet). See also pitch.
Sleeve(s): Pipe installed under the concrete driveway or sidewalk, and that
will be used later to run sprinkler pipe or low voltage wire.
Slender element section: A steel section whose width-thickness ratios of any
compression element exceeds the values of a noncompact section.
Slenderness ratio: The ratio of the effective length of a column to the radius
of gyration of the column about the same axis of bending.
Slicking (Sleeking): Smoothing the surface of molds.
Slide: The main reciprocating member of a metal forming press, guided in
the press frame, to which the punch or upper die is fastened; sometimes
called the ram. The inner slide of a double-action press is called the plunger
or punch-holder slide; the outer slide is called the blankholder slide. The third
slide of a triple-action press is called the lower slide, and the slide of a
hydraulic press is often called the platen.
Slide Gate: A valve which employs a plate that slides in and out of the valve
body as a means of stopping flow.
Slide Gate Valve: Slide gate valves are mechanical devices used to restrict or
shut-off the flow of a substance through a transport system such as piping.
Slide gate valves use a flat plate that slides in a channel until it blocks the
path of the flow. The terms slide gate and knife gate are often used
interchangeably, though slide gate valves are commonly used in dry bulk
handling systems to control the flow of granular substances.
Slidegate: A valve which employs a plate that slides in and out of the valve
body as a means of stopping flow.
Sliding Velocity (Gears): Computed differential sliding speed in either the
arc of approach or arc of recess.
Slime: (1) A material of extremely fine particle size encountered in ore
treatment. (2) A mixture of metals and some insoluble compounds that forms
on the anode in electrolysis.
Slime: A soft, sticky, mucuslike substance, originating from a bacterial
growth.
Sling: The ropes or cables used for bundling material, which are to be lifted
by a crane.
Sling psychrometer : Measuring device with wet and dry bulb
thermometers. Moved rapidly through air it measures humidity.
Slinger (Seals): Prevents oil leakage from high-speed journal bearings; uses
centrifugal force to throw oil that leaks through the bearing into a groove that
returns the oil to the reservoir.
Slinging: A coating defect consisting of random spots of coating deposited
on coated sheets or adjacent machinery that appear raised above the
surrounding substrate. Slinging and misting are synonymous, with misting
being fine droplets.
Slinging: A coating defect consisting of random spots of coating deposited
on coated sheets or adjacent machinery that appear raised above the
surrounding substrate. Slinging and misting are synonymous, with misting
being fine droplets.
Slip: Plastic deformation by the irreversible shear displacement (translation)
of one part of a crystal relative to another in a definite crystallographic
direction and usually on specific crystallographic plane. Sometimes called
glide.
Slip : Internal leakage of hydraulic fluid.
Slip Band: A group of parallel slip lines so closely spaced as to appear as a
single line when observed under an optical mircoscope. See also slip line.
Slip Casting: In ceramics, a pouring slip, a water suspension of finely
ground clay, into a Plaster of Paris mold. After it hardens, it is dried and
fired.
Slip Casting: In ceramics, a pouring slip, a water suspension of finely
ground clay, into a plaster of paris mold. After it hardens it is dried and fired.
Slip Direction: The crystallographic direction in which the translation of slip
takes place.
Slip Direction: The crystallographic direction in which translation of slip
takes place.
Slip Flask: A tapered flask thai depends on a movable strip of metal to hold
foundry sand in position. After closing the mold, the strip is refracted and the
flask can be removed and reused. Molds thus made are usually supported by
a mold jacket during pouring.
Slip joint: A joint so designed that movement of the units joined, by
expansion or contraction, is possible without affecting structural soundness or
stability.
Slip Line: Visible traces of slip planes on metal surfaces; the traces are
(usually) observable only if the surface has been polished before deformation.
The usual observation on metal crystals (under a light microscope) is of a
cluster of slip lines known as a slip band.
Slip Line: Trace of a slip plane on a viewing surface.
Slip Plane: The crystallographic plane in which slip occurs in a crystal.
Slip Plane: The crystallographic plane on which slip occurs in a crystal.
Slip-critical joint: A bolted joint in which the slip resistance of the
connection is required.
Slip-form : A narrow section of formwork in slab or wall shuttering that can
easily be pulled or raised as concrete in place, and is designed to be removed
first, thus making it easy to remove the remaining larger panels. It may also
be called a wrecking piece or wrecking strip.
Slippage Scratch: See ?Scratch, Tension?.
Slit: To slit steel is simply to cut it. The most common slitter available is a
pair of scissors. The slitters used in the mill have circular blades that
resemble washers. These rotate as the steel passed through them. The slitters
hace a payoff reel and a take up reel which pass the steel through the slitter
knives. Between these two reel are two shafts,one above the steel and one
below the steel. The round slitter knives are placed on the shafts and adjusted
so that they cut off the edges of the steel to produce a good edge and/or cut
the steel into narrow strips of the width the customer wants.
Slit Edge: The relatively smooth edge produced from side trimming or
slitting. (see Mill Edge)
Slit Edge: The edges of sheet or strip metal resulting from cutting to width
by rotary slitters.
Slit Strip: Hot or cold rolled wide strip (wider than 600 mm), cut lengthways
into widths of less than 600 mm on slitting lines. Delivered in coils or cut
lengths. Slitting is also used for coated wide strip.
Slitter: 1. A unit which slits or shears the coil into two or more narrower
widths. 2. Area on the Pickler where the strip is sidetrimmed (slit) to its
proper width. 3. Sidetrims the edges of the strip to certain width in the
customer’s specifications, or the vertical cutting of coil material to form
narrow strip product.
Slitter: 1) Area on the Pickler where the strip is sidetrimmed (slit) to its
proper width. 2) Sidetrims the edges of the strip to certain width in the
customer's specifications, or the vertical cutting of coil material to form
narrow strip product.
Slitter Hair: See ?Hair, Slitter?.
Slitter Heads: Mechanical housings that hold internal and external parts of
the slitter knives.
Slitter Heads: Mechanical housings that hold internal and external parts of
the slitter knives.
Slitting: Cutting a sheet of steel into narrower strips.
Slitting: Cutting a sheet of steel into narrower strips to match customer
needs. Because steel mills have limited flexibility as to the widths of the sheet
that they produce, service centers normally will cut the sheet for the
customer.
Slitting Stock: Slitting stock is produced with the knowledge that the product
will be further processed by the mill customer. Mill produces the final gauge
but not the final width. The customer will do additional slitting/shearing.
Slitting Stock: Slitting stock is produced with the knowledge that the product
will be further processed by mill customer. Mill produces the final gauge but
not the final width. The customer will do additional slitting/shearing.
Slivers: Slivers are due to defective teeming of the molten metal and to a
tearing of corners of the steel in blooming, roughing or finishing. Tearing is
attributed to many things, such as overoxidation in the open hearth, or
burning during reheating or soaking.
Slivers: Slivers are due to defective teeming of the molten metal and to a
tearing of corners of the steel in blooming, roughing, or finishing. Tearing is
attributed to many things, such as overoxidation in the open hearth, or
burning during reheating or soaking.
Slope: The "wetness" of concrete. A 3 inch slump is dryer and stiffer than a 5
inch slump.
Slope: The angle or inclination a structural member makes with reference to
a horizontal position expressed in inches of vertical rise per 12 inches of
horizontal run, i.e. 3/12.
Slope: The incline angle of a roof surface, given as a ratio of the rise (in
inches) to the run (in feet). See also pitch.
Slope: measurement of the change in elevation with distance.
Slope: measurement of the change in elevation with distance.
Slot: a fishway consisting of stepped pools connected by vertical slots.
Slot Furnace: A common batch furnace where stock is charged and removed
through a slot or opening.
Slot length: The length of a slotted hole in a joist bearing seat or other
structural connection.
Slot weld: See Plug Weld.
Slotting: Cutting a narrow aperture or groove with a reciprocating tool in a
vertical shaper or with a cutter, broach or grinding wheel.
Slow Strain Rate Technique: An experimental technique for evaluating
susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. It involves pulling the specimen to
failure in uniaxial tension at a controlled slow strain rate while the specimen
is in the test environment and examining the specimen for evidence of stress-
corrosion cracking.
Sludge: Material that develops during the plating process. It accumulates in
the plater cells and is removed every eight weeks.
Sludge: A deposit on a heat transfer surface that does not have the hard,
crystalline structure of a scale but is softer and less dense.
Slug: A metal blank for forging or impacting.
Slug: A unit of measure for mass in the English system, which equals 14.6 kg
in the SI system.
Slugging: The act of adding a separate piece or pieces of material in a joint
before or during welding that results in a welded joint not complying with
design, drawing or specification requirements.
Slugging: Condition in which mass of liquid enters compressor causing
hammering.
Sluice gate: a manually or automatically operated sliding or rotating panel to
restrict flow into or out of a culvert
Sluice Water: Raw water that is boosted in pressure to approximately 180
psi. This water is used by the venturies for soot blowing and tap-out, as ditch
water (sluice water) for tapping the boilers and dumping the ash boxes, and
as fill for boiler raw water hydrostatic tests.
Sluice Water: Raw water that is boosted in pressure to approximately 180
psi. This water is used by the Venturies for soot blowing and tap out, as ditch
water (sluice water) for tapping the boilers and dumping the ash boxes, and
as fill for boiler raw water hydrostatic tests.
Slump: The area below the eaves and overhangs. The underside where the
roof overhangs the walls. Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice.
Slump: The “wetness” of concrete. A 3 inch slump is dryer and stiffer than a
5 inch slump.
Slump: the "sloppiness" of wet concrete, generally more slump equals less
strength.
Slump : The decrease in height of wet concrete when a supporting mould is
removed. It is a measure of consistency of freshly mixed concrete.
Slump cone: A mould into which concrete to be tested by the ‘Slump Test’ is
placed, which is of standard construction in the form of a cone
Slumpability: Characterizes the capacity of a grease to flow towards a
suction inlet without a follower plate.
Slurry: A term loosely applied to any clay-like dispersion. It may be used to
wash ladles or other refractory linings to impart a smooth surface; as a
bonding addition to molding sand; as a thin loam over specially made molds
or as a mixture to fine joints or cracks of a core, etc.
Slurry: A water containing high concentration of suspended solids, usually
over 5000 mg/L.
Slurry : A thin, watery mixture of neat cement or cement and sand.
Slurry : A clay-like semi-solid pumped into a trenchto form a slurry wall.
The slurry is then displaced by concrete pumped into the trench. Slurry
permits only minimal transmission of water and is used to isolate an area
from the surrounding groundwater regime and reduce the rate of pumping
required during dewatering.
Slurry erosion : Material removal due to the combined action of corrosion
and wear.
Slurry wall : Retaining wall constructed byexcavating a wall area and then
filling it
Slush Casting: A hollow casting usually made of an alloy with a low but
wide melting temperature range. After the desired thickness of metal has
solidified in the mold, the remaining liquid is poured out. Considered an
obsolete practice.
Slushing Oil: Oil or grease-like material applied to metal as a temporary
protective coating against rust, corrosion, etc.
Small claims court: Alberta Provincial Court (Civil Division). Small
Claims court hears civil claims up to $50,000. It offers a simplified procedure
from the Court of Queen's Bench, and is meant to be accessible
for people who do not have a lawyer (although lawyers are increasingly
appearing in this court).
Small Side: Used to describe the side of the weld with the narrower width.
Small Winch: The tool used to position the big winch's cable and hook. It is
located at the Coal Bucket Operator's door leading to the unloading tracks.
Smelt: To melt ores, separating the metallic constituents.
Smelt: To melt ores,seperating the metallic constituents.
Smelter: Facility is used to extract metal concentrates found inside mined
ore. The ore will often contain more than one kind of metal concentrate and
this facility also separates them.
Smelter: Facility is used to extract metal concentrates found inside mined
ore. The ore will often contain more than one kind of metal concentrate and
this facility also separates them.
Smelting: Thermal processing wherein chemical reactions take place to
produce liquid metal from an ore.
Smelting: A metallurgical thermal process in which a metal is separated in
fused form from nonmetallic materials or other undesired metals with which
it is associated.
Smith Hammer: Any power hammer where impression dies are not used for
reproduction of commercially exact forging.
Smith Hammer: Any power hammer where impression dies are not used for
reproduction of commercially exact forging.
Smls: Seamless pipe with no weld in the circumference.
Smolt: a juvenile anadromous fish that has undergone physical changes to
prepare for life in saltwater
Smothering Ring: Ring that has 16 steam jets and sits on V.C. hood that
helps to keep dirt and flames in boiler while on O2 blow.
Smothering Ring: Ring that has 16 steam jets and sits on V.C. Hood that
helps to keep dirt and flames in boiler while on 02 blow.
Smudge: A smear on the plate that can be caused by sanding a roll (mainly in
the hot rinse).
Smut: A reaction product sometimes left on the surface of a metal after
pickling, electroplating or etching.
S-N Curve: A plot of stress (S) against the number of cycles to failure (N).
The stress can be the maximum stress (Smax) or the alternating stress
amplitude (Sa). The stress values are usually nominal stress; i.e there is no
adjustment for stress concentration. The diagram indicates the S-N
relationship for a specified value of the mean stress (S ) or the stress ratio (A
or R) and a specified probability of survival. For N a log scale is almost
always used. For S a linear scale is used most often, but a log scale is
sometimes used. Also known as S-N diagram.
Snag: standing dead tree
Snagging: (1) Heavy stock removal of superfluous material from a
workpiece by using a portable or swing grinder mounted with a coarse grain
abrasive wheel. (2) Offhand grinding on castings and forgings to remove
surplus metal such as gate and riser pads, fins and parting lines.
Snake: Any crooked surface defect in a plate, resembling a snake.
Snake: Any crooked surface defect in a plate, resembling a snake.
Snaking: A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This condition is
caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or rewinding operation.
Snaking: A series of reversing lateral bows in coil products. This condition is
caused by a weaving action during an unwinding or rewinding operation.
Snap Flask: A foundry flask hinged on one comer so that it can be opened
and removed from the mold for reuse before the metal is poured.
Snap Temper: A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to
high-hardenabiliity steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking
because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature.
Snap Temper: A precautionary interim stress-relieving treatment applied to
high-hardenability steels immediately after quenching to prevent cracking
because of delay in tempering them at the prescribed higher temperature.
Sng: Synthetic natural gas.
Snow drift: The triangular accumulation of snow at high/low areas of
structures expressed in PSF or PLF.
Snow load: Are forces applied to a member by snow accumulation on the
roof of a structure.
Snubber: Hydraulic roll used to prevent the outside wrap from unwinding
while threading the strip into the pinch roll and leveler.
Snubber: Hydraulic roll used to prevent the outside wrap from unwinding
while threading the strip into the pinch roll and leveler.
Snubber Roll: A small roll used with a bridle roll. The purpose of the
snubber roll is to hold the strip against the bridle roll.
Snubber Roll: A small roll used with a bridle roll. The purpose of the
snubber roll is to hold the strip against the bridle roll.
Soak: To hold an ingot, slab, bloom, billet or other piece of steel in a hot
chamber or to pit to secure uniform temperature throughout. Freshly stripped
ingots are hottest in the interior, whereas a cold object which is being heated
is hottest at the surface. The term is used in connection with heating of steel
whether for forging or rolling or for heat treatment.
Soak Cleaning: Immersion cleaning without electrolysis.
Soaker: A metal sheet bent at a right-angle, part of the waterproof flashing of
the junction of a tiled or slated roof abutting a wall.
Soaking: Prolonged heating of a metal, furnace or ladle at a selected
temperature.
Soaking Pit: A furnace or pit for the heating of ingots to make their
temperature uniform throughout in preparation for the rolling operation.
Soap: A compound formed by the reaction of a fatty acid with an alkali;
soaps used as grease thickeners are mostly stearates.
Sob: Souls (persons) On Board. Also POB, Persons on Board.
Socal: Southern California TRACON, the busiest approach control in the
world, located in San Diego. Controls most arrivals for commercial, general
aviation, or military airfields in Southern California. Also known as SCT for
short.
Societal context [of engineering] : Societal context [of engineering] the
aspects of society that are potentially or actually affected by any stage of the
lifecycle of an engineering activity, both in a positive and negative way that
must therefore be taken into account
Soda: Sodium carbonate or sodium oxide sometimes called soda ash; a major
constituent in glass.
Soda ash : A common water treatment chemical, sodium carbonate.
Soda softening : A process by which the calcium and magnesium salts,
constituting the harness content of a water, are chemically precipitated and
removed.
Soda/Sodium Base Grease: A grease prepared from lube oil and a sodium
soap.
Sodium chloride : Common table salt, used to produce a brine solution, used
a secondary refrigerant.
Sodium Silicate: See Water Glass.
Sodium sulfite (na2s03) : A chemical used with water treatment to remove
small amounts of oxygen.
Sodium tracer method : A technique used to measure dissolved solids in
steam to values as low as 0.001 ppm.
Sodium zeolite softening : The process of removing scale forming ions of
calcium and magnesium and replacing them with the equivalent amount of
sodium ions.
Soffit: A large pipe that carries liquid and solid wastes to a sewer or septic
tank.
Soffit: The lower face or under-surface of anything (e.g. the under face of an
arch, the underside of the eaves of a roof).
Soffit: A panel which covers the underside of an overhang, cantilever end, or
mansard.
Soffit: The area below the eaves and overhangs. The underside where the
roof overhangs the walls. Usually the underside of an overhanging cornice.
Soffite: The underside of a building component such as a lintel or beam. A
board fitted to the underside of the ends of rafters or flat roof joists.
Soft Magnetic Material: A ferromagnetic alloy that becomes magnetized
readily upon application of a field and that returns to practically a
nonmagnetic condition when the field is removed; an alloy with the
properties of high magnetic permeability, low coercive force and low
magnetic hysteresis loss.
Soft sand: Sand which includes fine silt or clay particles, which make it
more suitable for making mortar or render than sharp sand.
Soft Skin Rolled Temper (No. 4 Temper): In low-carbon rolled strip steel,
soft and ductile. Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a pinch pass or skin
rolling (a very light rolling).
Soft Skin Rolled Temper (No. 4 Temper): In low carbon rolled strip steel,
soft and ductile. Produced by subjecting annealed strip to a pinch pass or skin
rolling (a very light rolling).
Soft water: Water that is free of magnesium or calcium salts. Soft water is
water which has relatively low concentration of calcium carbonate and other
ions. The water that lathers with soap easily is called soft water
Softening: A process used to soften metals through annealing or tempering.
Softening: The removal of hardness (calcium and magnesium) from water.
Softground tunnels : a passage constructed through loose, unstable, or wet
ground, requiring supports to keep the walls from collapsing
Software Modeling: Software modeling is a term that covers a broad
category of computer-based modeling tools and practices. Computer software
is used to simulate, or model, a process or component for the purpose of
allowing the user to investigate and interpret information. A common
example of software modeling is the use of computer aided drafting (CAD)
software to create computer representations of real-life components.
Softwood: A non-pored timber
Softwood: Timber from a coniferous tree, i.e. most of the timber used in
construction. Softwood timber comes in a variety of grades, the most
common for structural use being classes C16 (for general use) and C24
(stronger timber with fewer knots and defects). (Fr. bois (m) resineux).
Soil: In engineering, the soil is all the solid materials below the earth's
surface, including rock, sand, clay and so on.
Soil : Soil is gravels, sands, silts, clays, peats and all other loose materials
including topsoil, down to bedrock
Soil Load (Cleansers): The percentage of soil contained by a cleaning
solution, usually expressed in volume/volume units. Soil load content in an
alkaline cleaner bath is ordinarily determined by an acid split procedure.
Soil mechanics: The science of the strength of soil.
Soil pipe: A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
Soil pipe: A large pipe that carries liquid and solid wastes to a sewer or
septic tank.
Soil pressure: The load per unit area that a structure exerts through its
foundation on the underlying soil.
Soil stabilization : Modification of soils or aggregates by incorporating
materials that will increase load bearing capacity, firmness and resistance to
weathering or displacement. Common methods are mixing the soil with
cement or waste oil or imported soil, also compaction or merely covering
with a primer.
Soil stack: Sole plateBottom horizontal member of a frame wall.
Soil stack: A plumbing vent pipe that penetrates the roof.
Soil test: A core of earth taken from specific positions on a building site to
test and select the type of footing needed.
Soil wrap: geotextile used to enclose topsoil as a means of slope stabilization
Solar heat: Heat created by visible and invisible energy waves from the sun.
Solar Powered Ultrafiltration System: Solar powered ultrafiltration
systems utilize photovoltaic cells to provide the energy needed to run the
water filtration system. These systems are capable of operating without any
connection to the electrical power grid. The filtration system is capable of
delivering safe drinking water from sources such as lakes, rivers, streams or
other surround water supplies.
Sold: That material which has a tendency to resist any attempt to change its
size or shape.
Solder: A filler metal used in soldering that has a liquidus not exceeding 450
°C (840 °F).
Solder Embrittlement: Reduction in ductility of a metal or alloy, associated
with local penetration by molten solder along grain boundaries.
Solder Emhrittlement: Reduction in mechanical properties of a metal as a
result of local penetration of solder along grain boundaries.
Solderability: The relative ease and speed with which a surface is wetted by
molten solder.
Soldering: Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low melting
points – most commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which are the soft
solders. Hard solders are alloys that have silver, copper, or nickel bases and
use of these alloys with melting points higher than 800° F is generally termed
brazing.
Soldering Iron: A soldering tool having an internally or externally heated
metal bit usually made of copper.
Soldier: A vertical member in a retaining-wall, especially in temporary
works.
Soldier pile : An upright pile used to hold lagging.
Sole plate: - Bottom horizontal member of a frame wall.
Sole plate: The bottom, horizontal framing member of a wall that’s attached
to the floor sheeting and vertical wall studs.
Sole plate: A timber placed on the floor as the base for a partition.
Solenoid: A coil, that when energized, attracts A sliding iron core; used to
control position of a spool in a valve body.
Solenoid Valve: A spool-type, magnetic coil controlled hydraulic directional
valve. There are single solenoid (one coil), and double solenoid (two coil)
type valves.
Solenoid valve: Electromagnet with a moving core. It serves as a valve or
operates a valve.
Solid absorbent refrigeration: Refrigeration system which uses solid
substance as absorber of the refrigerant during the cooling part of the cycle
and releases refrigerant when heated during generating part of cycle.
Solid Bonded Lubricants: Powdered lubricants like graphite, molybdenum
disulfide, etc., are adhesively bound to clean, solid surfaces through propriety
processes to form thin, tightly-bonded films; used for lightly loaded bearings
in specialty applications.
Solid bridging: A solid member placed between adjacent floor joists near the
center of the span to prevent joists or rafters from twisting.
Solid Cutters: Cutters made of a single piece of material rather than a
composite of two or more materials.
Solid Metal Embrittlement: The occurrence of embrittlement in a material
below the melting point of the embrittling species. See also liquid metal
embrinlement.
Solid plaster: Solid plasterers apply material of a mortar like consistency
(usually made of cement mixed with sand and water) covering rough walls of
a building to produce a smooth finish.
Solid Solution: A single, solid, homogeneous crystalline phase containing
two or more chemical species.
Solid Solution: A solid crystalline phase containing two or more chemical
species in concentrations that may vary between limits imposed by phase
equilibrium.
Solid state halogen leak detector: An electronic leak detector for all
halogen. Related refrigerants.
Solidificalion Shrinkage: The reduction in volume of metal from beginning
to end of solidification. See also casting shrinkage. (see Casting Shrinkage)
Solidification: The change in state from liquid to solid upon cooling through
the melting temperature or melting range.
Solidification: The physical process of change from a liquid to a solid state.
Solidification Range: The temperature between the liquidus and the solidus.
Solidification Shrinkage Crack: A crack that forms usually at elevated
temperarure, because of the internal (shrinkage) stresses that develop during
solidification of a metal casting. Also termed hot crack.
Solid-state Sintering: A sintering procedure for compacts or loose powder
aggregates during which no component melts. Contrast with liquid phase
sintering.
Solid-state Welding: A group of welding processes that join metals at
temperatures essentially below the melting points of the base materials,
without the addition of a brazing filler metal. Pressure may or may not be
applied to the joint. Examples include cold welding, diffusion welding, forge
welding, hot pressure welding and roll welding.
Solidus: (1) The highest temperature at which a metal or alloy is completely
solid. (2) In a phase diagram, the focus of points representing the
temperatures at which various compositions stop freezing upon cooling or
begin to melt upon beating.
Solidus: In a constitutional diagram, the locus of points representing the
temperatures at which various components finish freezing on cooling or
begin to melt on heating.
Soluble: susceptible of being dissolved in a fluid; capable of solution; as,
some substances are soluble in alcohol which are not soluble in water
Soluble Cutting Oil/Soluble Oil: Oil within an emulsifier that forms an
emulsion, used as a metalworking fluid or hydraulic fluid.
Soluble iron: Usually present in cooling water systems and can arise from
metallurgical corrosion.
Solu-bridge: An electronic instrument used to measure conductivity of a
water sample to determine the dissolved solids content.
Solute: The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is present to a
lesser or minor extent; the component that is dissolved in the solvent.
Solute: The component of either a liquid or solid solution that is present to
the lesser or minor extent; the component that is dissolved in the solvent.
Solution : Solution an effective proposal for resolving a problem, taking into
account all relevant technical, legal, social, cultural, economic and
environmental issues and having regard to the need for sustainability.
Solution Annealing: Solution annealing is a process performed on steels. In
our case, these are primarily the 300 series stainless. The process consists of
heating the material up to a temperature above 1,950°F and holding it long
enough for the carbon to go into solution. After this, the material is quickly
cooled to prevent the carbon from coming out of solution. Solution-annealed
material is in its most corrosion-resistant and ductile (farmable) condition.
Solution Annealing: Solution annealing is a process performed on steels. In
our case, these aare primarily the 300 series stainless. The process consists of
heating the material up to a temperature above 1950?F and holding it long
enough for the carbon to go into solution. After this, the material is quickly
cooled to prevent the carbon from coming out of solution. Solutio annealed
material is in its most corrosion resistant and ductile (farmable) condition.
Solution Heat Treatment: Heating a metal to a high temperature and
maintaining it long enough for one or more constituents to enter the solid
solution. The solution is then cooled rapidly to retain the constituents within.
Solution Heat Treatment: A heat treatment in which an alloy is heated to a
suitable temperature, held at that temperature long enough to cause one or
more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooled rapidly enough
to hold these constituents in solution.
Solution Potential: Electrode potential where half-cell reaction involves only
the metal electrode and its ion.
Solution synthesis : Solution synthesis the process that is based on a
problem analysis that develops alternative solutions to the problem, selects a
preferred solution, develops it and evaluates it against stated criteria and other
impacts.
Solution Treat and Aging: Strengthening mechanism used in titanium
alpha-beta alloys as well as PH stainless alloys and many nickel-based super
alloys. For titanium alloys, the solution treating temperature that is normally
50°-150°F below the beta-transus of the material and, after water quenching,
the material is aged at 800°-1,200°F.
solvent: Process uses a dry propylene solvent to remove H2S and CO2 from
gas streams.
Solvent: A compound capable of dissolving a given substance to form a
solution. Water is a polar solvent, hydrocarbons are non-polar.
Solvent Extraction: A refinery process that utilizes oil and a polar solvent
like phenol, N-methyl pyrolidone, furfural, etc., to selectively separate
unsaturates from lubricant distillates, in order to improve properties such as
oxidation stability, viscosity index and additive response.
Solvent Pop: Blistering caused by entrapped solvent during baking, possibly
caused by short flashoff or improper solvent balance.
Solvus: In a phase or equilibrium diagram, the locus of points representing
the temperature at which solid phases with various compositions coexist with
other solid phases, that is, the limits of solid solubility.
Solvus: In a phase or equilibrium diagram, the locus of points representing
the temperature at which solid phases with various compositions coexist with
other solid phases; that is, the limits of solid solubility.
Sonotube: Round, large cardboard tubes designed to hold wet concrete in
place until it hardens.
Soot Blower: Same as deslagger. A rotating retractable steam lance used to
remove slag from the boiler tubes and walls.
Soot Blower: Same as a deslagger. A rotating retractable steam lance used to
remove slag from the boiler tubes and walls.
Soot Pit: Hoppers located in the exhaust side of the boiler that serve the
purpose of collecting the heavier particles of soot and debris that are carried
in the exhaust gas stream. The soot pits are drained every turn by a venturi
type suction system.
Soot Pit: Hoppers located in the exhaust side of the boiler that serve the
purpose of collecting the heavier particles of soot and debris that are carried
in the exhaust gas stream. The soot pits are drained every turn by a Venturi
type suction system.
Sorbite: Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite. In a
truly sorbitic structure, the cementite is completely dispersed in the matrix.
The trend is to call this structure tempered martensite.
Sorbitic Pearlite: Structure of steel resulting, on cooling under the proper
conditions, from the decomposition of austenite; has a fine, lamellar
appearance.
Sorry Weld: Weld which computer passes by; the computer is told not to cut
this weld.
Sorry Weld: Weld which computer passes by; the computer is told not to cut
this weld No. 9 Tandem.
Sound attenuation: Sound proofing a wall or subfloor, generally with
fiberglass insulation.
Sound Dampening Foam: Sound dampening foam is a foam layer
specifically designed to reduce the passage of sound waves through the foam.
Sound dampening foam can come in the form of spray foams, foam blankets
or stiff foam panels. Open cell foam is typically used for sound dampening
applications due to its better sound absorption properties over close cell
foam.
Soundness : Resistance to both physical and chemical deterioration.
Sour Crude/Sweet Crude: Sour crudes contain appreciable quantities of
hydrogen sulfide, disulfides or other sulfur compounds; sweet crudes do not.
Sour Gas: A gaseous environment containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon
dioxide in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Prolonged exposure to sour gas can lead to
hydrogen damage, sulfide-stress cracking and/or stress-corrosion cracking in
ferrous alloys.
Sour gas: A gaseous environment containing hydrogen sulfide and carbon
dioxide in hydrocarbon reservoirs.
Sour water: Waste water containing malodorous materials, usually sulfur
compounds.
Sow Block: A block of heat-treated steel placed between the anvil of the
hammer and the forging die to prevent under wear to the anvil. Sow blocks
arc occasionally used to hold insert dies. Also called anvil cap.
sox technology: s proprietary processes for the removal of SO2 and
SO3 from a variety of processing facilities.
Space Centered (Concerning Space Lattices): Body centered.
Space heat: Heat supplied to the living space, for example, to a room or the
living area of a building.
Space Lattice: A regular, periodic array of points (lattice points) in space
that represents the locations of atoms of the same kind in a perfect crystal.
The concept may be extended, where appropriate, to crystalline compmounds
and other substances, in which case the lattice points often represent locations
of groups of atoms of identical composition, arrangement and orientation.
Space Lattice (Crystal): A system of equivalent points formed by the
intersections of three sets of planes parallel to pairs of principal axes; the
space lattice may be thought of as formed by the corners of the unit cells.
Spacers: Steel plates used to separate coils stacked on top of each other in
batch annealing.
Spacers: Steel plates used to separate coils stacked on top of each other in
batch annealing.
Spacing: The distance between individual members or shingles in building
construction.
Spalling: (1) Separation of particles from a surface in the form of flakes. The
term spalling is commonly associated with rolling-element bearings and with
gear teeth. Spalling is usually a result of subsurface fatigue and is more
extensive than pitting. (2) The spontaneous chipping, fragmentation or
separation of a surface or surface coating. (3) A chipping or flaking of a
surface due to any kind of improper heat treatment or material dissociation.
Spalling: 1. The cracking and flaking of metal particles from a surface. 2.
Breaking away of refractory.
Spalling: The cracking and flaking of metal particles from a surface.
Spalling : Peeling away of a surface, particularly of Portland cement
concrete.
Spalling (concrete) : the complete failure of concrete due to the expansive
forces caused by the formation of corrosion products on unprotected
reinforcement bars
Spalling of Refractories: The cracking or rupturing of a refractory unit,
which usually results in the detachment of a portion of the unit.
Spalling of Refractories, Thermal: The spalling of a refractory unit, which
usually results in the detachment of a portion of the unit produced by a
difference in temperature.
Span: The distance between supports which is the centerline of a beam,
column, or joist girder or 4 inches onto a wall.
Span: The horizontal distance center-to-center of runway rails.
Span : The distance between the supports of a bridge, truss, arch, girder,
floor, beam, etc.
Span : (n.) the distance a bridge extends between two supports; (v.) to
traverse a specific distance
Span- : The clear distance that a framing member carries a load without
support between structural supports. The horizontal distance from eaves to
eaves.
Spandrel: That part of a wall that is roughly triangular in area, enclosed by
the curve of an arch on one side, a horizontal line through the crown of the
arch on the top side and a vertical line from its springing on the third side.
The triangular space under the outer string of stairs. Infill panel between
window sill and floor.
Spandrel joist or beam: A structural member at the outside wall of a
building, supporting part of the floor or roof and possibly the wall above.
Spangle: the characteristic crystalline form exhibited by the solidified, hot-
dipped zinc coating
Spangle: 1. Finish achieved when zinc is allowed to "freeze" naturally on the
sheet – galvanize. Achieved by adding antimony to the hot dip bath. 2. The
spangle of a hot-dip coated sheet surface is the visual manifestation of the
grains that form within the coating when it solidifies as the sheet emerges
from the pot of molten coating metal. The spangle or grain varies in size,
brightness and surface relief, depending upon a number of factors, most of
which are related to the composition of the coating and cooling practices.
Spangle: Finish achieved when zinc is allowed to freeze naturally on the
sheet galvanize. Achieved by adding antimony to the hot dip bath.
Spangle Free: A galvanized product in which the spangle formation has been
suppressed; accomplished by eliminating Antimony and Lead in the molten
zinc bath during the production of Hot Dipped Galvanized. Galvannealed is
always spangle free.
Spangle Free: A galvanized product in which the spangle formation has been
suppressed; accomplished by eliminating Antimony and Lead in the molten
zinc bath during the production of Hot Dipped Galvanized. Galvannealed is
always spangle free.
Spanner Wrench: Special wrench used in tightening arbor nuts.
Sparger: An extension into the bottom of a tank of a pipe which has a
distribution nozzle on the end for mixing one fluid with another.
Spark Testing: This is an inspection method for quickly determing the
approximate analyst of steel. It is intended primarily for the separation of
mixed steel and when properly conducted, is a fast, accurate and economical
method of separation. It consists in holding the sample against a high-speed
grinding wheel and noting the character and color of the spark which is
compared with samples of known analysis.
Spark Testing: This is an inspection method for quickly determining the
approxiamte analyst of steel. It is intended primarily for the separation of
mixed steel and when properly conducted,is a fast, accurate and economical
method of separation. It consists in holding the sample against a high speed
grinding wheel and noting the character and color of the spark which is
compared with samples of known analysis.
Spary Quenching: After solution heat treating, a mode of quenching in
which a spray of water is directed upon material just removed from the
furnace.
Spary Quenching: After solution heat treating, a mode of quenching in
which a spray of water is directed upon material just removed from the
furnace.
Spatter: The metal particles expelled during arc or gas welding. They do not
form part of the weld.
Spawning: laying and fertilizing eggs spawning habitatparts of a stream or
lake that provide suitable areas for fish to spawn; usually gravel beds
Spec home: A house built before it is sold. The builder speculates that he can
sell it at a profit.
Special (brick): A brick specially made in a non-standard shape.
Special Bar Quality (SBQ): A quality suitable for forging, heat treating,
cold drawing, turning, etc. These applications require special manufacturing
control for chemical composition, deoxidation, mold practice, pouring,
discard, surface preparation, heating, rolling, cooling, testing and inspection.
Special Bar Quality (Sbq): SBQ represents a wide variety of higher quality
carbon and alloy bars that are used in the forging, machining and cold
drawing industries for the production of automotive parts, hand tools, electric
motor shafts and valves. SBQ generally contains more alloys than merchant
quality and commodity grades of steel bars, and is produced with more
precise dimensions and chemistry.
Special design: A design required by a loading diagram or other special
notes because a standard joist or joist girder cannot be specified from a load
table.
Special foundations: Defined, in the Party Wall act, as foundations
incorporating steel.
Special Killed: 1. Low carbon aluminum killed steels used mainly for extra
deep drawing varieties of sheet and strip. 2. Steel deoxidized by silicon or
aluminum or in combination to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so
that no reaction occurs during solidification of the metal.
Special Killed: 1.) Low carbon aluminum killed steels used mainly for extra
deep drawing varieties of sheet and strip. 2) Steel deoxidized by silicon or
aluminum or in combination to reduce the oxygen content to a minimum so
that no reaction occurs during solidification of the metal.
Special Metals: Designates all alloys and metals produced other than
stainless steels. Categories of special metals would include nickel, nickel base
alloys, cobalt base alloys, titanium and titanium base alloys, glass sealing
alloys (iron-nickel), etc.
Special Metals: Designates all alloys and metals produced at USSM other
than stainless steels and precipitation hardenable stainless steels. Categories
of special metals would include nickel,nickel base alloys,cobalt base
alloys,titanium and titanium base alloys,glass sealing alloys (iron nickle),etc.
Special provisions : Approved supplementary provisions, additions,
revisions or deletions to the standard specifications which may cover
conditions peculiar to an individual project.
Special Treatment: A treatment applied to electrogalvanized to enhance
corrosion resistance.
Specialisation : Synonymous with specialty. Also Speciality
Specialty Alloys: Alloys composed of two or more chemical elements that
typically perform under very rigorous service conditions or that have special
electrical, thermal, magnetic, corrosion-resistant or mechanical properties.
Metals with distinct chemical and physical properties. These alloys are
produced for specific applications and are considered to be on the low end of
superalloys.
Specialty Steel: Category of steel that includes electrical, alloy, stainless and
tool steels. (see Silicon Electrical Steel) (see Stainless Steel) (see Tool Steel)
Specialty Steel: Steels such as electrical, alloy or stainless steels. These
generally are produced in smaller volumes to meet the specific needs of
customers.
Specialty Tube: Refers to a wide variety of high-quality custom-made
tubular products requiring critical tolerances, precise dimensional control and
special metallurgical properties. Specialty tubing is used in the manufacture
of automotive, construction and agricultural equipment, and in industrial
applications such as hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers.
Because of the range of industrial applications, the market typically follows
general economic conditions.
Specialty Tube: Refers to a wide variety of high quality custom made
tubular products requiring critical tolerances, precise dimensional control and
special metallurgical properties. Specialty tubing is used in the manufacture
of automotive, construction and agricultural equipment, and in industrial
applications such as hydraulic cylinders, machine parts and printing rollers.
Because of the range of industrial applications, the market typically follows
general economic conditions.
Specific conductance: Measures the ability of water to conduct electricity.
Conductivity increases with total dissolved solids and is therefore used to
estimate dissolved solids present in the water.
Specific Energy: In cutting or grinding, the energy expended or work done
in removing a unit volume of material.
Specific Gravity: The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of
water, often at a specified temperature.
Specific gravity: The density of a substance compared to the density of a
standard material such as water.
Specific Heat: Equivalent to thermal capacity, or the quantity of heat
required to produce a unit change in the temperature of a unit mass.
Specific heat: Ratio of quantity of heat required to raise temperature of a
body 1 degree to that required to raise temperature of equal mass of water 1
degree.
Specific heat (cp: The ratio of the mount of heat required to raise a mass of
material 1 degree in temperature to the amount required to raise equal mass
of reference substance, usually water, 1 degree in temperature.
Specific humidity: Ratio of weight of vapor to the weight of gas in a unit
volume of an air water vapor mixture.
Specific Volume: Volume of one gram of a substance at a specific
temperature, usually 68°F (20°C).
Specific volume: Volume per unit mass of a substance.
Specification: The detailed description of requirements, materials,
dimensions, etc. of a proposed building or project.
Specification : The chemical composition and dimensions of products made
by the plant. The specifications include all processes required to achieve the
finished product.
Specifications: The chemical composition, mechanical properties, and
dimensions of products made to the customers requirements or nationally
recognized organizations such as ASTM, AISI, JIS, SAE, etc.
Specifications : Written or printed description of construction work to be
done forming part of the contract, describing qualities of material and mode
of construction, and giving dimensions and other information not shown in
drawings. It includes bidding procedures, legal requirements, insurance
requirements, material and workmanship requirements, inspection and testing
procedures, and procedures for measurement and payment of the work, also
the specifications establish obligations of the contracting parties with respect
to the State (Client) and his Engineer, it is the obligation to clearly define
what is required; to establish a plan for its enforcement to the extent required
during the period of execution; and to indicate how the work will be
measured and paid for. With respect to the Contractor, it is the obligation of
complying with the Contract requirements during the construction period.
The Specifications includes Standard Specifications and Special Provisions.
Specifications or specs: A narrative list of materials, methods, model
numbers, colors, allowances, and other details which supplement the
information contained in the blue prints. Written elaboration in specific detail
about construction materials and methods. Written to supplement working
drawings.
Specified Hardness: Order requirement for when a hardness (minimum,
maximum or range) is guaranteed for the product.
Specifying professional: An architect or engineer, registered or licensed to
practice professional architecture or engineering, as defined by the statutory
requirements of the professional registration laws. See Building Designer.
Specimen: A test object, often of standard dimensions and/or configuration,
that is used for destructive or nondestructive testing. One or more specimens
may be cut from each unit of a sample.
Specimen: That portion of a sample taken for evaluation of some specific
characteristic or property
Spectograph: An optical instrument for determining the presence or
concentration of minor metallic constituents in a material by indicating the
presence and intensity of specific wave lengths of radiation when the material
is thermally or electrically excited.
Spectograph (X Rays): An instrument using an extended surface a
photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen for receiving the X ray
diffraction pattern.
Spectograph (X-rays): An instrument using an extended surface -- a
photographic plate or film, or a fluorescent screen -- for receiving the X-ray
diffraction pattern.
Spectroradiometers: Spectroradiometers are measurement devices used to
determine the amount of light emitted by a device such as a lamp, computer
screen or television screen. Spectroradiometers measure light in the visible
range, with wavelenghts between about 390 and 750 nanometers. The light is
measured in terms of spectral power distribution - a measure of power per
unit area for each wavelength.
Speed governing: it is a process of controlling constant speed of any
mechanical system
Speed of Travel: In welding, the speed wilh which a weld is made along its
longitudinal axis, usually measured in meters per second or inches per
minute.
Speiss: Metallic arsenides and antimonides that result from smelting metal
ores such as those of cobalt or lead.
Spelter (Prime Western Spelter): A low grade of Virgin Zinc containing
approximately 98% Zinc used in Galvanizing processes.
Spent fuel: Irradiated fuel that is permanently discharged from a nuclear
reactor. Except for possible reprocessing, this fuel must eventually be
removed from its temporary storage location at the reactor site and placed in
a permanent repository.
Speroidizing: Heating and cooling to produce a spheroidal or globular form
of carbide in steel. Spheroidizing methods frequently used are: 1. Prolonged
holding at a temperature just below Ae1. 2. Heating and cooling alternately
between temperatures that are just below Ae1. . 3. Heating to temperature
above Ae1 or Ae3 and then cooling very slowly in the furnace or holding at a
temperature just below Ae1. 4. Cooling at a suitable rate from the minimum
temperature at which all carbide is dissolved, to prevent the reformation of a
carbide network, and then re heating in accordance with methods 1 or 2
above. (Applicable to hypereutectoid steel containing a carbide network.
Speroidizing Annealing: A subcritical annealing treatment intended to
produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide phases.
Spherical Roller Bearings: Rolling bearings designed with barrel-shaped
rollers, suitable for most heavy-duty service. (see Rolling Element/Rolling
contact/antifriction bearing)
Spherodizing Annealing: Involves prolonged heating at a temperature near
or slightly below the lower critical temperature, followed by slow cooling,
with the object of producing a globular (spheroidal) condition of the carbide
to obtain maximum softness.
Spheroidal Graphite: Graphite of spheroidal shape with a polycrystalline
radial structure. This structure can be obtained, for example, by adding
cerium or magnesium to the melt. See also ductile iron and nodular
graphite. (see Ductile Iron) (see Nodular Graphite)
Spheroidite: A cementite aggregate of globular carbide and ferrite.
Spheroidite: A cementite aggregate of globular carbide and ferrite.
Spheroidization: Heating and cooling an object to produce a spheriodal or
globular form of carbide in its microstructure. It has the effect of softening
the higher carbon steels.
Spheroidized Cementite (Divorced Pearlite): The globular condition of
iron carbide after a spheroidizing treatment.
Spheroidized Cementite (Divorced Pearlite): The globular condition of
iron carbide after a spheroidizing treatment.
Spheroidized Structure: A microstructure consisting of a matrix containing
spheroidal particles of another constituent.
Spheroidized Structure: A microstructure consisting of a matrix containing
spheroidal particles of another constituent.
Spheroidizing: A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating of iron
base alloys at a temperature in the neighborhood of, but generally slightly
below the critical range, usually followed by a relatively slow cooling.
Spheroidizing causes the graphite to assume a spheroidal shape, hence the
name.
Spheroidizing: A form of annealing consisting of prolonged heating of iron
base alloys at a temperature in the neighborhood of, but generally slightly
below the critical range, usually followed by a relatively slow cooling.
Spheroidizing causes the graphite to assume a spheroidal shape, hence the
name.
Spheroidizing Annealing: A subcritical annealing treatment intended to
produce spheroidization of cementite or other carbide phases.
Spider: specialized excavator with four legs that can negotiate steep slopes
and rivers with minimal impact.
Spider: A refractory brick that distributes the flow of molten metal from the
trumpet toward the separate molds.
Spider (Gears): A design consisting of a ring or solid center with
projections, used to space and align gears, e.g., the part that controls the sun
gears in automotive differential gears.
Spiegel: High manganese pig iron, containing 15 30% manganese,
approximately 5% carbon, and less than 1% silicon used in the manufacture
of steel by the Bessemer, or basic open hearth process.
Spiegeleisen (Spiegel): Alloy of iron and manganese used in basic and acid
open hearth steelmaking practice. A high manganese pig iron, usually
containing 15% or 20 Mn and 4.5-6.5% C.
Spiegeleisen (Spiegel): Alloy of iron and manganese used in basic and acid
open hearth steelmaking practice. A high manganese pig iron, usually
containing 15% or 20 Mn and 4.5 6.5% C.
Spillway or wasteway : An overflow channel.
Spillway : an overflow channel that allows dam operators to release lake
water when it gets high enough to threaten the safety of a dam
Spindle: Part of the slitter head shaft that holds the spacers, knives, fibers
and nuts.
Spindle Oils: Light-bodied, high-quality R&O oils fortified with antiwear
agents, used principally for lubricating high-speed metalworking machine
spindles like grinders. (NOTE: these machinery spindles are not to be
confused with the mill spindles that couple mill pinions to mill rolls; that
application requires completely different kinds of lubricants for the spindle
carriers and the coupling ends.)
Spine wall or partition: In traditional domestic construction, a load bearing
partition between the front and rear rooms of the house. It supports the upper
floors and, usually, the roof.
Spinning: The forming of a seamless hollow metal part by forcing a rotating
blank to conform to a shaped mandrel that rotates concentrically with the
blank. In the typical application, a flat-rolled metal blank is forced against the
mandrel by a blunt, rounded tool; however, other stock (notably, welded or
seamless tubing) can be formed. A roller is sometimes used as the working
end of the tool.
Spinning: The procedure of making sheet metal discs into hollow shapes by
pressing the metal against a rotating form (spinning chuck) by a tool.
Spinodal Structure: A fine homogeneous mixture of two phases that form
by the growth of composition waves in a solid solution during suitable heat
treatment. The phases of a spinodal structure differ in composition from each
other and from the parent phase, but have the same crystal structure as the
parent phase.
Spiral Bevel Gear (Gears): Quieter and stronger than the spur gear; assumes
some of the sliding action of a worm gear, but more than one tooth carries the
load.
Spiral Test: A method of interpreting the fluidity of an alloy by pouring
molten metal into a mold with a long narrow channel. The length of such
casting, under standardized conditions, is taken as the fluidity index of that
alloy.
Spiral Test: A method of interpreting the fluidity of an alloy by pouring
molten metal into a mold with a long narrow channel. The length of such
casting, under standardized conditions, is taken as the fluidity index of that
alloy.
Spire : an architectural or decorative feature of a skyscraper; the Council on
Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat includes spires but not antennae when
calculating the official height of a skyscraper
Splash block: Portable concrete (or vinyl) channel generally placed beneath
an exterior sill cock (water faucet) or downspout in order to receive roof
drainage from downspouts and to divert it away from the building.
Splash Core: A core of tile placed in a mold to prevent erosion of the mold
at places where metal impinges with more than normal force. Splash cores
are commonly used at the bottom of large rammed pouring basins, at the
bottom of long downsprues, or at the ingates of large molds.
Splash Core: A core of tile placed in a mold to prevent erosion of the mold
at places where metal impinges with more than normal force. Splash cores
are commonly used at the bottom of large rammed pouring basins, at the
bottom of long downsprues, or at the ingates of large molds.
Splash Lubrication: System in which parts of a mechanism dip into a
lubricant sump and splash the lubricant onto themselves and/or other parts of
the machine by mechanical or other means.
Splash system, oiling: Method of lubricating moving parts by agitating or
splashing oil in the crankcase. It is very generally used system in engine
lubrication system
Splice: The connection between two chord members or other structural
members joined at their ends by welding or bolting to form a single, longer
member.
Splice: A steelwork connection for joining (for example) two lengths of
column to form a longer column. Beams can also be spliced, but the splice
must not, if possible, be in the middle of the beam where the bending
moment is greatest.
Splice: A mechanical device used to join the adjacent ends of track sections.
Splice joint: Joint used to extend timber in length.
Spline: Any of a series of longitudinal, straight projections on a shaft that fit
into slots on a mating part to transfer rotation to or from the shaft.
Split: 1. IMIS action for a smaller produced coil that has been split from a
larger consumed coil. 2. (Stripped) The process of unloading any or all coils
from stools/bases in the batch anneal.
Split: 1) IMIS action for a smaller produced coil that has been split from a
larger consumed coil. 2) (Stripped) The process of unloading any or all coils
from stools/bases in the Batch Anneal.
Split Bearings: Bearings divided into two parts that completely encircle the
journal when fitted together, often with shims of each side for adjustment or
fitting; can be adjusted to compensate for wear to the bearing or the journal,
or both, by removing shims or by filing to fit the two parts together to any
desired clearance.
Split Count: Field incremented by one each time a consumed IPM is split
into smaller coils which are then assigned individual IPM's.
Split Die: A die made of parts that can be separated for ready removal of the
workpiece. Also known as segment die.
Split Punch: A segmented punch or a set of punches in a powder metallurgy
forming press that allow(s) a separate positioning for different powder fill
heights and compact levels in dual-step and multistep parts.
Split Wind: Tying all of the blowers into one main header to feed wind to
more than one furnace.
Split Wind: Tying all of the blowers into one main header to feed wind to
more than one furnace.
Split-stream dealkalizer: Where the flow of water is divided through a
parallel arrangement of hydrogen and sodium cat ion exchange. The
combined product being soft and low in alkalinity.
Sponge: A form of metal characterized by a porous condition that is the
result of the decomposition or reduction of a compound without fusion. The
term is applied to forms of iron, titanium, zirconium, uranium, plutonium and
the platinum-group metals.
Sponge Iron: The product of the direct reduction process. Also known as
direct reduced iron (DRI).
Spongy Casting: A casting in which the metal is porous and dendritic.
Spongy Casting: A casting in which the metal is porous and dendritic.
Spool: A term loosely applied to almost any moving cylindrically shaped part
of a hydraulic component, which moves to direct flow through the
component.
Spooled Coil: A coil having edges that are turned up (like a spool of thread).
Spooled Coil: A coil having edges that are turned up (like a spool of thread).
Spot: (or Coupon) A round disk of steel cut from the strip used in
determining Rockwell hardness and coating weight. The disk has a diameter
of 2.52 inches, and an area of 5 square inches.
Spot Check: A coil processed on the plater and sent to the Side Trimmer to
check for defects.
Spot Drilling: Making an initial indentation in a work surface, with a drill, to
serve as a centering guide in a subsequent machining process.
Spot Material: Metal or finished products available for prompt delivery.
Spot Welding: An electric-resistance welding process in which the fusion is
limited to a small area. The pieces being welded are pressed together between
a pair of water-cooled electrodes through which an electrical current is passed
during a very short interval so that fusion occurs over a small area at the
interface between the pieces.
Spotfacing: Using a rotary, hole-piloted end-facing tool to produce a flat
surface normal to the axis of rotation of the tool on or slightly below the
workpiece surface.
Spout: A trough through which the metal flows from the furnace to the
ladle.
Spout: A trough through which the metal flows from the furnace to the ladle.
Spray carryover: Are referred to a mist or fog and is a degree of atomization
of the boiler water and carried with the steam. This type of carryover is to be
prevented by the drum internals.
Spray cooling: Method of refrigerating by spraying expendable refrigerant or
by spraying refrigerated water.
Spray manifold: A pipe, or extension of a water line, that has several
openings fitted with nozzles which spray water.
Spray Quenching: Quenching in a spray of liquid.
Spray Transfer: In consumable-electrode arc welding, a type of metal
transfer in which the molten filler metal is propelled across the arc as fine
droplets.
Spray-coil unit: A cooling circuit that sprays water over cooling coils
through inflowing air to humidify or dehumidify that air, as required.
Spray-cooling circuit: An open cooling water circuit which sprays water and
cools by evaporation, for example, a cooling tower, all evaporative
condenser, an air washer, or a spray coil unit.
Spread footing : A footing used to support a single column. This is also
known as an individual column footing and isolated footing.
Spreader Hooks: Lifting device used by crane to move coils. Consists of a
heavy top bar and two manually adjustable arms.
Spreader Hooks: Lifting device used by crane to move coils. Consists of a
heavy top bar and two manually adjustable arms.
Spring Back: An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured as the
increase in diameter of a curved strip after removing it from the mandrel
about which it was held. The measurement is employed as an indicator of the
extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses that has been achieved by the
transformation of elastic strain to plastic strain during heating or stress
relieving.
Spring Return: A device used on a manual bridge crane controller, master
switch, or pushbutton to cause the unit to return automatically to the neutral
position, when released by the operator.
Spring Steel: This steel will tolerate continual deflection under load, but
recover to its original form once the loading is removed. It is a medium-
carbon steel (0.4-0.95%) available both as a long product (bar, wire) or in flat
form. High yield strength is important and the key alloying additions used to
determine the steel's final properties are silicon and manganese. There is a
considerable difference in the in-service requirements imposed on spring
steels, with automotive engine valve springs an example of the top end of the
performance range. These have to operate with precision at a rate of several
thousand compression cycles per minute over a normal engine lifespan of
several thousand hours. Most springs are made from hardened and tempered
steel, though to ease the manufacture of larger springs these may be produced
from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication.
Spring Steel Strip: Any of a number of strip steels produced for use in the
manufacture of steel springs or where high tensile properties are required
marketed in the annealed state, hard rolled or as hardened and tempered strip.
Spring Temper: A temper of non-ferrous alloys and some ferrous alloys
characterized by tensile strength and hardness about two-thirds of the way
from full hard to extra spring temper.
Spring Temper: In brass mill terminology, Spring Temper is eight numbers
hard or 60.50% reduction.
Springback: The tendency of a material deformed under load to return to its
original shape when the load is removed, like a rubber band returning to its
unstretched condition when an applied load is released. Springback occurs in
the elastic deformation regime, or at loads less than the yield strength of the
material.
Spring-Back: An indicator of elastic stresses, frequently measured as the
increase in diameter of a curved strip after removing it from the mandrel
about which it was held. The measurement is employed as an indicator of the
extent of recovery or relief of residual stresses that has been achieved by the
transformation of elastic strain to plastic strain during heating or stress-
relieving.
Springing: The masonry supporting an arch.
Sprinkler system: A system for fire protection usually consisting of
overhead piping connected to a water supply to which automatic sprinklers
are attached that discharges water in a specific pattern for extinguishment or
control of a fire.
Sprocket, Idle: A freely rotating device that changes the direction of the load
chain.
Sprue: (1) The mold channel that connects the pouring basin with the runner
or, in the absence of a pouring basin, directly into which molten metal is
poured. Sometimes, referred to as downsprue or downgate. (2) Sometimes
used to mean all gates, risers, runners and similar scrap that are removed
from castings after shakeout.
Sprue Base: An enlargement or rounded section at the bottom of the
downsprue, used to help streamline the flow of metal into the runner,
lowering the velocity.
Sprue Base: An enlargement or rounded section at the bottom of the
downsprue, used to help streamline the flow of metal into the runner,
lowering the velocity.
Sprue Bottom: A print attached to the top or squeeze board of a mold to
make an impression in the cope indicating where the sprue should be cut.
Sprue Bottom: A print attached to the top or squeeze board of a mold to
make an impression in the cope indicating where the sprue should be cut.
Sprue Cutter: A metal tool used in cutting the pouring aperture, the sprue
hole.
Sprue Hole: The opening through which the metal is poured into the cope to
run into the casting cavity.
Sprue Hole: The opening through which the metal is poured into the cope to
run into the casting cavity.
Spun Bearing: Bearing of which the bearing material is centrifugally spun
instead of poured; this method of applying the material yields a finer grain
and better bonding of the bearing material to the shell or back.
Spur Gear (Gears): Gear with a straight tooth parallel to the shaft axis, also
known as an involute gear.
Spur Track: A fixed track arranged to interlock with an adjacent crane
girder to permit passage of carriers from the spur track to the crane, and vice
versa.
Sputtering: The bombardment of a solid surface with a flux of energetic
particles (ions) that results in the ejection of atomic species. The ejected
material may be used as a source for deposition.
Square: In deck terminology, it is the term for 100 square feet of deck or
roofing surface.Formula: number of squares = sum of(length of deck sheet in
feet * width of deck sheet in feet * number of pieces)divided by 100.
Square: A unit of measure-100 square feet-usually applied to roofing and
siding material. Also, a situation that exists when two elements are at right
angles to each other. Also a tool for checking this.
Square: Rectangular, or at a right angle; the tool used for checking
rectangularity.
Square cut: A cut to a structural member made at 90 degrees to the length of
the member.
Square Drilling: Making square holes by means of a specially constructed
drill made to rotate and also to oscillate so as to follow accurately the
periphery of a square guide bushing or template.
Square hollow section: A structural steel section in the shape of a square
tube.
Squareness: Characteristic of having adjacent sides or planes meeting at 90
degrees
Square-tab shingles: Shingles on which tabs are all the same size and
exposure.
Squaring Shaft: A driven shaft which transmits torque to drive wheels
operating on two or more tracks.
Squaring Shear: A shear for trimming sheets or tin plate so as to true up the
edges, bring to close tolerances in dimensions and make the corners 90°.
Squawk (to): To transmit an assigned code via a transponder (for example
Delta 207 Heavy, Squawk 2044). The squawk is also the assigned code.
Below are some standard special squawks
Squeegie: Fine pea gravel used to grade a floor (normally before concrete is
placed).
Squeeze Board: A board used on the cope half of the mold to permit
squeezing of the mold.
Squeeze Casting: A hybrid liquid metal forging process in which liquid
metal is forced into a permanent mold by a hydraulic press.
Squeeze Film: Phenomenon occurring when two surfaces suddenly come
together, trapping the lubricant momentarily, as with gear teeth or rolling
element bearings; high fluid pressure develops in the film, raising its
viscosity and helping to keep the moving surfaces apart. This phenomenon
also occurs during elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
Squeeze Head: In certain type of molding machines, a stationary or movable
plate against which a filled mold is compressed, in order to complete the
compacting of the sand.
Squeezer Machine: A power operated, usually pneumatic, device used to
pack sand into a flask.
Squint: A special brick for use on a corner which is not a right-angle.
Squirrel Cage Induction Motors: A Squirrel Cage Induction Motor is the
most commonly encountered induction motor. It employs a rotor with
conductive bars running along its axial length.
Sr: See Single Reduced.
Sr Plate: Single Reduced Plate. This product comes from the Temper Mills
and goes to the Tin Mill for processing but does not get any further cold
reduction.
S-Relay: A device used to direct the oil flow to the main piston, which in
turn, causes it to move allowing the opening and closing of the steam
controlling valves on a low-pressure generator.
SRI: www.recycle-steel.org (see Steel Recycling Institute)
Sri: See Steel Recycling Institute.
Sri (steel recycling institute): Abbreviation.
Srl: Single random length line pipe with 17.5? minimum average length
Srns: Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, LLC. A -led partnership that
provides operations and management to the DOE at the Savannah River
Nuclear Site. The partnership also manages the Savannah River National
Laboratory.
Srs: Savannah River Site.
SRV: A reciprocating test device for evaluating friction and wear.
Sspc (steel structures painting council): A professional technical society
whose primary objective is to improve the technology and practice of
prolonging the life of steel and concrete structures through the use of
protective coatings.
Ssr: Secondary Surveillance Radar. A radar system comprising a ground-
based transmitter/receiver which interrogates a compatible unit in the aircraft
(the transponder), providing instant radar identification without having to
manoeuvre. Assigned four-digit transponder codes are referred to as squawk
(see above) codes.
Ssr (standing seam roof): A type of roof system where the deck is attached
to clips which are then attached to the beam or joist. Usually this type of roof
system cannot be counted on to provide lateral stability or support to the joist
top chord.
Ssrc (structural stability research council): Abbreviation.
St: A hot rolled structural tee shape with symbol ST which is cut or split
from S Shapes.
Stability: The property of a body to maintain its shape and remain rigid when
detached from its support. Also see Rigid Frame or Structure.
Stability: Ability of a system to maintain control when subject to severe
outside disturbances.
Stability index: An imperial modification of the saturation index used to
predict scaling or corrosive tendencies in water systems.
Stabilization: A term applied to a number of processes: 1. A type of heat
treatment to relieve internal stresses. 2. The retarding or prevention of a
particular reaction by the addition of a stabilizing element. 3. A thermal
and/or mechanical treatment given to magnetic material in order to increase
the permanency of its magnetic properties or condition.
Stabilization: A term used in a number of different contexts: 1. A thermal
treatment to stabilize the microstructure, mechanical properties or dimensions
of a metal. 2. The addition of the elements Ti or Nb in certain grades of
austenitic stainless steel, to prevent intragranular corrosion. 3. The effect of
the addition of Al to deep drawing sheet steel to prevent it from aging. 4. The
addition of Ti and/or Nb to interstitial free steels to prevent aging, by
combining the C and N.
Stabilization: A term applied to a number of processes: a)A type of heat
treatment to relieve internal stresses. b)The retarding or prevention of a
particular reaction by the addition of stabilising element. c)a thermal and/or
mechanical treatment given to magnetic material in order to increase the
permanency of its magnetic properties or condition.
Stabilizer plate: A steel plate at a column or wall inserted between the end
of a bottom chord of a joist or joist girder to weld the bottom chord to or to
restrain the bottom chord from lateral movement.
Stabilizer Roll: Submerged roll in the galvanize pot used to stabilize the strip
as it exits the pot before entering the dies.
Stabilizing: A low-temperature thermal treatment designed to prevent age-
softening in certain strains hardened alloys containing magnesium.
Stabilizing Anneal: A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels that
contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of heating to a
temperature below that of a full anneal in order to precipitate the maximum
amount of carbon at titanium carbide or columbium carbide. This eliminates
precipitation at lower temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the
steel to corrosion.
Stabilizing Anneal: A treatment applied to austentic stainless steels that
contain titanium or columbium. This treatment consists of heating to a
temperature below that of a full anneal in order to precipitate the maximum
amount of carbon at titanium carbide or columbium carbide. This eliminates
precipitation at lower temperatures, which might reduce the resistance of the
steel to corrosion.
Stabilizing Treatment: (1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly
heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating
temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional
stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hard
enable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution treated
stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650
°F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is
avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature.
Stable : (adj.) ability to resist collapse and deformation; stability
(n.)characteristic of a structure that is able to carry a realistic loadwithout
collapsing or deforming significantly
Stablizing Treatment: Any treatment intended to stabilize the structure of an
alloy of the dimensions of a part. (1) Heating austenitic stainless steels that
contain titanium, columbium, or tantalum to a suitable temperature below that
of a full anneal in order to inactivate the maximum amount of carbon by
precipitation as a carbide of titanium, columbium, or tantalum. (2)
Transforming retained austenite in parts made from tool steel. (3)
Precipitating a constituent from a nonferrous solid solution to improve the
workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room
temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability.
Stack: 1. A component of a hydraulic system that runs an individual function
of that system. 2. The boiler exhaust pipe. Each stack is equipped with a stack
cap for isolating the boiler from the atmosphere and two butterflies for
directing the gases.
Stack: 1) A component of a hydraulic system that runs an individual function
of that system. 2) The boiler exhaust pipe. Each stack is equipped with a
stack cap for isolating the boiler from atmosphere and two butterflies for
directing the gases to either A & B and C & D scrubbers.
Stack (trusses): To position trusses on the walls in their correct location.
Stack Cutting: Thermal cutting of stacked metal plates arranged so that all
the plates are severed by a single cut.
Stack Molding: A foundry practice that makes use of both faces of a mold
section, one face acting as the drag and the other as the cope. Sections, when
assembled to other similar sections, form several tiers of mold cavities, all
castings being poured together through a common sprue.
Stack Test: A test of chem-treat effectiveness in the retardation of white rust
on galvanize.
Stack Test: A full width sample of chem treat steel saved for metallurgical
testing.
Stagger Wind: Uneven winding of coil on delivery end; used for shearplate.
Stagger Wind: Uneven winding of coil on delivery end; used for shearplate.
Stagger Wrap: Offsetting the laps and wrap of a coil by turning the askania
handle so that the coil does not wrap straight.
Stagger Wrap: Offsetting the laps and wrap of a coil by turning the askania
handle so that the coil does not wrap straight.
Staggered-tooth Cutters: Milling cutters with alternate flutes of oppositely
directed helixes.
Staging Area: A small (3 20 coil) area of floor space, usually at the delivery
end or the entry end of an operating unit. These are areas where inventory is
being loaded on or removed from an operating unit.
Staging area : An area from which certainconstruction activities (such as
storage,
Stain: A defect on the surface causing a discoloration.
Stain: A defect on the plate causing a discoloration of the plate.
Stain, Heat Treat: A discoloration due to non-uniform oxidation of the
metal surface during heat treatment.
Stain, Oil: Surface discoloration which may vary from dark brown to white
and is produced during thermal treatment by incomplete evaporation and/or
oxidation of lubricants on the surface.
Stain, Saw Lubricant: A yellow to brown area of the surface discoloration
at the ends of the extruded length. It is the residue of certain types of saw
lubricants if they are not removed from the metal prior to the thermal
treatment.
Stainless Steel: Good corrosion resistance due to a high chromium content is
the key characteristic. Opinions vary on the level of chromium (Cr) at which
a steel becomes stainless, but it is at least 10.5%. Nickel (Ni) and
molybdenum (Mo) are often present, and manganese, copper, titanium,
silicon + other alloying elements may be added. The principal grades are
austenitic (typically 16-26% Cr, 6-22 Ni); ferritic (10.5-28% Cr with no/low
Ni); martensitic (higher carbon content than ferritic and typically 12-19% Cr
with low/no Ni); and duplex, a dual-phase austenitic/ferritic steel (Cr>21%,
Ni<8%). Austenitics are non-magnetic, easily formed, but harden rapidly
during processing (typically used in the process industries, heat exchangers,
cutlery). Ferritics are less corrosion-resistant, easily formed and magnetic
(catering, architectural, materials handling). Martensitics are magnetic, have
higher strength, are less easily worked (surgical instruments, shafts,
fasteners). Duplex is strong with good impact resistance (desalination, heat
exchangers). Stainless steel was discovered in 1913 by Harry Brearly, a
metallurgist from Sheffield.
Stainless steel:
Stainless Steel -- Type 201/202 etc.: Low Nickel Austenitic S S containing
2-5% Nickel. Used as cheaper substitute of Type 304 grade for production of
utensils.
Stainless Steel -- Type 304: Chrome –Nickel Austenitic S S accounting for
more than half of SS produced in the world. 18 :8 SS used for utensils are the
most common example.
Stainless Steel -- Type 316: Chrome –Nickel (Austenitic) SS containing 2-
3% Molybdenum, intended for specific industrial use.
Stainless Steel -- Type 410: Plain Chromium (Martensitic) S S with
exeptional strength. It is a low cost, heat treatable grade suitable for non-
corrosive applications.
Stainless Steel -- Type 430: Plain Chrome (Ferritic) S S, offering general
purpose corrosion resistance, often in decorative applications.
Stainless Steel Pipe: A pipe is a long tube or hollow cylinder use to move
fluid or gaseous substances. The term pipe is often used in reference to metal
components, whereas the term tube is more often associated with flexible
material such as braided metal or plastics. Stainless steel is one of many
different materials used for pipe construction and is characterized by high
strength and corrosion resistance.
Stainless steel : type of steel alloy that contains significant amounts of
chromium and/or nickel and is typically very corrosion resistant due to its
ability to passivate upon atmospheric exposure
Stair carriage or stringer: Supporting member for stair treads. Usually a 2
X 12 inch plank notched to receive the treads; sometimes called a “rough
horse.”
Stair landing: A platform between flights of stairs or at the termination of a
flight of stairs. Often used when stairs change direction. Normally no less
than 3 ft. X 3 ft. square.
Stair rise: The vertical distance from stair tread to stair tread (and not to
exceed 7 ½”).
Stake: wood stake used to mark point of interest.
Staking: Fastening two parts together permanently by recessing one part
within the other and then causing plastic flow at the joint.
Stall: Term used to indicate that the line has tension on it, but is not moving.
Stamping: a general term covering almost all press operations, including
blanking, shearing, hot-forming, cold-forming, drawing, bending, coining
Stamping: The general term used to denote all sheet metal pressworking. It
includes blanking, shearing, hot or cold forming, drawing, bending or
coining.
Stamping: A term used to refer to various press forming operations in
coining, embossing, blanking, and pressing.
Stanchion: Steel column.
Stand: A component of a hydraulic system, which is made up of a number of
stacks.
Stand: 1) A component of a hydraulic system, which is made up of a number
of stacks. 2) Sets of rolls; Both Temper Mills consist of two stands. Some are
four rolls; two backup rolls and two work rolls. Some are work rolls only.
Stand of Rolls: The simplest unit of a rolling mill, consisting of a set of rolls,
the housings, bearings and guides required for the rolling of steel.
Standard: A vertical tube in scaffolding.
Standard : Standard in the educational context, a statement of outcomes to
be demonstrated, the level of performance required and the knowledge
profile; in the registration context
Standard air conditions: Standard air density has been set at 0.075 Ib/cu ft.
This corresponds approximately to dry air at 70°F and 29.92 in Hg. In metric
units, the standard air density is 1.2041 kg/m3 at 20°C and at 101.325 kPa.
Standard conditions: The standard conditions referred to in environmental
system work for air are: dry air at 70°F and at an atmospheric pressure of
29.92 inches mercury (in Hg). For water, standard conditions are 68°F at the
same barometric pressure. At these standard conditions, the density of air is
0.075 pounds per cubic feet and the density of water is 62.4 pounds per cubic
foot.
Standard Cost Code: 1.) Accounting field connected to unit standards for
doing specific prodcuts; will vary by unit. 2) Code entered into IMIS to
identify the incoming product and to identify the process applied to the
product by the side trimmer.
Standard Deviation: A statistical quantity used to describe the variation of a
measurable attribute about some average value.
Standard Deviation: A statistical quantity used to describe the variation of a
measurable attribute about some average value.
Standard deviations : The current edition of the State's Standard
Specifications for State Road and Bridge Construction.
Standard Electrode Potential: The reversible potential for an electrode
process when all products and reactions are at unit activity on a scale in
which the potential for the standard hydrogen half-cell is zero.
Standard Gold: A legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. In the United
States, the alloy contains 10% Cu.
Standard Gold: A legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. In the United
States the alloy contains 10% Cu.
Standard I Beam: A structural steel beam with sloping or tapered flanges
and a range of 3 in. to 24 in. between the outside surface of the flanges. The
widest flange is 8 in.
Standard or Industrial Quality Wire Rods: Produced from low or medium
low carbon steel and are generally intended for drawing into industrial,
merchant or standard quality wire. Rods of this type are usually available as
rolled, or in thermally treated conditions. Generally speaking there are
practical limitations on drawing this quality of steel rods without intermediate
annealing. As an example, low carbon rods starting at 7/32” (5.5 mm) can be
drawn to 0.80” in five drafts without annealing.
Standard Pattern: A pattern of high grade material and workmanship in
daily use or at frequent intervals. A pattern used as a master to make or check
production patterns.
Standard Pipe: Used for low-pressure conveyance of air, steam, gas, water,
oil or other fluids and for mechanical applications. Used primarily in
machinery, buildings, sprinkler systems, irrigation systems, and water wells
rather than in pipelines or distribution systems.
Standard practices of the trade(s): One of the more common basic and
minimum construction standards. This is another way of saying that the work
should be done in the way it is normally done by the average professional in
the field.
Standard Reference Material: A reference material, the composition or
properties of which are certified by a recognized standardizing agency or
group.
Standard Samples: A sample of known composition used to calibrate an
instrument or method of analysis.
Standard Samples: A sample of know composition used to calibrate an
instrument or method of analysis.
Standard Shapes: Refractory units stocked by manufacturers or made from
stock molds.
Standard specifications : A measure of variability that can be calculated
form the differences between individual measurements in a group and their
average.
Standardize: Act of recalibrating the x-ray gauge equipment.
Standardize: Act of recalibrating the x ray gauge equipment.
Standby: In radio communications, is a word to ask the other person to wait
for further instructions. A standby reservation is conditional and is on a
waiting list, in case of any NO-SHOWS.
Standing: The legal right of a person or group to bring an action against
another person or the government.
Star: Standard Terminal Arrival Route, for inbound IFR traffic.
Start Up: The first turn after the line has been down.
Starter joist: A joist which is spaced close to a wall for deck support, usually
6 inches.
Starter strip: Asphalt roofing applied at the eaves that provides protection
by filling in the spaces under the cutouts and joints of the first course of
shingles.
Starting Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the start of the weld.
Starting Sheet: A thin sheet of metal used as the cathode in electrolyte
refining.
Starvation: Non uniform coating application which results in absence of
coating in certain areas.
Stastical Process Control (SPC): A technique used to predict when a
steelmaking function's quality may deteriorate. By tightly monitoring the
product's variance from specifications, the operator can determine when to
apply preventative maintenance to a machine before any low-quality
(secondary) steel is produced.
State: Refers to the form of a fluid, either liquid, gas or solid. Liquids used in
environmental systems are water, thermal fluids such as ethylene glycol
solutions, and refrigerants in the liquid state. Gases are steam, evaporated
refrigerants and the air water vapor mixture found in the atmosphere. Some
substances, including commonly used refrigerants, may exist in any of three
states. A simple example is water, which may be solid (ice), liquid (water), or
gas (steam or water vapor).
State of Strain: A complete description of the deformation within a
homogeneously deformed volume or at a point. The description requires, in
general, the knowledge of the independent components of strain.
State of Stress: A complete description of the stresses within a
homogeneously stressed volume or at a point. The description requires, in
general, the knowledge of the independent components of stress.
Static Behaviour: Describes how a control system, or an individual unit,
carries on under fixed conditions (As contrasted to dynamic behaviour, which
refers to behaviour under changing conditions).
Static Bridge Crane Control: A method of switching electrical circuits
without the use of contacts.
Static Electricity: Accumulated stationary electrical charges generated by
friction.
Static equilibrium: A member or body that is initally at rest and remains at
rest when acted upon by a system of forces.
Static Fatigue: A term sometimes used to identify a form of hydrogen
embrittlement in which a metal appears to fracture spontaneously under a
steady stress less than the yield stress. There almost always is a delay
between the application of stress (or exposure of the stressed metal to
hydrogen) and the onset of cracking. More properly referred to as hydrogen-
induced delayed cracking.
Static Friction: Force just sufficient to initiate relative motion between two
bodies under load.
Static Grounding: Use of a grounded conductive material to prevent the
accumulation of static electrical charges.
Static head: vertical distance from inlet water elevation to discharge
elevation.
Static head : The pressure due to the weight of a fluid above the point of
measurement.
Static load: A load applied slowly and then remains nearly constant.
Static suction head : The positive vertical height in feet from the pump
centerline to the top of the level of the liquid source.
Static suction lift : The distance in feet between the pump centerline and the
source of liquid below the pump centerline.
Static Transmitted Load (Gears): Tangential pitch line force transmitted
from one gear to another without regard to dynamic effects.
Static vent: A vent that does not include a fan.
Statically determinate: A member or structure that can be analyzed and the
reactions and forces determined from the equations of equilibrium.
Statically indeterminate: A member or structure that cannot be analyzed
soley by the equations of statics. It contains unknowns in excess of the
number of equilibrium equations available. Additional equations must be
written based on a knowledge of elastic deformations.
Station Tie: Name of the transformer in the power house that ties the 23KV
bus in the power house with the 6.9 KV bus that is called the 'Synchronizing
Bus'.
Stationary Track: A fixed track attached to the building or supporting
structure.
Stator: May refer to the stationary member in a steam turbine, a hydraulic
torque converter or the framework surrounding the armature of a direct
current motor or generator.
Stave: A vertical wooden post or plank in a building or other structure.
Stave Construction: Attaching staves to polygonshaped heads in the
building of cylindrical bodies; also, standard method used in making
semicircular core boxes.
Stc (sound transmission class): The measure of sound stopping of ordinary
noise.
Steadite: A hard structural constituent of cast iron that consists of a binary
eutectic of ferrite, containing some phosphorus in solution and iron
phosphide (Fe3P). The eutectic consists of 10.2% P and 89.8% Fe. The
melting temperature is 1050 °C (1920 °F).
Stead's Brittleness: A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline
fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of
thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about
705 °C (1300 °F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of
rolling.
Stead's Brittleness: A condition of brittleness that causes transcrystalline
fracture in the coarse grain structure that results from prolonged annealing of
thin sheets of low-carbon steel previously rolled at a temperature below about
705°C (1,300°F). The fracture usually occurs at about 45° to the direction of
rolling.
Steady flow : Flow which does not vary with time.
Steam: Water in vapor state. Gas form of water.
Steam Blowing Process: A process that puts water droplets on steel leaving
the galvanizing pot to suppress spangle formation. (see Minimized
Spangle) (see Spangle Free)
Steam Blowing Process: A process that puts water droplets on steel leaving
the galvanizing pot to suppress spangle formation. See Minimized Spangle
and Spangle Free.
Steam Chest: The inside of the turbine housing.
Steam Chest: The inside of the turbine housing.
Steam Demand: The necessary amount of steam generation required at any
point in time to satisfy the powerhouse, turbo blowers and any additional
needs of the steelmaking process.
Steam Demand: The necessary amount of steam generation required at any
point in time to satisfy the power house, turbo blowers, and any additional
needs of the steel making process.
Steam Drum: The upper drum/drums of the boiler. This is where the
feedwater is introduced, continuous blowdown takes place, the water level is
controlled, and the steam is released at the surface of the water and exits to
the superheater elements.
Steam drum : A pressure chamber located at the upper extremity of a boiler
circulatory system, in which the steam is generated in the boiler and
separated from the water.
Steam Flow: The measured amount of steam gathered by the boiler at any
given time, expressed in thousands of pounds per hour.
Steam Flow: The measured amount of steam generated by the boiler at any
given time, expressed in thousands of pounds per hour.
Steam Hammer: A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each
stroke by a double-action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the
workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached
upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each
stroke may be varied.
Steam Hammer: A type of drop hammer where the ram is raised for each
stroke by a double action steam cylinder and the energy delivered to the
workpiece is supplied by the velocity and weight of the ram and attached
upper die driven downward by steam pressure. Energy delivered during each
stroke may be varied.
Steam Header Line: High-pressure line which connects the boiler to the
powerhouse manifold and through which the steam is delivered.
Steam Header Line: High pressure line which connects the boiler to the
power house manifold and through which the steam is delivered.
Steam Header Valve: Electrically- or manually-operated stop valve located
in-line on the steam header line used to isolate a boiler off the system when
needed.
Steam Header Valve: Electrically or manually operated stop valve located in
line on the steam header line used to isolate a boiler off the system when
needed.
Steam jet refrigeration : Refrigerating system which uses a steam venture to
create high vacuum (low pressure) on a water container causing water to
evaporate at low temperature.
Steam Pressure: The amount of pressure that the steam has. It is either high-
pressure at 800 lbs or low-pressure at 210 lbs.
Steam Pressure: The amount of pressure that the steam has. It is either high
pressure @800 lbs. or low pressure @ 210 lbs.
Steam purity : Refers to all matter but water in the steam.
Steam quality: The percentage by weight of vapor in a steam and water
mixture.
Steam Refined: Term applied to unfiltered residual cylinder oils from which
lighter fractions have been distilled by the direct application of steam.
Steam Seal: A type of seal that is applied to the shaft on a turbine by putting
steam around the shaft to stop the flow of air into a turbine.
Steam Seal: A type of seal that is applied to the shaft on a turbine by putting
steam around the shaft to stop the flow of air into a turbine.
Steam Temperature: The temperature of the steam as it enters the turbine.
Steam Temperature: The temperature of the steam as it enters the turbine.
Steam Trays: Items that let water pass through steam lines without losing
steam pressure.
Steam Treatment: The treatment of a sintered ferrous pan in steam at
temperatures between 510 and 595°C or (950 to 1100 °F) in order to produce
a layer of black iron oxide (magnetite, or ferrous-ferric oxide) on the exposed
surface for the purpose of increasing hardness and wear resistance.
Steam-absorption condenser: That part of a steam absorption machine in
which the water refrigerant is condensed by cooling tower water and returned
to the evaporator or chiller.
Steam-absorption machine: A refrigeration or air-conditioning machine
which uses, as a refrigerant, water evaporated by absorption in brine
regenerated by steam and condensed by cooling tower water.
Steckel Mill: A reversing steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil boxes at
each end. Steel sheet or plate is sent through the rolls of the reversing mill
and coiled at the end of the mill, reheated in the coil box, and sent back
through the Steckel stands and recoiled. By reheating the steel prior to each
pass, the rolls can squeeze the steel thinner per pass and impart a better
surface finish.
Steckel Mill: A reversing steel sheet reduction mill with heated coil boxes at
each end. Steel sheet or plate is sent through the rolls of the reversing mill
and coiled at the end of the mill, reheated in the coil box, and sent back
through the Steckel stands and recoiled. By reheating the steel prior to each
pass, the rolls can squeeze the steel thinner per pass and impart a better
surface finish.
Steel: A metal based on iron, with the addition of carefully defined quantities
of carbon and other elements to produce a metal with specific qualities.
Structural steel is used for steel frames and is weldable and easily cut and
shaped. Steel reinforcement (qv) is designed to be cut and bent to shape.
Modern steel use dates from the invention of the Bessemer converter, and the
modern product differs from the older types of steel from which weapons
were made. (Fr. acier, m)
Steel: An iron-base alloy usually containing carbon and other alloying
elements. In carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum carbon content is
about 2.0%; in high-alloy steel, about 2.5%. The dividing line between low-
alloy and high-alloy steels is generally regarded as the 5% level of total
metallic alloying elements. Steel is differentiated from two general classes of
iron, namely, cast-irons, which have high carbon concentrations, and
relatively pure irons, which have low carbon concentrations.
Steel angle: A structural steel component, the cross section of which is L-
shaped.
Steel Drum: Center insert that keeps a coil from collapsing. Used on DR
material.
Steel Drum: Center insert that keeps a coil from collapsing. Used on DR
material.
Steel frame construction: Building in which the structural members are of
steel or dependent on a steel frame for support.
Steel Insert: Small corrugated insert used to keep coils from collapsing
before rewinding.
Steel inspection: A municipal and/or engineers inspection of the concrete
foundation wall, conducted before concrete is poured into the foundation
panels. Done to insure that the rebar (reinforcing bar), rebar nets, void
material, beam pocket plates, and basement window bucks are installed and
wrapped with rebar and complies with the foundation plan.
Steel Intensity: The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic product.
Intensity reflects the secular demand for steel, as opposed to cyclical demand.
The amount of steel used in vehicles and the popularity of alternative
materials affect the intensity, or how much steel is needed per unit produced.
The state of the economy, however, determines the number of units.
Steel Intensity: The amount of steel used per unit of gross domestic product.
Intensity reflects the secular demand for steel, as opposed to cyclical demand.
The amount of steel used in vehicles and the popularity of alternative
materials affect the intensity, or how much steel is needed per unit produced.
The state of the economy, however, determines the number of units.
Steel Intensive Products: Consumer products such as automobiles and
appliances that, because so much of their weight is from steel, exhibit a high
demand correlation with steel.
Steel Ladle: A vessel for receiving and handling liquid steel. It is made with
a steel shell, lined with refractories.
Steel Pressure Vessels: Steel Pressure Vessels are closed containers used to
store a fluid or gas at pressures much different than ambient pressure. Steel is
the common material of choice due to the material strength required to
withstand the potentially large forces created by the differential pressures.
While a spherical vessel is ideally the strongest design, pressure vessels are
typically cylindrical with hemispherical end caps, or heads. This design
serves as a compromise between the ideal design and one that is easier and
more affordable to manufacture. The American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) provides standards for the design of pressure vessels.
Steel Recycling Institute: A steel industry association that promotes and
sustains the recycling of all steel products. The SRI educates the solid waste
industry, government, business and ultimately the consumer about the
benefits of steel's infinite re-cycling cycle.
Steel Scrap: Steel discard, cuttings, drillings, ingot butts, or other steel
material which is useless except for remelting.
Steel Service Center Inventories: End-of-period material stocks reported by
the Steel Service Center Institute (SSCI).
Steel Service Center Inventories: End of period material stocks reported by
the Steel Service Center Institute (SSCI).
Steel Strapping: Banding and packaging material that is used to close and
reinforce shipping units, such as bales, boxes, cartons, coils, crates and skids.
Steel Strapping: Banding and packaging material that is used to close and
reinforce shipping units, such as bales, boxes, cartons, coils, crates, and skids.
Steel Substrate: Base metal which may be coated or plated.
Steel Substrate: Base metal which may be coated or plated.
Steel : an alloy of iron and carbon that is hard, strong, and malleable
Steelfixer: A worker who specialises in placing reinforcement for reinforced
concrete.
Steel-Intensive Products: Consumer products such as automobiles and
appliances that, because so much of their weight is from steel, exhibit a high
demand correlation with steel.
Steels, SAE: Common designation for the standard grades of steel approved
by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
Steeped Construction: In patternmaking, the courses of material that when
fastened together resemble steps.
Steep-pass: simplified design of Denil fishway
Steering Roll: A device or set of rolls used to position the passline of the
strip.
Steering Roll: A device or set of rolls used to position the passline of the
strip.
Stellite: Proprietary name of a group of complex alloys retaining their
hardness strength and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures; contains
W, Co, Cr and C.
Stellite: Proprietary name of a group of complex alloys retaining their
hardness strength and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures; contains
W, Co, Cr and C.
Stelmor Process: A thermal treatment process that develops a microstructure
in hot rolled wire rods that permits direct drawing into wire of medium or
high carbon grades of steel that would otherwise require patenting. It is the
predominate method used in North America to produce controlled cooled
wire rods.
Stencil: Identification painted on pipe. Specification, size, wall test pressure,
method of manufacture and mill are usually indicated.
Stencil: Identification painted on pipe. Specification, size, wall test pressure,
methoc of maufacture and mill are usually indicated.
Stenciling: the process by which lettering or a design through which a
substance (ink, paint, or metallic powder) is forced onto a surface to be
printed; commonly used to mark steel fabrications but generally does not
remain after the galvanizing process
Step Aging: Aging at two or more temperatures, by steps, without cooling to
room temperature after each step. Compare with interrupted aging and
progressive aging. (see Aging)
Step Bearing: Plane-surface bearing that supports the lower end of a vertical
shaft.
Step Change: The change from one value to another in a single step.
Step Channel: This is similar to channel except the web thinner toward the
center of the bar (bar rolling).
Step Down Transformers: A transformer is an electrical device that
transfers energy from one circuit to another. The transformer includes to
coils, a primary and a secondary. When the primary coil is subjected to a
varying current throught he windings, a varying magnetic flux is generated in
the coil. The varying magnetic flux results in a varying magnetic field in
secondary winding, which in turn leads to a voltage. When a load is
connected to the secondary winding, electric current flows and energy is
transferred from the primary to the secondary coil. The ratio of primary to
secondary windings is directly related to the ratio of the voltages. Therefore,
when the secondary coil has fewer windings than the primary coil, the
voltage is stepped down through the transformer.
Step flashing: Flashing application method used where a vertical surface
meets a sloping roof plane. 6″ X 6″ galvanized metal bent at a 90 degree
angle, and installed beneath siding and over the top of shingles. Each piece
overlaps the one beneath it the entire length of the sloping roof (step by step).
Step Fracture: Cleavage fractures that initiate on many parallel cleavage
planes.
Stepless Bridge Crane Control: A type of Bridge Crane Control system
with infinite speed Bridge Crane Control between minimum speed and full
speed.
Stepped Bridge Crane Control: A type of Bridge Crane Control system
with fixed speed points.
Stepped Compact: A powder metallurgy compact with one (dual step) or
more (multistep) abrupt cross-sectional changes, usually obtained by pressing
with split punches, each section of which uses a different pressure and a
different rate of compaction. See also split punch. (see Split Punch)
Stepped flashing: Metal flashing cut in a stepped pattern to waterproof the
junction of a tiled or slated roof with a brick wall.
Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA): Equipment used for computerized
building of three-dimensional models and patterns. Enables the data
representation of a CAD solid model to be directly converted into a plastic
model of a casting.
Stereolithography Apparatus (Sla): Equipment used for computerized
building of three dimensional models and patterns. Enables the data
representation of a CAD solid model to be directly converted into a plastic
model of a casting.
Stereoscopic Micrographs: A pair of micrographs (or fractographs) of the
same area, but taken from different angles so that the two micrographs when
properly mounted and viewed reveal the structures of the objects in their
three-dimensional relationships.
Sterling Silver: A silver alloy containing at least 92.5% Ag, the remainder
being unspecified but usually copper. Sterling silver is used for flat and
hollow tableware and for various items of jewelry.
Sterling Silver: A silver alloy containing at least 95.2% Ag, the remainder
being unspecified but usually copper.
Stick built: A house built without prefabricated parts. Also called
conventional building.
Stick Electrode: A shop term for covered electrode.
Stick Welding: See preferred term shielded metal arc welding.
Sticker: Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots caused by
overheating during box annealing.
Sticker: Steel sheets or strip adhering. Usually by fusion spots caused by
overheating during box annealing.
Sticker Breaks: Arc-shaped coil breaks, usually located near the center of
sheet or strip.
Sticking: Adherence of foil surfaces sufficient to interfere with the normal
ease if unwinding
Stick-Slip (Slip-Stick): A condition occurring in slow moving or oscillating
sliding bearings under near boundary conditions, where there are fluctuations
of velocity and friction coefficients, including periods of static friction. It is a
critical factor in precision machine tool operations, where such conditions
can result in erratic motion and improper machining of parts.
Stiction (static friction): Resistance of start of motion.
Stiff : (adj.) ability to resist deformation; stiffness (n.) the measure of a
structure's capacity to resist deformation
Stiffener: A member used to strengthen another member against buckling or
to distribute load or to transfer shear. Usually a flat bar, plate, or angle
welded perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the member.
Stiffness: The resistance to deformation of a structural member which can be
measured by the ratio of the applied force to the corresponding displacement.
Stiffness: (1) The rate of stress with respect to strain; the greater the stress
required to produce a given strain, the stiffer the material is said to be. (2)
The ability of a material or shape to resist elastic deflection. For identical
shapes, the stiffness is proportional to the modulus of elasticity. For a given
material, the stiffness increases with increasing moment of inertia, which is
computed from cross-sectional dimensions.
Stile: An upright framing member in a panel door.
Stills: An apparatus consisting of a vessel in which a liquid is heated and
vaporized and a cooling device for condensing the vapor.
Stirrups: In reinforced concrete beams, vertical or inclined rods to resist
shear stress
STLE: Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (formerly, the
American Society of Lubrication Engineers, or ASLE). www.stle.org
Stock: A general term used to refer to a supply of metal in any form or shape
and also to an individual piece of metal that is formed, forged or machined to
make parts.
Stock Allowance: Material added to a part to allow for surface preparation or
precise dimensioning by machining.
Stock Allowance: Material added to a part to allow for surface preparation or
precise dimensioning by machining.
Stock brick: The traditional handmade brick without a frog, made by
moulding clay in a wooden mould or 'stock'.
Stock Core: Core of standard diameter usually made on a core machine and
kept on hand, sawed to required length.
Stoichiometric: The ratio of chemical substances reacting in the water that
correspond to their combining weights in the theoretical chemical reaction.
Stoke: The standard unit of kinematic viscosity in the cgs system, expressed
in cm2/s.
Stoker: A mechanical device for feeding coal or other solid fuels to a
furnace.
Stoking: (Obsolete). Presintering, or sintering, in such a way that powder
metallurgy compacts are advanced through the furnace at a fixed rate by
manual or mechanical means; also called continuous sintering.
Stol: Short Take-Off and Landing.
Stomping Soil Compactors: A Stomping Soil Compactor is machine that is
used to compact earth by repeatedly driving a large plate into the ground.
Stone slinger: conveyor belt equipped dump truck than can precision place
or "throw" gravel.
Stool: In reinforced concrete, a support for the bottom reinforcement to
ensure adequate cover.
Stool: The flat molding fitted over the window sill between jambs and
contacting the bottom rail of the lower sash. Also another name for toilet.
Stool: The platform on which coils are stacked on a base. Also known as
"stand". (see Stand)
Stool: The platform on which coils are stacked on a base. Also known as
stand.
Stool Plate: Large metal plate that supports a circular cluster of ingot molds
used in the bottom pouring operation. Steel flows down through a central fill
tube (trumpet), through grooves (runners) in the bottom of the plate, and up
into the ingots through holes in the bottom of the ingots.
Stool Plate: Plate on a mold machine on which stools are mounted.
Stooling: Supporting green sand cores in the machine molding while the
pattern is being withdrawn.
Stooling: Supporting green sand cores in machine molding while pattern is
being withdrawn.
Stop: A device to limit travel of a trolley or crane bridge. This device
normally is attached to a fixed structure and normally does not have energy
absorbing ability.
Stop (stopping): To fill blemishes in work to be painted, e.g. nail holes,
cracks, to bring them to an even surface after the application of the first or
priming coat in timber work generally and prior to painting in plaster work.
Stop box: Normally a cast iron pipe with a lid (@ 5″ in diameter) that is
placed vertically into the ground, situated near the water tap in the yard, and
where a water cut-off valve to the home is located (underground). A long
pole with a special end is inserted into the curb stop to turn off/on the water.
Stop Cock Valve: See PitCock Valve.
Stop order: A formal, written notification to a contractor to discontinue
some or all work on a project for reasons such as safety violations, defective
materials or workmanship, or cancellation of the contract.
Stop valve: A device installed in a water supply line, usually near a fixture,
that permits an individual to shut off the water supply to one fixture without
interrupting service to the rest of the system.
Stopper Head: A refractory shape at the end of a stopper rod, usually clay
and graphite, seated in a ladle's nozzle.
Stopper Head: A refractory shape at the end of a stopper rod, usually clay
and graphite, seated in a ladle's nozzle.
Stopper Rod: A device in a bottom-pour ladle for controlling the flow of
metal through the nozzle into the casting. The stopper rod consists of a steel
rod, protecting sleeves, and a graphite stopper head. It may also be a single
piece manufactured from graphite.
Stopper Rod: A device in a bottom pour ladle for controlling the flow of
metal through the nozzle into the casting. The stopper rod consists of a steel
rod, protecting sleeves, and a graphite stopper head. It may also be a single
piece manufactured from graphite.
Stopping Off: 1. Applying a resist. 2. Depositing a metal (copper, for
example) in localized areas to prevent carburization, decarburization, or
nitriding in those areas.
Stopping Off: Filling in a portion of a mold cavity which is not to be cast.
Stops: Moldings along the inner edges of a door or window frame. Also
valves used to shut off water to a fixture.
Storage: the area where galvanized articles are staged for pick-up or
delivery
Storage Bins: Used for storage of raw materials to ensure a necessary
quantity required for sinter production.
Storage vessel and storage tank: A container for storing liquids and gases
prior to or following the process system.
Storage Vessels: Storage Vessels are used to hold consumer or industrial
solids, fluids, or gases for later use. Some storage vessels may also be
pressure vessels.
Storey rod: A rod used to measure during construction the vertical heights of
brick courses, and doors, windows and other openings. Prepared at the start
of the job to ensure uniformity of heights throughout.
Storm sash or storm window: -. An extra window usually placed outside of
an existing one, as additional protection against cold weather.
Storm sewer: A sewer system designed to collect storm water and is
separated from the waste water system.
Story: That portion of a building which is between the upper surface of any
floor and the upper surface of the floor next above.
Story: That part of a building between any floor or between the floor and
roof.
Story drift: The difference in horizontal deflection at the top and bottom of a
story.
Story : floor of a skyscraper
Stovl: Short Take-Off and Vertical Landing.
Stradle Milling: Face milling a workpiece on both sides at once using two
cutters spaced as required.
Straight Chrome: An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of stainless steels
the principal alloying element of which is chromium in varying amounts from
4.00 to 27.00%.
Straight edge: A length of timber with the sides and edges even and true,
and the edges parallel; used for trueing and plumbing and levelling work.
Straight Polarity: See preferred term direct current electrode negative
(DCEN). (see Direct Current Electrode Negative (DCEN))
Straight-Chrome: An iron alloy. A term indicating a group of stainless
steels, the principle alloying element of which is chromium in varying
amounts from 4.00 to 27.00%.
Straightening: (1) Any bending, twisting or stretching operation to correct
any deviation from straightness in bars, tubes or similar long parts or shapes.
This deviation can be expressed as either camber (deviation from a straight
line) or as total indicator reading (TIR) per unit of length. (2) A finishing
operation for correcting misalignment in a forging or between various
sections of a forging. See also roll straightening.
Straightness: The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line in the
direction of measurement.
Straightness: The absence of divergence from a right (straight) line in the
direction of measurement
Strain: The amount by which something has changed length, measured as a
percentage of its original length.
Strain: The amount of elongation or compression that occurs in a metal at a
given stress or load. Generally in terms of inches elongation per inch of
material.
Strain Aging: (1) Aging following plastic deformation. (2) The changes in
ductility, hardness, yield point and tensile strength that occur when a metal or
alloy that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In steel, strain aging
is characterized by a loss of ductility and a corresponding increase in
hardness, yield point and tensile strength.
Strain Aging: Aging induced by cold work.
Strain Energy: The potential energy stored in a body by virtue of elastic
deformation, equal to the work that must be done to produce this
deformation.
Strain Gauge Amplifier: A Strain Gauge Amplifier is used to increase the
boost the signal of a strain gauge. This improves resolution of the gauge.
Strain Gauge Load Cell: A Strain Gauge Load Cell is used to measure
elongation of a structure under load. It consisted of several conductors that
can be adhered to the surface of the structure. As the structure elongates, the
conductors stretch and their resistance increases. This change in resistance
can be correlated to a mechanical strain.
Strain hardening: The condition when ductile steel exhibits the capacity to
resist additional load than that which caused initial yielding after undergoing
deformation at or just above the yield point.
Strain Hardening: The increase in strength and hardness that occurs when a
metal is plastically deformed under such conditions that softening does not
take place, i.e., below the recrystalization temperature. Also known as work
hardening.
Strain Hardening: An increase in hardness and strength caused by p;astic
deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range.
Strain Rate: The time rate of straining for the usual tensile test. Strain as
measured directly on the specimen gage length is used for determining strain
rate. Because strain is dimensionless, the units of strain rate are reciprocal
time.
Strain Relief Connector: A Strain Relief Connector is used to connect a
power cable to a device. Its purpose it to reduce crimping and bending of the
cable.
Strain Rods: (1) Rods sometimes used on gap frame metalforming presses to
lessen the frame deflection. (2) Rods used to measure elastic strain and thus
stresses, in frames of metal forming presses.
Strain-Age Embrittlement: A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase
in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially
rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of
embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a
matter of minutes at about 200°C (400°F), but requiring a few hours to a year
at room temperature.
Strain-age embrittlement : the loss in ductility accompanied by an increase
in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially
rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation; the degree of
embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a
matter of minutes at the galvanizing temperature but requiring a few hours to
years at room temperature
Strained Casting: A phrase used to describe the result when molten metal is
poured into the mold at too fast a rate, causing the cope to rise slightly from
the drag and resulting in an oversize casting.
Strained Casting: A phrase used to describe the result when molten metal is
poured into the mold at too fast a rate or under too great metallstatic pressure,
causing the cope to rise slightly from the drag and resulting in an oversize
casting.
Strainer: A filtering device which is used to remove large particles of
contamination from drive oil or morgoil.
Strainer: A series of wire or fabric meshes, which are bonded together by
cops or perforated cylinders and are fitted into hydraulic system passages to
strain particles from fluid passed through the passage.
Strainer Basket: A metal filtering basket which is part of a strainer
assembly.
Strainer Core: See Core Strainer
Strain-rate Sensitivity (m-value): The increase in stress needed to cause a
certain increase in plastic strain rate at a given level of plastic strain and a
given temperature.
Strand : A number of steel wires grouped together by twisting.
Strand Casting: A generic term describing continuous casting of one or
more elongated shapes such as billets, blooms or slabs; if two or more shapes
are cast simultaneously, they are often of identical cross section.
Stranded Electrode: A composite filler metal electrode consisting of
stranded wires that may mechanically enclose materials to improve
properties, stabilize the arc or provide shielding.
Strap: A component, usually steel, installed to ensure that walls are
connected to and restrained by floors.
Straw: coarse stalks (generally of grain) without seeds.
Stray Current: (1) Current flowing through paths other than the intended
circuit. (2) Current flowing in electrodeposition by way of an unplanned and
undesired bipolar electrode that may be the tank itself or a poorly connected
electrode.
Stray Mist Suppressant: (ASTM D 3705) a polymer added to mist oils to
reduce the stray mist.
Stray-current Corrosion: Corrosion resulting from direct current flow
through paths other than the intended circuit. For example, by an extraneous
current in the earth.
Streak (Stripe): A superficial band or elongated mark which produces a non-
uniform surface appearance. A streak is often described by source.
Streak, Bearing: A longitudinal discoloration that can occur where there are
large changes in wall thickness as a result of uneven cooling. These streaks
usually appear lighter than the surrounding metal.
Streak, Bright: A bright superficial band or elongated mark which produces
a non-uniform surface appearance.
Streak, Buff: A dull continuous streak caused by smudge buildup on a buff
used at shearing or other operation.
Streak, Burnish: A bright region on the sheet caused by excessive roll
surface wear.
Streak, Coating: A banded condition caused by non-uniform adherence of
roll coating to a work roll. It can be created during hot and/or cold rolling. If
generated in the hot rolling process, it is also called "hot mill pickup".
Streak, Dirt: Surface discoloration which may vary from gray to black, is
parallel to the direction of rolling, and contains rolled foreign debris. It is
usually extraneous material from an overhead location that drops onto the
rolling surface and is shallow enough to be removed by etching or buffing.
Streak, Grease: A narrow discontinuous streak caused by rolling over an
area containing grossly excessive lubricant drippage.
Streak, Grinding: A streak with a helical pattern appearance transferred to a
rolled product from work roll.
Streak, Heat: Milky colored band(s) parallel to the rolling direction which
vary in both width and exact location along the length.
Streak, Leveler: A streak on the sheet surface in the rolling direction caused
by transfer from the leveler rolls.
Streak, Roll: A non-uniform surface appearance parallel to the rolling
direction.
Streak, Structural: A non-uniform appearance on an etched or anodized
surface caused by (variabilities) remaining in the metal from the casting,
thermal processes or hot working stages of fabrication.
Stream flow: volume of water carried by a stream
Stream order: a system used to classify (and analyze) streams
Streambed: part of the stream over which water moves; substrate
Street : A general term denoting a public way for purposes of vehicular
travel, including the entire area within the right-of-way.
Strength: the resistance of a cured core of concrete to crushing – expressed
in Mpa.
Strength: Ability to resist applied forces.
Strength: Properties related to the ability of steel to oppose applied forces.
Forms of strength include withstanding imposed loads without a permanent
change in shape or structure and resistance to stretching.
Strength-to-Weight Ratio: Material criteria used primarily in the
transportation industry. High ratios for Titanium and Aluminum alloys stress
the need to develop higher strength inducing process for heavier Iron, Nickel
and Cobalt base alloys to improve their strength-to-weight ratios.
Stress: An internal force that resists a load. It is the intensity of force per unit
of area, i.e., psi (pounds per square inch).
Stress: Force divided by area, measured in (for example) Newtons per square
millimetre, or pounds per square foot.
Stress: The load per unit of area. Ordinarily, stress-strain curves do not show
the true stress (load divided by area at that moment), but a fictitious value
obtained by always using the original area.
Stress Amplitude: One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum
and minimum stresses in onc cycle of a repetitively varying stress.
Stress concentration: A localized stress which is considerably higher than
average due to sudden changes in loading or sudden changes in geometry.
Stress Concentration Factor (Gears): Factor affecting beam strength,
related to the radius of the fillet at the tooth base; the larger the radius, the
lower the stress concentration.
Stress Corrosion Cracking: Spontaneous failure of metals by cracking
under combined conditions of corrosion and stress, either residual or applied.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC): Slow growth of cracks in stainless steel
caused by the combined effect of mechanical stress and exposure to a
corrosive environment.
Stress Corrosion Failure: A phenomenon which occurs when metal under
stress in a corrosive atmosphere fails mechanically.
Stress Corrosion Failure: A phenomenon which occurs when metal under
stress in a corrosive atmosphere fails mechanically.
Stress graded: (Of timber) tested and marked with a strength grade. The two
grades of softwood most used in construction are C16 or General Structural
grade, and C24 or Special Structural grade.
Stress Raisers: Design features (such as sharp corners) or mechanical defects
(such as notches) that act to intensify the stress at these locations.
Stress rapture: A general type of damage referring to carbon steel tubing,
when heated above 450°C. Material will plastically deform (creep) and then
rapture.
Stress Ratio (A or R): The algebraic ratio of two specified stress values in a
stress cycle. Two commonly used stress ratios are: (1) the ratio of the
alternating stress amplitude to the mean stress; and (2) the ratio of the
minimum stress to the maximum stress.
Stress Relaxation: The time-dependent decrease in stress in a solid under
constant constraint at constant temperature.
Stress Relief: Low temperature annealing for removing internal stresses,
such as those resulting on a metal from work hardening or quenching.
Stress Relieving: A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object by
heating the object to a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time.
This treatment may be applied to relieve stresses induced by casting,
quenching, normalizing, machining, cold working or welding.
Stress Relieving: A process of reducing residual stresses in a metal object to
a suitable temperature and holding for a sufficient time. This treatment may
be applied to relieve stresses induced by quenching, normalizing, machining,
cold working, or welding.
Stress Rupture Test: A tension test performed at constant temperature, the
load being held at such a level as to cause rupture. Also known as creep
rupture test.
Stress, Residual: Those stresses set up in a metal as a result of non-uniform
plastic deformation or the unequal cooling of a casting.
Stress-absorbing membrane interlayer (sami) : A low-stiffness mixture of
asphalt cement, rubber and mineral aggregate placed between layers of
pavement to retard the transfer of stresses between the layers.
Stress-relaxation Curve: A plot of the remaining or relaxed stress as a
function of time. The relaxed stress equals the initial stress minus the
remaining stress. Also known as stress-time curve.
Stress-relief Cracking: Cracking in the heat-affected zone or weld metal that
occurs during the exposure of weldments to elevated temperatures during
postweld heat treatment, in order to reduce residual stresses and improve
toughness, or high-temperature service.
Stress-relief Heat Treatment: Uniform heating of a structure or a portion
thereof to a sufficient temperature to relieve the major portion of the residual
stresses, followed by uniform cooling.
Stress-relieving : heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough to
reduce residual stresses and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the
development of new residual stresses
Stress-Rupture Test: A tension test performed at constant temperature, the
load being held at such a level as to cause rupture. Also known as creep-
rupture test.
Stress-Strain Curve: A graphical plot of data obtained from a tensile test, in
which the stress on the metal being tested (the force causing the specimen to
deform divided by the original cross-sectional area of the gauge length) is
plotted against the resulting strain (the extension of the gauge length divided
by its original length).
Stretch Forming: This method is more rapid than hammering and beating by
stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape.
Stretch Forming: A process of forming panels and cowls of large curvature
by stretching sheet over a form of the desired shape. This method is more
rapid than hammering and beating.
Stretcher: A brick laid with its largest side to the face of the wall.
Stretcher: A brick whose longest side is visible on the surface of the wall.
Seeheader.
Stretcher bond: A brickwork bond consisting only of stretchers, suitable for
half-brick thick walls and cavity walls.
Stretcher Leveling: Leveling where a piece of metal is gripped at each end
and subjected to a stress higher than its yield strength to remove warp and
distortion. Sometimes called patent leveling.
Stretcher Leveling: Leveling where a piece of metal is gripped at each end
and subjected to a stress higher than its yield strength to remove warp and
distortion. Sometimes called patent leveling.
Stretcher Straightening: A process for straightening rod, tubing and shapes
by the application of tension at the ends of the stock. The products are
elongated a definite amount to remove warpage.
Stretcher Straightening: A process for straightening rod, tubing, and shapes
by the application of tension at the ends of the stock. The products are
elongated a definite amount to remove warpage.
Stretcher Strains: Irregular lines that develop on steel during the drawing or
stretching process. (see Fluting)
Stretching: The extension of the surface of a metal sheet in all directions. In
stretching, the flange of the flat blank is securely clamped. Deformation is
restricted to the area initially within the die. The stretching limit is the onset
of metal failure.
Striation: A coating defect consisting of a series of near parallel lines or
channels in the cured coating. Striation is a type of flow mark, which is
caused by some contaminant, such a silicone flowout.
Striation: A coating defect consisting of a series of near parallel lines or
channels in the cured coating. Striation is a type of flow mark, which is
caused by some contaminant, such a silicone flowout. Striation is similar to
ribbing, but striation is usually smaller in size and not always parallel.
Strike: The plate on a door frame that engages a latch or dead bolt.
Strike: Dismantle (scaffold or falsework).
Strike: (1) A thin electrodeposited film of metal to be overlaid with other
plated coatings. (2) A plating solution of high covering power and low
efficiency designed to electroplate a thin, adherent film of metal.
Strike Off: Operation of removing excess sand from top or core box or flask.
Striking: Electrodepositing, under special conditions, a very thin film of
metal that will facilitate further plating with another metal or with the same
metal under different conditions.
Striking Surface: Those areas on the faces of a set of metalforming dies that
are designed to meet when the upper die and lower die are brought together.
The striking surface helps protect impressions from impact shock and aids in
maintaining longer die life.
String, stringer: A timber or other support for cross members in floors or
ceilings. In stairs, the supporting member for stair treads. Usually a 2 X 12
inch plank notched to receive the treads
Stringer: In buildings, a structural member supporting stair steps.
Stringer: Angled structural beam supporting the treads and risers of a
staircase.
Stringer: 1. A defect caused by the coating dies allowing excess coating to
accumulate on the edge of the strip. 2. The last coil threaded through the line
before a shutdown. The stringer coil remains in the line until start-up.
Stringer: 1) A defect caused by the coating dies allowing excess coating to
accumulate on the edge of the strip. 2) The last coil threaded through the line
before a shutdown. The stringer coil remains in the line until start up.
Stringer Bead: A continuous weld bead made without appreciable transverse
oscillation (weaving motion). Contrast with weave bead.
Strip: Thin, flat steel that resembles hot rolled sheet, but it is normally
narrower (up to 12 inches wide) and produced to more closely controlled
thicknesses. Strip may also be cut from steel sheet by a slitting machine. (see
Sheet Steel)
Strip: Thin, flat steel that resembles hot rolled sheet, but it is normally
narrower (up to 12 inches wide) and produced to more closely controlled
thicknesses. Strip also may be cut from steel sheet by a slitting machine (see
Sheet Steel).
Strip Cooler: Set of adjustable air nozzles that blow compressed air on the
strip to help achieve zinc drying.
Strip flooring: Flooring laid as separate boards, fitting together with a
tongue on one edge and a mating groove on the other.
Strip flooring: Wood flooring consisting of narrow, matched strips.
Strip Steel (Cold Rolled): A flat cold rolled steel product (other than flat
wire) which has been cold reduced to desired decimal thickness and temper
on single stand, single stand reversing, or tandem cold mills in coil form from
coiled hot rolled pickled strip steel.
Strip Steel Chart: A chart that shows how much water pressure is going to
the strip.
Stripper: A plate designed to remove, or strip sheet metal stock from the
punching members dwing the withdrawal cycle. Strippers are also used to
guide small precision punches in close-tolerance dies to guide scrap away
from dies and to assist in the cutting action. Strippers are made in two types:
fixed and movable.
Stripper Pins: On certain molding machines, a series of pins (usually four in
number) which support the rammed flask-half at the parting surface so that
the mounted pattern may be drawn by lowering.
Stripper Pins: On certain molding machines, a series of pins (usually four in
number) which support the rammed flask half at the parting surface so that
the mounted pattern may be drawn by lowering.
Stripper Punch: A punch that serves as the top or bottom of a metalforming
die cavity and later moves farther into the die to eject the part or compact.
Stripping: (1) Removing a coating from a metal surface. (2) Removing a
foundry pattern from the mold or the core box from the core.
Stripping: Removing the pattern from the mold or core box from core.
Stripping : (1) Loss of binder (Bituminous film) from aggregate particles or
from a road surface, due to presence of water. (2) Removing formwork. (3)
Clearing a site of turf, brush-wood, topsoil, or the first layer of soil.
Stripping Time: In oil oxygen and nobake mixture, the moment when the
core box may be satisfactorily drawn from the core, or pattern from the sand.
Strobe Light: A light that is used throughout the line to help 'see' defects.
The strobe light is mainly used at the reflow areas.
Strobe Light: A light that is used throughout the line to help 'see' defects.
The strobe light is mainly used at the reflow areas.
Stroboscopes: A Stroboscope is used to study cyclical motion. The object is
illuminated at a frequency equal to or slower than the period of motion. This
creates a visual effect of the object being studied moving much slower than
its actual frequency.
Strong Acid/Strong Base Numbers: (ASTM D 974) the quantity of acid or
base, expressed in equivalent numbers of milligrams of KOH, required to
neutralize strong acid (pH 4/g) or base (pH 11/g) constituents.
Strong axis: The cross section which has the major principal axis.
Strong : (adj.) ability to carry a realistic load; strength (n.) the measure of a
structure's ability to carry a realistic load
Struck and weathered pointing: Finished with a sloping surface, recessed
slightly at the top and protruding slightly at the bottom of the joint.
Structural: A generic term for all forms of iron and steel used in
constructing buildings, bridges, etc., of considerable strength and toughness.
Structural competence: The ability of the machine and its components to
withstand the stresses imposed by applied loads.
Structural engineer : an engineer who investigates the behavior and design
of all kinds of structures, including dams, domes, tunnels, bridges, and
skyscrapers, to make sure they are safe and sound for human use
Structural engineering: A branch of engineering dealing with structures,
such as buildings and bridges. In the UK structural engineers became
distinguished from Civil Engineers when they started to specialise in the new
structural material reinforced concrete in the early 20th century, although
they soon began to work in all structural materials.
Structural floor: A framed lumber floor that is installed as a basement
floor instead of concrete. This is done on very expansive soils.
Structural glass: Glass used in situations where it will or may support more
than just its own weight. Glass balustrades, stairs and floor panels are
becoming common.
Structural Hollow Sections: (see Rectangular Hollow Sections)
Structural Metal Fabrications: Structural Metal Fabrications use a
combination of beams, girders, plates and brackets to build a larger structure.
Components are typically welded or bolted together.
Structural Pipe and Tubing: Welded or seamless pipe and tubing generally
used for structural or load-bearing purposes above-ground by the construction
industry, as well as for structural members in ships, trucks, and farm
equipment.
Structural Quality: Material applicable to the various classes of structures,
indicated by the standard specifications, which is suitable for the different
mechanical operations employed for the fabrication of such structures.
Structural quality (the characteristics of which are defined in the standard
specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials) represents the
quality of steel produced under regular or normal manufacturing conditions.
Structural Quality: Material applicable to the various classes of structures,
indicated by the standard specifications, which is suitable for the different
mechanical operations employed for the fabrication of such structures.
Structural quality (the characteristics of which are defined in the standard
specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials) represents the
quality of steel produced under regular or normal manufacturing conditions.
Structural Shapes: Rolled flange sections, sections welded from plates, and
special sections with at least one dimension of their cross-section 3 inches or
greater. Included are angles, beams, channels, tees and zeds.
Structural steel shape : piece of steel of any specific design accepted as
standard by the structural branch of the steel industry
Structural steels: A large number of steels that are suitable for load-carrying
members in a variety of structures because of strength, economy, ductility,
and other properties. Strength levels are obtained by varying the chemical
composition and by heat treatment.
Structural steelwork: A frame of steel sections supporting other parts of the
structure.
Structural Streak: See ?Streak, Structural?.
Structural Supports: Structural members provided for the support of
runways or monorail track and switches.
Structural Tubing: Tubing refers to sections of long, hollow, flexible
cylinders typically used to move substances, usually fluids or gases. When
tubing is referred to as structural tubing, it has been designed such that the
cross-section shape, material selection and manufacturing process yield a
tube that can support high-strength applications. Structural tubing is usually
made of steel and hollow square and rectangular cross-sections are more
common than round.
Structural : steel member of specific cross-sectional dimensions used in
fabrication and/or construction, (e.g. H-beam, angle, I-beam, W-flange)
Structurals: Steel product group that includes I beams, H beams, wide
flange beams and sheet piling. These products are used in the construction of
multi story buildings, industrial buildings, bridge trusses, vertical highway
supports, and riverbank reinforcement.
Structure: A mechanism designed and built or constructed of various parts
jointed together in some definite manner to carry loads and resist forces.
Structure: As applied to a crystal, the shape and size of the unit cell and the
location of all atoms within the unit cell. As applied to microstructure, the
size, shape and arrangement of phases. See also unit cell. (see Unit Cell)
Structure: The arangement of parts; in crystals, expecially, the shape and
dimension of the until cell, and the number, kinds and positions of the atoms
within it.
Structure (Cast Structure): The size and disposition of the constituents of a
metal as cast.
Structures : Bridges, culverts, catch basins, drop inlets, retaining walls,
cribbing, manholes, headwalls, buildings, sewers, service pipes, underdrains,
foundation drains and other structural features.
Strut: A structural member used as a brace to resist axial forces.
Stub Teeth (Gears): Gear teeth in which the working depth is less than 2.0
divided by normal diametral pitch.
Stub, stubbed: To push through.
Stucco: Refers to an outside plaster finish made with Portland cement as its
base.
Stucco: Rendering shaped and painted to resemble ashlar stonework.
Stud: Vertical member in wall framing.
Stud: A wood or metal vertical wall member to which exterior or interior
covering material may be attached. It can be either load bearing or non-load
bearing.
Stud: A vertical wood framing member, also referred to as a wall stud,
attached to the horizontal sole plate below and the top plate above. Normally
2 X 4’s or 2 X 6’s, 8′ long (sometimes 92 5/8″). One of a series of wood or
metal vertical structural members placed as supporting elements in walls and
partitions.
Stud: A timber post in a studwork partition or in traditional timber-framed
construction. There are also steel studs made of lightweight galvanized steel.
Stud Arc Welding: An arc welding process that produces coalescence of
metals by heating them with an arc between a metal stud or similar part and
the other workpiece. When the surfaces to be joined are properly heated, they
are brought together under pressure. Partial shielding may be obtained by the
use of a ceramic ferrule surrounding the stud. Shielding gas or flux may or
may not be used.
Stud framing: A building method that distributes structural loads to each of
a series of relatively lightweight studs. Contrasts with post-and-beam.
Stud shoe: A metal, structural bracket that reinforces a vertical stud. Used on
an outside bearing wall where holes are drilled to accommodate a plumbing
waste line.
Stud Welding: A general term for joining a metal stud or similar part to a
workpiece. Welding may be accommodated by arc, resistance, friction or
other processes with or without extemal gas shielding.
Studwork: A type of partition formed from studs at close intervals,
traditionally clad with lath and plaster, now with plasterboard.
Stuffing box: That portion of the pump which houses the packing or
mechanical seal, The stuffing box is usually referred to as the dry portion of
the pump, and is located in back of the impeller and around the shaft.
Styrofoam Pattern: An expendable pattern of foamed plastic, especially
expanded polystyrene, used in manufacturing castings by the lost foam
process.
Styroform Pattern: Expendable pattern of foamed plastic, especially
polystyrene, use in manufacturing casting by the Full_Mold process.
Sub: A short coupling with different types and/or sizes of ends.
Sub Boundary Structure : A network of low angle boundaries (usually with
misorientations or less than one degree) within the main grains of a
microstructure.
Subbase course : One or more layers of specified or selected materials, of
designed thickness, placed on the subgrade to support a base course.
Subboundary Structure (Subgrain Structure): A network of low-angle
boundaries, usually with misorientations less than 1° within the main grains
of a microstructure.
Subcontractor : An individual, partnership, firm, corporation or any
acceptable combination thereof, or joint venture, to which the contractor
sublets a part of the contract.
Subcooling: The difference between the temperature of a pure condensable
fluid below saturation and the temperature at the liquid saturated state, at the
same pressure.
Subcooling: The process of cooling a liquid to a temperature below its
saturation temperature for any given saturation pressure.
Subcritical Annealing: An annealing treatment in which, a steel is heated to
a temperature below the A1 temperature and then cooled slowly to room
temperature.
Subcritical Annealing: An annealing treatment in which a steel is heated to
a temperature below the A1 temperature and then cooled slowly to room
temperature.
Subcutaneous Blowhole: Blowholes at or near the surface of solidified
metal, covered with a thin layer of metal. May also be called pinhole
porosity.
Subcutaneous Blowhole: Blowholes at or near the surface of solidified
metal, covered with a thin layer of metal. May also be called pinhole
porosity.
Subdiscipline : Synonymous with engineering speciality.
Subfloor: The framing components of a floor to include the sill plate, floor
joists, and deck sheeting over which a finish floor is to be laid.
Subgrade : The roadbed materials beneath the pavement structure. The top
prepared surface of the subgrade is called finished subgrade elevation.
Subgrain: A portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in orientation
from neighboring portions of the same crystal. Generally, neighboring
subgrains are separated by low-angle boundaries.
Subgrain: A portion of a crystal or grain slightly different in orientation
from neighboring portions of the same crystal. Generally, neighboring
subgrains are separated by low angle boundaries.
Sublance: Secondary lance on an oxygen steelmaking converter (LD, BOF,
etc.) that is used to measure temperature and/or chemistry of a heat without
tilting the vessel for the test. The lance is used typically at the completion of
the oxygen blow and prior to the tapping process.
Sublimation: A change of state directly from solid to gas without appearance
of liquid.
Sublimation : Condition where a substance changes from a solid to a gas
without becoming a liquid.
Submerged Arc Welding (SAW): An arc welding process that produces
coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc or arcs between a bare
metal electrode or electrodes and the workpieces. The arc and molten metal
are shielded by a blanket of granular, fusible material on the workpieces.
Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode and
sometimes from a supplemental source (welding rod, flux or metal granules).
Submerged-electrode Furnace: A furnace used for liquid carburizing of
parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the
ceramic lining. See also immersed-electrode furnace.
Submersible Centrifugal Pumps: A Submersible Centrifugal Pump uses a
rotating impeller to pump fluid. Submersible pumps have waterproof
electrical connections and are often used to pump water from the bottom of a
tank, well, or reservoir.
Submersible Mixers: A Submersible Mixer is used to keep solids in
suspension. In its most basic design, the mixer is a simply a rotating fan on a
shaft for churning fluid to maintain a uniform composition. They are a key
component in a wastewater treatment plant.
Submersible Motors: A Submersible Motor is a motor with all electrical
connections design to me waterproof. The majority of submersible motors are
induction motors and require no electrical contact between the rotor and
stator.
Submersible Slurry Pumps: A Submersible Slurry Pump is a specially
design to reliable pump liquid with a high concentration of solids.
Submersible slurry pumps can be operated underwater and are used in
mineral processing and wastewater treatment applications.
Submersible Sump Pump: A Submersible Sump Pump is a pump that is
used to remove fluid from a sump, which is a low space that collects water in
a below grade structure, like a basement.
Submersible Water Pump: A Submersible Water Pump is a pump that is
design to be used underwater. It has waterproof electrical connection. Most
submersible water pumps are centrifugal, and uses a impeller connected to
the shaft of any electric motor to pump water.
Subplate: A metal base to which a specific valve may be attached using a
specified bolt kit.
Subplate Sections (Lube Systems): Baseplates that support the working
valve sections of stackable subplate divider valves, containing internal
porting, outlet ports and tie bolt holes.
Sub-problem : A lesser or constituent problem that results from the
decomposition of a problem.
Subsea Pressure Vessels: A Subsea Pressure Vessel is a pressure vessel that
is designed to be used underwater. Typical applications include flotation and
buoyancy tanks for seagoing structures.
Subsea Welding: Subsea Welding refers to the practice of joining metals
underwater. This is typically done by a diver using a gas tungsten arc welding
(GTAW) technique.
Subsidence: A downwards movement, especially a movement of
foundations. The term is most often used to describe the movement of
foundations on clay soil, when the soil shrinks due to becoming drier. (Fr.
affaissement, m).
Subsieve Fraction: Particles that will pass through a 44 um (325 mesh)
screen.
Subsoil : (1) The weather soil directly below the topsoil. (2) The ground
below formation level also called the subgrade or foundations.
Substantial equivalence : Applied to educational programmes means that
two programmes, while not meeting a single set of criteria, are both
acceptable as preparing their respective graduates to enter formative
development toward registration.
Substantive law: This term stands in contrast to procedural law (defined
above). Substantive law is the content of a statutory, or written law.
Substantive law includes the rights, duties and defences that exist to prove
your claim (or defend your claim). For example, the steps needed to prove
negligence are part of substantive law. In addition, assault and selfdefence are
matters of substantive law.
Substation: Name given to an area that is an electrical power distribution
center. A substation may contain several feeders of different voltages,
transformers, and the associated circuit breakers and instrumentation for
protection.
Substation: Name given to an area that is an electrical power distribution
center. A substation may contain several feeders of different voltages,
transformers, and the associated circuit breakers and instrumentation for
protection.
Substation Dcs Systems: Substation DCS (Distributed Control System)
refers to a power generation system in which the substations have
decentralized control and can be monitored and communicated to from a
number of points on the power grid via a system of controllers.
Substation Transformers: A Substation Transformer is used to transform an
incoming voltage into a desired output voltage. Often, a step down
transformer is used to transform high voltage used in long distance power
transmission into a lower voltage for residential and light industrial use. A
Step up transformer, on the other hand, increases the voltage for heavy
industrial usage.
Substitutional Element: An alloying element with an atomic size and other
features similar to the solvent that can replace or substitute for the solvent
atoms in the lattice and form a significant region of solid solution in the
phase diagram.
Substitutional Solid Solution: A solid solution in which the solvent and
solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the crystal structure of
the solution.
Substitutional Solid Solution: A solid solution in which the solvent and
solute atoms are located randomly at the atom sites in the crystal structure of
the solution.
Substrate: inorganic material that forms the streambed
Substrate: Raw material used as an input for steel processing: for example,
hot-rolled steel is the substrate for cold rolling operations.
Substrate: The layer of metal underlying a coating, regardless of whether the
layer is base metal.
Substructure : All that part of the bridge below the bridge seats, tops of
piers, haunches of rigid frames or below the spring lines of arches. Back
walls and parapets of abutments and wing walls of bridges shall be
considered as parts of the substructure.
Subsurface Corrosion: Formation of isolated particles of corrosion prooucts
beneath a metal surface. This results from the preferential reactions of certain
alloy constituents to inward diffusion of oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur.
Subzero Treatment: Refrigeration of steel to promote transformation of
retained austenite.
Subzero Treatment: Refrigeration of steel to promote transformation of
retained austenite.
Suck In: A Defect caused when one face of a forging is sucked in to fill a
projection on the opposite side.
Suction: A partial vacuum due to wind loads on a building which cause a
load in the outward direction.
Suction Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil as it leaves the system's
storage tank before it enters the pump.
Suction Filter: A filter that cleans the hydraulic oil as it leaves the system's
storage tank before it enters the pump.
Suction head : The positive pressure on the pump inlet when the source of
liquid supply is above the pump centerline.
Suction lift : The combination of static suction lift and friction head in the
suction piping when the source of liquid is below the pump centerline.
Suction line : Tube or pipe used to carry refrigerant gas from evaporator to
compressor.
Suction pressure : Pressure in low-pressure side of a refrigerating system.
Suction pressure control valve : Device located in the suction line which
maintains constant pressure in evaporator during running portion of cycle.
Suction pressure control valve : Device located in the suction line which
maintains constant pressure in evaporator during running portion of cycle.
Suction service valve : Two-way manually operated valve located at the
inlet to compressor. It controls suction gas flow and is used to service unit.
Suction side : Low-pressure side of the system extending from the
refrigerant control through the evaporator to the inlet valve of the
compressor.
SUFT: Steel unfit for Tin.
Sulface Alterations: Irregularities or changes on the surface of a material
due to machining or grinding operations. The types of surface alterations
associated with metal removal practices include mechanical (for example,
plastic deformation, hardness variations, cracks. etc.), metallurgical (for
example, phase transformations, twinning, recrystallization and untempered
or overtempered martensite), chemical (for example, intergranular attack,
embriblement and pitting), thermal (heat-affected zone, recast or redeposited
metal and resolidified material) and electrical surface alterations
(conductivity change or resistive heating).
Sulface Roughness: Fine irregularities in the surface texture of a material,
usually including those resulting from the inherent action of the production
process. Surface roughness is usually reported as the aritmetic roughness
average, Ra, and is given in micrometers or microinches.
Sulfate: A compound, ion, or salt of sulfur and oxygen, such as sodium
sulfate (Na2S04).
Sulfidation: The reaction of a metal or alloy with a sulfur-containing species
to produce a sulfur compound that forms on or beneath the surface on the
metal or alloy.
Sulfide Spheroidization: A stage of overheating in which sulfide inclusions
are partly or completely spheroidized.
Sulfide Staining: A coating defect consisting of dark gray-black colored
residue on tinplate which occurs when a break in the coating permits a high
sulfur food to contact the tinplate.
Sulfide Staining: A coating defect consisting of a dark grey black colored
residue on tinplate which occurs when a break in the coating permits a high
sulfur food to contact the tinplate.
Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC): Brittle fracture by cracking under the
combined action of tensile stress and corrosion in the presence of water and
hydrogen sulfide.
Sulfite decomposition : Sodium sulfite, which is used as an oxygen
scavenger, may decompose with higher temperatures and concentration. The
decomposition results in forming sulfur dioxide and thus leading to an acidic
anhydride causing corrosion.
Sulfonic: A specific acidic group (SO3H) on which depends the exchange
activity of certain cation adsorbents.
Sulfur: Chemical symbol S) Element No. 16 of the periodic system; atomic
weight 32.06. Non metal occurring in a number of allotropic modifications,
the most common being a pale yellow brittle solid. In steel most commonly
encountered as an undesired contaminant. However, it is frequently
deliberately added to cutting stock, to increase machinability.
Sulfur (S): Normally kept as low as possible in steels as it has a detrimental
effect on hot and cold formability, ductility, fatigue properties and on
weldability. It is beneficial, through the form of manganese sulfide particles,
on the machinability of steel and up to ~0.35% can be present in free-cutting
steels.
Sulfur dioxide (so2) : An old refrigerant.
Sulfur Dome: An inverted container, holding a high concentration of sulfur
dioxide gas, used in die casting to cover a pot of molten magnesium to
prevent burning.
Sulfur Print: A macrographic method of examining for the distribution of
sulfide impurities, in which a sheet of wet acidified bromide paper is placed
on the polished surface to be examined.
Sulfur Prints: A macrographic method of examining for the distribution of
sulfide impurities, in which a sheet of wet acidified bromide paper is placed
on the polished surface to be examined.
Sulfuric acid : solution used in the cleaning stages of the galvanizing process
that consists of two hydrogen ions and one sulfate ion (chemical formula:
h2SO4) in a water mixture
Sulphate/sulfate: Sulphates in soil or ground water can damage cement-
based blocks, mortar or concrete. Special sulphate-resisting cement can be
used to resist it. Sulphates in the ground are often a result of industrial
pollution.
Sulphate-bearing soils : If ground water contains more than 0.1% of SO3 or
if a clay contains more than 0.5% of SO3, high-alumina cement should be
used for all concrete in the ground. Portland pozzolana cement may
sometimes give enough protection at lower cost. No precautions needed with
foundation concrete in water containing less than 0.02% of SO3 or clay
which contains less than 0.1% of SO3.
Sump: Pit or large plastic bucket/barrel inside the home designed to collect
ground water from a perimeter drain system.
Sump: deep water filled hole that the pump inlet is placed into. Constructed
to increase water depth in order to reduce vortex formation and air
entrainment.
Sump : A pit in which water or sewage collects before being baled or
pumped out.
Sump pan: A metal deck accessory used at drain locations to close the
opening where holes are cut in the metal deck.
Sump pump: A submersible pump in a sump pit that pumps any excess
ground water to the outside of the home.
Sun effect : Solar energy transmitted into space through windows and
building materials.
Sun Gear: The center gear that remains in mesh with the planet gears.
Super structure : All that part of a structure above and including the bearing
of simple and continuous spans, skewbacks of arches and top of footings of
rigid frames, excluding back walls, wing walls, and wing protection rails.
Superabrasives: Synthetically produced diamond and cubic boron nitride
(CBN) used in a wide variety of cutting and grinding applications.
Superalloy (High-Temperature Alloy): Alloy that can withstand very hot
operating environments — up to 2,000°F (1,093°C) for some alloys — and
attendant corrosion and oxidation problems.
Superalloys: An alloy developed for very high temperature use where
relatively high stresses are encountered and where oxidation resistance is
needed.
Superconductivity: A property of many metals, alloys, compounds, oxides
and organic materials at temperatures near absolute zero by virtue of which
theirelectrical resistivity vanishes and they become strongly diamagnetic.
Supercooling: Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase
transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation.
Supercooling: Cooling of a substance below the temperature at which a
change of state would ordinarily place without such a change of state
occurring, for example, the cooling of a liquid below its freezing point
without freezing taking place; this results in a metastable state.
Supercooling: Cooling to a temperature below that of an equilibrium phase
transformation without the transformation taking place.
Superduty Fireclay Brick: Having pce above 33 with less than 1.0 percent
linear shrink in the 1599 B0C (2910 B0F) reheat test, and less than 4.0
percent loss in panel spalling test preheated at 1649 B0C (3000 B0F).
Superelevation : Exaggerated tilt of roadway on a curve to counteract
centrifugal force on vehicles.
Superficial Rockwell Hardness Test: Form of Rockwell hardness test using
relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration. Used for
determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections or small parts, or
where large hardness impression might be harmful.
Superficial Rockwell Hardness Test: Form of Rockwell hardness test using
relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration. Used for
determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections or small parts, or
where large hardness impression might be harmful.
Superfines: The portion of a metal powder that is compopsed of particles
smaller than a specified size, ususually 10um.
Superfines: The portion of a metals powder that is composed of particles
smaller than a specified sizes, usually 10 um.
Superfinishing: A low-velocity abrading process very similar to honing;
however, unlike honing, superfinishing process focus primarily on the
improvement of surface finish and much less on correction of geometric
errors (dimensional accuracy). Also known as microhoning.
Superheat: Any increment of temperature above the melting point of a
metal; sometimes construed to be any increment of temperature above normal
casting temperatures introduced for the purpose of refining, alloying or
improving fluidity.
Superheat: The heat added to a fluid above its saturation point.
Superheated Steam: Steam that has passed through the superheater elements
and has become saturated with heat to a temperature of approximately 850°F.
Higher steam temperature allows for greater expansion of the steam in its
end-use and thus, more work can be performed by a given amount of steam.
Superheated Steam: Steam that has passed through the superheater elements
and has become saturated with heat to a temperature of approximately 850
degrees. Higher steam temperature allows for greater expansion of the steam
in it's end use and thus more work can be performed by a given amount of
steam.
Superheated steam : Steam heated above its saturation temperature.
Superheated vapor : A vapor which is not about to condense.
Superheater: Heat exchanger arranged to take heat from liquid going to
evaporator and using it to superheat vapor leaving evaporator.
Superheater Elements: Bank of boiler tubes whose purpose is to increase
the steam temperature under the same pressure before it exits the boiler. Only
steam passes through the superheater elements. This bank of tubes is in the
hottest fire in the boiler.
Superheater Elements: Bank of boiler tubes whose purpose is to increase
the steam temperature under the same pressure before it exits the boiler. Only
steam passes through the superheater elements. This bank of tubes is in the
hottest fire in the boiler
Superheating: 1. Heating a phase to a temperature above that of a phase
transformation without the transformation taking place. 2. Heating molten
metal to a temperature to obtain more complete refining or greater fluidity.
Superheating: The process of adding heat to a vapor in order to raise its
temperature above saturation temperature. It is impossible to superheat a
saturated vapor as long as it is in contact with the liquid from which it is
being generated; hence the vapor must be led away from the liquid before it
can be superheated.
Superimposed load: Usually means a load that is in addition to the dead
weight of the bar joists and bridging.
Superplastic Forming (SPF): A strain rate sensitive sheet metal forming
process that uses characteristics of materials exhibiting high tensile
elongation. During superplastic forming, gas pressure is imposed on a
superplastic sheet, causing the material to form into the die configuration. See
also superplasticity. (see Superplasticity)
Superplasticity: The ability of certain metals (most notably aluminum- and
titanium-base alloys) to develop extremely high tensile elongations at
elevated temperatures and under controlled rates of deformation.
Supersaturated: Metastable solution in which the dissolved material
exceeds the amount the solvent can hold in normal equilibrium at the
temperature and under other conditions that prevail.
Supersaturated: Metastable solution in which the dissolved material
exceeds the amount the solvent can hold in normal equilibrium at the
temperature and under the other conditions that prevail.
Supersaturated solution : A solution of a salt or mineral with a
concentration beyond the normal saturation point.
Supersonic Reflectoscope: An instrument for sending, receiving and
measuring sound waves over 20,000 cycles per second.
Supersonic Reflectoscope: An instrument for sending, receiving, and
measuring sound waves over 20,000 cycles per second.
Superstructure: The rotating upper frame structure of the machine and the
operating machinery mounted thereon.
Supersucker: A truck that is used to remove sludge from the plater cells and
plater distribution tank.
Supersucker: A truck that is used to remove sludge from the plater cells and
plater distribution tank.
Support Pin: Large steel pin used to hold the burr mashers in place.
Support Pin: Large steel pin used to hold the burr mashers in place.
Support Plate: A plate that supports a draw ring or draw plate in a sheet
metal forming press. It also serves as a spacer. See also draw plate and draw
ring. (see Draw Plate) (see Draw Ring)
Supporting Lift: A lifter that carries the load on rigid projection(s) or
bearing surface(s).
Supporting Structure: The structure used for the support of a monorail or
crane system.
Supramor: An electromagnetic flaw detection ink for the rapid detection of
subcutaneous and surface flaws in ferrous metals.
Supramor: An electromagnetic flaw detection ink for the rapid detection of
subcutaneous and surface flaws in ferrous metals.
Surcharge: a condition in which the water elevation at the upstream end of a
culvert exceeds the culvert obvert.
Surcharge: This is an addition to the normal mill price of steel to cover the
cost of alloying elements used in producing certain grades. In some cases,
surcharges also reflect energy costs. Surcharges were introduced when the
price of alloying elements, such as nickel, became much more volatile,
moving sharply away from their historic, and more stable, price range. Mills
were faced with sharply escalating prices and introduced surcharges to
protect their margins. Clearly over time, surcharge values move down as well
as up. Apart from nickel, other elements typically factored into mill surcharge
calculations include chrome, molybdenum, manganese, titanium, vanadium,
silicon and iron (scrap). Surcharges can play a very influential role in setting
the transaction price (base price + surcharge) of stainless steel, and can
significantly exceed the base price. They are also a factor in the pricing of
other alloy steels like electrical sheet and engineering/SBQ grades, as well as
carbon steels in some markets (scrap surcharge). Values are usually adjusted
monthly based on recent past alloy/scrap price movements.
Surcharge : A surface loading in addition to the soil load behind a retaining
wall.
Surety : The corporate body bound with the contractor for the full and
complete performance of the contract and for payment of all debts pertaining
to the work.
Surface Blasting: Surface Blasting is a technique in which an abrasive is
combined with a pressurized air to mechanically abrade a surface to remove
rust, corrosion, paints, or coatings.
Surface blowdown : Removal of water, foam, etc. from the surface at the
water level in a boiler.
Surface condition : state of the surface of the steel
Surface Contamination: A defect referring to a particle or substance foreign
to the typical surface generated during normal steel production. Such a
foreign substance may be in the form of a film, oxide growth, imbedded
material, etc., and may cause discoloration, poor lacquer adhesion, container
forming problems, corrosion, etc.
Surface Contamination: A defect referring to a particle or substance foreign
to the typical surface generated during normal steel production. Such a
foreign substance may be in the form of a film, oxide growth, imbedded
material, etc., and may cause discoloration, poor lacquer adhesion, container
forming problems, corrosion, etc.
Surface course : One or more layers of specified materials designed to
accommodate the traffic load; the top layer of which resists skidding, traffic
abrasion and the disintegrating effect of climate. The top layer is sometime
called a "wearing course".
Surface Critical: An order specification which indicates the end-use
requirement and dictates special processing to ensure a uniform, "defect free"
surface.
Surface Critical: An order specification which indicates the end use
requirement and dictates special processing to ensure a uniform, defect free
surface.
Surface Damage: In tribology, damage to a solid surface resulting from
mechanical contact with another substance, surface or surfaces moving
relatively to it and involving the displacement or removal of material. In
certain contexts, wear is a form of surface damage in which material is
progressively removed. In another context, surface damage involves a
deterioration of function of a solid surface even though there is no material
loss from that surface. Surface damage may therefore precede wear.
Surface Finish: The surface roughness of a component as measured by a
surface profilometer.
Surface Finish: (Tin Mill Products) The ground roll finishes are 7B, a
smooth finish, normally for melted coatings intended for special applications;
7C, the standard mill finish, for either melted or unmelted coatings is the
finish used for most applications. The blasted roll finishes are 5B, a shot blast
finish (SBF) with a melted tin coating; 5C, a shot blast finish with an
unmelted tin coating, principally for crowns and closures; 5D, a shot blast
finish with and unmelted tin coating primarily for D&I cans.
Surface Hardening: A generic term covering several processes applicable to
a suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by quench hardening only, a surface
layer that is harder or more wear-resistant than the core. There is no
significant alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The
processes commonly used are induction hardening, flame hardening and shell
hardening. Use of the applicable specific process name is preferred.
Surface Hardening: generic term covering several processes applicable to a
suitable ferrous alloy that produce, by quench hardening only, a surface layer
that is harder or more wear resistant than the core. There is no significant
alteration of the chemical composition of the surface layer. The processes
commonly used are induction hardening, flame hardening and shell
hardening. Use of the applicable specific process name is preferred.
Surface heating : The exterior surface of a heating unit. Extended heating
surface (or extended surface), consisting of fins, pins, or ribs which receive
heat by conduction from the prime surface. Prime surface: heating surface
having the heating medium on one side and air (or extended surface) on the
other.
Surface Imperfections: A superficial defect that mars the surface of steel
and is detrimental to the end-use; examples include blisters and roll mark
defects.
Surface Imperfections: A superficial defect that mars the surface of steel
and is detrimental to the end use; examples include blisters and roll mark
defects.
Surface Inclusion: An inclusion or non-metallic particles that shows through
at the surface of the steel. (see Inclusions) (see Inclusions)
Surface Inclusion: An inclusion or non metallic particles that shows through
at the surface of the steel. (See also Inclusion)
Surface Inspection: The inspection of the surface of products for defects
such as ingot cracks, scabs, seams, burned steel, laps, twist, guide marks, etc.
Surface Modification: The alteration of surface composition or structure by
the use of energy or particle beams. Two types of surface modification
methods commonly employed are ion implantation and laser surface
processing.
Surface Mount Hinge: A Surface Mount Hinge is used as a pivot point to
install a door on a cabinet. They are easy to install and require minimal
alterations to the structure.
Surface Oil: Oil which is applied for corrosion protection or other special
purposes.
Surface Oil Oil Which: Oil which is applied for corrosion protection or
other special purposes.
Surface Panel Mount Sockets: A Surface Panel Mount Socket is a electrical
connection that can be mounted on to a door or panel easily with only a few
bolts or screws. They are commonly used to connect a electrical cabinet to an
outside power source.
Surface preparation : stages of cleaning that prepare the steel for finishing
(galvanizing)
Surface Protection Air Liquide (SPAL): The use of liquid argon, liquid
nitrogen or carbon dioxide to minimize the reaction of air and molten metal
that normally occurs in an induction furnace. The liquid or snow is fed onto
the surface of the molten metal where it vaporizes, displacing the air thus
reducing slag and oxygen levels.
Surface Protection Air Liquide (Spal): The use of liquid argon, liquid
nitrogen, or carbon dioxide snow to minimize the reaction of air and molten
metal that normally occurs in an induction furnace. The liquid or snow is fed
onto the surface of the molten metal where it vaporizes, displacing the air
thus reducing slag and oxygen levels.
Surface recycling : Recycling an existing pavement surface by heating,
scarifying (Milling), remixing, rejuvenating with an emulsified recycling
agent, placing and compacting.
Surface Roughness: The texture or "pattern" of a steel surface.
Surface Roughness : The texture or pattern of a steel surface determined by
the grit on the roll or the grind on a brite roll.
Surface Tear: Minute surface cracks on rolled products which can be caused
by insufficient ingot scalping.
Surface Tear: Minute surface cracks on rolled products which can be caused
by insufficient ingot scalping,
Surface Tension: The attractive force exerted by molecules below the
surface upon molecules at the surface/air interface. The strength of the
surface tension varies with the polarity of the liquid: high-polar substances
like water have higher surface tension than low-polar substances like organic
solvents and oils.
Surface Tension: The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to
minimize the area of the surface; quantitatively, the force that appears to act
across a line of unit length on the surface. Also known as interfacial force;
interfacial tension; surface tensity.
Surface Texture: The roughness, waviness, lay or other characteristics of the
surface of a part.
Surface water : Water carried by an aggregate in addition to that held by
absorption within the aggregate particles themselves. It is water in addition to
saturated surface density water.
Surface-spray unit : A spray coil unit.
Surfacing: Depositing a filler metal on a metal surface by any method to
obtain certain desired properties or dimensions.
Surfacing : The uppermost layer of material placed on the travelled way, or
shoulders. This term is used interchangeably with pavement.
Surfacing Weld: A type of weld composed of one or more stringer or weave
beads deposited on an unbroken surface to obtain desired properties or
dimensions.
Surfactant: Any surface modifying material that imparts antiwear, extreme
pressure or rust inhibition properties, spreadability, etc.
Surfactant: A compound that affects interfacial tension between two liquids.
It usually reduces surface tension.
Surfactant (Cleansers): A compound that reduces surface tension when
dissolved in water or aqueous solution, or that reduces interfacial tension
between two liquids or a liquid and a solid. The three types of surfactants are
wetting agents, detergents and emulsifiers.
Surfactants: A wetting agent used to prevent fouling, mainly in water
cooling systems.
Surge: The sudden displacement or movement of water in a closed vessel or
drum.
Surge Arrestors: A Surge Arrestor is used to protect delicate electronics
from an overvoltage surge, such as what can occur during a lightening strike.
Surge surpressor : A device that reduces harmonic distortion in line voltage
circuits by clipping off transient voltages which are fed through the power
lines from operating equipment.
Surge tank : Container connected to the low-pressure side of a refrigerating
system which increases gas volume and reduces rate of pressure change.
Surge Valve: A valve that is used to release pressure and wind on a blower
and to vent it to the atmosphere.
Surge Valve: A valve that is used to release pressure and wind on a blower
and to vent it to atmosphere.
Survey Equipment: Survey Equipment is used to measure distances and
positions on earth. Surveying is a fundamental civil engineering technique.
Survival Power: The amount of power a mill must generate to keep power
on in critical areas (e.g., blast furnace, BOP, etc.).
Survival Power: The amount of power a mill must generate to keep power
on critical areas (e.g. blast furnace, BOP, etc.) in the event that we should
lose feeders 206 and 208 from Mon Power.
Suspended ceiling: A ceiling system supported by hanging it from the
overhead structural framing.
Suspended ceilings: A ceiling which is suspended from and is not in direct
contact with the floor or roof construction above and generally used to
conceal services.
Suspended concrete slab: A slab spanning between supporting walls or
posts.
Suspended sediments: particles carried in water without being dissolved
Suspended solids : Undisclosed solids in boiler water.
Suspended Solids Analyser: A Suspended Solids Analyser is used to
measure the concentration of suspended solids in a fluid, also known as
turbidity, by measuring the reflection of infrared light in a fluid sample.
Suspension bridge : a bridge in which the roadway deck is suspended
from cables that pass over two towers; the cables are anchored in housings at
either end of the bridge
Suspension Fittings: Fittings used to attach the track to the supporting
structure.
Sustainability : The condition sought by application of the principles of
sustainable development.
Sustainable development : Development which seeks to produce sustainable
economic growth while ensuring future generations' ability to do the same by
not exceeding the regenerative capacity of the nature.
Sustainable development (sd) : the social, economic, and environmental
commitment to growth and development that meet the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Swage: Operation of reducing or changing the cross-sectional area by
revolving the stock under fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with concave
working surface; useful for rounding out work after its preliminary drawing
to size.
Swage: Operation of reducing or changing the cross sectional area by
revolving the stock under fast impact of blows. Finishing tool with concave
working surface; useful for rounding out work after its preliminary drawing
to size.
Swaging: Tapering bar, rod, wire or tubing by forging, hammering or
squeezing; reducing a section by progressively tapering lengthwise until the
entire section attains the smaller dimension of the taper. See also rotary
swaging.
Swamp cooler : Evaporative type cooler in which air is drawn through
porous mats soaked with water.
Swamp pad: large wood pad used to distribute excavator weight in soft
conditions.
Swarf: Intimate mixture of grinding chips and fine particles of abrasive and
bond resulting from a grinding operation.
Swash Plate: A stationary canted plate in an axial type piston pump, which
causes the pistons to reciprocate as the cylinder barrel rotates.
Sway brace: Metal straps or wood blocks installed diagonally on the inside
of a wall from bottom to top plate, to prevent the wall from twisting, racking,
or falling over “domino” fashion.
Sweat Soldering: A soldering process variation in which two or more parts
that have been precoated with solder are reheated and assembled into a joint
without the use of additional solder.
Sweep: The curvature of a structural member in the perpendicular transverse
direction of its vertical axis.
Sweep: Maximum lateral deviation from straightness of a structural member,
measured at right angles to the Y-Y axis.
Sweep: Second definition: A type of foundry pattern that is a template cut to
the profile of the desired mold shape that. When revolved around a stake or
spindle, produces that shape in the mold.
Sweep : direction or departure of a curve, a road, an arch, or the like, away
from a rectlinear line
Swell: A casting defect consisting of an increase in metal section due to the
displacement of sand by metal pressure.
Swell: A casting defect consisting of an increase in metal section due to the
displacement of sand by metal pressure.
Swelling: The expansion of an ion exchange which occurs when the reactive
groups on the resin are converted from one form to another.
Swelling pressure : The pressure exerted by a contained clay when it
absorbs water. It can amount to considerably more than the pressure of the
overlying soil.
Swift Cup Test: A simulative test for detennining formability of sheet metal
in which circular blanks of various diameters are clamped in a die ring and
deep drawn into a cup by a flat-bottomed cylindrical punch. The ratio of the
largest blank diameter that can be drawn successfully to the cup diameter is
known as the limiting drawing ratio (LDR) or deformation limit.
Swimming Pool Pumps: A Swimming Pool Pump is used to filter and
recirculate pool water. This prevents the water from stagnating.
Swing: the space required for an excavator to rotate.
Swing: Rotation of the superstructure for movement of loads in a horizontal
direction about the axis of rotation.
Swing Forging Machine: Equipment for continuously hot reducing ingots,
blooms or billets to square flats, rounds or rectangles by the crank-driven
oscillating action of paired dies.
Swing Frame Grinder: A device for grinding large castings where the work
remains stationary. This grinder, too large to be hand lifted, is usually
suspended from a hoist.
Swing Frame Grinder: A device for grinding large castings where the work
remains stationary. This grinder, too large to be hand lifted, is usually
suspended from a hoist.
Swing Lathes: A Swing Lathe is a lathe that features a cut out in the bed to
accommodate the turning of large diameter parts.
Swing Loaders: A Swing Loader is a front end loader with a pivoting bucket
to allow a load to be dumped to the side of the loader.
Switch: A device that completes or disconnects an electrical circuit.
Switch, Cross-Track: A track switch containing one straight section of
track, pivoted about the center, which can be rotated to align with other
crossing tracks to allow passage of the carrier through the junction without
changing the direction of the carrier motion.
Switch, Emergency Stop: A manually actuated switch to disconnect power
independently of the regular operating Bridge Crane Controls.
Switch, Glide (Slide): A track switch with a movable inner frame containing
straight or curved sections of track. The inner frame can be moved to align
these sections of track with other fixed tracks to permit routing of carriers.
Switch, Limit: A device that is actuated by the motion of a part of a power-
driven machine or equipment to alter or disconnect the electric, hydraulic, or
pneumatic circuit associated with the machine or equipment.
Switch, Main (Crane Disconnect): A switch on the crane Bridge Crane
Controlling the main power supply from the runway conductors.
Switch, Master: Switch that dominates the operation of contactors, relays, or
other remotely operated devices.
Switch, Master, Spring-Return: A master switch that when released will
return automatically to a neutral (OFF) position.
Switch, Runway Disconnect: A switch, usually at floor level, Bridge Crane
Controlling the main power supply to the runway conductors.
Switch, Tongue: A track switch containing one straight section of track,
pivoted at one end, which can be swung to various positions to connect with
fixed tracks for routing of carriers.
Switch, Track: A device with a moving section of track that can be moved to
permit passage of a carrier from incoming fixed track(s) to outgoing fixed
track(s).
Switchboards: Switchboards are electronic equipment designed for
controlling the distribution of incoming power to different outputs.
Switchgear: Enclosures that house circuit breakers, metering and protective
relaying equipment and also distributes electrical power.
Switchgear: Switchgear is a device that uses disconnects, fuses, and circuit
breakers to isolate electric equipment from incoming power for maintenance
or repair.
Switching: An action by the load dispatcher of opening or closing various
circuit breakers in the plant for various reasons such as work by line gang,
work by breaker gang, restoring lost power.
Switching: An action by the Load Dispatcher of opening or closing various
circuit breakers in the plant for various reasons such as work by line gang,
work by breaker gang, restoring lost power.
Swivel Joint: A connector or fitting that is equipped with seals or o rings that
allow it to partially rotate while passing a fluid path through a sealed internal
passage.
Sx/ew: Solvent extraction and electro-winning.
Synchro: A rotary electromagnetic device generally used as an AC feedback
signal generator, which indicates position. It can also be used as a reference
signal generator.
Synchronize: The act of bringing one electrical system (or generator) into
perfect electrical alignment with a separate electrical system. For example,
the A phase of system one would be reaching its peak at the exact same time
as the A phase of system two. It is only when you have this synchronization
that you can close a circuit breaker and tie the two systems together.
Synchronize: The act of bringing one electrical system (or generator) into
perfect electrical alignment with a separate electrical system. For example,
the A phase of system 1 would be reaching its peak at the exact same time as
the A phase of system 2. It is only when you have this synchronization that
you can close a circuit breaker and tie the two systems together.
Synchronous Gensets: A Synchronous Genset is a series of generators that
convert motion to electrical power via rotation of permanent magnets. The
rotating magnetic field creates an AC voltage
Synchronous Motor: A Synchronous Motor is an AC motor which spins at
some frequency multiple of the input AC frequency. They are generally
employed in applications where constant motor speed is critical.
Synergism: The combined action of several chemicals which produce an
effect greater than the additive effects of each.
Synergism : The combined action of several chemicals which produce an
effect greater than the additive effects of each.
Synthesis : The process of building a new concept, solution, design for a
purpose by putting parts together in a logical way.
Synthetic Cold-rolled Sheet: A hot-rolled pickled sheet given a sufficient
final temper pass to impart a surface approximating that of cold-rolled steel.
Synthetic Fluid: A hydraulic oil (fluid) that is made from a synthetic base. A
fluid manufactured to specified characteristics. Normally will not support
combustion if heated to a specific temperature.
Synthetic Gear Oils: Synthetic Gear Oils are used to lubricate the moving
components in a gearbox or transmission. Synthetic Oils have chemistries
that are formulated for specific lubrication properties and is an improvement
over mineral oils
Synthetic Lubricant: A lubricant is a compound used to reduce friction
between moving surfaces such as those found in motors, engines, shafts,
gears and other mechanical connections. While some lubricants may be
natural, such as water, others are man-made, or synthetic. Synthetic lubricants
combine multiple chemicals into a compound that delivers superior
performance. For example, synthetic oils are produced with chemical
additives to improve lubrication, increase resistance to heat breakdown, and
increase the effectiveness of the oil for a longer period of time.
Synthetic Lubricants/Fluids: Man-made products created by chemically
combining specific compounds, producing substances with specialized
lubricating qualities to meet specific objectives. This group includes the
following subgroups: synthesized hydrocarbons, principally polyalphaolefin;
organic esters, e.g., the diesters and polyol esters; polyglycols, some of which
are used in water-glycol FR fluids; phosphate esters, FR fluids with good
lubricating characteristics; and others, e.g., silicones, silicate esters,
polyphenyl esters and fluorocarbons.
Synthetic Molding Sand: Any sand compounded from selected individual
materials which, when mixed together, produce a mixture of the proper
physical and mechanical properties from which to make foundry molds.
Synthetic Molding Sand: Any sand compounded from selected individual
materials which, when mixed together, produce a mixture of the proper
physical and mechanical properties from which to make foundry molds.
Synthetics Cleaners: Synthetic Cleaners are specially formulated chemical
compounds that are designed for specific cleaning purposes.
System: A series of ducts, conduits, elbows, branch piping, etc. designed to
guide the flow of air, gas or vapor to and from one or more locations. A fan
provides the necessary energy to overcome the resistance to flow of the
system and causes air or gas flow through the system. Some components of a
typical system are louvers, grilles, diffusers, filters, heating and cooling coils,
air pollution control devices, burner assemblies, volume flow control
dampers, mixing boxes, sound attenuators, the ductwork and related fittings.
System Pressure: See OPERATING PRESSURE.
System Sand: Foundry sand used in making molds and which eventually
becomes the bulk of the sand used in the mechanical system or mechanized
unit. See also Sand
System Start: Button on the oil system's control panels which is pushed after
the pump selections have been made in order to start the system.
System Stop: Button on the oil systems' control panel that is pushed to shut
down the system.
System, central fan : A mechanical, indirect system of heating, ventilating,
or air conditioning, in which the air is treated or handled by equipment
located outside the rooms served, usually at a central location, and conveyed
to and from the rooms by means of a fan and a system of distributing ducts.
System, closed : A heating or refrigerating piping system in which
circulating water or brine is completely enclosed, under pressure above
atmospheric, and shut off from the atmosphere except for an expansion tank.
System, duct : A series of ducts, conduits, elbows, branch piping, etc.
designed to guide the flow of air, gas or vapor to and from one or more
locations. A fan provides the necessary energy to overcome the resistance to
flow of the system and causes air or gas to flow through the system. Some
components of a typical system are louvers, grilles, diffusers, filters, heating
and cooling coils energy recovery de vices, burner assemblies, volume
dampers, mixing boxes, sound attenuators, the ductwork and related fittings.
System, flooded : A system in which only part of the refrigerant passing over
the heat transfer surface is evaporated, and the portion not evaporated is
separated from the vapor and recirculated.
System, unitary : A complete, factory assembled and factory tested
refrigerating system comprising one or more assemblies which may be
shipped as one unit or separately but which are designed to be used together.
Systeme international (s.i.): The system of units, based on
the metre, kilogram and second, used by engineers in the UK and elsewhere.
The metre and kilogram are divided and multiplied by 1000 to make larger
and smaller units. Many think it is an odd system which is based on a unit,
the kilogram, which is itself a multiple of another unit, being 1000 grams.
T & C: Threaded and coupled. Male (pin) threads are cut into and cut into
pieces and a coupling provides female threads for both lengths joined.
T & g, tongue and groove: A joint made by a tongue (a rib on one edge of a
board) that fits into a corresponding groove in the edge of another board to
make a tight flush joint. Typically, the subfloor plywood is T & G.
T bar: Ribbed, “T” shaped bars with a flat metal plate at the bottom that are
driven into the earth. Normally used chain link fence poles, and to mark
locations of a water meter pit.
T3M: Trailing 3 Months
Ta: Chemical symbol for tantalum.
Ta: Chemical symbol for Tantalum
Tab: The exposed portion of strip shingles defined by cutouts.
Table Mill: In ring rolling, a type of ring forging equipment employing
multiple mandrels with a common main roll. Usually used in high volume
production of small-diameter rolled rings.
Table Mill: In ring rolling, a type of ring forging equipment employing
multiple mandrels with a common main roll. Usually used in high volume
production of small diameter rolled rings.
Table Test: A quality test taken to visually inspect the plate.
Table Test: A quality test taken to visually inspect the plate.
Tacan: Tactical Air Navigation system. An ultra-high frequency electronic
navigation aid which provides suitably-equipped aircraft with a continuous
indication of bearing and distance to the selected Tacan station. The distance
element can be received by civilian DME equipment, but otherwise Tacan is
principally a military navaid.
Tach Roll: Roll used for measuring line speed.
Tachogenerators: A tachogenerator is a device for measuring the rotational
speed of a shaft by correlating speed to the voltage produced by a small
generator attached to the shaft.
Tachometer: An instrument used to measure the revolutions per minute
(rpm) of a rotating shaft of a turbine.
Tachometer Gauges: A Tachometer Gauge is used to measure rotational
speed, typically on revolutions per minute.
Tack coat : A thin coat of bitumen, road tar or emulsion laid on a road to
improve the adhesion of a course above it.
Tack weld : A temporary half-inch thick weld that holds steel parts together
during fabrication.
Tack Welds: Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weld in proper
alignment while the final welds are being made.
Tack Welds: Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weld in proper
alignment while the final welds are being made.
Tackiness: A coating defect consisting of a stickiness of a cured coating.
Blocking is caused by tackiness.
Tackiness: A coating defect consisting of a stickiness of a cured coating.
Blocking is caused by tackiness.
Tacking: Making tack welds.
Taconite: Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron. It is the primary ore
used in blast furnaces. Domestic supplies of iron-rich ores (greater than 50%
iron) were largely depleted in the 1940s, so integrated steel companies now
process the lower-grade taconite to make it useful.
Taconite: Natural mineral containing less than 30% iron. It is the primary ore
used in blast furnaces. Domestic supplies of iron rich ores (greater than 50%
iron) were largely depleted in the 1940s, so integrated steel companies now
process the lower grade taconite to make it useful.
Tagged end (t.e.): This is the end of a joist or joist girder where an
identification or piece mark is shown by a metal tag. The member must be
erected with this tagged end in the same position as the tagged end noted on
the erection plan.
Tagline: An electrical conductor system employing flexible cables.
Tail: Slag that has cooled to a solid phase at the spout.
Tail beam: A relatively short beam or joist supported in a wall on one end
and by a header at the other.
Tail End: 1. The balance of the coil removed from the entry end. 2. The
portion of the coil that makes up the inner diameter on the entry reels and the
outer diameter on the delivery reels.
Tail End: 1) The balance of the coil removed from the entry end. 2) The
portion of the coil that makes up the inner diameter on the entry reels and the
outer diameter on the delivery reels.
Tail Mark: See ?Mark, Roll Bruise?.
Tail out: riffle at downstream end of pool
Tailing Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the end of the weld.
Tailing Heat: Heat cycle setting on the welder for the end of the weld.
Tailings: The end-product or waste of ore mining, usually piled up in close
proximity of a mining area. Some will often contain some metal that can be
extracted.
Tailings: The end product or waste of ore mining, usually piled up in close
proximity of a mining area. Some will often contain some metal that can be
extracted.
Tailings dam : a dam, usually made of earth and rock, used to contain
mining waste
Tailored Blanks: A section of sheet or strip that is cut-to-length and trimmed
to match specifications for the manufacturer's stamping design for a
particular part. Because excess steel is cut away (to save shipping costs), all
that remains for the stamper is to impart the three-dimensional shape with a
die press. (see Blanking)
Tailored Blanks: A section of sheet or strip that is cut to length and trimmed
to match specifications for the manufacturer's stamping design for a
particular part. Because excess steel is cut away (to save shipping costs), all
that remains for the stamper is to impart the three dimensional shape with a
die press (see Blanking).
Tailwind: Strong wind in the same direction as the motion of the aircraft.
Take off: The material necessary to complete a job.
Take Up: Steel block where material is wound when rolling or slitting.
Take-Up: Steel block where material is wound when rolling or slitting.
Tall Oil: A natural mixture of rosin acids obtained by acidifying the black
liquor skimmings of the alkaline paper pulp industry. “Tall” is an
abbreviation of the Swedish word “tallolja,” meaning pine; the material was
first investigated in Sweden. Tall oil is used in the manufacture of cutting
oils.
Tall pipe: Outlet pipe from the evaporator.
Tallow: Animal fat prepared from beef and mutton, sometimes a
combination of solid and fluid fats; acidless tallow is used in the formulation
of compounded cylinder oils to increase wettability properties in the presence
of steam. Ordinary tallow contains 25% fatty acids; acidless tallow contains
less than 0.5%.
Tamp: To pound down or consolidate the material.
Tandem: tandem axle (rear) dump truck.
Tandem compound turbine: turbines are large turbines consisting of two or
more turbines in series coupled together as one shaft and applied to one
generator
Tandem Mill: A type of cold rolling mill, the tandem mill imparts greater
strength, a uniform and smoother surface, and reduced thickness to the steel
sheet. Unlike the original single-stand mills, a tandem mill rolls steel through
a series of rolls (generally three to five in a row) to achieve a desired
thickness and surface quality.
Tandem Mill: A cluster of rolling mills where mill stands are in tandem. At
WSC, this terminology generally refers to WSC's cold reducing mills.
Tandem roller : A road roller having rolls (drums) of about the same
diameter behind each other on the same track.
Tandem Welding: Arc welding in which two or more electrodes are in a
plane parallel to the line of travel.
Tangent Bending: The forming of one or more identical bends having
parallel axes by wiping sheet metal around one or more radius dies in a single
operation. The sheet, which may have side flanges, is clamped against the
radius die and then made to conform to the radius die by pressure from a
rocker-plate die that moves along the periphery of the radius die. See also
wiper forming. (see wiper forming)
Tangent modulus: The slope of the stress-strain curve of a material in the
inelastic range at any given stress level.
Tangential Sprays: Sprays that cool down exhaust heat before it enters the
scrubber duct work.
Tangential Sprays: Sprays that cool down exhaust heat before it enters the
scrubber duct work.
Tank: A storage receptacle for hydraulic oil, morgoil, drive oil or grease.
Tank Level Control Systems: A Tank Level Control System refers to a set
of process controls used to monitor and maintain the fluid level in a storage
or holding tank.
Tank Line: Any hose, pipe or tube used to carry a fluid from a system to the
system's storage tank.
Tank Line: Any hose, pipe or tube used to carry a fluid from a system to the
system's storage tank.
Tank Pressure Control: Tank Pressure Control is a system of valves,
sensors and controllers for automatically maintaining pressure in a holding
tank.
Tank Pumping System: A Tank Pumping System is used to remove fluids
and suspended solids from a holding tank; for example, a septic tank.
Tank : container for chemicals used in the galvanizing process; steel is
dipped sequentially in solution-containing tanks
Tannins: A chemical used as an inhibitor in relation with caustic
embrittlement.
Tantalum: A rare metal of silver-white color having excellent corrosion-
resistance and a high melting point. It is widely used for chemical process
equipment and specialized aerospace and nuclear applications.
Tantalum: A rare metal of silver white color having excellent corrosion
resistance and a high melting point. It is widely used for chemical process
equipment and specialised aero space and nuclear applications.
Tantalum Heat Exchangers: A Tantalum Heat Exchanger is used to transfer
heat between two fluids in a corrosive environment. Tantalum is highly
corrosion resistant.
Tap: A cylindrical or conical thread-cutting tool with one or more cutting
elements having threads of a desired form on the periphery. By a combination
of rotary and axial motions, the leading end cuts an internal thread, the tool
deriving its principal support from the thread being produced.
Tap Density: The apparent density of a powder, obtained when the volume
receptacle is tapped or vibrated during loading under specified conditions.
Tap Out System: System which includes the tap out box, venturi doughnut,
sluice ditch and ash collection box. Here the hot slag is tapped off of the
bottom of the boiler and collected in the ash box for further processing.
Tap Out System: System which includes the tap out box, Venturi (dough
nut), sluice ditch, and ash collection box. Here the hot slag is tapped off of
the bottom of the boiler and collected in the ash box for further processing
Tape Measure: Tool used to measure the width of the coil.
Taper Lock Pulleys: A Taper Lock Pulley is pulley that is secured to a
rotating shaft with a tapered hub. The taper prevents the pulley from being
pulled off of the shaft. Taper Lock Pulleys are preferred choice when
absolute alignment between pulleys is not possible.
Taper Section: A section made at an acute angle to a surface of interest,
thereby achieving a geometrical magnification of depth. A sectioning angle
5° 43 achieves a depth magnification of 10:1.
Taper Section: A section made at an acute angle to a surface of interest,
thereby achieving a geometrical magnification of depth. A sectioning angle
5(degrees) 43 achieves a depth magnification of 10: 1.
Tapered Pad/Land Bearing: A fixed pad (land) bearing in which the
surfaces of the pads are tapered to promote the establishment of a
hydrodynamic film.
Tapered Roller Bearings: Tapered Roller Bearings are bearings which can
withstand both thrust and radial forces. The inner and outer races are conical.
The rollers are also cone shaped. This arrangement maximizes the contact
surface in the bearing.
Taping: The process of covering drywall joints with paper tape and joint
compound.
Tapping: (1) Producing internal threads with a cylindrical cutting tool
having two or more peripheral cutting elements shaped to cut threads of the
desired size and form. By a combination of rotary and axial motion, the
leading end of the tap cuts the thread while the tap is supported mainly by the
thread it produces. See also tap. (2) Opening the outlet of a melting furnace to
remove molten metal. (3) Removing molten metal from a furnace. (see Tap)
Tapping: Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle.
Tapping and Plugging: Refers to the use of a non-tapered tap, known as a
bottoming or plug tap, after starting threads with two previous tapered taps.
Tapping Chucks: Tapping Chucks are tool holders for holding taps in drill
press, milling machine, or other spindle. A tap must be have its rotation
reversed to safely remove it from a hole with out damaging the threads or
breaking the tap. There are several different styles. An auto-reversing chuck
has a mechanical clutch which reverses the direction of the tap without
reversing spindle direction. A floating tapping chuck has built in axial float to
accommodate reversal of the spindle direction.
Tapping Out: The process of removing molten slag from the bottom of a
boiler.
Tarnish: Surface discoloration of a metal caused by formation of a thin film
of corrosion product.
Tarnish: Surface discoloration on a metal, usually from a thin film of oxide
or sulfide.
Tas: True Airspeed. Rectified airspeed corrected for altitude and outside air
temperature.
T-bend 0-,1-,2-, etc.: A mechanical operation wherein a sheet sample is bent
back upon itself with the inside bend radius specified in terms of the sheet
thicknesses. Thus a 2-T Bend is a bend with an inside radius equivalent to
two times the thickness of the metal sheet being tested.
Tbm (tunnel boring machine): A machine for excavating circular tunnels
through a variety of soil and rock strata. A rotating cutting head breaks the
TBN: See neutroalization number, strong acid/strong base numbers.
Tca: Terminal Control Area.
Tcas: Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System. U.S. developed radar-
based airborne collision avoidance system operating independently of
ground-based equipment. TCAS-I generates traffic advisories only, TCAS-II
provides advisories and collision avoidance instructions in the vertical plane.
Tcs: TriChloroSilane.
Te: Chemical symbol for tellurium.
Te: Chemical symbol for Tellurium.
Teamwork : A mode of working in which a number of individuals having
the range of competencies required to complete the work in an organised way
to contribute to the achievement of the overall purpose.
Teapot Ladle: A ladle in which, by means of an external spout, metal is
removed from the bottom rather than the top of the ladle.
Tech Roll: Roll used for measuring line speed.
Technical : Belonging to, peculiar to or characteristic of an art or science; 2
treating subject matter in a manner peculiar to an art or science; 3 requiring
skilled application of established techniques.
Technical Illustration: A Technical Illustration is a drawing that is used to
show function of a device - often mechanical or electrical. They are often
used to augment a written description of a complex system.
Technical Lifting Device: A mechanism composed of two or more rigid
parts which move with respect to each other for attaching a load to a hoisting
device.
Technology : Is the process of applying an established body of knowledge to
meet identified market and social needs?
Teco: Metal straps that are nailed and secure the roof rafters and trusses to
the top horizontal wall plate. Sometimes called a hurricane clip.
Tee: A hot rolled shape with symbol T and is shaped like a "T".
Tee: A “T” shaped plumbing fitting.
Teeming: Pouring metal into ingot molds.
Teeming: Pouring molten metal from a ladle into ingot molds. The term
applies particularly to the specific operation of pouring either iron or steel
into ingot molds.
Teflon: Polymer of tetrafluoroethene, also known as PTFE; material
trademarked by DuPont.
Telescoped: Term given when the winding of a coil gradually becomes
concave or convex.
Telescoped: Term given when the winding of a coil gradually becomes
concave or convex.
Telescoping: Transverse slipping of successive layers of a coil so that the
edge of the coil is conical rather than flat.
Telescoping boom: Consists of a base boom from which one or more boom
sections are telescoped for additional length.
Telescoping Coil: A coil that has not wound properly whose sidewall
protrudes out. Tension problems or a bad start on the exit reel causes this
condition.
Telescoping Coil: A coil that has not wound properly whose sidewall
protrudes out. Tension problems or a bad start on the exit reel causes this
condition.
Tellurium: Its main use in the steel industry is as an additive in leadbearing
freecutting steels to further improve their machinability. Its presence in the
steel is either within the manganese sulphide paarticle where it is parially
soluble, or as particles combined with lead or manganese. For certain
applications it offers significant improvements in machinability but the added
cost is a factor that should be taken into account.
Temper: A condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal
treatment and having characteristic structure and mechanical properties. A
given alloy may be in the fully softened or annealed temper, or it may be cold
worked to the hard temper, or further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers
produced by cold working (rolling or drawing) are called "quarter-hard",
"half-hard" and "three-quarters hard", and are determined by the amount of
cold reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition to the annealed
temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the solution heat
treated temper and the heat treated and artificially aged temper. Other
tempers involve a combination of mechanical and thermal treatments and
include that temper produced by cold working after heat treating, and that
produced by artificial aging of alloys that are as cast, as extruded, as forged
and heat treated, and worked.
Temper: A condition produced in a metal or alloy by mechanical or thermal
treatment and having characteristics structure and mechanical properties. A
given alloy may be in the fully softened or annealed temper, or it may be cold
worked to the hard temper, or further to spring temper. Intermediate tempers
produced by cold working (rolling or drawing) are called quarter hard, half
hard and three quarters hard, and are determined by the amount of cold
reduction and the resulting tensile properties. In addition to the annealed
temper, conditions produced by thermal treatment are the solution heat
treated temper and the heat treated and artificially aged temper. Other
tempers involve a combination of mechanical and thermal treatments and
include that temper produced by cold working after heat treating, and that
produced by artificial aging of alloys that are as cast, as extruded, as forged
and heat treated, and worked.
Temper Brittleness: Brittleness that results when certain steels are held
within or cooled slowly through a certain range of temperature below the
transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched-bar impact tests
at room temperature or lower temperatures.
Temper Brittleness: Brittleness that results when certain steels are held
within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below the
transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched bar impact tests
at or below room temperature.
Temper Carbon: (see Annealing Carbon)
Temper Code: Industry-standard code for tinplate and blackplate that
indicates the hardness of the steel.
Temper Code: Industry standard code that indicates the hardness of the
steel.
Temper Color: A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin (only a few molecules
thick) that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short
time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from
straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies both with
tempering time and temperature.
Temper Colors: Before the use of instruments such as pyrometers, colors
were used to judge temperature when hardening and tempering. For example,
on carbon tool steel where the tempering range may typically be from 200oC
to 350oC, the color change with the rise in temperature giving light straw at
around 210oC, Purple 275oC, and Grey at 330oC, The practice wtill
continues in workshops where controlled heat treatment facilities are not
available.
Temper Embrittlement: Embrittlement of low-alloy steels caused by
holding within or cooling slowly through a temperature range (generally 300
to 600°C, or 570 to 1110 °F) just below the transformation range.
Embrittlement is the result of the segregation at grain boundaries of
impurities such as arsenic, antimony, phosphorus and tin; it is usually
manifested as an upward shift in ductile-to-brittle transition temperature.
Temper embrittlement can be reversed by retempering above the critical
temperature range, then cooling rapidly. Compare with tempered martensite
embrittlement.
Temper Mill: A type of cold rolling mill, usually with only one or two
stands, that finishes cold rolled, annealed sheet steel by improving the finish
or texture to develop the required final mechanical properties. By changing
the rolls of the temper mill, steel can be shipped with a shiny, dull or grooved
surface.
Temper Mill: A relatively light cold rolling operation that may be used on
hot rolled, cold rolled and some coated steel such as galvanized. Temper
rolling hot rolled sheet helps to improve flatness, minimize coil breaks and
fluting and alter mechanical properties. Temper rolling cold reduced and
coated sheet steel improves surface finish, alters mechanical properties and
reduces the tendency of the steel to flute during fabrication.
Temper Oil/Martempering Oil: Heavy mineral oil kept at relatively high
temperatures for long periods of time, suitable for tempering operations. Hot
metal is placed in a bath of oil, at a temperature of 400–600ºF, after which
the metal and oil are permitted to cool slowly; in the alternative, the hot bath
may be used to heat the metal slowly and uniformly without oxidizing the
surface.
Temper Rolled: A product that has been processed at the Temper Mill.
Temper Rolling: 1. A cold rolling process that develops the proper stiffness
temper in steel, improves flatness, and imparts a desired surface finish. 2. A
light cold reduction of the sheet steel. This operation is performed to improve
flatness, eliminate discontinuous yielding and to obtain a uniform surface.
Temper Rolling: Subjecting metal sheet or strip to a slight amount of cold
rolling following annealing (usually 1/2 to 1 1/2%) to forestall stretcher
strains. Also termed Pinch Pass or Skin Rolled.
Temper Stressing: Quenching in water from the tempering temperature to
improve fatigue strength.
Temper Stressing: Quenching in water from the tempering temperature to
improve fatigue strength.
Temper Variation: Considered a defect when variation of the hardness or
forming properties of single reduced plate as generally compared to the
temper designation of the plate.
Temper Variation: Considered a defect when variation of the hardness or
forming properties of single reduced plate as generally compared to the
temper designation of the plate.
Temperature: Degree of hotness or coldness as measured by a thermometer.
Temperature control: Temperature operated thermostatic device which
automatically opens or closes a circuit.
Temperature Controllers: A Temperature Controller is used to maintain a
desired temperature or range of temperatures via electronic control. Typical
features include multiple programmable set points and minimum/maximum
operating range.
Temperature critical: The saturation temperature corresponding to the
critical state of the substance at which the properties of the liquid and vapor
are identical.
Temperature Data Loggers: A Temperature Data Logger is a device for
recording temperatures over time. Its often used as part of a process control
system for forecasting.
Temperature Meters: A Temperature Meter is a device used to display
temperature. Temperature meters can be interfaced with sensors in a remote
location via wired or wireless signal transmission and are common in process
control applications.
Temperature Sensors: A temperature sensor is used to determine
temperature. Common sensor technologies are thermocouples, RTD
(Resistive Temperature Detectors), and themistors.
Temperature steel : Reinforcement which is inserted in a slab or other
concrete member to prevent cracks due to shrinkage or temperature stresses
from becoming too large. It generally amounts to a minimum of about 0.1%
of the cross-section in any direction. The requirement for a slab, which is
two-dimensional, being therefore about 0.2% altogether.
Temperature stress : A stress due to temperature rise or drop. If the
expansion due to temperature rise or the contraction due to temperature drop
is restrained, the member concerned is stressed in compression during rising
temperature or tension during falling temperature.
Temperature, dew point: The temperature at which the condensation of
water vapor in a space begins for a given state of humidity and pressure as
the temperature of the vapor is reduced. The temperature corresponding to
saturation (100 percent relative humidity) for a given absolute humidity at
constant pressure.
Temperature, drybulb: The temperature of a gas or mixture of gases
indicated by an accurate thermometer after correction for radiation.
Temperature, effective: An arbitrary index which combines into a single
value the effect of temperature, humidity, and air movement on the sensation
of warmth or cold felt by the human body. The numerical value is that of the
temperature of still, saturated air which would induce an identical sensation.
Temperature, Holding: 1. Temperature above the critical phase
transformation range at which castings are held as a part of the heat treatment
cycle. 2. The temperature maintained when metal is held in a furnace, usually
prior to pouring.
Temperature, Pouring: The temperature of the metal as it is poured into the
mold.
Temperature, saturation: The temperature at which no further moisture can
be added to the air water vapor mixture. Equals dew point temperature.
Temperature, wet bulb: Thermodynamic wet bulb temperature is the
temperature at which liquid or solid water, by evaporating into air, can bring
the air to saturation adiabatically at the same temperature. Wet bulb
temperature (without qualification) is the temperature indicated by a wet bulb
psychomotor constructed and used according to specifications.
Temperature-humidity index: Actual temperature and humidity of air
sample compared to air at standard conditions.
Tempered: Strengthened. Tempered glass will not shatter nor create shards,
but will “pelletize” like an automobile window. Required in tub and shower
enclosures and locations, entry door glass and sidelight glass, and in a
windows when the window sill is less than 16″ to the floor.
Tempered Layer: A surface or subsurface layer in a steel specimen that has
been tempered by heating during some stage of the metallographic
preparation sequence (usually grinding). When observed in a section after
etching, the layer appears darker than the base material.
Tempered Martensite: The decomposition products that result from heating
martensite below the ferriteaustenite transformation temperature.
Tempered Martensite: Martensite that has been heated to produce to BCC
iron and a fine dispersion of iron carbide.
Tempered Martensite Embrittlement: Embrittlement of high-strength alloy
steels caused by tempering in the temperature range of 205° to 370°C (400 to
700°F); also called 350°C or 500°F embrittlement. Tempered martensite
embrittlement is thought to result from the combined effects of cementite
precipitation on prior-austenite grain boundaries or interlath boundaries and
the segregation of impurities at prior austenite grain boundaries. It differs
from temper embrittlement in the strength of the material and the temperature
exposure range. In temper embrittlement, the steel is usually tempered at a
relatively high temperature, producing lower strength and hardness and
embrittlement occurs upon slow cooling after tempering and during service at
temperatures within the embrittlement range. In tempered martensite
embrittlement, the steel is tempered within the embrittlement range, and
service exposure is usually at room temperature.
Tempered Spring Steel Strip: Any medium or high carbon (excluding clock
spring) strip steel of spring quality which has been hardened and tempered to
meet specifications. Where specification calls for blue or straw color, same is
accomplished by passing through heat prepared at proper temperature
depending on color required. Blue is developed at approximately 600
(degrees) F.
Tempering: A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized steel to a
temperature below the transformation range, then cooling at any rate desired.
Relieves internal stresses and imparts toughness and ductility.
Tempering: Also known as drawing, the process by which steel or iron is
softened by reheating it at a considerably lower temperature than that at
which its previous hardening was done.
Template: A guide for forming work to be done.
Temporary bench mark: A levelling base point of known level. See bench
mark.
Temporary bracing : metal that is attached to a fabrication prior to
galvanizing in order to provide added support so that the steel does not
change shape during heating and cooling; temporary bracing is removed after
galvanizing.
Temporary works: Propping or shoring to enable the permanent works to be
carried out.
Tempory structure: Anything which is built which will not become part of
the permanent structural system and will eventually be removed before or
after the completion of the structure.
TENC: Totally enclosed fan-cooled.
Tendon : A pressurising bar, cable, rope, strand or wire.
Tensegrity : an array of tension cables and compression rods that supports a
structure; invented by Buckminster Fuller student Kenneth Snellson
Tensile (Tension) Test: A destructive mechanical test whereby strength and
ductility properties are measured: yield strength, tensile strength, elongation.
Tensile strength: The longitudinal pulling stress a material can withstand
without tearing apart or the maximum tensile stress the material can sustain.
Tensile strength: Or ultimate strength, is the largest unit stress a material can
achieve in a tensile test.
Tensile Strength: 1. The greatest stress steel can sustain without breaking.
Test can be taken in the longitudinal or transverse directions. 2. The
maximum stress that a material can withstand. In tensile testing, the ratio of
maximum load to original cross sectional area. Also called Ultimate
Strength.
Tensile strength: In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original
cross-sectional area. Also called ultimate strength.
Tensile Stress: A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either
side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart.
Tensile stress: A stress that causes two parts of an elastic body, on either
side of a typical stress plane, to pull apart.
Tensile Test: A destructive mechanical test whereby strength and ductility
properties are measured.
Tension: A condition caused by the action of stretching or pulling of a
component.
Tension: A pulling force, such as that experienced by a cable, or in the
bottom flange of a beam with a load on it.
Tension: The force or load that produces elongation.
Tension Level: A mechanical operation wherein steel sheet, in coil form, is
processed on a unit that stretches the product beyond its yield point to impart
permanent deformation. The stretching operation assists to flatten the sheet.
Tension Level: Stamco Leveler in #5 Galvinized line levels the steel.
Tension ring : a support ring that resists the outward force pushing against
the lower sides of a dome
Tension Testing: A method of determining the behavior of materials
subjected to uniaxial loading, which tends to stretch the material. A
longitudinal specimen of known length and diameter is gripped at both ends
and stretched at a slow, controlled rate until rupture occurs. Also known as
tensile testing.
Tension : a stretching force that pulls on a material
TENV: Totally enclosed non-ventilated.
Terminal Blocks: A terminal block is a component mounted to a printed
circuit board for the purpose of connectiong multiple wires together. There
are many different types of terminal blocks and the selection is based on the
number of wires being connected at both the input and output and the type of
termination required. Typical termination options are screw clamps, spring
clamps, tab/blade terminals and insulation displacement connections.
Terminal Phase: A solid solution having a restricted range of compositions,
one end of the range being a pure component of an alloy system.
Terminal Solid Solution: In a multicomponent system, any solid phase of
limited composition range that includes the composition of one of the
components of the system. See also solid solution. (see Solid Solution)
Terminal Strips: Terminal Strips, also known as terminal blocks, are used to
interface electronic devices, most often inside a electrical cabinet or
enclosure. Discrete wires are connected via many methods, including screws
terminals, quick connects, solder.
Terminal velocity: The maximum air stream velocity at the end of the throw.
Termite shield: A shield, usually of galvanized metal, placed in or on a
foundation wall or around pipes to prevent the passage of termites.
Termites: Wood eating insects that superficially resemble ants in size and
general appearance, and live in colonies.
Ternary Alloy: An alloy that contains three principle elements.
Ternary Alloy: An alloy that contains three principal elements.
Ternary System: The complete series of compositions produced by mixing
three components in all proportions.
Terne: Sheet steel coated with a mixture of lead and tin. Terne principally is
used in the manufacture of gasoline tanks, although it also can be found in
chemical containers, oil filters and television chassis.
Terne Plate: Sheet steel, coated with a lead tin alloy. The percentage of tin is
usually kept as low as possible because of its high cost; however, about 15%
is normally necessary in order to obtain proper coating of the steel, since pure
lead does not alloy with iron and some surface alloying is necessary for
proper adhesion.
Terni Plate: Cold rolled steel sheets/strips coated with an alloy of tin and
lead, used in manufacture of Petrol Tanks for automobiles. Not produced in
India.
Terra cotta: A ceramic material molded into masonry units.
Terrestrial: living on land
Terzaghi-meyerhoff equation : This equation is used to find the gross
(ultimate) bearing capacity or gross pressure for a soil
Test Flat: A means of testing "bycoils" for customers who buy "bycoil". The
coil is put on the cutting line, about 100 sheets cut to check flatness, back to
the coil off, and, determine whether coil will be acceptable to the customer.
Test Flat: A means of testing by coils, for customers who buy by coil. The
coil is put on the cutting line, about 100 sheets cut to check flatness, back the
coil off, and, determine whether coil will be acceptable to the customer.
Test Gauge: A measuring device used to check hydraulic pressure in
different components of a hydraulic system.
Test Gauge: A measuring device used to check hydraulic pressure in
different components of a hydraulic system.
Test Lug: An ear-like projection cast as part of the casting and later removed
for testing purposes.
Test Lug: An ear like projection cast as part of the casting and later removed
for testing purposes.
Test pit : Ground area opened to inspect for utilitiesand/or to identify
potential conflicts between existing and proposed structures.
Test Sample: A piece of the strip used by various departments to test or
evaluate the quality of the steel. The size and place of the sample taken will
vary.
Test Sample: A piece of the strip used by various departments to test or
evaluate the quality of the steel. The size and place of the sample taken will
vary.
Test Water: A boiler water sample taken for a chemical test.
Test, Application Breakaway Force: A test that is carried out in accordance
with instructions from the manufacturer of the lifting magnet in order to
establish the application breakaway force.
Test, Rated Breakaway Force: A test that is carried out per para. 20-
3.3.2(b)(2) in order to establish the rated breakaway force.
Texture: In a polycrystalline aggregate, the state of distribution of crystal
orientations. In the usual sense, it is synonymous with preferred orientation,
in which the distribution is not random.
Texture: In a polycrystalline aggregate, the state of distribution of crystal
orientations. In the usual sense, it is synonymous with preferred orientation,
in which the distribution is not random.
TFS: (see Tin Free Steel)
Tgtu: Tail Gas Treating Unit.
The code: s Code of Ethics.
The first law : (1 ) When work is expanded in generating heat, the quantity
of heat produced is proportional to the work expended; and, conversely, when
heat is employed in the performance of work, the quantity of heat which
disappears is proportional to the work done (Joule); (2) If a system is caused
to change from an initial state to a final state by adiabatic means only, the
work done is the same for all adiabatic paths connecting the two states
(Zemansky); (3) In any power cycle or refrigeration cycle, the net heat
absorbed by the working substance is exactly equal to the net work done.
The second law: (1) It is impossible for a self acting machine, unaided by
any external agency, to convey heat from a body of lower temperature to one
of higher temperature (2) It is impossible to derive mechanical work from
heat taken from a body unless there is available a body of lower temperature
into which the residue not so
The charter of rights and freedoms : A bill of rights that forms part of
Canada’s constitution. It protects individual rights and freedoms from
unreasonable and unjustified government action.
Theodolite: An optical instrument used by land surveyors for surveying and
by engineers and builders for setting-out lines and angles on the ground.
Theodolite: survey instrument with vertical and horizontal degree gradations.
Therm: Measurement used by gas utilities for billin3 purposes. 1 Therm =
100 cubic feet of gas = 100,000 Btu.
Therm: Quantity of heat equal to 100000 Btu.
Thermal Actuator: A Thermal Actuator is a device that produces motion as
result of material thermal expansion caused by a temperature change.
Thermal Aging: Exposure of a material or component to a given thermal
condition or a programmed series of conditions for prescribed periods of
time.
Thermal Analysis: A method for detennining transformations in a metal by
noting the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur. These arrests are
manifested by changes in slope of the plotted or mechanically traced heating
and cooling curves. When such data are secured under nearly equilibrium
conditions of heating and cooling, the method is commonly used for
determining certain critical temperatures required for the construction of
phase diagrams.
Thermal Analysis: A method of studying transformations in metal by
measuring the temperatures at which thermal arrests occur.
Thermal Anemometers: A Thermal Anemometer uses a temperature sensor
to measure wind speed. Two temperature sensors are connected in a circuit. A
temperature change at one of the sensors resulting from an change in wind
speed results in a change in the resistivity of the circuit.
Thermal block: A spacer which has a low thermal conductance.
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of the capacity of a material to conduct
heat.
Thermal conductivity : The rate at which heat is transferred through an
object.
Thermal conductivity : The rate of heat flow, under steady conditions,
through unit area, per unit temperature gradient in the direction perpendicular
to the area. It is given in the SI nits s watts per meter Kelvin (W/m • K).
Thermal Contraction: The decrease in a linear dimension and volume of a
material accompanying a change of temperature.
Thermal Contraction: The increase in a linear dimension and volume of a
material accompanying a change of temperature.
Thermal Cracking: A process utilizing heat to break high molecular weight
substances into smaller units; facilitated in a controlled manner during
refining by the presence of a catalyst.
Thermal Cutting: A group of cutting processes that melts the metal
(material) to be cut.
Thermal Decomposition: (1) The decomposition of a compound into its
elemental species at elevated temperatures. (2) A process whereby fine solid
particles can be produced from a gaseous compound. See also carbonyl
powder. (see Carbonyl Powder)
Thermal efficiency : Ratio of shaft work out of a system to the heat energy
into the system.
Thermal efficiency of a gas turbine : Is the energy output of the gas turbine
divided by the energy input of the gas turbine.
Thermal Electromotive Force: 'The electromotive force generated in a
circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at a temperature
different from that of the other. See also thermocouple. (see Thermocouple)
Thermal electromotive force : The electromotive force generated in a
circuit containing two dissimilar metals when one junction is at temperature
different from that of the other. (see also thermocouple).
Thermal Embrittlement: Intergranular fracture of maraging steels with
decreased toughness resulting from improper processing after hot working.
Thermal embrittlement occurs upon heating above 1095 °C (2000 °F) and
then slow cooling through the temperature range of 980 to 815°C (1800 to
1500 °F), and has been attributed to precipitation of titanium carbides and
titanium carbonitrides at austenite grain boundaries during cooling through
the critical temperature range.
Thermal equilibrium : When two bodies originally at different
temperatures, have attained the same temperature
Thermal Expansion: The increase in a linear dimension and volume of a
material accompanying a change of temperature.
Thermal expansion : The change in length of a material with change in
temperature.
Thermal expansion valve: The metering device or flow control which
regulates the amount of liquid refrigerant which is allowed to enter the
evaporator.
Thermal expansion : the process by which steel becomes larger upon
heating
Thermal Fatigue: Failure resulting from rapid cycles of alternate heating
and cooling.
Thermal Fatigue: Failure resulting from rapid cycles of alternate heating
and cooling.
Thermal Flattening: Similar to stress-relieving in that the metal is passed
through a continuous furnace, but tension is also applied elongating the metal
to improve overall flatness.
Thermal Flattening: Similar to stress relieving in that the metal is passed
through a continuous furnace, but tension is also applied elongating the metal
to improve over all flatness.
Thermal Gravimetric Analysis/TGA: A measure of weight loss under
specific conditions: normally, temperature is maintained (isothermal) or
increased in an atmosphere of nitrogen or oxygen; used to study oil volatility
and oil residues, for example, contaminated roll oils.
Thermal Inspection: A nondestructive test method in which heat-sensing
devices are used to measure temperature variations in components, structures,
systems or physical processes. Thermal methods can be useful in the
detection of subsurface flaws or voids, provided the depth of the flaw is not
large compared to its diameter. Thermal inspection becomes less effecti ve in
the detection of subsurface flaws as the thickness of an object increases,
because the possible depth of the defects increases.
Thermal Insulation: Thermal Insulation is any material that is used as a
barrier to heat transfer. Fiberglass, foam, and refractive ceramics are often
employed.
Thermal Overload Relays: A Thermal Overload Relay protects an electric
motor from an overcurrent condition. A common method for doing this
employs the use of a bimetal strip. As the strip heats up above a critical
temperature, it bends and causes a relay to contact to be broken. This stops
current flow to the motor.
Thermal Response: The hardness achieved when steel reacts to a heat
treating cycle at a specified temperature for a specified time and then cooling
down or quenching and possibly tempering back at a lower temperature.
Thermal Safety Valves: A Thermal Safety Valve is a valve that is designed
to relieve pressure resulting from the volumetric expansion of a heated liquid.
Thermal Shock: Stress developed by rapid and uneven heating of a
material.
Thermal shock : The development of a steep temperature gradient and
accompanying high stress within a material or structure.
Thermal Spalling: Breaking up of refractory from stresses which arise
during repeated heating and cooling.
Thermal Spalling: Breaking up of refractory from stresses which arise
during repeated heating and cooling.
Thermal Spray Coating: Thermal Spray Coating is a process that used to
create a coating by spraying melted material on to a surface and then
allowing it to solidify. Thermal spray coatings are used for thermal,
corrosion, and mechanical wear barriers. Thermal Spray Coating is capable of
producing coatings that are much thicker than other methods.
Thermal Spray Powder: Thermal Spray Powder is powder that is used to
make a thermal spray coating. The powder is introduced the plasma jet for the
sprayer and is instantly melted and propelled toward the surface being coated.
Thermal Spraying: A group of coating or welding processes in which finely
divided metallic or nonmetallic materials are deposited in a molten or
semimolten condition to form a coating. The surfacing material may be in the
form of powder, rod or wire. See also flame spraying, plasma spraying and
powder flame spraying. (see Flame Spraying) (see Plasma Spraying) (see
Powder Flame Spraying)
Thermal Stability: Resistance of a material to drastic changes in
temperature.
Thermal Stability: Resistance of a material to drastic changes in
temperature.
Thermal Stresses: Stresses in metal, resulting from non-uniform distribution
of temperature.
Thermal Stresses: Stresses in metal, resulting from non uniform distribution
of temperature.
Thermal Treatment: Involves heating and cooling the steel in such a
manner as to achieve desired properties or structures.
Thermal treatment : Refers to the treatment of water with heat to drive off
the dissolved gases and soften certain minerals for easy removal.
Thermal Wear: Removal of material due to softening, melting or
evaporation during sliding or rolling. Thermal shock and high-temperature
erosion may be included in the general description of thermal wear. Wear by
diffusion of separate atoms from one body to the other at high temperatures,
is also sometimes denoted as thermal wear.
Thermistor: A two terminal semiconductor device whose resistance is
temperature sensitive.
Thermistor Relays: A Thermistor Relay is used to protect a device, such as
an electric motor, from overcurrent. An increase in current cases a PTC
thermistor relay to heat up, which increases its resistivity and reduces the
current to the device.
Thermit Reactions: Strongly exothermic self-propagating reactions such as
that where finely divided aluminum reacts with a metal oxide. A mixture of
aluminum and iron oxide produces sufficient heat to steel, the filler metal
being produced in the reaction. See also thermit welding. (see Thermit
Welding)
Thermit Welding: A welding process that produces coalescence of metals
by heating them with superheated liquid metal from a chemical reaction
between a metal oxide and aIuminum, with or without the application of
pressure. Filler metal is obtained from the liquid metal.
Thermobank: A bank for storing heat.
Thermochemical Machining: Removal of workpiece material-usually only
burrs and fins-by exposure to hot fuel gases that are formed by igniting an
explosive, combustible mixture of natural gas and oxygen. Also known as the
thermal energy method.
Thermochemical Treatment: Heat treatment for steels carried out in a
medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of
the object by exchange with the medium.
Thermocouple: A device for measuring temperatures, consisting of lengths
of two dissimilar metals or alloys that are electrically joined at one end and
connected to a voltage-measuring instrument at the other end. When one
junction is hotter than the other, a thermal electromotive force is produced
that is roughly proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot
and cold junctions.
Thermocouple: Device for measuring temperature utilizing the fact that an
electromotive force is generated whenever two junctions of two dissimilar
metals in an electric circuit are at different temperature levels.
Thermocouple: Device which generates electricity, using the principle that if
two unlike metals are welded together and junction is heated, voltage will
develop across the open ends.
Thermocouple Amplifiers: A Thermocouple Amplifier is used to amplify
and condition a thermocouple signal voltage so it can be processed by a
microcontroller or other device.
Thermocouple Sensors: A Thermocouple Sensor is a device for measuring
temperature. It consist of a bimetal wire pair that produces a change in
voltage across its junction in response to a temperature change, known as the
thermoelectric effect.
Thermocouple thermometer : Electrical instrument using thermocouple as
source of electrical flow, connected to millimeter calibrated in temperature
degrees.
Thermocouple Wire: A thermocouple wire is made up of two separate,
coated wires made of dissimilar metals. The two wires are connected at a
sensing location such that a voltage is measured that reflects the temperature
difference between the sensing end and the reference end of the wire. The
selection of metals is dependent on the absolute temperature and temperature
ranges being measured. The insulation on the conductors is typically color
coded, however, the color coding scheme is different for the ASNI standard
than for the IEC standard.
Thermodisk defrost control : Electrical switch with bimetal disk controlled
by temperature changes.
Thermodynamic: characteristics of or resulting from the conversion of heat
into other forms of energy
Thermodynamic properties : Basic qualities used in defining the condition
of a substance, such as temperature, pressure, volume, enthalpy, entropy.
Thermodynamics: Part of science which deals with the relationships
between heat and mechanical action.
Thermoelectric refrigeration : Where refrigeration is produced by the
passage of electric current through two dissimilar materials.
Thermoelectricity: In physics, electricity generated by the application of
heat to the junction of two dissimilar materials. If two wires of different
materials are joined at their ends and one end is maintained at a higher
temperature than the other, a voltage difference will arise, and an electric
current will exist between the hot and the cold junctions.
Thermography: The technique of obtaining a photographic record of heat
distribution in a solid or fluid.
Thermography: 1) The technique of obtaining a photographic record of heat
distribution in a solid or fluid.
Thermomechanical Working: A general term covering a variety of
metalforming processes combining controlled thermal and deformation
treatments to obtain synergistic effects, such as improvement in strength
without loss of toughness. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment.
Thermomechanically Controlled Rolling (TMCR): Thermomechanically
rolling: this is the conventional hot rolling process as a result of which, in
combination with the chemical composition of the material, the prescribed
mechanical properties are obtained in the as-rolled condition. Controlled
rolling involves a lower than normal finish rolling temperature and creates a
fine grain size and an excellent combination of strength and toughness,
without the need for subsequent heat treatment. Normalized rolling: by
carefully selected chemical composition and finishing and coiling
temperature, a set of prescribed mechanical properties is obtained which will
still be achievable after the product itself has been normalized, i.e., at
>900°C.
Thermometer: Device for measuring temperatures.
Thermomodule: Number of thermocouples used in parallel to achieve low
temperatures.
Thermopile: Number of thermocouples used in series to create a higher
voltage.
Thermoplastic Materials: A thermoplastic material is a polymer that
changes state. When heated sufficiently, the thermoplastic turns to liquid and
when cooled, the material freezes into a glass-like solid. Thermoplastics are
characterized by their melt temperature and glass transition temperature,
unique to each polymer. Thermoplastics can be melted, reshaped, and frozen
multiple times.
Thermoplastic Pipe: Thermoplastic Pipe is polymer pipe made from
Polyethylene or Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or similar that can be repeatedly
softened with heat.
Thermoplastic Tubing: Thermoplastic Tubing is polymer tubing made from
Polyethylene or Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) or similar that can be repeatedly
softened with heat.
Thermoplastic Vessels: A Thermoplastic Vessel is a plastic storage vessel
that can be used to hold fluids. Fiber reinforcement maybe incorporated for
added strength, especially if the vessel is a pressure vessel.
Thermoply : Exterior laminated sheathing nailed to the exterior side of the
exterior walls. Normally ¼ ” thick, 4 X 8 or 4 x 10 sheets with an
aluminumized surface.
Thermostat: A device which relegates the temperature of a room or building
by switching heating or cooling equipment on or off.
Thermostat: Device, which senses ambient temperature, conditions and, in
turn, acts to control a circuit.
Thermostatic control : Device which operates system or part of system
based on temperature change.
Thermostatic valve : Valve controlled by temperature change response
elements.
Thermostatic water valve : Valve used to control flow of water through
system, actuated (made to work) by temperature difference. Used in units
such as water-cooled compressor and/or condenser.
Thickness Gauge or Feeler Stock: A hardened and tempered, edged, ground
and polished thin section, high-carbon strip steel. Usually 1/2 inch width and
in thicknesses from 0.001 to 0.050 manufactured to extremely close
tolerances. It is used primarily for determining measurement of openings by
tool and die makers, machinists and automobile technicians.
Thickness Gauges: A thickness gauge is a device that determines the
thickness of thin wall or coating. This is often done with a the use of a
ultrasonic transducer. Ultrasonic waves propagated in the layer being
measured at a known wavespeed and reflect back to the transducer when they
encounter an interface. The transit time of the wave in the material can be
correlated to the thickness of the layer.
Thief: A racking device or nonfunctional pattern area used in the
electroplating process to provide a more uniform current density on plated
parts. Thieves absorb the unevenly distributed current on irregularly shaped
parts, thereby ensuring that the parts will receive an electroplated coating of
uniform thickness. See also robber. (see Robber)
Thin Film/Mixed Film Lubrication: A condition of lubrication in which the
lubricant film is so thin that the friction between the surfaces is determined
by the properties of the surfaces as well as the viscosity of the lubricant; also
known as mixed film lubrication. (see Boundary Lubrication)
Thin Gauge Diaphragms: A Thin Gauge Diaphragm is a flexible
mechanical barrier that is anchored on its perimeter.
Thin Slabs: In modern thin slab casting machine, liquid steel is continuously
cast into much thinner slabs of 35-50mm directly which are used for
production of Finished Hot Rolled Flat products upon heating on-line.
Thin Strip Continuous Casting: Casting technology that takes liquid steel
and casts it into solid strip in one step, thereby eliminating the need for a
continuous slab caster and hot strip mill.
Thin Wall Tubing: Tubes with wall thickness that can be as thin as .005
inches (.127 mm) yet remain structurally sound in many environments. Such
thin walls minimize the weight of the tube.
Thin-wall Casting: A term used to define a casting that has the minimum
wall thickness to satisfy its service function.
Thixotropy: The property of a material like lubricating grease that is
manifested by a softening in consistency as the result of shearing, followed
by a hardening in consistency that begins immediately after the shearing
stops. With thixotropic cleansers, shearing may occur with shaking, mixing,
vibrating, pumping or stirring.
Thomas Process: The continental name for the basic Bessemer steelmaking
process, now superseded by modern-day BOS plants.
Thomas Process: The continental name for the basic Bessemer steel making
process, now superseded by modern day BOS plants
Thread Cutting Oil: Petroleum based product formulated to cool and
lubricate the threading tools that produce external threads on metal rods or
pipes. Single-point tools can be used, but the majority of threading is
performed by feeding special threading dies into the workpiece until the
desired length of thread is reached.
Thread Rolling: The production of threads by rolling the piece between two
grooved die plates, one of which is in motion, or between rotating grooved
circular rolls. Also known as roll threading.
Thread Sealant: Thread Sealant is used to seal threaded joints in pressurized
systems. There are several types including paste and Teflon tape.
Threaded parts : parts such as bolts and rods that allow nuts to be screwed
on to one or both ends
Threaded Valves: A Threaded Valve can be any type of valve with threaded
connections so it can be easily integrated into a pipe system.
Threader Coil: 1. A narrow width coil of TU plate with a base weight
between 75 lbs to 100 lbs. This coil is used anytime the line is to be shut
down or on a line start-up. 2. The last coil threaded through the line. The
threader coil remains in the line until start-up. 3. A coil fed into the line only
to make a connection between sizes.
Threader Coil: A narrow width coil of TU plate with a base weight between
75# to 100#. This coil is used anytime the line is to be shut down or on a line
start up. 2) The last coil threaded through the line. The threader coil remains
in the line until start up. 3) A coil fed into the line only to make a connection
between sizes.
Threading Table: Extension plate to assist in threading the coil end into the
McKay leveler.
Threading Table: Extension plate to assist in threading the coil end into the
McKay leveler.
Three Phase Ac Motors: Three Phase AC Motors have three poles spaced at
120 degrees. This arrangement produces a rotating magnetic field in response
input Three Phase AC power which generates torque on the rotor shaft. Three
Phase motors are reliable and easy to maintain and do don't require a starting
torque, unlike single phase AC motors.
Three Phase Transformer: A Three Phase Transformer is used to step-up or
step-down voltages from a three phase power source. Essentially a three
phase transformer is nothing more than three single phase transformers
integrated into a single package.
Three Piece Can: Three piece cans consist of a body and two ends. The
body side seam can be accomplished by soldering, cementing or welding.
The two ends are attached using a double rolled seam. The curl on the end,
containing the seal compound and its flange on the can body are indexed and
rolled flat. The sealing compound between fold gives an hermetic seal.
Three- point Bending: The bending of a piece of metal or a structural
member in which the object is placed across two supports and force is applied
between and in opposition to them.
Three Quarter Hard Temper: A) In stainless steel strip tempers are based
on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For Chromium Nickel grades three
quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min. (B) In Brass mill
terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness
reduction.
Three Way: A term used to describe a valve that has three ports, normally a
pressure (inlet) port, a normally closed (n.c.) port and a normally open (n.o.)
port. Used to block or open a common flow passage.
Three Way Ball Valves: A Three Way Ball Valve is used to control flow
through from one input into two outputs, or two inputs into one output. Both
T- or L- shaped channels can be incorporated in the ball.
Three-dimensional shingles: Laminated shingles. Shingles that have added
dimensionality because of extra layers or tabs, giving a shake-like
appearance. May also be called “architectural shingles”.
Three-Piece Can: Three-piece cans consist of a body and two ends. The
body side seam can be accomplished by soldering, cementing or welding.
The two ends are attached using a double-rolled seam. The curl on the end,
containing the seal compound and its flange on the can body are indexed and
rolled flat. The sealing compound between fold gives an hermetic seal.
Three-Quarter Hard Temper: 1. In stainless steel strip tempers are based
on a minimum tensile or yield strength. For chromium-nickel grades three-
quarter hard temper is 175,000 T.S., 135,000 Y.S. min. In brass mill
terminology, this temper is three B&S numbers hard or 29.4% thickness
reduction.
Three-way valve : Multiorifice (opening) flow control valve with three fluid
flow openings.
Threshold: The bottom metal or wood plate of an exterior door frame.
Generally they are adjustable to keep a tight fit with the door slab.
Threshold Stress: Threshold stress for stress-corrosion cracking. The critical
gross section stress at the onset of stress-corrostion cracking under specified
conditions.
Threshold treatment : Chemical treatment, used to prevent scale formation,
which acts to hold hardness in solution at the threshold of precipitation.
Throttle governing : With throttle governing a single large control valve
controls the load from 0% to 100%When steam is throttled, the superheat
increases and the turbine exhaust steam is drier, reducing the turbine blade
erosion, but with the drier steam entering the condenser, the condenser losses
increase. Throttling of steam through a valve is an isenthalpic ( constant
enthalpy ) process and no heat is lost. The socalled throttling losses occur in
the condenser.
Throttle Valve: A manual valve used to regulate the amount of steam
entering the turbine.
Throttle Valve: A manual valve used to regulate the amount of steam
entering the turbine.
Throttling: An irreversible adiabatic steady flow process in which the fluid
is caused to flow through an obstruction in a pipe with a resulting drop in
pressure. This process is used to control the engine speed in a automobile or
it is used to control the fuel feed to any system.
Throttling range : The amount of change in the variable being controlled to
make the controlled device more through the full length of its stroke.
Throwing Power: (1) The relationship between the current density at a point
on a surface and its distance from the counterelecrrooe. The greater the ratio
of sruface resistivity shown by the electrode reaction to the volume better is
the resistivity of the electrolyte, the ability of a throwing power of the
process. (2) The plating solution to produce a uniform metal distribution on
an irregularly shaped cathode.
Thrust: The horizontal component of a reaction or an outward horizontal
force.
Thrust : A horizontal force, particularly the horizontal force exerted by
retained earth.
Thrust Ball Bearings: A Thrust Ball Bearing consists of a ring of ball
bearings sandwiched axially between two bearing races. They are suitable for
axial loading only.
Thrust Bearing: An axial-load bearing.
Thrust collar position indicator : The axial position of the rotor is very
important and an axial position indicator is often applied to the thrust bearing.
Thumb: metal beam located opposite an excavator’s bucket, used to grip
rocks etc.
Ti: Chemical symbol for titanium.
Ti: Chemical symbol for Titanium
Tic: Total installed cost.
Tie: A rod, plate, or angle welded between a two angle web member or
between a top or bottom chord panel to tie them together usually located at
the middle of the member. See Filler or Plug.
Tie: Any member which provides a tensile force to tie two other members
together, especially, the bottom horizontal member of a roof truss, and (in a
steel framed structure) steel beams whose main function is to tie columns
together.
Tie Bar: Bar or rod shaped part of the casting added to prevent distortion
caused by uneven contraction between separated members.
Tie Bar, Rod: Bar- or rod-shaped part of the casting added to prevent
distortion caused by uneven contraction between separated members.
Tie joist: A joist that is bolted at a column.
Tiebacks : A horizontal wire used to reinforceretaining walls for stability.
TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas): A welding process that uses a non-consumable
tungsten electrode to provide an electric arc to melt a work piece. Inert gases
are used to shield the arc and the weld puddle to prevent oxidation during
cooling. Used for heat exchanger, condenser and sanitary tubing.
Tiger Stripes: Continuous bright lines on sheet or strip in the rolling
direction.
Tight Flask: A type of flask which remains on mold during pouring. Lugs
are normally provided for clamping cope and drag together for pouring.
Tight Flask: A type of flask which remains on mold during pouring. Lugs
are normally provided for clamping cope and drag together for pouring.
Tile: Ceramic unit for wall decoration or roof weathering.
Tiler: A qualified tradesperson who specialises in laying ceramic tiles on
floors and walls
Tilt Boundary: A subgrain boundary consisting of an array of edge
dislocations.
Tilt Mold: A casting mold, usually a book (permanent) mold, that rotates
from a horizontal to a vertical position during pouring, which reduces
agitation and thus the formation and entrapment of oxides.
Tilted joist: A joist which is supported in a manner such that the vertical
axes of the joist is not perpendicular with respect to the ground.
Tilt-up: a method of building construction whereby concrete walls are cast in
horizontalforms on site and then tilted to the final vertical position.
Timber: Wood used for building applications
Timber: Wood suitable for use in construction. In the UK it is
usually softwood. (Fr bois, m).
Timber connector: Various kinds of steel fixings designed to make high-
strength connections in timber construction.
Timber-framed: Construction in which the main load bearing elements are
timber. Traditional timber-framed or 'half-timbered' houses are one example;
modern timber framing uses timber load bearing panels made of studwork
clad with plywood.
Time and materials contract: A construction contract which specifies a
price for different elements of the work such as cost per hour of labor,
overhead, profit, etc. A contract which may not have a maximum price, or
may state a ‘price not to exceed’.
Time Belt Pulleys: A Time Belt Pulley is a notched pulley that is used with a
timing belt to synchronize motion of mechanical valves or other similar
applications.
Time Quenching: Interrupted quenching in which the time in the quenching
medium is controlled.
Time Temperature: An isothermal transforamtion diagram showing the
relationship between temperature and the time taken.
Timer Control Modules: A Timer Control Module is used to turn devices
on or off in response to a timer. Many modules can interface multiple
devices.
Timer-thermostat : Thermostat control which includes a clock mechanism.
Unit automatically controls room temperature and changes temperature range
depending on time of day.
Time-temperature Curve: A curve produced by plotting time against
temperature.
Timing Pulleys: A Timing Pulley is a notched pulley that is used with a
timing belt to synchronize motion of mechanical valves or other similar
applications.
Timing Relays: A Timing Relay is a relay that, once activated, will stay on
(or off) for a prescribed amount of time before breaking (or engaging)
contact.
Timken OK Load: Measure of the EP properties of a lubricant. The Timken
testing machine uses a lever arm that can be loaded to bring a stationary
block to bear against the rotating outer race of a bearing until scoring occurs.
The maximum load prior to scoring is called the OK load.
Tin: Chemical symbol Sn. Element No. 50 of the periodic system; atomic
weight 118.70. Soft silvery-white metal of high malleability and ductility, but
low tensile strength; melting point 449°F, boiling point 4,384°F, yielding the
longest molten-state range for any common metal; specific gravity 7.28.
Principle use as a coating on steel in tin plate; also as a constituent in alloys.
Tin Free Steel: Chromium coated steel. Because it is used in food cans just
like tin plate, it ironically is classified as a tin mill product. Tin free steel is
easier to recycle because tin will contaminate scrap steel in even small
concentrations.
Tin Free Steel (TFS): Black electrolytically carbon steel that is coated with
chromium rather than tin.
Tin Mill: Continuous tin-plating facility to produce tin mill steel sheet to be
used in food and beverage cans and other containers.
Tin Mill: Continuous tin plating facility to produce tin mill steel sheet to be
used in food and beverage cans and other containers.
Tin Mill Product: Tin Plate, TFS, or Black Plate.
Tin Mill Product: Tin Plate, Tin Free Steel, or Black Plate.
Tin Pest: A polymorphic modification of tin that causes it to crumble into a
powder known as gray tin. It is generally accepted that the maximum rate of
transformation occurs at about -40 °C (-40 °F), but transformation can occur
at as high as about 13°C (55 °F).
Tin Plate: Tin plate is cold reduced steel sheet coated with a thin layer of tin.
It has good corrosion resistance and food compatibility – although many
products require a thin coating of lacquer to maximize the shelf life of the
contents. Around 90% of tin plate is used in packaging, with food and drink
cans the biggest market, but it is also widely used for other consumer and
general packaging, such as aerosois, paints and oils. Tin is applied in a
continuous process where decoiled steel (tinplate feedstock is called
blackplate) passes through an electrolytic plating bath containing tin in
solution. Tin plate can be produced with different coating thicknesses on
either side of the sheet. The coating on each side is typically in the range of
2.8-5.6 grams/sq. meter, but can be 1-14 grams/sq. meter. (11.2 grams per sq.
meter on each side equates to one pound "per basis box", a unit of measure
still used in the USA). Overall tin plate thickness is usually in the range of
0.13-0.49mm.
Tin Plate: Tinplate is low carbon mild steel coated on both top and bottom
surfaces with an electrolytic deposition of tin. The deposited tin exists as
alloyed and free tim and has a passivated surface as well as a coating of oil.
Tin Plate Base Box: A Tin Plate Base Box is measured in terms of pounds
per Base Box (112 sheets 14 x 20) a unit peculiar to the tin industry. This
corresponds to it's area of sheet totaling to 31.360 square inches of any gage
and is applied to tin plate weighing from 55 to 275 pounds per base box. To
convert to decimal thickness multiply weight per base box by .00011.
Tin Plating: Electroplating metal objects with tin; the object to be coated is
made cathode (negative electrode) in an electrolytic bath containing a
decomposable tin salt.
Tin Tossing: Oxidizing impurities in molten tin by pouring it from one
vessel to another in air, forming a dross that is mechanically separable.
Tin/Chrome Plating: A plating process whereby the molecules from the
positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively charged
sheet steel. The thickness of the coating is readily controlled through
regulation of the voltage and speed of the sheet through the plating area.
Tin/Chrome Plating: A plating process whereby the molecules from the
positively charged tin or chromium anode attach to the negatively charged
sheet steel. The thickness of the coating is readily controlled through
regulation of the voltage and speed of the sheet through the plating area.
Tin-Coated Steel: Cold rolled sheet, strip or plate coated with tin or
chromium.
Tin-Free Steel: Chromium-coated steel. Because it is used in food cans just
like tin plate, it ironically is classified as a tin mill product. Tin-free steel is
easier to recycle because tin will contaminate scrap steel in even small
concentrations.
Tinner: Another name for the heating contractor.
Tinning: Coating metal with a very thin layer of molten solder or brazing
filler metal.
Tinning: Coating with tin, commonly either by immersion into molten tin or
by electro deposition; also by spraying.
Tinplate: Thin steel sheet with a very thin coating of metallic tin. Used
primarily in can making.
Tint Etching: Immersing metallographic specimens in specially formulated
chemical etchants in order to produce a stable film on the specimen surface.
When viewed under an optical microscope, these surface films produce
colors that correspond to the various phases in the alloy. Also known as color
etching.
Tip up: The downspout extension that directs water (from the home’s gutter
system) away from the home. They typically swing up when mowing the
lawn, etc.
Tire Cord Quality Wire Rods: High carbon wire rods with restrictive
requirements for chemical analysis, cleanliness, segregation, de-carbonization
and surface imperfections. This steel is intended to be drawn into very fine
wire (0.006” to 0.015”) buy employing a series of patenting process steps.
Multiple fine wires are then taken to be bunched (twisted) into tire cord used
for the manufacure of “steel belted” radial automobile tires. Special rod and
steel making practices are used to prevent non-deformable inclusions lager
than 5 microns in size. Tire cord quality wire rods are usually supplied
“austenitic coarse grain” in steel Grade 1069 with restrictions on carbon and
manganese ranges. Steel Grades 1075 and 1080 are also commonly used to
produce high strength tire cords.
Titanium: A metal which is commonly added to chrome nickel stainless
steel to improve its welding properties. So used, it is called a "stabilizer" or is
said to prevent "carbide precipitation". The amount of titanium commonly
used for this purpose is 5 to 7 times the carbon content.
Titanium: Chemical symbol Ti. Element No. 22 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 47.90; melting point about 3270 (degrees) F.; boiling point
over 5430 (degrees) F.; specific gravity 4.5. Bright white metal, very
malleable and ductile when exceedingly pure. Its principal functions as an
alloy in the making of steel. (1) Fixes carbon in inert particles (a) reduces
martensitic hardness and hardnability in medium chromium steels. (b)
prevents formation of austenite in high chromium steels. (c) prevents
localized depletion of chromium in stainless steel during long heating. Now
finding application in its own right because of its high strength and good
corrosion resistance.
Titanium Alpha Alloys: Titanium alloys that are either pure (Commercially
Pure Ti) or richer in alpha stabilizing elements (i.e., Al, Sn, Ga). These alloys
can't be strengthened by heat treat, but have good weldability.
Titanium Alpha-Beta Alloys: Titanium alloys that contain at least one alpha
stabilizer and one beta stabilizer. These alloys can be strengthened by
solution treating and aging. Titanium 6Al-4V is a very common alpha-beta
alloy.
Titanium Beta Alloys: Titanium alloys that are richer in beta stabilizing
elements (i.e., Mo, V). These titanium alloys have great forgeability and high
hardenability, but are higher in density.
Titanium Heat Exchangers: Titanium Heat Exchangers are used in to
transfer heat between fluids in moderately corrosive environments that can
attack copper heat exchangers. Titanium heat exchangers are often used with
treated pool water, for example.
Titanium Machining: Titanium Machining refers to shaping titanium alloy
with a rotating cutter on a milling machine. Titanium alloy is a difficult
material to machine because of its high strength and relatively low heat
transfer coefficient. Machined titanium components are used in aerospace and
biomedical applications.
Titanium Vessels: Titanium Vessels are used in certain applications because
of there high strength to weight ratio and in corrosive environments because
of titanium's resistance to many common corrosives.
Titanium-Based Superalloys: Lightweight, corrosive-resistant alloys
suitable for high temperatures. These alloys have been used for airplane parts.
Titanium alloys can be blended with aluminum, iron, vanadium, silicon,
cobalt, tantalum, zirconium and manganese.
Title: Evidence (usually in the form of a certificate or deed) of a person’s
legal right to ownership of a property.
Titration: A chemical process used in analyzing feed water.
Tji or tj: Manufactured structural building component resembling the letter
““. Used as floor joists and rafters. I-joists include two key
parts: flanges and webs. The flange or from of the I joist may be made of
laminated veneer lumber or dimensional lumber, usually formed into a 1 ½”
width. The web or center of the I-joist is commonly made of plywood or
oriented strand board (OSB). Large holes can be cut in the web to
accommodate duct work and plumbing waste lines. I-joists are available in
lengths up to 60” long.
TlG Welding: Tungsten inert-gas welding.
TMS: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
Toe: The outside points of each leg of a structural angle.
Toe of fillet: 1) The end or termination edge of a fillet weld 2)The end or
termination edge of a rolled section fillet.
Toe of weld: The junction between the face of a weld and the base metal.
Toenailing: To drive a nail in at a slant. Method used to secure floor joists to
the plate.
Toga: Take-off/Go Around. An autopilot setting activating take-off or GO-
AROUNDthrust.
Toggle Bolt: A Toggle Bolt is a fastener that is used when attaching
something to drywall, or other structure that offers limited resistance to
thread pull-out. The toggle is a spring loaded clip that can be pushed though
the hole and provides an anchor to the opposite side of the wall once it
expands.
Toggle Press: A mechanical press in which the slide is actuated by one or
more toggle links or mechanisms.
Toggle Switches: Toggle Switches are mechanically actuated switches. A
light switch is an example of a toggle switch.
Tolerance: Term describing deviation from the prescribed dimensional
specifications for bore, OD and ring widths of standard bearings; the slighter
the deviation, the smaller the tolerance and the closer the bearing comes to
precision. The Annular Bearing Engineering Committee has standardized the
tolerances for ball bearings, and the Roller Bearing Engineering Committee
has developed similar tolerances for roller bearings; higher numbers mean
greater precision.
Tolerance : Acceptable variation from a standard size
Tolerance Limit: 1. The permissible deviation from the desired value. 2. As
applied to magnesium alloys, the specific critical amount of an impurity
element which, if exceeded, results in a great increase in rate of corrosion in
salt solutions.
Tolerance Limit: The permissible deviation from the desired value.
Toll Processing: The act of processing steel for a fee ("toll"). Owners of the
steel sheet may not possess the facilities to perform needed operations on the
material (or may not have the open capacity). Therefore, another steel mill or
service center will slit, roll, coat, anneal, or plate the metal for a fee.
Toll Processing: The act of processing steel for a fee (toll). Owners of the
steel sheet may not possess the facilities to perform needed operations on the
material (or may not have the open capacity). Therefore, another steel mill or
service center will slit, roll, coat, anneal, or plate the metal for a fee.
Ton: A unit of weight equal to 2000 pounds.
Ton: Unit of mass or weight in the imperial system of weights. The UK or
'long' ton is equal to 20 hundredweights, 2240 pounds, or 1016 kg. In the US
a 'short ton' of 2000 pounds is used.
Ton (T): Unit of measure for steel scrap and iron ore. Gross ton: 2,240
pounds. Long (net) ton: 2,240 pounds. Short (net) ton: 2,000 pounds. The
normal measured unit of statistical raw material input and steel output in the
United States. Metric ton: 1,000 kilograms. 2,204.6 pounds or 1.102 short
tons.
Ton refrigeration unit : Unit which removes same amount of heat in 24
hours as melting of 1 ton of ice.
Tong Hold: The portion of a forging billet, usually on one end, that is
gripped by the operator's tongs. It is removed from the part at the end of the
forging operation. Common to drop hammer and press type forging.
Tonghold: The portion of the stock by which the operator grips the stock
with tongs. A small portion of metal projecting from the forging used to
manipulate the piece during the forging operation, usually trimmed off.
Tonghold: The portion of the stock by which the operator grips the stock
with tongs. A small portion of metal projecting from the forging used to
manipulate the piece during the forging operation, usually trimmed off.
Tongs: Long-handled pliers used to remove scrap pieces from the welder or
other sections of the line. (see Heppenstall)
Tongue Switch: A switch that contains one straight section of track, pivoted
at one end, which can be swung to various positions to connect with other
tracks for transfer of carriers from one to the other.
Tonne: Unit of mass in the SI system. Equal to 1000 kilograms.
Tonne (T): A metric ton, equivalent to 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds or
1.1023 short ton.
Ton's of refrigeration : The capacity of a refrigeration system that can
freeze 1 ton (1000 kg) of liquid water at 0°C into ice at 0°C in 24 hour is said
to be 1 tone.
Tool: A term usually referring to the dies, mandrels, etc., used in the
production of extruded or drawn shapes or tube
Tool : An aid to accomplishing an engineering task or assignment, including
but not restricted to computing packages.
Tool Sharpening Equipment: Tool Sharpening Equipment refers to any
tools that are used to repair or regrind cutting tools. The can be as simple as a
sharpening stone or as complex as a 5 axis CNC tool grinder.
Tool Steel: Steel with high tempering temperatures with 0.5-1.5% carbon,
significant (75%) alloy content and usually containing carbide stabilizers
such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten.
Tool steel : Any steel used o make tools for cutting, forming, or otherwise
shaping a material into a final part.
Tool Wear: A gradual deterioration of tools and dies. In the case of
fabrication of stainless steels, the surface oxides of the stainless gradually
either abrade or build up on the tooling. Other factors (high hardness, non-
metallic inclusions) can also accelerate tool wear.
Tool Wear: A gradual deterioration of tools and dies. In the case of
fabrication of stainless steels, the surface oxides of the stainless gradually
either abrade or build up on the tooling. Other factors (high hardness,non
metallic inclusions) can also accelerate tool wear.
Tooled joints: Mortar joints which are specially prepared by compressing
and spreading the mortar after it has set slightly (e.g. weathered joint, V joint
and concave joint.
Tooling Plate: A cast or rolled product of rectangular cross-section of
thickness 0.250 inch or greater and with edges either as-cast, sheared or
sawed with internal stress levels controlled to achieve maximum stability for
machining purposes to tool and jig applications.
Tooling Plate: A cast or rolled product of rectangular cross section of
thickness 0.250 inch or greater and with edges either as cast, sheared or
sawed with internal stress levels controlled to achieve maximum stability for
machining purposes to tool and jig applications.
Tooling Points: The fixed positions on the casting surfaces used for
references during layout and machining.
Tooth: (1) A projection on a multipoint tool (such as on a saw, milling cutter
or file) designed to produce cutting. (2) A projection on the periphery of a
wheel or segment thereof--as on a gear, spline or sprocket, for example-
designed to engage another mechanism and thereby transmit force or motion,
or both. A similar projection on a flat member such as a rack.
Tooth Depth (Gears): Sum of the addendum, dedendum and a small
clearance space.
Tooth Point: The chamfered cuning edge of a face milling blade, to which a
flat is sometimes added to produce a shaving effect and to improve finish.
Top chord: The top member of a joist or joist girder.
Top chord: The upper or top member of a truss.
Top chord bearing: The bearing condition of a joist or joist girder that bears
on its top chord seat.
Top chord extension (tcx): The extended part of a joist top chord only. This
type has only the two top chord angles extended past the joist seat. See
Overhang.
Top Dross: Skimmings for the continuous galvanize pot. Composition
consists of approximately 87% zinc. 5% aluminum, and 6% to 8% iron.
Top Dross: Skimmings for the continuous galvanize pot. Composition
consists of approximately 87% zinc. 5% aluminum, and 6% to 8% iron.
Top plate: Top horizontal member of a frame wall supporting ceiling joists,
rafters, or other members.
Top plate: A horizontal timber on top of a partition to receive the floor or
roof timbers.
Top Running Crane: An electric overhead traveling crane having the end
trucks supported on rails attached to the top of the crane runway.
Top-and-Bottom Process: A process for separating copper and nickel, in
which their molten sulfides are separated into two liquid layers by the
addition of sodiwn sulfide. The lower layer holds most of the nickel.
Topping turbine: Have been used when old boilers are replaced with new
high pressure boilers. The turbine is a backpressure turbine exhausting to the
old boiler header still supplying steam to the old lower pressure turbines.
Topsoil: native or manufactured soil with 15-40% organic content
Topsoil : The topmost layer of the soil which by its humus content supports
vegetation. It is usually the top one foot of the soil.
Torch: See preferred terms cutting torch and welding torch. (see Cutting
Torch (Arc)) (see Welding Torch)
Torch Brazing: A brazing process in which the heat required is furnished by
a fuel gas flame.
Torch Soldering: A soldering process in which the heat required is furnished
by a fuel gas flame.
Torn Surface: A deep longitudinal rub mark resulting from abrasion by
extrusion or drawing tools.
Toroidal Current Transformers: A Toroidal Current Transformer is a
transformer that uses a toroid (donut-shaped) ferrous core. Toroidal cores are
more efficient than rectangular cores but also more expensive to produce.
Torpedo Car: The hot metal car used to carry molten iron from the blast
furnace to steelmaking units.
Torpedo Car: The hot metal car used to carry molten iron from the blast
furnace to steelmaking units.
Torque Limiting Clutches: A Torque Limiting Clutch protects a drive train
from mechanical overload. This can be done either by failure of a shear pin or
slipping of friction disc interface.
Torque Motor: A coil of wire and bobbin assembly used in a servo valve
that causes the internal mechanism of the servo valve to be offset when
current passes through the coil.
Torque Sensors: Torque Sensors is a load cell that converts torsional strain
into an electrical signal and is used to measure torque on a shaft. They are
often incorporated with as part of a torque wrench to measure the tightening
torque of a fastener.
Torque Transducers: A Torque Transducer is a load cell that converts
torsional strain into an electrical signal and is used to measure torque on a
shaft.
Torque wrench: A wrench containing an adjustable mechanism for
measuring and controlling the amount of turning force exerted when used to
tighten nuts and bolts.
Torque, Full Load (Motor): The torque produced by a motor operating at its
rated horsepower and speed.
Torque, Locked Rotor: The minimum torque which a squirrel- cage motor
will develop at rest, for all angular positions of the rotor, with rated voltage
applied at rated frequency. Not applicable to wound-rotor (slip-ring) motors.
Torque, Motor Breakdown: The maximum torque which a squirrel-cage or
wound-rotor (slip-ring) motor will develop with rated voltage applied at rated
frequency, without an abrupt drop in speed.
Torque, Motor Full Load: The torque developed by an electric motor (A.C.
or D.C.) to produce its rated horsepower at rated full load speed.
Torque, Motor Pull Up: The minimum torque developed by a squirrel cage
or wound rotor (slip-ring) motor during the period of acceleration from rest to
the speed at which breakdown torque occurs. For squirrel cage motors with
8% or greater slip, the pull up torque, the breakdown torque, and the starting
torque are all equal and occur at zero speed.
Torque, torsion or twist : The twisting effect of a force on a shaft applied
tangentially, like the twist on a haulage drum which winds rope on to its
circumference.
Torsion: Stain created in a material by a twisting action. Correspondingly,
the stress within the material resisting the twisting.
Torsion loads: A load that causes a member to twist about its longitudinal
axis. Simple torsion is produced by a couple or moment in a plane
perpendicular to the axis.
Torsion : an action that twists a material
Torsional Box Girder: Girder in which the trolley rail is located over one
web.
Torsional Forces: Forces which can cause twisting of a member.
Torsional Moment: In a body being twisted, the algebraic sum of the
couples or the moments of the external forces about the axis of twist, or both.
Torsional Strength: The resistance of a bar to twisting. Closely related to its
shear strength.
Tos: Abbreviation for 'Top of Steel'.
Total Acid Number (TAN): (see Neutralization (“neut”) number) (see
Strong acid/strong base numbers)
Total Acid/Total Base Numbers: Total acid number (TAN) and acid
number are synonymous, indicating the strong acid number values. Total
base number (TBN) reflects all basic constituents, including the strong base
component. (see Strong Acid/Strong Base Numbers)
Total Carbon: The sum of the free and combined carbon (including carbon
in solution) in a ferrous alloy.
Total dynamic head: Dynamic discharge head (static discharge head, plus
friction head, plus velocity head) plus dynamic suction lift, or dynamic
discharge head minus dynamic suction head.
Total Elongation: The total amount of permanent extension of a test piece
broken in a tensile test usually expressed as a percentage over a fixed gage
length.
Total hardness: Total hardness is defined as the sum of calcium and
magnesium hardness1, in mg/L as CaCO3. In addition to total hardness, the
test described here will allow you to determine the concentration of Mg2+, in
mg/L
Total heat: Sum of both the sensible and latent heat.
Total heat (enthalpy): Total heat is the sum of the sensible heat and latent
heat in an exchange process. In many cases, the addition or subtraction of
latent and sensible heat at terminal coils appears simultaneously. Total heat
also is called enthalpy, both of which can be defined as the quantity of heat
energy contained in that substance.
Total Preventive Maintenance (TPM): A maintenance program of
industrial equipment based on multicapacitation of the employers. They are
prepared to not only operate equipment, but also make repairs or diagnose
eminent defects.
Total solids: Are the sum of the dissolved and suspended solids.
Touch Screen Displays: Touch Screen Displays allow an operator to
communicate to a device by touching different areas on a screen instead of
using a mouse or keyboard.
Touchdown: Synonym of landing. May also refer to a stopover that does not
involve a change of aircraft or flight.
Touch-up : performing finishing work after galvanizing in order to meet
standards or specifications, or coating areas of steel that have been exposed
due to post-galvanizing fabrication, installation, or extremely rough handling
Tough Pitch Copper: Copper containing from 0.02 to 0.04% O, obtained by
refining copper in a reverberatory furnace.
Toughness: The ability of a steel to absorb large amounts of energy without
being readily damaged.
Toughness: Ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically
before fracturing. Toughness is proportional to the area under the stress-strain
curve from the origin to the breaking point. In metals, toughness is usually
measured by the energy absorbed in a notch impact test.
Toughness : The resistance of a material to repeated bending and twisting.
Tower: 1. Consists of sets of mounted rolls. The top rolls are in a fixed
position, but the bottom rolls are mounted on a movable carriage. The
carriage is controlled by cables that can move the carriage up or down in the
tower. When the carriage is lowered, extra strip is stored in the tower. This
strip is used when a weld is being made. 2. Tower for loops of steel; allows
entry end to shut down without stopping production; also a tower which
allows the coating to freeze on the steel.
Tower: 1) Consist of sets of mounted rolls. The top rolls are in a fixed
position but the bottom rolls are mounted on a moveable carriage. The
carriage is controlled by cables that can move the carriage up or down in the
tower. When the carriage is lowered extra strip is stored in the tower. This
strip is used when a weld is being made. 2) Tower for loops of steel (#5
Galvanize); allows entry end to shut down without stopping production; also
a tower at which allows the coating to freeze on the steel.
Tower crane: A crane with the jib mounted at the top of a tower, to give
clearance over obstructions. They may be static or tracked, with a rigid or
'luffing' (vertically hinged) jib. They are usually electrically operated.
Tower fill: The interior structure of a cooling tower over which the water
flows.
Tower Oven: Vertical, continuous core oven with suspended shelves
attached to sprocket driven chains.
Tower : the vertical structure in a suspension bridge or cablestayed
bridge from which cables are hung; also used loosely as a synonym for the
term skyscraper
Town planning ortown and country planning: The original name of the
discipline and process which is these days generally known simply
as planning.
Tpd: Tons per day.
TQIT: Bearing manufacturers’ nomenclature describing tapered roll-neck,
interference-fit bearings used in high-speed, heavy-duty rolling mills where
close gauge and shape tolerances are required.
TQO: Nomenclature used by tapered roller bearing manufacturers to denote
the straight-neck, loose-fit roller bearings used on heavy-duty, low-to-
medium speed rolling mills.
Trace: Extremely small quantity of an element, usually too small to
determine quantitatively.
Trace constituents: Materials present at a concentration less than 0.01 mg/L.
Trace Heating: Trace Heating is a technique in which a flexible heating
element is used to heat along the entire length of a piping system. Some
radiant floor heating systems are trace heating systems.
Tracer Milling: Duplication of a three-dimensional form by means of a
cutter controlled by a tracer that is directed by a master form.
Tracer Steam: Companion line to help maintain proper oil temperature.
Track: The structural member that supports the carrier or crane wheels.
Track Capacity: The design load which consists of the rated load, impact
allowance and load imposed by the weight of the equipment.
Track Curves: Curved sections of monorail track used to change the
direction of carrier travel.
Track Hangers: Fittings used to suspend the track from the supporting
structure.
Track Joint: The point at which two sections of track are joined together.
Track Opener: A section of monorail track arranged to lift or swing out of
line to make an opening through which a door may pass.
Tracking: Side to side movement of the strip through any operating unit.
Tracon: Terminal Radar Approach Control. ATC for departures and
approaches.
Traction Fluids: Fluids displaying high traction coefficients; under high
stresses they develop a glass-like structure, simultaneously transmitting shear
forces and protecting the contacting surfaces from wear. Cycloaliphatics are
superior traction fluids.
Tractor Drive: A motor driven unit supported from wheels and propelled by
drive wheel or wheels bearing on the underside of the track.
Tractor Loader Buckets: Tractor Loader Buckets are steel buckets that are
used to scrape, scoop, and move soil and rock for excavation and earth
moving.
Trade: The various types of construction workers electricians, carpenters,
joiners and such like.
Traffic enforcement agent (tea) : A uniformedmember of the NYPD who
directs vehicular traffic, or engages in summons enforcement.
Traffic lane : That portion of a travelled way for the movement of a single
line of vehicles.
Traffic Mark: Abrasion which results from relative movement between
contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color from the
abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. A mirror image of
a traffic mark is observed on the adjacent contacting surface.
Traffic Mark: Abrasion which results from relative movement between
contacting metal surfaces during handling and transit. A dark color from the
abrasively produced aluminum oxide is usually observed. A mirror image of
a traffic mark is observed on the adjacent contacting surface.
Trailerload: Quantities of commodities, including primary and secondary
metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 lbs each, which is the standard
weight limit on U.S. highways.
Trailerload: quantities of commodities, including primary and secondary
metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 pounds each, which is the standard
weight limit on U.S. highways.
Tramp: Combustion air.
Tramp: Combustion air.
Tramp Alloys: Residual alloying elements that are introduced into steel
when unidentified alloy steel is present in the scrap charge to a steelmaking
furnace.
Tramp Element (Trace): Contaminant in the components of a furnace
charge, or in the molten metal or casting, whose presence is felt to be either
unimportant or undesirable to the quality of the casting.
Tramp Element (Trace): Contaminant in the components of a furnace
charge, or in the molten metal or casting, whose presence is felt to be either
unimportant or undesirable to the quality of the casting.
Tramp Oil: Describes undesired oil scum in a system, e.g., lubricants or
hydraulic fluids that mix with rolling oil systems in cold mill areas.
Transcrystalline Cracking: Cracking or fracturing that occurs through or
across a crystal. Also termed intracrystalline cracking.
Transducer: An electrical device that converts a signal from one form of
energy to another.
Transducer: The means by which the controller converts the signal from the
sensing device into the means necessary to have the appropriate effect on the
controlled device. For example, a change in air pressure in the pneumatic
transmission piping.
Transfer: Transferring strip from #1 to #2 reel on a continuous unit.
Transfer : The application of knowledge, ability and skill to perform actions
in a context other than that in which formal learning took place.
Transfer Cars: Electric rail cars which move coils in the tin mill from the
C.A. lines to the temper mill stock floor, or from the DR mills to the plater
stock floor.
Transfer Cars: Electric rail cars which move coils in the Tin Mill from the
C.A. lines to the Temper Mill stock floor, or from the DR Mills to the Plater
stock floor. (a.k.a. the Hoopey railroad.)
Transfer Function: A mathematical expression of the relationship between
the outgoing and incoming signals of a process or control element.
Transfer Ladle: A ladle that may be supported on a monorail or carried in a
shank and used to transfer metal from the melting furnace to the holding
furnace or from furnace to pouring ladles.
Transfer Ladle: A ladle that may be supported on a monorail or carried in a
shank and used to transfer metal from the melting furnace to the holding
furnace or from furnace to pouring ladles.
Transfer Pump: A pump used to move hydraulic oil from one storage tank
to another.
Transfer Pump: A pump used to move hydraulic oil from one storage tank
to another.
Transfer Switches: A Transfer Switch is used to switch power to a device
from a primary to secondary source, which is often a back up generator. They
are used in critical situations where power interruption can not be tolerated.
Transferable skills : Skills acquired in one context that, with adaptation may
be applied in another context.
Transferring Boilers: Term used for the process of changing from primary
operating boiler to the standby boiler.
Transformation: A constitutional change in a solid metal, e.g., the change
from gamma to alpha iron, or the formation of pearlite from austenite.
Transformation (Temperature) Range: The critical temperature at which a
change in phase occurs. To distinguish between the critical points in heating
and cooling, those in heating are referred to as the Ac points (c for Chauffage
or heating) and those in cooling, Ar (r for Refroidissement).
Transformation (Temperature) Range: Those ranges of temperature within
which austenite forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The two
ranges are distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting
temperatures of these ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on
the rate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling.
Transformation Hardening: Heat treatment of steels comprising
austenitization followed by cooling under conditions such that the austenite
transforms more or less completely into martensite and possibly into bainite.
Transformation Range: Those ranges of temperature within which austenite
forms during heating and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are
distinct, sometimes overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting
temperatures of the ranges depend on the composition of the alloy and on the
rate of change of temperature, particularly during cooling.
Transformation Ranges (Transformation Temperature Ranges): Those
ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating and
transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes
overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of these ranges
depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of change of
temperature, particuarly during cooling.
Transformation Temperature: The temperature at which a change in phase
occurs.
Transformation Temperature: The temperature at which a change in phase
occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a
transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels:
Ac(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which the solution of
cementite in austentite is completed during heating. Ac1 The temperature at
which austenite begins to form during heating. Ac3 The temperature at which
transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed during heating. . Ac4 The
temperature at which austenite transforms to delta ferrite during heating. .
Ae(cm) Ae1 Ae3 Ae4 The temperatures of phase changes at equilibrium. .
Ar(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which precipitation of
cementite starts during cooling. . Ar1 The temperature at which
transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite plus cementite is completed
during cooling. . Ar3 The temperature at which austenite begins to transform
to ferrite during cooling. . Ar4 The temperature at which delta ferrite
transforms to austentie during cooling. . M(s) (or Ar) The temperature at
which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. . M(f)
The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling.
.NOTE: All these changes except the formation of martensite occur at lower
temperatures during cooling than during heating, and depend on the rate of
change of temperature.
Transformation-Induced Plasticity: A phenomenon, occuring chiefly in
certain high alloyed steel have been heat-treated to produce metastable
austenite or metastable austenite plus martensite, whereby, on subsequent
deformation, part of the austentite undergoes strain-induced transformation to
martensite. Steels capable of transforming in this manner, commonly referred
to as TRIP steels, are highly plastic after heat treatment, but exhibit a very
high rate of strain hardening and thus have high tensile and yield strengths
after plastic deformation at temperatures between about 20 and 500°C (70
and 930°F). Cooling to -195°C (-320°F) may or may not be required to
complete the transformation to martensite. Tempering usually is done
following transformation.
Transformer: An electrical device that uses a magnetic field to change a
given voltage or current to a higher or lower voltage or current.
Transformer: The system power supplying transformer is an inductive
stationary device which transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another. The transformer has two windings, primary and secondary. A
changing voltage applied to one of these, usually the primary, induces a
current to flow in the other winding. A coupling transformer transfers energy
at the same voltage; a stepdown transformer transfers energy at a lower
voltage, and a stepup transformer transfers energy at a higher voltage.
Transformer Oil: Oil suitable for use in a transformer, to dissipate heat,
keep the insulation on the wire pliable and retard the oxidizing effect of the
air. Since it circulates between the coils of wires that carry high-voltage
currents, it must resist the flow of current through it from one coil to another;
otherwise, the transformer short-circuits. Such resistance is termed dielectric
strength; oil that is extremely dry, clean and acid-free has high dielectric
strength.
Transformer Rectifiers: A Transformer Rectifier convert AC power to DC
power. It consists of a transformer and a series of diodes and may also
employ additional smoothing circuitry.
Transgranular: Through or across crystals or grains. Also called
intracrystalline or transcrystalline.
Transgranular Cracking: Cracking or fracturing that occurs through or
across a crystal or grain.
Transgranular Fracture: Fracture through or across the crystals or grains of
a material. Also called transcrystalline fracture.
Transient constituents: Are those constituents which change in
concentration or activity by changes in the aquatic environment. The change
my be due to oxidation potentials, biological activities, etc..
Transistor: An active semiconductor device used for providing power
amplification and having three or more terminals. A transistor is a
semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit.
Transistor Arrays: A Transistor Array is a two or more transistors in a
single device and are used for signal filtering, amplification, or function
generation.
Transit Rust: This rust defect occurs when strip or plate becomes wet from
rain or snow during transit; or from damaged containers exposing plate in
transit. Strip or plate will generally exhibit a pattern of rust on the edge going
inwards due to capillary action.
Transition altitude (ta): Altitude in the vicinity of an aerodrome at or
below which the vertical position of an aircraft is controlled by reference to
altitude (with the aerodrome QNH set on its altimeter). Above transition
altitude QNE is set and flight levels used. Also called transition level (TL) at
which a descending aircraft changes from FL to QNH.
Transition Lattice: An unstable crystallographic configuration that forms as
an intermediate step in a solid-state reaction such as precipitation from solid
solution or eutectoid decomposition.
Transition Metal: A metal in which the available electron energy levels are
occupied in such a way that the d-band contains less than its maximum
number of ten electrons per atom, for example, iron, cobalt, nickel and
tungsten. The distinctive properties of the transition metals result from the
incompletely filled d-Ievels.
Transition Point: The temperature of transformation from one solid
crystalline form of a substance to another. More broadly, the point where
different phases can exist in equilibrium.
Transition Structure: In precipitation from solid solution, a metastable
precipitate that is coherent with the matrix.
Transition Temperature: (1) An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies
within the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as
usually determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as
the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The DBTT can be
assessed in several ways, the most common being the temperature for 50%
ductile and 50% brittle fracture (50% fracture appearance transition
temperature, or FATT), or the lowest temperature at which the fracture is
100% ductile (100% fibrous criterion). (2) Sometimes used to denote an
arbitrarily defined temperature within a range in which the ductility changes
rapidly with temperature.
Transition Temperature: An arbitrarily defined temperature that lies within
the temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics (as usually
determined by tests of notched specimens) change rapidly, such as from
primarily fibrous (shear) to primarily cleavage.
Transmission Couplings: Transmission Couplings are used to mechanically
connect rotating shafts. Many designs have provisions for shaft misalignment
and may also use elastomeric dampers to reduce vibration transmission.
Transmittance, thermal (u factor): The time rate of heat flow per unit area
under steady conditions from the fluid on the warm side of a barrier to the
fluid on the cold side, per unit temperature difference between the two fluids.
Transmitter (garage door): The small, push button device that causes the
garage door to open or close.
Transome: A component of scaffolding a horizontal tube supporting the
boards. Also a horizontal member in joinery, for example the part of the
frame between an upper and lower window.
Transponder: Airborne receiver/transmitter portion of the SSR system
which receives the interrogation signal from the ground and automatically
replies according to mode and code selected. Modes A and B are used for
identification, using a four-digit number allocated by air traffic control. Mode
C gives automatic altitude readout from an encoding altimeter.
Transport Tanks: A Transport Tank is any tank that is designed for
transport fluids from one location to another. The tank on a tanker truck is an
example of a transport tank.
Transverse: Crossing from side to side or placed crosswise.
Transverse Bow: See ?Bow,Transverse?.
Transverse Direction: Literally, "across," usually signifying a direction or
plane perpendicular to the direction of working. In rolled plate or sheet, the
direction across the width is often called long transverse; the direction
through the thickness, short transverse. Transverse roUing machine.
Equipment for producing complex preforms or finished forgings from round
billets inserted transversely between two or three rolls that rotate in the same
direction and drive the billet. The rolls, carrying replaceable die segments
with appropriate impressions, make several revolutions for each rotation of
the workpiece. Transverse rupture strength (TRS). The stress. Calculated
from the bending stress formula. Required to break a powder metallurgy
specimen of a given di· mension. The specimen is supponed near its ends
with a load applied midway between the fixed centerline of the supports.
From the value of the break load, the TRS can be calculated using: TRS =
3FL wlP where F is the load at fracture, L is the span between supports. And
Wand H are the width and height of the test bar, respectively. Trees. Visible
projections of electrodeposited metal fonned at sites of high current density.
Trepanning. A machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in
solid stock, or for producing a disk. Cylinder. Or tube from solid stock, by
the action of a tool containing one or more cuners (usu· ally single-point)
revolving around a center. Triaxiality. In a triaxial stress state. The ratio of
the smallest to the largest principal stress. All stresses being tensile. Triaxial
stress. A state of stress in which none of the three principal stresses is zero.
See also principal stress (nol71Ul/). Tribology. (I) The science and
technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices
related thereto. (2) The science concerned with the design, friction,
lubrication. And wear of contacting sutfaces that move relative to each other
(as in bearings, cams, or gears. For example). Trimmer blade. The portion of
the trimmers through which a forging is pushed to shear off the flash.
Trimmer die. The punch press die used for triJTU1}ing flash from a forging.
Trimmer punch, The upper portion of the trimmer that contacts the forging
and pushes it through the trimmer blades; the lower end of the trimmer pooch
is generally shaped to fit the surface of the forging against which it pushes.
Trimmers. The combination of trimmer punch. Trimmer blades, and perhaps
trimming shoe used to remove the flash from the forging. Trimming. (I) In
forging, removing any parting-line flash or excess material from the part with
a trimmer in a trim press; can be done hot or cold. (2) In drawing, shearing
the irregular edge of the drawn pan. (3) In casting, the removal of gates,
risers, and fins. Trimming press. A power press suitable for trimming flash
from forgings. Trimming shoe. The holder used to support trirruners.
Sometimes called trinuning chair. tripIe·action press. A mechanical or
hydraulic press having three slides with three motions properly synchronized
for triple-action drawing, redrawing, and fanning. Usually. Two slides-the
blankholder slide and the plunger- are located above and a lower slide is
located within the bed of the press. See also hydraulic press. Mechanical
press, and slide. Triple point. (I) A point on a phase diagram where three
phases of a substance coexist in equiJibriwn. (2) The intersection of the
boundaries of three adjoining grains, as observed in a metallographic section.
TRIP
Transverse Direction: A direction perpendicular to the direction of working
Transverse Direction (T): Perpendicular to the rolling direction.
Transverse Plane (Gears): In helical gears, a cross-section (perpendicular)
to the line of action.
Transverse Rolling Machine: Equipment for producing complex preforms
or finished forgings from round billets inserted transversely between two or
three rolls that rotate in the same direction and drive the billet. The rolls,
carrying replaceable die segments with appropriate impressions, make several
revolutions for each rotation of the workpiece.
Transverse Rupture Strength (TRS): The stress, calculated from the
bending stress formula, required to break a powder metallurgy specimen of a
given dimension. The specimen is supported near its ends with a load applied
midway between the fixed centerline of the supports.
Transverse Strength: A measurement of strength when the load is applied
across the longitudinal flow of the grain of a metal. Certain impurities such as
sulfur have a detrimental effect on the transverse strength. This can be
minimized by the inclusion modification process.
Transverse Strength: A measurement of strength when the load is applied
acrosss the longitudinal flow of the frain of a metal. Certain impurities such
as sulphur have a detrimental effect on the transverse strength. This can be
minimised by the inclusion modification process.
Transverse Test: A test taken at right angles to the principal direction of
rolling or forging.
Trap: A plumbing fitting that holds water to prevent air, gas, and vermin
from backing up into a fixture.
Trash rack: a metal grate placed at the upstream end of a culvert to prevent
woody debris, rocks etc from entering the culvert.
Travel lane : When used to distinguish between passing lane and travel lane,
the travel lane is the right lane of a two lane roadway with both lanes going in
the same direction. Usually both the passing lane and the travel lane are
considered travel lanes with the passing lane considered to be the right travel
lane
Traveled way : The portion of the roadway for the movement of vehicles
exclusive of shoulders and auxiliary lanes
Traverse: survey circuit.
Traverse: Transfer car used to move coils on and off, or toward and away,
from the reel.
Traverse Car: Used to place a coil on the reel or remove coil from the reel.
The traverse cars have movement in and out or up and down.
Traverse Car: Used to place a coil on the reel or remove coil from the reel.
The traverse cars have movement in and out or up and down.
Tread: The walking surface board in a stairway on which the foot is placed.
Tread: A single step of a staircase.
Tread Plate: Sheet or plate having a raised figured pattern on one surface to
provide improved traction.
Tread Plate: Sheet or plate having a raise figured pattern on one surface to
provide improved traction.
Treated lumber: A wood product which has been impregnated with
chemical pesticides such as CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate) to reduce
damage from wood rot or insects. Often used for the portions of a structure
which are likely to be in contact with soil and water. Wood may also be
treated with a fire retardant.
Treatment: A process whereby impurities are removed from water; also a
substance added to water to improve its physical or chemical properties.
Tree: medium to large plant of woody character, generally with a single
stem.
Tree preservation order: An order under planning regulations, protecting a
tree or group of trees from damage.
Tree spade: specialized truck mounted device used to dig and transport large
trees.
Trees: Visible projections of electrodeposited metal formed at sites of high
current density.
Trees: A series of vertical spray nozzles arranged in fourteen groups of three
nozzles on each tree. The spray from the trees is directed at the rebound
panels to maximize particulate removal from the exhaust gases.
Trench: In joinery, a groove. In drainage and plumbing, the excavation in
which pipes are laid. In foundations, the excavation in which footings are
placed
Trench : A long cut in the ground, used commonlyfor water- main
replacement and installation in place of capital street reconstructions.
Trepan: To remove a cylindrical core in a metal bar, creating a hollow bar.
Trepanning: A machining process for producing a circular hole or groove in
solid stock, or for producing a disk, cylinder or tube from solid stock, by the
action of a tool containing one or more cutters (usually single-point)
revolving around a center.
Trepanning: A type of boring where an annular cut is made into a solid
material with the coincidental formation of a plug or solid cylinder.
Trestle: Steel or wood ladder structure used to support, planks to form a
working platform
Triaxial Stress: A state of stress in which none of the three principal stresses
is zero.
Triaxiality: In a triaxial stress state, the ratio of the smallest to the largest
principal stress, all stresses being tensile.
Tribology: A science that deals with the design, friction, wear and
lubrication of interacting surfaces in relative motion.
Tribology: The science concerned with the design, friction, lubrication and
wear of contacting surfaces that move relative to each other (as in bearings,
cams, or gears).
Tribuitary width or area: The design area which contributes load to a
structural member. It is one half the distance between members on either side
of the member.
Tribunal: An administrative body authorized to settle judicial or
quasijudicial matters.
Tributary: smaller stream that contributes to flow of larger stream.
Tricresyl Phosphate/TCP: A colorless liquid used as a lubricant additive
and plasticizer.
Trim (plumbing, heating, electrical): The work that the “mechanical”
contractors perform to finish their respective aspects of work, and when the
home is nearing completion and occupancy.
Trim Inclusion: Edge trimming accidentally wound into a roll of foil
Trim- interior: The finish materials in a building, such as moldings applied
around openings (window trim, door trim) or at the floor and ceiling of rooms
(baseboard, cornice, and other moldings). Also, the physical work of
installing interior doors and interior woodwork, to include all handrails,
guardrails, stair way balustrades, mantles, light boxes, base, door casings,
cabinets, countertops, shelves, window sills and aprons, etc. The finish
materials on the exterior a building, such as moldings applied around
openings (window trim, door trim), siding, windows, exterior doors, attic
vents, crawl space vents, shutters, etc. Also, the physical work of installing
these materials
Trimmer: The vertical stud that supports a header at a door, window, or
other opening.
Trimmer: A joist which carries extra loads, for example, those due to an
opening or a partition. Trimmers should be stronger than the normal joists.
Traditionally they were thicker, these days extra strength is achieved by
bolting two or more timbers together.
Trimmer Blade: The portion of the trimmers through which a forging is
pushed to shear off the flash.
Trimmer Die: The punch press die used for trimming flash from a forging.
Trimmer joist: One of the joists supporting a header. The header applies a
concentrated load at that point on the trimmer joist.
Trimmer Punch: The upper portion of the trimmer that contacts the forging
and pushes it through the trimmer blades; the lower end of the trimmer pooch
is generally shaped to fit the surface of the forging against which it pushes.
Trimmers: The combination of trimmer punch, trimmer blades and perhaps
trimming shoe used to remove the flash from the forging.
Trimming: (1) In forging, removing any parting-line flash or excess material
from the part with a trimmer in a trim press; can be done hot or cold. (2) In
drawing, shearing the irregular edge of the drawn pan. (3) In casting, the
removal of gates, risers and fins.
Trimming Press: A power press suitable for trimming flash from forgings.
Trimming Shoe: The holder used to support trimmer. Sometimes called
trinuning chair.
Trip: To instantly put a boiler or piece of machinery out of service. To
disturb the logic of the boiler.
Trip: To instantly put a boiler or piece of machinery out of service. To
disturb the logic of boiler.
Trip Out: One or more circuit breakers opening up and stopping the flow of
power.
Trip Out: One or more circuit breakers opening up and stopping the flow of
power.
TRIP Steel: A commercial steel product exhibiting transformation-induced
plasticity.
TRIP Steel: A commercial steel product exhibiting transformation-induced
plasticity.
TripIe-action Press: A mechanical or hydraulic press having three slides
with three motions properly synchronized for triple-action drawing,
redrawing and forming. Usually, two slides-the blankholder slide and the
plunger--are located above and a lower slide is located within the bed of the
press. See also hydraulic press, mechanical press and slide. (see Hydraulic
Press) (see Mechanical Press) (see Slide)
Triple Point: (1) A point on a phase diagram where three phases of a
substance coexist in equilibrium. (2) The intersection of the boundaries of
three adjoining grains, as observed in a metallographic section.
Triple Point: The intersection of the boundaries of three adjoining grains, as
observed in a section.
Triple Spot Test: (see Minimum Triple Spot Average coating)
Triple Spot Test: See Minimum Triple Spot Average Coating.
Trir: Total Recordable Case Incidence Rate.
Trojan Horse: A barrel-shaped vessel containing a seal oil reservoir and a
vacuum tank. Oil travels from the defoaming tanks into the seal oil reservoir.
It then flows into the vacuum tank compartment where gases and vapor are
liberated from the oil. The oil is then drawn from the bottom of the vacuum
tank through a differential pressure regulator to maintain the oil seals.
Trojan Horse: A barrel shaped vessel containing a seal oil reservoir and a
vacuum tank. Oil travels from the defoaming tanks into the seal oil reservoir.
It then flows into the vacuum tank compartment where gases and vapor are
liberated from the oil. The oil is then drawn from the bottom of the vacuum
tank through a differential pressure regulator to maintain the oil seals.
Trolley (Carrier): The unit which travels on the bottom flange of the bridge
girder and carries the hoist.
Trolley Frame: The basic structure of the trolley on which are mounted the
hoisting and traversing mechanisms.
Trolley Speed: Trolley speed is the rate of motion that a motor operated
trolley (and hoist) attains while traveling along a beam.
Trolley Suspended: Suspension of hoist from a trolley. Hoist can be
connected to trolley by hook, clevis, or lug suspension, or the hoist can be
integral with trolley.
Trolley Travel: The trolley movement in directions at right angles to the
crane runway.
Troosite: Tempered martensite that etches rapidly, usually appears dark, and
is not resolved by the microscope.
Troosite (Obsolete): A previously unresolvable rapidly etching fine
aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering martensite at
low temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate slower than the critical
cooling rate. Preferred terminology for the first product is tempered
martensite; for the latter, fine pearlite.
Troostite (obsolete): A previously unresolvable, rapidly etching, fine
aggregate of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering martensite at
low temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate slower than the critical
cooling rate. Preferred terminology for the first product is tempered
manensite; for the latter, fine pearlite.
Trowel Steel: Hardened and tempered spring steel 0.90 to 1.05 carbon
content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat — Rockwell C 50. Used in
the manufacture of plastering trowels.
Trowel Steel: Hardened and tempered spring steel. .90 to 1.05 carbon
content. Ordinary tolerances, but rolled extra flat Rockwell C 50. Used in the
manufacture of plastering trowels.
Troy Ounce: A unit of weight for precious metals that is equal to
31.1034768 g (1.0971699 oz avoirdupois).
Trs staffing solutions: subsidiary that provides technical contract staffing.
Truck: A unit consisting of a frame, wheels, bearings, and axles that
supports the bridge girders, the end ties of an overhead crane, or the sill of a
gantry crane unattended a condition in which the operator of a crane is not at
the operating bridge crane control devices. However, on a floor-operated
crane, if the operating bridge crane control devices are within sight of the
operator and within a distance equal to the span of the crane, the crane. e
should be considered attended.
Truck Loadcells: A Truck Load Cell is used to measure the weight of a
loaded truck. Essentially, it is a scale integrated with a platform that is large
enough to accommodate freight trucks.
Truck Weighing Scales: A Truck Weighing Scale is used to measure the
weight of a loaded truck. Essentially, it is a scale integrated with a platform
that is large enough to accommodate freight trucks.
Truckload: quantities of commodities, including primary and secondary
metals, that amount to as much as 44,000 pounds each, which is the standard
weight limit on U.S. highways.
True Capacity: Volume at full utilization, allowing for the maintenance of
equipment and reflecting current material constraints. (Bottlenecks of supply
and distribution can change over time — capacity will expand or reduce).
True Strain: (1) The ratio of the change in dimension, resulting from a given
load increment, to the magnitude of the dimension immediately prior to
applying the load increment. (2) In a body subjected to axial force, the natural
logarithm of the rario of the gage length at the moment of observation to the
original gage length. Also known as natural strain.
True Stress: The value obtained by dividing the load applied to a member at
a given instant by the cross-sectional area over which it acts.
True Vertical Lift: In true vertical lift, the load hook travels in a true vertical
path between the lower limit of lift and the upper limit of lift.
Truing: The removal of the outside layer of abrasive grains on a grinding
wheel for the purpose of restoring its face.
Trumpet: A funnel which serves to deliver molten metal to a junction of six
or eight runners.
Trunnion: Either of two opposite pivots or cylindrical projections from the
sides of an assembly, supported by bearings, that offer a means of swiveling
or turning an assembly or part of an assembly. Trunnion bearings are used
with basic oxygen furnaces.
Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve: A Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve is a ball
valve where the ball is supported at both the top and bottom by a stems that
are allow to rotate in bearings. The additional support makes these valves
suitable for high pressure applications and larger valve sizes than a basic ball
valve design.
Truss: In general, a structural load-carrying member with an open web
system designed as a simple span with each member designed to carry a
tension or compression force. The entire structure act will act like a beam.
Truss: An engineered and manufactured roof support member with “zig-zag”
framing members. Does the same job as a rafter but is designed to have a
longer span than a rafter.
Truss: An arrangement of steel or timber components designed to span
across a large distance to support a roof, floor or bridge.
Truss : A frame, of steel, but also sometimes of timber, concrete, or light
alloy, to carry a roof or bridge, built up wholly from members in tension and
compression. It is generally a perfect frame or nearly so, and may be pin
jointed.
Truss Spring Steel: Supplied cold rolled and bright-annealed. Carbon
content about 0.70, manganese 0.74. Must be formed very severely and must
be as free as possible from decarburization.
Truss Spring Steel: Supplied cold rolled and bright annealed. Carbon
content about .70 Manganese .74. Must be formed very severely and must be
as free as possible from decarburization.
Truss : a rigid frame composed of short, straight pieces joined to form a
series of triangles or other stable shapes
Trussed rafters: Wooden trusses, usually triangular in shape, spanning
between the external walls at 600mm centres or thereabouts to form a roof.
They are cheap and easy to use for new roofs and do not require internal
support from beams or partitions, but their disadvantage is that they restrict
the use of the loft space more than conventional 'cut timber' roofs.
Trussed roof: Roof composed of roof trusses.
Tsb: Transportation Safety Board of Canada. Agency that investigates
accidents, in a similar fashion to the NTSB in the United States or
an AAIB in other countries.
TTT Curve: An abbreviation for the time-temperature-transformation curve.
This is determined by dilatometer studies and are used to identify the phases
that will be present after specific thermal treatments.
Tub trap: Curved, “U” shaped section of a bath tub drain pipe that holds a
water seal to prevent sewer gasses from entering the home through tubs water
drain.
Tube: A hollow structural steel member shaped like a square or rectangle
used as a beam, column, or for bracing. Usually the nominal outside corner
radius is equal to two times the wall thickness.
Tube: A hollow wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-section,
which is symmetrical and is round, a regular or hexagon or octagon,
elliptical, or square or rectangular with sharp or round corners, and that has
uniform wall thickness except as affected by corner radii.
Tube: A term used to describe a passage for fluid in a hydraulic system.
Normally specified by outside diameter, wall thickness, material type and
material strength.
Tube Reducing: Reducing both the diameter and wall thickness of tubing
with a mandrel and a pair of rolls. See also spinning. (see Spinning)
Tube sheet: The portion of a heat exchanger or boiler in to which the tubes
are rolled or secured.
Tube Sinking: Drawing tubing through a die or passing it through rolls
without the use of an interior tool (such as a mandrel or plug) to control
inside diameter; sinking generally produces a tube of increased wall thickness
and length.
Tube Stock: A semifinished tube suitable for the production of drawn tube.
Tube, Alclad: Composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core having
on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or
aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically
protecting the core against corrosion.
Tube, Alclad: Composite tube composed of an aluminum alloy core habing
on either the inside or outside surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or
aluminum alloy coating that is anodic to the core, thus electrolytically
protecting the core against corrosion.
Tube, Arc-Welded: Tube made from sheet or plate but welded by either gas-
tungsten or gas-metal arc-welding method with or without the use of filler
metal.
Tube, Butt-Welded: A welded tube, the seam of which is formed by
positioning on the edge of the sheet against the other for welding.
Tube, Drawn: A tube brought to final dimensions by cold drawing through a
die. (Note: this product may be produced from either seamless or non-
seamless extruded stock or from welded stock).
Tube, Embossed: A tube in which the outside surface has been roll-
embossed with a design in relief regularly repeated in a longitudinal
direction.
Tube, Finned: Tube which has integral fins or projections protruding from
its outside surface.
Tube, Fluted: A tube or nominally uniform wall thickness having regular,
longitudinal, concave corrugations with sharp cusps between corrugations.
Tube, Heat-Exchange: A tube for use in apparatus in which fluid inside the
tube will be heated or cooled by fluid outside the tube. The term usually is
not applied to coiled tube or to tubes for use in refrigerators. (Note: this
product is typically seamless drawn tube).
Tube, Helical-Welded: A welded tube produced by winding the sheet to
form a closed helix and joining the edges of the seam by welding.
Tube, Lap-Welded: A welded tube the seam of which is formed by
longitudinally lapping the edges of the sheet for welding.
Tube, Lock-Seam: A tube produced by forming and mechanically lock-
seaming sheet.
Tube, Open-Seam: A shape normally produced from sheet of nominally
uniform wall thickness and approximately tubular form but having a
longitudinal unjointed seam or gap of width not greater than 25% of the
outside diameter or greatest overall dimension. Also referred to as "butt-seam
tube". (see Butt-Seam Tube)
Tube, Seamless: A tube that does not contain any line junctures
(metallurgical welds) resulting from the method of manufacture. (Note: This
product may be produced by die and mandrel or by hot piecer processes.
Tube produced by porthole die extrusion, bridge die extrusion or welding
processes are generally considered "non-seamless").
Tubercle: A protective crust of corrosion products (rust) which builds up
over a pit caused by the loss of metal due to corrosion.
Tuberculation: The formation of localized corrosion products scattered over
the surface in the form of knoblike mounds called tubercles. The formation of
tubercles is usually associated with biological corrosion.
Tuberculation: A corrosion process that produces hard knoblike mounds of
corrosive products on metal surfaces, increasing friction and reducing flow in
a water distribution system.
Tube-within-a-tube: Water-cooled condensing unit in which a small tube is
placed inside large unit. Refrigerant passes through outer tube, water through
the inner tube.
Tubing: When referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used within the
casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface. Depending on conditions and
well life, tubing may have to be replaced during the operational life of a
well.
Tubing: When referring to OCTG, tubing is a separate pipe used within the
casing to conduct the oil or gas to the surface. Depending on conditions and
well life, tubing may have to be replaced during the operational life of a well.
Tubing Electrical Metallic: A tube having certain standardized length and
combinations of outside diameter and wall thickness thinner than that of ?
Rigid conduit,? commonly designated by nominal electrical trade sizes, for
use with compression type fittings as a protection for the electric wiring
Tubing-Electrical Metallic: A tube having certain standardized length and
combinations of outside diameter and a wall thickness thinner than that of
“rigid conduit”, commonly designated by nominal electrical trade sizes, for
use with compression-type as a protection for the electric wiring.
Tubular Conductor: A tubular product suitable for use as an electric
conductor.
Tubular Conductor: A tubular product suitable for use as an electric
conductor.
Tuck pointing: A difficult and expensive form of pointing. The joint is flush
pointed with mortar coloured to match the bricks, and a very thin false joint is
cut into the mortar and pointed in lime putty of a contrasting colour. Very
difficult to get done today – the art is nearly lost.
Tuffriding: A form of surface hardening, the process involves nitrogen but
does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding.
Tuffriding: A form of surface hardening, the process involves nitrogen but
does not achieve the hardness of conventional nitriding. Tukon Hardness Test
A method for determining microhardness by using a Knoop diamond indenter
or Vickers square base pyramid indenter.
Tukon Hardness Test: A method for determining microhardness by using a
Knoop diamond indenter or Vickers square base pyramid indenter.
Tumbling: The process for removing scale from forgings in a rotating
container by means of impact with each other and abrasive particles and
small bits of metal. A process for removing scale and roughness from
forgings by impact with each other, together with abrasive material in a
rotating container.
Tumbling: The process for removing scale from forgings in a rotating
container by means of impact with each other and abrasive particles and
small bits of metal. A process for removing scale and roughness from
forgings by impact with each other, together with abrasive material in a
rotating container.
Tundish: The reservoir at the top of the continuous caster into which molten
steel is poured.
Tundish: The reservoir at the top of the continuous caster into which molten
steel is poured.
Tuned mass damper : a mechanical counterweight designed to reduce the
effects of motion, such as the swaying of a skyscraper in the wind or in an
earthquake
Tung Oil/Chinawood Oil: A drying oil from the seeds of tung trees that
dries to a soft, opaque white film.
Tungsten: A metal which is sometimes added to steel to make tool steel.
Tungsten: Chemical symbol W. Element No. 74 of the periodic system;
atomic weight 183.92. Gray metal of high tensile strength, ductile and
malleable when specially handled. It is immune to atmospheric influences
and most acids, but not to strong alkalis. The metal is used as filament and in
thin sheet form in incandescent bulbs and radio tubes. (1) Forms hard
abrasion resistant particles in tool steels. (2) Promotes hardness and strength
at elevated temperatures.
Tungsten Carbide: Advanced material that is very hard and wear-resistant,
making it suitable for severe service applications such as cutting and grinding
tools.
Tungsten Carbide: Compound of tungsten and carbon, of composition
varying between WC and W(2)C; imbedded in a matrix of soft metal, such as
cobalt, extensively used for Sintered Carbide Tools.
Tungsten Carbide Heading Die: A Tungsten Carbide Heading Die is used
to form a head on the end of a metal rod. The rod is pushed into the die and
the material is allow to plastically flow inside the die. Tungsten Carbide
tooling is hard wearing and long-lived.
Tungsten-tipped: Inserts of tungsten carbide welded to the tips of circular
saw teeth and drills to minimize the need for sharpening.
Tunnel boring machine (tbm) : a mechanical device that tunnels through
the ground
Tunnel Furnace: Type of furnace whereby stock to be heated is placed upon
cars which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the furnace.
Tunnel Furnace: Type of furnace whereby stock to be heated is placed upon
cars which are then pushed or pulled slowly through the furnace.
Tunnel lining : Permanent or temporary cover to therock or soil surface at
the periphery of a tunnel excavation.
Tunnel shield : a cylinder pushed ahead of tunneling equipment to provide
advance support for the tunnel roof; used when tunneling in soft
orunstable ground
Turbidity: degree to which light penetration is blocked because water is
cloudy; measure of sediment suspended in water
Turbidity: The measure of suspended matter in, a water sample which
contributes to the reflection of light or cloudiness.
Turbidity unit: The unit of measure of suspended matter in water. It is the
measure of light compared against light reflected by a reference standard as
defined by the standard methods of water analysis in, APHA.
Turbine: Steam-driven mechanical device used to drive a piece of
machinery.
Turbine meter: A device used to measure water consumption in industrial
plants.
Turbine rotor: The rotating assembly enclosed within the turbine casing
Turbulent: flow condition with waves, eddies etc
Turbulent Flow: Characterizes flow in eddies and currents through a pipe, in
contrast to streamline, or laminar, flow; turbulent flow causes fluid friction
loss. Flow quality depends on a combination of factors: pipe diameter, fluid
density, viscosity and velocity.
Turbulent Flow: A condition of flow in a passage that is typified by rapid
movement of fluid in a passage, where the fluid is churning and bouncing off
the passage walls.
Turfing : The covering of an earth surface with growing grass cut from
another site. It can also be revetment to slopes which are usually covered by
water, made by laying turves on the slope according to a technique like sliced
block work.
Turk's-head Rolls: Four undriven working rolls, arranged in a square or
rectangular pattern, through which metal strip, wire or tubing is drawn to
form square or rectangular sections.
Turnbuckle: A rotating sleeve or link with internal screw threads at each end
and used to tighten or connect the ends of a rod.
Turner gauge: A device used to measure the actual scale thickness in boiler
tubes.
Turning: A method for removing the surface from a circular piece by
bringing the cutting edge of a tool against it while the piece is rotated.
Turning Gear: A motor used to rotate the shaft when the generator is down.
The turning gear prevents the shaft from warping.
Turning Gear: A motor used to rotate the shaft when the generator is down.
The turning gear prevents the shaft from warping.
Turnkey: A term used when the subcontractor provides all materials (and
labor) for a job.
Turnkey project: A project in which all components are within a single
supplier's responsibility.
Turnkey System Design: Turnkey System Design refers to the practice of
designing, engineering and providing standalone process stations to factories,
plants, or end users that requires no or minimal interfacing with existing
factory equipment. For example, providing a pre-programmed robotic
automation system for part loading or a similar operation.
Turn-of-the-nut-method: A method for pre-tensioning high-strength bolts
by the rotation of the wrench a predetermined amount after the nut has been
tightened to a snug fit.
Turntable: A track device with a movable inner frame containing a straight
section of track which can be rotated with a loaded carrier on it to align the
section of track with other tracks for the transfer of carriers from one track to
another.
Turntable: The base on which a centrifugal casting mold rests.
Turpentine: A petroleum, volatile oil used as a thinner in paints and as a
solvent in varnishes
Tuscan order: The plainest of the five classical orders of architecture,
similar to the Doric but with a plain rather than fluted shaft.
Tusk tenon joint: Traditional timber connection, typically used to connect
trimmers around a hearth. The tenon extends through the main joist and is
fitted with a wooden wedge to stop the joint from opening up. In modern
construction a steel bracket would be used instead, unless one were restoring
a historical building.
Tuyere: A copper water-cooled nozzle used in the blast furnace where the
hot blast enters the furnace.
Twin: Two portions of a crystal having a definite orientation relationship;
one may be regarded as the parent, the other as the twin. The orientation of
the twin is either a mirror image of the orientation of the parent across a
twinning plane or an orientation that can be derived by rotating the twin
portion about a twinning axis.
Twin: Two portions of a crystal having a definite orientation relationship;
one may be regarded as the parent, the other as the twin. The orientation of
the twin is either a mirror image of the orientation of the parent across a
twinning plane or an orientation that can be derived by rotating the twin
portion about a twinning axis.
Twin Annealing: A twin produced as the result of heat treatment.
Twin Bands: Bands across a crystal grain, observed on a polished and etched
section, where crystallographic orientations have a mirror-image relationship
to the orientation of the matrix grain across a composition plane that is
usually parallel to the sides of the band.
Twin Crystal: A portion of a crystal in which the lattice is a mirror image of
the lattice of the remainder of the crystal.
Twin Deformation: A twinned region produced by a shear like distortion of
the parent crystal structure during deformation. In ferrite, deformation twins
form on {211} planes.
Twin, Deformation: A twinned region produced by a shear-like distortion of
the parent crystal structure during deformation.
Twist: A condition wherein a transverse axis held in the plane of the strip
would rotate about the longitudinal axis when moved along the strip.
Twist: A condition wherin a transverse axis held in the plane of the strip
would rotate about the longitundianl axis when moved along the strip.
Twist Boundary: A subgrain boundary consisting of an array of screw
dislocations.
Twist Lock Connector: A twist lock connector is a specialized type of
electrical plug designed to lock the plug into place. The plug is characterized
by curved prongs with overhanging fins. The plug is inserted into the socket
and rotated to lock the connector in place.
Two Blocking: The event in which a crane load block (hook, bale, etc.) is
operated in the hoisting direction and inadvertently comes in contact with the
trolley structure or upper sheave(s) of the crane. Two blocking may cause the
wire rope and other components to become stressed and overloaded to the
point of failure which could result in the load, block, etc., falling. May be the
result of hoist overtravel limit device failure.
Two High Mill: A stand having only two rolls. Some two high mijlls are
reversing with screw downs to adjust the rolls; others are one way only and
may or may not have srew downs for roll adjustment and may or may not be
a part of continuous mill.
Two Tone: A sharp color demarcation in the appearance of the metal due to a
difference in the work roll coating.
Two Way: A term used to describe a valve that has two ports, normally a
pressure (inlet) port and an outlet port. Used to open or close a flow
passage.May be configured as normally closed (n.c.) or normally open (n.o.).
Two-High Mill: A stand having only two rolls. Some two-high mills are
reversing with screw-downs to adjust the rolls; others are one way only and
may or may not have screw-downs for roll adjustment and may or may not be
a part of continuous mill.
Two-temperature valve: Pressure opened valve used in suction line on
multiple refrigerator installations, which maintains evaporators in a system at
different temperatures.
Two-way valve : Valve with one inlet port and one outlet port.
Twr: Tower
Twy: Taxiway
Type D: Base-metal steel, aluminum killed; sometimes required to minimize
severe fluting and stretcher strain hazards for severe drawing applications.
Type D: Base metal steel, aluminum killed; sometimes required to minimize
severe fluting and stretcher strain hazards for severe drawing applications.
Type Metal: Any of a series of alloys containing lead (58.5 to 95%),
antimony (2.5 to 25%) and tin (2.5 to 20%) used to make printing type. Small
amounts of copper (1.5 to 2.0%) are added to increase hardness in some
applications.
U: Chemical symbol for Uranium.
U bolt: An iron bar bent into a U-shaped bolt, with screw threads and nuts on
each end.
U Channel Extrusion: An extrusion is a component fabricated with a
manufacturing process in which a material such as plastic or a soft metal is
pulled through a die. The extrusion process results in long pieces of material
with a constant cross-sectional shape. A U-channel extrusion has a cross-
section shape consistent with a U, either with a round or square bottom.
U&o: Utilities and Offsites.
U.S.S. Gauge: A gauge system used for carbon steels but not appropriate for
stainless steels where thickness is specified in decimals. However, always
question when unsure as to whether U.S.S. or decimal is being specified. For
example, 16 gauge for U.S.S. is .058" not .016". U.S.S. does not stand for
Ulbrich Stainless Steel.
U.S.S. Gauge: A gauge system used for carbon steels but not appropriate for
stainless steels where thickness is specified in decimals. However,
salesperson should always question customer when unsure as to whether
U.S.S. or decimal is being specified. For example, 16 gauge for U.S.S. is
.058? not .016?. U.S.S. does not stand for Ulbrich Stainless Steel.
Ubc (uniform building code): A minimum model regulatory code for the
protection of public health, safety, welfare and property by regulating and
controlling the design, construction, quality of materials, use, occupancy,
location and maintenance of all buildings and structures within a jurisdiction.
U-bend Die: A die, commonly used in press-brake forming, that is machined
horizontally with a square or rectangular cross-sectional opening that
provides two edges over which metal is drawn into a channel shape.
Ugioe-sejoumet Process: A direct extrusion process for metals that uses
molten glass to insulate the hot billet and to act as a lubricant.
Uhf: Ultra-High Frequency. Radio frequencies in the 300-3,000 MHz band.
Ul (underwriters laboratories, inc.): A non-profit product safety testing and
certification organization.
Ul (underwriters’ laboratories): An independent testing agency that checks
electrical devices and other components for possible safety hazards.
Ultimate Analysis: In chemistry, this is a quantitive analysis in which
percentages of all elements in the substance are determined.
Ultimate Analysis: In chemistry, this is a quantitive analysis in which
percentages of all elements in the substance are determined.
Ultimate Elongation: The elongation at rupture.
Ultimate load: The force necessary to cause rupture.
Ultimate strength: The maximum stress attained by a structural member
prior to rupture which is the ultimate load divided by the orginial cross-
sectional area of the member.
Ultimate Strength: The maximum stress (tensile, compressive or shear) a
material can sustain without fracture; determined by dividing maximum load
by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal
strength or maximum strength.
Ultimate strength: The maximum stress (tensile, compressive or shear) a
material can sustain without fracture. It is determined by dividing maximum
load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen.
Ultimate strength design: See LRFD.
Ultimate Tensile Strength: The maximum load that a material withstands in
a tensile test before it fractures, divided by the original cross-sectional area of
the gauge length of the specimen. A more correct term to apply to this
parameter of a material is Tensile Strength. (see Tensile Strength)
Ultimate Tensile Strength: The highest load applied in breaking a tensile
test piece devided by the original cross sectional area of the test piece.
Ultra filtration: A process that forces water through a filtering membrane by
means of pressure gradients in order to obtain ultra pure water.
Ultrahard Tool Materials: Very hard, wear-resistant materials--specifically,
polycrystalline diamond and polycrystalline cubic boron nitrido-that are
fabricated into solid or layered cutting tool blanks for machining
applications.
Ultrahigh-strength Steels: Structural steels with minimum yield strengths of
1380 Mpa (200 ksi).
Ultraprecision Finishing: Machining processes used to alter surface
characteristics such as finish, waviness, roundness, etc., with substantial
removal of the work material. Examples include lapping and polishing of
optical lenses, computer chips or magnetic heads and honing of cylinder
liners.
Ultrasonic Beam: A beam of acoustical radiation with a frequency higher
than the frequency range for audible sound--i.e., above about 20 kHz.
Ultrasonic Cleaning: Sends high-pitched sound waves through a liquid
solvent to remove dirt, grease and small metal particles quickly and
effectively from small corners and crevices.
Ultrasonic Frequency: A frequency, associated with elastic waves, that is
greater than the highest audible frequency, generally regarded as being higher
than 20 kHz.
Ultrasonic Impact Grinding: A form of abrasive grinding in which a
nonrotating tool vibrating at ultrasonic frequency causes a grit-loaded slurry
to impinge on the surface of a workpiece, and thereby remove material.
Ultrasonic Inspection: An inspection technique in which high frequency
sound waves are introduced into material in order to detect any surface or
subsurface flaws that may be present.
Ultrasonic Inspection: A means of locating defects in steel. When acoustic
energy in the ultrasonic range is passed through steel, the sound waves tend
to travel in straight lines, rather than diffusing in all directions as they do in
the audible range. If there is a defect in the path of the beam it will cause a
reflection of some of the energy, depleting the energy transmitted. This casts
an acoustic shadow which can be monitered by a detector placed opposite the
transducer or energy source. If the acoustic energy is introduced as a very
short burst, then the reflected energy coming back to the originating
transducer can also be used to show the size and depth of the defect.
Ultrsonic techniques can be used to detect deeply located defects or those
contained in the surface layer. Skill and experience are required in
interpreting the results portrayed on the cathode ray tube.
Ultrasonic Machining: Material removal by means of the ultrasonic
vibration of a rotating diamond core drill or milling tool. The process does
not involve an abrasive slurry; instead, the diamond tool contacts and cuts the
workpiece.
Ultrasonic Soldering: A soldering process variation in which high-
frequency vibratory energy is transmitted through molten solder to remove
undesirable surface films and thereby promote wetting of the base metal. This
operation is usually accomplished without a flux.
Ultrasonic Testing: The scanning of material with an ultrasonic beam,
during which reflections from faults in the material can be detected: a
powerful nondestructive test method.
Ultrasonic Welding: A solid-state welding process in which materials are
welded by locally applying high frequency vibratory energy to a joint held
together under pressure.
Ultrasound: High-frequency sound waves used to detect product defects.
Um: Unaccompanied Minor. Underage passenger (typically 5-15 years old)
travelling without a parent, guardian or trusted adult. An UM is under the
constant supervision of airline staff from the departure gate until he or she is
picked up at the arrival airport.
UM Plate: Universal Mill Plate, or plate which is rolled to width by vertical
rolls, as well as being rolled to thickness by horizontal rolls.
Unbraced frame: A frame providing resistance to lateral load by the bending
resistance of the frame members and their connections.
Unbraced length: The distance between points of bracing of a structural
member, measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members.
Unbraced top chord: The specific length where the top chord of a joist has
no lateral bracing by deck, bridging, or any other means.
Uncover Temperature: The temperature of the coil after processing at the
batch anneal, approximately 180°F.
Uncover Temperature: The temperature of the coil after processing at the
batch anneal approx. 180 degre
Uncropped Coils: Coils not sheared to length following hot rolling.
Under deposit attack: Corrosion under or around a localized deposit on a
metal surface (a form of crevice corrosion).
Under Running Crane: An electric overhead traveling crane having the end
trucks supported on track attached to the bottom flanges of the beams; or
supported on bottom flanges of beams. These beams make up the crane
runway.
Underbead Crack: A crack in the heat-affected zone of a weld generally not
extending to the surface of the base metal.
Undercoat: A coat of paint between the priming and the finishing coats.
Undercoat: A coating applied prior to the finishing or top coats of a paint
job. It may be the first of two or the second of three coats. Sometimes called
the Prime coat.
Undercure (Blocking): If the initial cure is carried out below that necessary
for full polymerization undercure may result in subsequent “blocking” or
sticking of coated sheets.
Undercut: A notch or groove melted into the base metal next to the toe or
root of a weld and left unfilled by weld metal.
Undercut: a portion of stream channel underneath an overhanging bank, log,
rock etc.
Undercut: The void behind the rib, on rebar, usually caused by backlash (bar
rolling).
Underdraft: A condition wherein a metal curves downward on leaving a set
of rolls because of higher speed in the upper roll.
Underfill: (1) In weldments, a depression on the face of the weld or root
surface extending below the surface of the adjacent base metal. (2) A portion
of a forging that has insufficient metal to give it the true shape of the
impression.
Underfilm Corrosion: Corrosion that occurs under organic films in the fonn
of randomly distributed threadlike filaments or spots. In many cases this is
identical to filiform corrosion.
Underground plumbing: The plumbing drain and waste lines that are
installed beneath a basement floor.
Underlap: The condition of a spool and body in a servo valve or other spool
valve wherein the spool is displaced a specified amount (the underlap) to
expose two adjacent cavities to each other.
Underlayment-: A ¼” material placed over the subfloor plywood sheeting
and under finish coverings, such as vinyl flooring, to provide a smooth, even
surface. Also a secondary roofing layer that is waterproof or water-resistant,
installed on the roof deck and beneath shingles or other roof-finishing layer.
Underpinning: The construction of new footings and walling under the
footings of an existing structure which have failed or may fail.
Underpinning: Making existing foundations deeper (by extending them
downwards). Usually done with mass concrete but other high- and low-tech
methods are available.
Underpinning : A construction technique thatinvolves placing new
foundations under an existing building to allow construction to occur in the
area of the original foundations.
Underslung: Description of a joist which is suspended from upper support
points where most of the mass of steel is below the actual support points.
Understand : Determining the meaning of instructional messages
Interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring, comparing or
explaining. (Anderson-Krathwohl form)
Understanding : Understanding is the possession of knowledge coupled with
the capability of reasoning and making judgements relating to the
applicability of the knowledge.
Understressing: Applying a cyclic stress lower than the endurance limit.
This may improve fatigue life if the member is later cyclically stressed at
levels above the endurance limit.
Undertaking : A formal pledge or promise to do something (usually a
promise to provide an answer or produce records in a civil action)
Undervoltage Protection: A device operative on the reduction or failure of
voltage to cause and maintain the interruption of power in the main circuit.
Underwater Welding: Underwater Welding is the process in which divers
use shielded metal arc welding (SMAW or stick welding) to join metal,
almost exclusively low carbon steels, underwater.
Underwind: Steel strip that comes off of the bottom of the coil on the entry
reel into the side trimmer.
Underwind: Steel strip that comes off of the bottom of the coil on the entry
reel into the side trimmer.
Underwrap: The direction which coils are being wrapped or unwrapped. If
coil is underwrapping, the reel is turning and the steel is fed from the bottom.
Underwrap: The direction which coils are being wrapped or unwrapped. If
coil is underwrapping the reel is turning and the steel is fed from the bottom.
Undue hardship: When raised in the context of human rights claims, undue
hardship occurs when an accommodation to alleviate a discriminatory
practice is disproportionately burdensome. For example, significant financial
costs or serious disruption to business could constitute undue hardship
Uniaxial Stress: A state of stress in which two of the three principal stresses
are zero. See also principal stress (normal). (see Principal Stress (normal))
Unicom: privately-operated advisory air-to-ground radio service at
uncontrolled airfields, in the United States.
Uniform Corrosion: (1) A type of corrosion attack (deterioration) uniformly
distributed over a metal surface. (2) Corrosion that proceeds at approximately
the same rate over a metal surface. Also called general corrosion. (see
General Corrosion)
Uniform Elongation: The elongation at maximum load and immediately
preceding the onset of necking in a tensile test.
Uniform flow : Flow which has a constant depth, volume and shape along its
course
Uniform Strain: The strain occurring prior to the beginning of localization
of strain (necking); the strain to maximum load in the tension test.
Uniformly distributed load: A load or force, for practical purposes, that
may be considered constant over the entire length or partial length of the
member.
Union: A plumbing fitting that joins pipes end-to-end so they can be
dismantled.
Unit Cell: A parallelepiped element of crystal structure, containing a certain
number of atoms, the repetition of which through space will build up the
complete crystal.
Unit Power: The net amount of power required during machining or grinding
to remove a unit volume of material in unit time.
Unitary system: A room unit which performs part or all of the air
conditioning functions. It may or may not be used with a central fan system.
Universal [engineering] knowledge : Knowledge that is invariant of the
context, for example the laws of physics.
Universal beam: A standardised steel component which is I-shaped in cross
section. Over 70 different sizes are available in two main steel grades. The
Universal Beam and Universal Column were introduced in the late 1950s and
were based on American patterns, and rolled in new 'universal' rolling mills.
They replaced a range of sections which had been developed by various UK
manufacturers over the preceding century.
Universal column: A standardised steel component which is H-shaped in
cross-section. About 30 different sizes are available in the UK, in two main
steel grades. The same comments apply as to Universal Beam above.
Universal Coupling: A Universal Joint Shaft Coupling is a mechanical joint
use the transfer rotation between two non-concentric shafts. In practice,
universal joints are used whenever to shaft need to be joined together.
Universal Forging Mill: A combination of four hydraulic presses arranged
in one plane equipped with billet manipulators and automatic controls, used
for radial or draw forging.
Universal Mill: A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the
edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal
rolls.
Universal Mill: A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the
edges of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal
rolls.
Universal Mill Plate: A mill for rolling steel plates, which has a vertical as
well as horizontal rolls, so that its product has rolled edges.
Universal Temperature Controllers: A Universal Temperature Controller
is a programmable dev ice that can monitor temperature and provide output
signals for enabling heaters, chillers, or other devices.
university: University is a completely integrated career-development system
incorporating more than 1,000 online and instructor-led courses and other
educational programs and resources.
Unkilled Steel: A wild steel insufficiently deoxidized so that it evolves gas
and blowholes during solidification.
Unkilled Steel: A wild steel insufficiently deoxidized so that it evolves gas
and blowholes during solidification.
Unload: To release flow (usually directly to the reservoir), to prevent
pressure being imposed on the system or portion of the system.
Unloader: A device in or on the compressor for equalizing high side and low
side pressures for a brief time during starting and for controlling compressor
capacity by rendering one or more cylinders ineffective.
Unloading Valve (Hydraulics): A device that directs hydraulic fluid back to
the reservoir at low pressure when there is no demand on the system.
Uno: Abbrevation for 'Unless Noted Otherwise'.
UNS: Defines the chemical analysis (Unified Numbering System) as a joint
responsibility of the SAE and ASTM.
Uns: Defines the chemical analysis (Unified Numbering System) as a joint
responsibility of the SAE and ASTM.
Unstable : characteristic of a structure that collapses or deforms under a
realistic load
Unworked Pen/Penetration: (ASTM D 217) the penetration at 77ºF of a
sample of grease that has experienced minimum handling in transfer to the
test apparatus and that has not been subjected to the action of a grease
worker.
Up flow: The operation of an ion exchange unit in which solutions are passed
in at the bottom and out at the top of the container.
Up flow filter: A unit containing a single filter medium, usually with graded
sand.
Up flow furnace: A furnace in which the heated air flows upward as it leaves
the furnace.
Upend Forging: A forging in which the metal is so placed in the die that the
direction of the fiber structure is at right angles to the faces of the die.
Upend Forging: A forging in which the metal is so placed in the die that the
direction of the fiber structure is at aright angles to the faces of the die.
Upfront: s Operational Readiness tool for coordinating operating strategies,
commissioning and startup activities, system turnover schedules, organization
preparedness, employee training, HSE procedures, and quality certifications.
Upgrading: In castings, the removal and repair of discontinuities to raise the
quality level of the casting beyond that which can be economically achieved
by good foundry practice.
Upgrading: In castings, the removal and repair of discontinuities to raise the
quality level of the casting beyond that which can be economically achieved
by good foundry practice.
Uplift: The wind load on a member which causes a load in the upward
direction. The gross uplift is determined from various codes and is generally
a horizontal wind pressure multiplied by a factor to establish the uplift
pressure. The net uplift is the gross uplift minus the allowable portion of dead
load including the weight of the joist and is the load that the specifying
professional shall indicate to the joist manufacturer.
Uplift : (1) An upward force on earth due to water leaking into a dam or from
any point where water is under high pressure. (2) Lifting of a structure caused
by: frost heave, or on the windward side by wind force, or in a dry climate by
swelling soil.
Uplift bridging: The bridging required by uplift design. Usually always
required at the first bottom chord panel point of a K-Series, LH- or DLH-
Series joist and at other locations along the bottom chord as required by
design.
Upper Block: A fixed block located on a trolley that, through a system of
sheaves, bearings, pins, and frame, supports the load block and its load.
Upper Yield Point (Also Yield Point): Denoted in yield point phenomenon
as a distinct break from the elastic region accompanied by a drop in load, yet
prior to plastic deformation in the stress strain curve in a low carbon steel.
Upset: Working metal in such a manner that the cross-sectional area of a
portion or all of the stock is increased and the length is decreased.
Upset: Working metal in such a manner that the cross sectional area of a
portion or all of the stock is increased and length is decreased.
Upset Forging: A forging obtained by upset of a suitable length of bar, billet
or bloom; formed by heading or gathering the material by pressure upon hot
or cold metal between dies operated in a horizontal plane.
Upset Forging: A forging obtained by upset of a suitable length of bar, billet
or bloom; formed by heading or gathering the material by pressure upon hot
or cold metal between dies operated in a horizontal plane.
Upset Welding: A resistance welding process in which the weld is produced,
simultaneously over the entire area of abutting surfaces or progressively
along a joint, by applying mechanical force (pressure) to the joint, then
causing electrical current to flow across the joint to heat the abutting surfaces.
Pressure is maintained throughout the heating period.
Upsetter : A machine, with horizontal action, used for making upset
forgings.
Upsetter (Forging Machine): A machine, with horizontal action, used for
making upset forgings.
Upsetting: 1. A metal working operation similar to forging. 2. The process of
axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets by
flattening the end of wire.
Upsetting: (1) A metal working operation similar to forging. (2) The process
of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets
by flattening the end of wire.
Upstanding leg: The leg of a structural angle which is projecting up from
you when viewing.
Upstream: The exploration, production, and transportation of oil and gas.
Upstream: The passage ahead of a device, normally at the inlet of direction
of flow.
Upstream: The inlet side of an instrument, a pump, valve, etc..
Upstream face : the side of a dam that is against the water
Uranium: A white malleable metal which is softer than steel. Its specific
gravity is 18.7, it melts at a temperature of 2,400°C.
Uranium: A white malleable metal which is softer than steel. Its specific
gravity is 18.7, it melts at a temperature of 2400oC.
Urea Formaldehyde Resin: A thermosetting product of condensation from
urea or thio urea and formaldehyde, soluble in water and used as a sand
binder in core and mold compounds.
Urethane Wheels: Urethane Wheels are plastic wheels that are relatively
hard wearing while also providing good traction. They are often used as
casters for industrial equipment.
Used Beverage Cans (UBCs): Scrap aluminum beverage cans, although
sometimes applied to steel cans as well (steel has a microscopic share of the
beverage can market in America, but a much larger share in Europe and
elsewhere).
Utc: Co-ordinated Universal Time, formerly Greenwich Mean Time
Utility easement: The area of the earth that has electric, gas, or telephone
lines. These areas may be owned by the homeowner, but the utility company
has the legal right to enter the area as necessary to repair or service the lines.
Utility Sheet Aluminum: Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified
composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and suitable
for general building trade usage.
Utility Sheet Aluminum: Mill finish coiled or flat sheet of unspecified
composition and properties produced in specific standard sizes and suitable
for general building trade usage.
Utility transformer : Primary and secondary coils of wire which reduce
(step down) the utility supply volt age for use within a facility.
Utm: Universal transverse Mercator – standard map projection.
U-tube manometer : A U-shaped section of plastic or glass tubing that is
partially filled with water or mercury. They are used to measure the lower
pressure ranges of gases.
Uv Disinfection System: A UV Disinfection System uses Ultraviolet (UV)
radiation to sterilize harmful bacteria.
Uv Radiometer: A UV radiometer is a measurement device used to
determine the strength of ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation is used in
many different industries including food packaging, medical and cosmetic
industries and in the use of tanning beds. The UV radiometer measures the
intensity of the UV light in terms of intensity per unit area over a period of
time.
V Process: A molding (casting) process in which the sand is held in place in
the mold by vacuum. The mold halves are covered with a thin sheet of plastic
to retain the vacuum.
V/stol: Vertical and Short Take-Off and Landing.
Vacancy: A type of structural imperfection in which an individual atom site
is temporarily unoccupied.
Vacancy: A type of structural imperfection in which an individual atom site
is temporarily unoccupied.
Vacuum: Pressure less than ambient atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum : Pressure lower than atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum Annealing: Annealing that is done in a vacuum to prevent the alloy
from reacting with oxygen while at high temperatures. This process is
particularly important for titanium alloys, where alpha-case can form at high
temperatures when in the presence of oxygen found in air furnaces. This type
of annealing can also be used to reduce hydrogen content in titanium.
Vacuum Annealing: Vacuum is best characterized as a lack of atmosphere
(i.e. air,oxygen or other gases). Hence when metals or alloys are heated to
high temperatures in a vacuum furnace, there is essentially no oxygen present
to oxidize and discolor the surface of the material. Unfortunately, vacuum
annealing is not condusive to strand annealing (i.e. uncoiling, heating and
recoiling). Titanium rolled Ulbrich is annealed in coil form in vacuum
furnaces by outside heat treaters.
Vacuum Arc Degassing (VAD): (see Ladle Refining System (LRS))
Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR): Refining process in which a previously
melted electrode is remelted under a vacuum to produce a finer, more
uniform grain structure in metals.
Vacuum Breaker: A valve used to break the vacuum on the exhaust of a
turbine.
Vacuum breaker : A device to prevent a suction in a water pipe.
Vacuum Carburizing: A high-temperature gas carburizing process using
furnace pressures between 13 and 67 kPa (0.1 to 0.5 torr) during the
carburizing portion of the cycle. Steels undergoing this treatment are
austenitized in a rough vacuum, carburized in a partial pressure of
hydrocarbon gas, diffused in a rough vacuum and then quenched in either oil
or gas.
Vacuum Casting: A casting in which metal is melted and poured under very
low atmospheric pressure; a form of permanent mold casting where the mold
is inserted into liquid metal; vacuum is applied, and metal drawn up into the
cavity.
Vacuum Degassing: A secondary refining process for liquid steel in which it
is exposed to a low pressure environment with the aim of achieving one or
more of the following: reduction of dissolved gases, improved cleanliness,
greater uniformity control of chemical composition.
Vacuum Degassing: An advanced steel refining facility that removes
oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen under low pressures (in a vacuum) to produce
ultra low carbon steel for demanding electrical and automotive applications.
Normally performed in the ladle, the removal of dissolved gases results in
cleaner, higher quality, more pure steel
Vacuum Dehydration: The process commonly used for oil to vacuum for
reducing the vapor pressure, thus boiling off the volatile contaminant such as
water, gases and solvents from the fluid.
Vacuum Deposition: Deposition of a metal film onto a substrate in a
vacuum by metal evaporation techniques.
Vacuum Feeding Systems: A Vacuum Feeding System uses the venturi
effect to pull fluids or fluidized solids from one system to another. Feed rate
is controlled by the input air pressure.
Vacuum Furnace: A furnace using low atmospheric pressures instead of a
protective gas atmosphere like most heat-treating furnaces.
Vacuum Gauges: A visual indicator of pressure that is set for 'zero' psi at
atmospheric pressure and includes a dial which will continue to indicate the
level of pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Vacuum Generators: A Vacuum Generator is device that utilizes the venturi
effect to create a vacuum. These are more economical than vacuum pumps
but cannot achieve high vacuum.
Vacuum Hot Pressing: A method of processing materials (especially metal
and ceramic powders) at elevated temperatures, consolidation pressures and
low atmospheric pressures.
Vacuum Induction Melting (VIM): Manufacturing process in which raw
materials are melted within a vacuum using the heat from an induced
magnetic field. VIM ensures tight control of a metal's chemistry and more
consistent structural properties.
Vacuum Lifter: A below-the-hook lifting device for lifting and transporting
loads in a fixed attitude using a holding force by means of vacuum.
Vacuum Manipulator: A vacuum lifter capable of repositioning the load
while suspended.
Vacuum Melting: Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination from air
and to remove gases already dissolved in the metal; the solidification can also
be carried out in a vacuum or at low pressure.
Vacuum Melting: Melting in a vacuum to prevent contamination from air, as
well as to remove gases already dissolved in the metal; the solidification may
also be carried out in a vacuum or at low pressure.
Vacuum Nitrocarburizing: A subatmospheric nitrocarburizing process
using a basic atmosphere of 50% ammonia/50% methane, containing
controlled oxygen additions of up to 2%.
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD): A refinement of stainless steel
that reduces carbon content. Molten, unrefined stainless steel is heated and
stirred by an electrical current while oxygen enters from the top. Many
undesirable gases escape from the stainless steel and are evacuated by a
vacuum pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the
molten stainless steel further.
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD): Process for further refinement
of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. The amount of carbon
in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or lower alloy steel
(i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). While electric arc
furnaces (EAF) are the conventional means of melting and refining stainless
steel, VOD is an economical supplement, as operating time is reduced and
temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally, using VOD
for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF for melting
purposes.
Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (Vod): WHAT Process for further
refinement of stainless steel through reduction of carbon content. WHY The
amount of carbon in stainless steel must be lower than that in carbon steel or
lower alloy steel (i.e., steel with alloying element content below 5%). While
electric arc furnaces (EAF) are the conventional means of melting and
refining stainless steel, VOD is an economical supplement, as operating time
is reduced and temperatures are lower than in EAF steelmaking. Additionally,
using VOD for refining stainless steel increases the availability of the EAF
for melting purposes. HOW Molten, unrefined steel is transferred from the
EAF into a separate vessel, where it is heated and stirred by an electrical
current while oxygen enters from the top of the vessel. Substantial quantities
of undesirable gases escape from the steel and are drawn off by a vacuum
pump. Alloys and other additives are then mixed in to refine the molten steel
further.
Vacuum Pad: A device which applies a holding force on the load by means
of vacuum.
Vacuum pump : Special high efficiency device used for creating high
vacuums for testing or drying purposes.
Vacuum Refining: Melting in a vacuum, usually by electrical induction, to
remove gaseous contaminants from the metal.
Vacuum Refining: Melting in a vacuum, usually by electrical induction, to
remove gaseous contaminants from the metal.
Vacuum Reservoir: The evacuated portion of the vacuum system whose
function is to compensate for leakage into the vacuum system or to provide a
vacuum reserve in event of vacuum generator failure.
Vacuum Sintering: Sintering of ceramics or metals at subatmospheric
pressure.
Valley: The internal angle formed by two inclined slopes of a roof of an
internal corner.
Valley: The angle formed by two sloping sides of a roof.
Valley: The “V” shaped area of a roof where two sloping roofs meet. Water
drains off the roof at the valleys.
Valley: The meeting of two roof planes at an internal angle; the rafter which
forms the junction.
Valley flashing: Sheet metal that lays in the “V” area of a roof valley.
Valuation: An inspection carried out for the benefit of the mortgage lender
to ascertain if a property is a good security for a loan.
Valuation: Building work is valued monthly by the Quantity Surveyor or
Contract Administrator.
Valuation fee: Th fee paid by the prospective borrower for the lender’s
inspection of the property. Normally paid upon loan application.
Value engineering: The application of the Scientific Method to the study of
selecting the optimum or best system that meets the need of the customer.
Valve Positioners: A Valve Positioner is a system that compares the actual
position of a valve to its commanded position and adjusts as necessary. This
is accomplished via process monitoring and sensor feedback to the valve
controller.
Valve, modulating : A valve which can be positioned anywhere between
fully on and fully off to proportion the rate of flow in response to a
modulating controller (see modulating control).
Valve, needle : A form of globe valve that contains a sharp pointed, needle
like plug that is driven into the and out of a cone shaped seat to accurately
control a relatively small rate of flow of a fluid.
Valve, pop : A spring loaded safety valve that opens automatically when
pressure exceeds the limits for which the valve is set. It is used a safety
device on pressurized vessels and other equipment to prevent damage from
excessive pressure, also called relief valve or a safety valve.
Valve, poppet : A device that controls the rate of flow of fluid in a line or
opens or shuts of the flow of fluid completely. When open, the sealing
surface of the valve is moved away from a seat. When closed, the sealing
surface contacts the seat to shut of the flow. Poppet valves are used
extensively as pneumatic controls and as intake and exhaust valves in most
internal combustion engines.
Valve, pressure relief : A valve designed to minimize the possibility of
explosion when air temperature surrounding a refrigeration system may rise
to a point where the pressure of the refrigerant gas to increase to a danger
point.
Valve, pressure relief : A valve designed to minimize the possibility of
explosion when air temperature surrounding a refrigeration system may rise
to a point where the pressure of the refrigerant gas to increase to a danger
point.
Valve, relief: Also called pressure relief valve.
Valve, two-position: A valve which is either fully on or fully off with no
positions between. Also called an "onoff valve".
Valve, two-position : A valve which is either fully on or fully off with no
positions between. Also called an "on-off valve".
Vam: Vinyl Acetate Monomer.
Vanadium (V): Used in small amounts, up to 0.15% for grain refining and
strengthening of microalloyed high-strength structural steels and up to 0.2%
in certain hot forging steels for improving hardenability. A strong carbide
former, giving rise to secondary hardening, so is used in tool steels for use at
elevated temperatures and in creep-resistant steels.
Vane : That portion of an impeller which throws the water toward the volute
case.
Vanity unit: Washbasin built in to the top of a cupboard.
Vapor: A gas, particularly one near to equilibrium with the liquid phase of
the substance and which does not follow the gas laws. Usually used instead
of gas for a refrigerant, and, in general, for any gas below the critical
temperature.
Vapor barrier: A physical membrane which prevents moisture or water
vapor from penetrating to the other side.
Vapor barrier: A building product installed on exterior walls and ceilings
under the drywall and on the warm side of the insulation. It is used to retard
the movement of water vapor into walls and prevent condensation within
them. Normally, polyethylene plastic sheeting is used.
Vapor barrier: A moisture impervious layer applied to the surfaces
enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where it may
condense due to lower temperature.
Vapor barrier : A moisture-impervious layer applied to the surfaces
enclosing a humid space to prevent moisture travel to a point where it may
condense due to lower temperature.
Vapor Degreasing: Cleaning procedure to remove oil, grease and lightly
attached solids from metals. An appropriate solvent, e.g., hexane or cleaners
solvent, is boiled; as the vapors condense on the metal surfaces, contaminants
fall into the reservoir.
Vapor Deposition: See chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition
and sputtering. (see Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD))(see Physical Vapor
Deposition (PVD)) (see Sputtering)
Vapor lock : A condition where liquid flow is impeded by vapor trapped in a
liquid line.
Vapor Phase Corrosion Inhibitors: Fine, volatile powders made from
stable nitrites of organic amines that prevent rusting; after vaporizing, they
are adsorbed by metal surfaces. They are also marketed as treated papers; see
VCI paper.
Vapor Phase Inhibitor/VPI: Corrosion inhibitor in the form of a vapor, also
referred to as a vapor corrosion inhibitor. (see Volatile Corrosion-inhibiting
(VCI) paper)
Vapor phase inhibitors : A system using an organic nitrite compound, a
powder which vaporizes slowly to protect ferrous metal from contact with
oxygen.
Vapor Plating: Deposition of a metal or compound on a heated surface by
reduction or decomposition of a volatile compound at a temperature below
the melting points of the deposit and the base material. The reduction is
usually accomplished by a gaseous reducing agent such as hydrogen. The
decomposition process may involve thermal dissociation or reaction with the
base material.
Vapor Pressure: Measure of the volatility of a liquid at specified
temperatures and pressures (or vacuum).
Vapor Pressure: The measure of pressure at which a specific fluid will
change to a gas.
Vapor pressure : Vapor pressure denotes the lowest absolute pressure that a
given liquid at a given temperature will remain liquid before evaporating into
its gaseous form or state.
Vapor valve refrigerant cylinder : -Dual hand valve on refrigerant
cylinders, which is used to release either gas or liquid refrigerant from the
cylinder.
Vapor, saturated: Vapor in equilibrium with its liquid; i.e., when the
numbers per unit time of molecules passing in two directions through the
surface dividing the two phases are equal.
Vapor, superheated: The vapor produced after pressurized water above
100˚C.
Vapor, superheated : Vapor at a temperature which is higher than the
saturation temperature (i.e., boiling point) at the existing pressure.
Vapor, water: vapor is gases form of water ,vapor may be produced from ice
of by evaporation of water boiling.
Vapor, water : Water used commonly in air conditioning parlance to refer to
steam in the atmosphere.
Vaporous carryover : Referring to impurities carried over with the steam
and then forming a deposit on turbine bladings. This type of carryover is
difficult to prevent.
Vapour barrier: Impervious membrane providing a barrier against water
vapour.
Variable: A factor or condition which can be measured, altered or controlled,
i.e., temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level, humidity, weight, chemical
composition, colour, etc.
Variable Displacement Pumps: Pumps that can be adjusted to deliver a
variable volume while the speed remains constant.
Variable Frequency: A method of bridge crane control by which the motor
supply voltage and frequency can be adjusted.
Variable rate: An interest rate that will vary over the term of the loan.
Variable Speed Pumps: A pump is an electro-mechanical device used to
move a substance, usually a liquid or gas, from one location to another. In a
variable speed pump, the drive system is varied in order to control the pump
flow rate, thereby allowing the pump to run only at the flow rate necessary at
any given time. Variable frequency drive systems are typically used to adjust
the drive system and therefore control the pump speed. Variable speed pumps
improve the overall efficiency of a system and increase the life of the system
components, making them a very cost effective upgrade to system with
constant speed pumps.
Variation: A change to the building contract due to an instruction issued by
the Contract Administrator.
Varnish: In lubrication, a deposit resulting from oxidation and
polymerization of fuels and lubricants; like lacquer, but softer.
Varnish: A colorless, transparent finish applied over a decorative system to
protect the substrate and inks and improve gloss.
Varried flow : Flow that had a changing depth along the water course. The
variation is with respect to location, not time.
VARS: Or KVAR. Unit used to measure the part of the electrical power that
is used to magnetize the iron in an electrical motor or transformer so that the
motor or transformer will work. No work output is obtained from VARS, but
they are always in the circuit.
Vars: (or KVAR) Unit used to measure the part of the electrical power that is
used to magnetize the iron in an electrical motor or transformer so that the
motor or transformer will work. You get no work output from VARS, but
they are always in the circuit.
Varying distributed load: A load or force, for practical purposes, that may
be considered varying over the surface of the member, for example a snow
drift.
Vasis: Visual Approach Slope Indicator System. A colored light system
providing visual guidance to the glidepath of a runway.
Vault: An ancient form of construction consisting of masonry formed in an
arched shape.
Vault : An open space beneath a sidewalk or streetand usually attached to a
building’s basement, sometimes used for utilities or storage space.
V-bend Die: A die commonly used in press-brake forming, usually machined
with a triangular cross-sectional opening to provide two edges as fulcrums for
accomplishing three-point bending.
Vegetable Oils: Oils extracted from plants, used as drying oils in oil core
manufacture. Linseed oil is an example of a vegetable oil.
Vegetable Oils: Oils extracted from plants, used as drying oils in oil core
manufacture. Linseed oil is an example.
Vehicle Monitoring System: A Vehicle Monitoring System can refer to any
system used to track the location or diagnostics of a vehicle remotely. GPS is
an example of a widely used vehicle monitoring system.
Veining: A type of sub boundary structure that can be delineated because of
the presence of a greater than average concentration of precipitate or solute
atoms.
Veins: A discontinuity on the surface of a casting appearing as a raised,
narrow, linear ridge that forms upon cracking of the sand mold or core due to
expansion of the sand during filling of the mold with molten metal.
Veins: A discontinuity on the surface of a casting appearing as a raised,
narrow, linear ridge that forms upon cracking of the sand mold or core due to
expansion of the sand during filling of the mold with molten metal.
Velocity: A vector quantity which denotes, at once, the time rate and the
direction of a linear motion.
Velocity : velocity is physical vector quantity which denotes, at once, the
time rate and the direction of a linear motion. Magnitude of velocity is called
"speed", a quantity that is measured in metres per second (m/s or m ⋅ s−1) in
the SI (metric) system.
Velocity head : The vertical distance a liquid must fall to acquire the velocity
with which it flows through the piping system. For a given quantity of flow,
the velocity head will vary indirectly as the pipe diameter varies.
Velocity profile: variation in water velocity vertically and horizontally due to
roughness effects.
Velocity Transducers: A Velocity Transducer is a device for measuring
velocity. Then are often used to measure flow speed in fluid processing.
Velocity, terminal : The highest sustained air stream velocity existing in the
mixed air path at the end of the throw.
Veneer: Extremely thin sheets of wood. Also a thin slice of wood or brick or
stone covering a framed wall.
Vent: A pipe or duct which allows the flow of air and gasses to the outside.
Also, another word for the moving glass part of a window sash, i.e. window
vent.
Vent: A small opening in a foundry mold for the escape of gases.
Vent : An opening in a vessel or other enclosed space for the removal of gas
or vapor.
Vent Mark: A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the entrance of
metal into a die vent hole.
Vent Mark: A small protrusion on a forging resulting from the entrance of
metal into a die vent hole.
Vent Valve: A valve that may be manually opened to allow air or fluid or a
combination of both to be exhausted into a lower pressure chamber or to the
atmosphere.
Vent Valve (Lube Systems): Device for relieving supply line pressure.
Ventilation: The process of supplying or removing air by natural or
mechanical means, to or from a space; such air may or may not have been
conditioned.
Ventilation : Vital to tunnel design, both to ensurethe health of workers
during construction and passenger comfort in rail tunnels during their
operation.
Venting: providing holes in fabrications to be galvanized to allow entrapped,
heated liquids and gases to escape as pressure increases
Venting: Perforation with a vent wire of the sand over and around a mold
cavity to assist in the escape of the gases.
Venting: Perforation with a vent wire of the sand over and around a mold
cavity to assist in the escape of the gases.
Venturi: Tube, constricted at the middle and flared at both ends, in the
pathway of a fluid, to reduce fluid pressure in the constricted area.
Venturi Meter: A form of flow measuring device containing no moving
parts that operates on the principle of velocity to pressure conversion with
values taken on each side of the venturi tube.
Venturi Throat Dampers: North and South. Common to both boilers.
Venturi tube meter : A flow meter used to determine the rate of flow and
employing a venturi tube as the primary element for creating differential
pressure in flowing gases or liquids.
Venturi Valve: Valve that contains nozzled openings arranged in a 360°
pattern, which is often referred to as a doughnut due to its shape. Water is fed
through the venturi at a high pressure level and the water flow develops
suction on the line that can be used for various purposes.
Venturi Valve: Valve that contains nozzled openings arranged in a 360 B0
pattern, which is often referred to as a doughnut due to its shape. Water is fed
through the Venturi at a high pressure level and the water flow develops
suction on the line that can be used for various purposes.
Venturis: Perform the primary scrubbing of waste gases, by introducing
water to waste heat gases.
Venturis: Perform the primary scrubbing of waste gases, by introducing
water to waste heat gases.
Vermicular Graphite Iron: Same as compacted graphite iron. (see
Compacted Graphite Iron)
Vermiculated: Of stonework carved in a random pattern fancifully
comparable with the appearance of worms.
Vermiculite: A mineral used as bulk insulation and also as aggregate in
insulating and acoustical plaster and in insulating concrete floors.
Vermiculite: An expanded mineral used as lightweight aggregate in concrete
and other filling applications.
Vermiculite: Minerals similar to mica which expand greatly when heated;
used in the expanded state for heat insulation.
Vermin proofing: Wire mesh fixed to bottom plate and set into mortar joint
in brick veneer buildings to prevent entry of vermin into cavity.
Vertical Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in which the
axis of rotation of the mold is vertical.
Vertical Axis Casting Machine: A centrifugal casting machine in which the
axis of rotation of the mold is vertical
Vertical Lift: A condition where the surface to which a vacuum pad is
attached is in a vertical plane.
Vertical line: Line at right angles to horizontal line.
Vertical Milling: Vertical Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating
cutter for material removal. The cutter is so that its axis of rotation is vertical.
The majority of modern machining centers are vertical mills.
Vertical Turbine Pumps: A Vertical Turbine Pump is used for pumping
fluids up a large vertical distance. A turbine (impeller) is mounted on a
vertical shaft which is attached to a motor. Multiple impellers (stages) maybe
mounted on the shaft to provide greater lifting power.
Vertical Water Storage Tanks: A Vertical Water Storage Tank is used to
store water. Vertical tanks can provide higher pressurization compared to
horizontal tanks of equal volume.
Vessel Cover: Section of the boiler tubes that are located directly over the
steelmaking vessel. The tubes are in the entry area of the heat and waste
gases during steelmaking.
Vessel Cover: (also called 'Hood') Section of the boiler tubes that are located
directly over the steel making vessel. The tubes are in the entry area of the
heat and waste gases during steel making.
Veterans administration (va): A federal agency that insures mortgage loans
with very liberal down payment requirements for honorably discharged
veterans and their surviving spouses.
Vfd: Variable Frequency Drive.
Vfr: Visual Flight Rules. Prescribed for the operation of aircraft in visual
meteorological conditions (VMC). VMC is generally defined as 5 miles
visibility or more and 1,000 feet vertical and one nautical mile horizontal
clearance from cloud, but variations apply to aircraft operating below 3,000
feet AMSL. Special VFR (SVFR) clearances are granted at the discretion
of ATC for VFR flight through some controlled airspace where IFR usually
apply.
Vg-type joist girder: A type of Joist Girder where joists are located at panel
points where vertical webs intersect the top chord only. This type of girder is
used for ducts to pass thru since the joists do not interfere with their passage.
Vhf: Very High Frequency. Radio frequencies in the 30-300 MHz band,
used for most civil air-to-ground communication.
Vibrate: to use a mechanical device to vibrate wet concrete within forms to
cause it to flow more easily and flow around re-bar etc.
Vibrated concrete : Concrete consolidated by vibration from an internal or
external vibrator. It requires very much less water for effective placing than
does concrete compacted by punning, therefore it is much stronger. The
formwork, however, must also be stronger when the concrete is to be
vibrated. Concrete in hollow-tile floors is not vibrated.
Vibrating Conveyors: A Vibrating Conveyor is a material transport system
that has implemented vibration to aid in steady and predictable material
movement.
Vibrating : the process of removing excess zinc by rapidly shaking
galvanized articles
Vibration: The oscillating, reciprocating, or other periodic motion of a rigid
or elastic body or medium such as a floor when its position or state of
equilibrium has been changed.
Vibration Analysis: Analytical method used to monitor bearing conditions
during operations.
Vibrator: A device, operated by compressed air or electricity, for loosening
and withdrawing patterns from a mold, or for vibrating a hopper or chute to
promote the flow of material from the hopper or chute.
Vibrator : A tool which vibrates at a speed form 3,000 to 10,000 rpm and is
inserted into wet concrete or applied to the formwork to compact the
concrete.
Vibrator Motors: A Vibrator Motor is a motor used to drive a vibrator.
Vibrator motors must be designed for long service life with a purposely
unbalanced load.
Vibrator Reed Steel: Hardened, tempered and white polished extra-
precision rolled. Carbon content about 1.00. Steel must withstand great
fatigue stresses.
Vibrator Reed Steel: Hardened, tempered and white polished wxtra
precision rolled. Carbon content about 1.00. Steel must withstand great
fatigue stresses.
Vibratory Feeders: A Vibratory Feeder is a device the feeds solid material
with the aid of vibration, such as a shaker table, chute, or vibrating screen.
Vibratory Finishing: A process for deburring and surface finishing in which
the product and an abrasive mixture are placed in a container and vibrated.
Vicers Diamond Pyramid Hardness Tester: Patented indentation hardness
machine. See Hardness
Vickers Hardness (Test): Standard method for measuring the hardness of
metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces; the surface is
subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means of a
pyramid shaped diamond. The diagonal of the resulting indention is measured
under a microscope and the Vickers Hardness value read from a conversion
table.
Vickers Hardness Number (HV): A number related to the applied load and
the surface area of the permanent impression made by a square-based
pyramidal diamond indenter having included face angles of 136°.
Vickers Hardness Test: Also known as the diamond pyramid test, as the
indenter used in the test is a pyramid-shaped diamond. This is forced under a
given load into the metal specimen for a fixed time. On removal of the load,
the diagonals of the diamond-shaped indentation are measured under a low-
power optical microscope. The average value of the two readings together
with the applied load is then used to determine from standard tables, a
hardness number for the metal. The load used is varied according to the
softness or hardness of the metal being tested, and also its thickness.
Vierendeel girder: A type of truss consisting of vertical and horizontal
members arranged like a ladder on its side.
Vinyl: Vinyl resins are copolymers with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate as
the major film formers. They offer toughness, flexibility, and adhesion and
are considered flavor-free.
Vinyl: Vinyl resins are copolymers with vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate as
the major film formers. They offer toughness, flexibility, and adhesion and
are considered flavor free.
Vinyl Adhesives: A Vinyl Adhesive is a widely used bonding agent for
plastics that dries clear and is waterproof after curing.
Vinyl Alkyd: A type of resin consisting of a physical mixture of vinyl with
alkyd to improve performance characteristics such as flexibility.
Vinyl Alkyd: A type of resin consisting of a physical mixture of vinyl with
alkyd to improve performance characteristics such as flexibility.
Vinyl Tape: Vinyl Tape is conforming and impermeable tape that is used in
many applications, and especially electrical protection and repair.
Virbrator: A device, operated by compressed air of electricity, for loosening
and withdrawing patterns from a mold, or for vibrating a hopper or chute to
promote the flow of material from the hopper or chute.
Virgin Metal: Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before.
Virgin Metal: Metal obtained directly from ore and not used before.
Virgin Oil: A fresh oil product not recycled or reclaimed.
Vis: Visibility
Viscometer/Viscosimeter: An apparatus for determining the viscosity of a
fluid.
Viscosity: The property of a fluid, semifluid or semisolid substance that
causes it to resist flow. Its numerical value is based on the ratio of shear
stress to the rate of shear during flow. The standard unit of absolute viscosity
in the English system is the reyn, expressed as lb-s/in2. The standard unit of
viscosity is the cgs and ISO system is the poise, expressed as dyne-s/cm2.
Conversion from one system to the other is as follows: reyn = poise x 1.45 x
10-5 poise = reyn x 6.895 x 104 centipoise = poise x 10-2 microreyn = reyn x
10-6For Saybolt seconds, convert to centistokes, then to centipoise before
converting to reyns. Specific calculations are: cp = cSt x specific gravity cSt
= 0.22 x SUS-180/SUS (see Absolute Viscosity) (see Kinematic viscosity)
Viscosity: That property of semi-fluids, fluids, and gases by virtue of which
they resist an instantaneous change of shape or arrangement of parts. It is the
cause of fluid friction whenever adjacent layers of fluid move with relation to
each other.
Viscosity Index : A measure of the viscosity temperature characteristics of a
fluid as referred to that of two arbitrary reference fluids (ASTM Designation
D2270 64).
Viscosity index : A commonly used measure of the change in viscosity of a
fluid with temperature. The higher the viscosity index, the smaller the relative
change in viscosity with temperature.
Viscosity Index/VI: Common measure of changes in viscosity with
temperature; the higher the viscosity index, the smaller the relative change in
viscosity with temperature.
Viscosity : the property of resistance to flow in a fluid or semi-fluid state
Visqueen: A 4 mil or 6 mil plastic sheeting.
Vital heat : The heat generated by fruits and vegetables in storage; caused by
ripening.
Vitrification: Changing or making into glass or a similar substance,
especially through heat fusion.
Vnav: Vertical Navigation
Void: Cardboard rectangular boxes that are installed between the earth
(between caissons) and the concrete foundation wall. Used when expansive
soils are present.
Void: A shrinkage cavity produced in casting during solidification.
Void: A shrinkage cavity produced in casting during solidification.
Voip Systems: VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) Systems transfer voice
data over internet instead of regular phone lines for communication.
Volatile Corrosion-Inhibiting (VCI) paper: Corrosion-inhibiting papers
and films impregnated with vapor phase corrosion inhibitors to prevent
corrosion of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; may be used to wrap new parts
to prevent corrosion during storage or shipping.(see Vapor Phase Corrosion
inhibitors)
Volatile Organic Content/VOC: As potential hazard or pollutant, applies to
any carbon compound that can be evaporated using standard test methods,
except for carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides
or carbonates and ammonium carbonate. Because of the complexities
involved in measuring VOC, no universal definition has been formulated.
VOC control is often enforced by local government agencies.
Volatile solids : Those solids in water or other liquids that are lost on
ignition of dry solids at 550°F.
Volatile treatment : Based on the use of hydrazine and neutralizing amines
or ammonia. Leaves no solids in the boiler.
Volatility: Volatility, surface tension and capillary action of a fluid are
incidental to environmental systems. Volatility is the rapidity with which
liquids evaporates extremely rapidly and therefore is highly volatile.
Volt: Unit of measurement that describes the difference in potential between
two points in a circuit. The greater the difference in potential, the more push
the electrons that are flowing in the circuit have.
Volt: The unit of potential difference or electromotive force in the meter-
kilogram-second system, equal to the potential difference between two points
for which 1 coulomb of electricity will do 1 joule of work in going from one
point to another.
Voltage: A measure of electrical potential. Most homes are wired with 110
and 220 volt lines. The 110 volt power is used for lighting and most of the
other circuits. The 220 volt power is usually used for the kitchen range, hot
water heater and dryer.
Voltage (e) : The electromotive force in an electrical circuit. The difference
in potential between two unlike charges in an electrical circuit is its voltage
measured in "volts" (V).
Voltage Drop: The loss of voltage in an electric conductor between supply
tap and load tap.
Voltage drop : The voltage drop around a circuit including wiring and loads
must equal the supply volt age.
Voltage Meters: A Voltage Meter is a device that is used to measure voltage.
Voltage Relays: A Voltage Relay is used to apply or remove voltage in an
electric circuit. The relay is essentially a switch that is controlled via low
power signal from a controller or other source.
Voltaic cell : A storage device that converts chemical to electrical energy.
Volume: The size of a space or chamber in cubic units. Loosely applied to
the output of a pump, in gallons per minute.
Volume batching: Proportioning the raw materials to a concrete mix by their
volume.
Volume, specific : The volume of a substance per unit mass; the reciprocal of
density.
Volumetric Feeder: A Volumetric Feeder is a device for metering solid
infeed by volume (as opposed to weight). While not as accurate as a scale,
they are economical. The may use gravity, a screw feeder, or a pump for
metering.
Voluminous : having great volume, fullness, or size
Voluntary Restraint Agreements (Vras): A compromise reached between
the U.S. government and foreign steel exporting nations. Instead of the
United States imposing punitive duties on subsidized steel imports, the
foreigners would voluntarily limit their steel exports to the United States.
Volute: The spiral-shaped casing surrounding a pump impeller that collects
the liquid discharged by the impeller.
Vor: Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range. A radio navigation aid
operating in the 108-118 MHz band. A VOR ground station transmits a two-
phase directional signal through 360°. the aircraft’s VOR receiver enables a
pilot to identify his radial or bearing from/to the ground station. VOR is the
most commonly used radio navigation aid in private flying. Increased
accuracy is available in DVOR which have replaced some VORs in the UK
system. Also VORTAC, combined VOR andTACAN, and VOT (VOR test
facility).
Voss: Leveler on all three galvanizing lines; series of rolls that flatten the
strip.
Voss: Leveler on all three galvanizing lines; series of rolls that flatten the
strip.
Voss Leveler: A set of rolls that flattens and stretches the strip into a flat
shape.
Voss Leveler: A set of rolls that flattens and stretches the strip into a flat
shape.
Voussoir: One of the stones or bricks forming an arch.
Vpp: OSHA Voluntary Protection Program. Because of ’s outstanding
commitment and exemplary occupational health and safety records the
company is part of OSHA's Corporate VPP Program.
Vsi: Vertical Speed Indicator. One of the primary flight instruments showing
rate of climb or descent.
Vtol: Vertical Take-Off and Landing.
W: Chemical symbol for Tungsten.
W c: An abbreviation for water closet (toilet).
W shapes: A hot rolled shape called a Wide Flange Shape with symbol W
which has essentially parallel flange surfaces.
Wafer: A wafer is a thin slice of silicon used for the manufacture of
microelectronic chips and solar cells.
Wafer board : A manufactured wood panel made out of 1″- 2″ wood chips
and glue. Often used as a substitute for plywood in the exterior wall and roof
sheathing.
Wafer Check Valves: Wafer Check Valves are also known as lift valves and
are designed to permit fluid flow in only one direction. A thin disk is attached
is allow to pivot on a hinge mounted to the top of the disk. When sufficient
pressure is reached on the inlet side to overcome the back pressure on the
valve, the wafer disk pivots up and fluid is allowed to pass.
Wafer technology: The production of solar cells from silicon wafers is the
predominant technology in the photovoltaics industry. It is used by all major
solar cell producers and still offers great cost-cutting potential as a means of
further extending its leading position.
Wafer Valve: A two way valve that may be opened or closed to block the
flow of fluid in a passage. Normally manually operated, but may be
automated, especially for larger sizes.Normally designed so that when open,
the opening of the passage is only restricted by the thickness of the wafer.
There will be some pressure loss.
Wake turbulence: Wingtip vortices generated behind a wing producing lift.
Behind a large heavy aircraft they can be powerful enough to roll or even
break up a smaller aircraft.
Waling: Horizontal steel or timber member in a retaining-wall, especially
intemporary works.
Walk-in-cooler : A large commercial refrigerated space often found in
supermarkets or places for whole sale distribution.
Walking Beam: A means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc., across a
cooling bed or through a furnace. The material to be conveyed rests on a
metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift up and move forward between
the stationary grid, thus lifting the material and "walking" it forward, before
returning to make another stroke.
Walking Beam: A means of conveying steel bars, billets, slabs, etc., across a
cooling bed or through a furnace. The material to be conveyed rests on a
metal grid and a second grid is arranged to lift up and move forward between
the stationary grid, thus lifting the material and walking it forward, before
returning to make another stroke.
Walking Beam Furnace: A hot strip mill reheat furnace where the slab is
repeatedly lifted and set down at a more forward point in the furnace; this is
in contrast to a batch reheat furnace or a pusher-type reheat furnace.
Walking Beam Furnace: A type of continuous reheat furnace in which the
billet or slab moves through distinct heating zones within the furnace: By
controlling the speed through the zones, steelmakers can achieve precise
rolling temperatures and consume less fuel during operation.
Walk-through: A final inspection of a home before “Closing” to look for
and document problems that need to be corrected.
Wall: A vertical or near vertical structure which encloses or separates spaces
and may be used to resist horizontal or vertical forces or bending forces.
Wall anchor: A small piece of angle or other structural material that is
usually bolted to a wall to which a starter joist or bridging angle is welded or
bolted to.
Wall covering: The exterior wall skin consisting of sheets or panels.
Wall Mounted: A type of hoist mounting in which the hoist is mounted to a
vertical surface.
Wall out: When a painter pray paints the interior of a home.
Wall sheeting: Materials used for external and internal linings, e.g.
strawboard, fibre cement, fibrous plaster, plaster wall board, compressed
wood fibre board.
Wall tie: A steel wire tying brickwork to timber frame.
Wallner Lines: A distinct pattern of intersecting sets of parallel lines,
sometimes producing a set of Y-shaped lines, sometimes observed when
viewing brittle fracture surfaces at high magnification in an electron
microscope. Wallner lines are attributed to interaction between a shock wave
and a brittle crack front propagating at high velocity. Sometimes Wallner
lines are misinterpreted as fatigue striations.
Waloon Process: An early two-hearth process for making wrought iron by
refining cast-iron. The conversion proper was carried out in a hearth furnace
known as a finery; reheating for forging was carried out in a second hearth
furnace known as a chafery.
Waloon Process: An early two hearth process for making wrought iron by
refining cast iron. The conversion proper was carried out in a hearth furnace
known as a finery; re heating for forging was carried out in a second hearth
furnace known as a chafery.
Wane: A defect of timber. The timber section is too small because it was cut
too close to the edge of the trunk.
Warm Working: Deformation of metals at elevated temperatures below the
recrystallization temperature. The flow stress and rate of strain hardening are
reduced with increasing temperature; therefore, lower forces are required than
in cold working.
Warpage: Deformation other than contraction that develops in a casting
between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion occurring
during annealing, stress-relieving and high-temperature service.
Warpage: Deformation other than contraction that develops in a casting
between solidification and room temperature; also, distortion occurring
during annealing, stress relieving, and high temperature service.
Warping: Any distortion in a material.
Warping : Deviation of pavement surface from original profile caused by
temperature and moisture differentials.
Warping : twisting or curving of steel originally flat or straight
Warranty: In construction there are two general types of warranties. One is
provided by the manufacturer of a product such as roofing material or an
appliance. The second is a warranty for the labor. For example, a roofing
contract may include a 20 year material warranty and a 5 year labor warranty.
Many new homebuilders provide a one year warranty. Any major issue found
during the first year should be communicated to the builder immediately.
Small items can be saved up and presented to the builder for correction
periodically through the first year after closing.
Wash: A casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal flowing over
the mold or corded surfaces. They appear as rough spots and excess metal on
the casting surface. Also referred to as cuts.
Wash: A casting defect resulting from erosion of sand by metal flowing over
the mold or corded surfaces. They appear as rough spots and excess metal on
the casting surface. Also call cuts.
Wash Metal: Molten metal used to wash out a furnace, ladle or other
container.
Washburn Core: A thin core which constricts the riser at the point of
attachment to the casting. The thin core heats quickly and promotes feeding
of the casting. Riser removal cost is minimized.
Washburn Core: A thin core which constricts the riser at the point of
attachment to the casting. The thin core heats quickly and promotes feeding
of the casting. Riser removal cost is minimized.
Washer: A flat ring of metal with a hole in the middle used to give thickness
to a joint or to distribute pressure under the head of a nut or bolt.
Waste Heat: The heat produced by the steelmaking process, which is used to
heat the boilers and produce steam.
Waste Heat: The heat produced by the steel making process, which is used
to heat the boilers and produce steam.
Waste pipe and vent: Plumbing plastic pipe that carries waste water to the
municipal sewage system.
Waste Waste: Slightly defective tin plate that cannot be repaired, but is sold
as is. Waste waste is commonly used to make buttons, toys and containers not
requiring a perfect tin coating.
Waste water : The used water and solids from industrial processes that flow
to a treatment plant.
Waste Water Pumps: Waste Water Pumps are used to pump waste water.
They are designed for trouble-free pumping of sludge, suspended solids, and
abrasives that may be present in the waste water.
Waste Water Storage Tanks: Waste Water Storage Tanks are used to hold
waste water prior to treatment.
Waste Water Treatment Plant: A Waste Water Treatment Plant is a
municipal or industrial facility that removes pollutants, sediment, and
contaminants from waste water.
Waste Yarn Lubrication: Lubrication system that delivers the lubricant to
the bearing and journal surface by the capillary action of an oil-soaked
fibrous material like yarn or textile waste, in contact with a relatively slow
moving journal. Like pad lubrication, this form of lubrication has been used
in the over-the-road railway cars.
Waste, Oily: Term applied to all fuels, lubricants and petroleum products
that may cause environmental pollution because of leakage and spills or as
part of plant waste.
Waster Coil: A coil with a weight greater than 5000 lbs. that does not meet
customer specifications and cannot be sold as a prime coil. These coils get an
index number of 800011.
Wasters: Sheets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams and
buckled plates. Generally fit for remelting purposes only.
Wasters: Sheets that have prohibitive defects, for example, seams and
buckled plates. Generally fit for re melting purposes only.
Wastewater: Water that has been used for domestic or industrial purposes.
Wastewater treatment: Physical, chemical, or biological processes used to
remove pollutants from wastewater before discharging into a body of water.
Watch Main Spring Steel: Usually supplied cold rolled and annealed in
large widths and cut and hardened by the spring manufacturers. Carbon
content about 1.15 and tungsten 0.17, extra-precision rolled.
Watch Main Spring Steel: Usually supplied cold rolled and annealed in
large widths and cut and hardened by the spring manufacturers. Carbon
content about 1.15 and Tungsten .17, extra precision rolled.
Water: A tasteless, odorless, colorless liquid in its pure state.
Water absorption : The amount of weight gain (%) experienced in a
polymer after immersion in water for a specific length of time under
controlled environment.
Water Based: Aqueous) A coating in which the film forming ingredients are
dissolved in or suspended in a volatile system containing water as the major
solvent.
Water board: Water resistant drywall to be used in tub and shower
locations. Normally green or blue colored
Water cement ratio: The ratio between the amount of water and the amount
of cement present in concrete.
Water closet: Another name for toilet.
Water Column: Device to which the water glass is mounted. The water
column is connected to the top and bottom of the steam drum through piping
and the water seeks the same level in the column as it is in the boiler. This
coupled with the water glass and level controller allows the water level in the
boiler to be controlled and measured.
Water Cooled Diesel Engines: A Water Cooled Diesel Engine uses water-
based coolant circulating through water jackets to remove heat from the
engine and a radiator to transfer the heat to the surrounding atmosphere. A
well designed water cooling system is more efficient than an air cooled
system, but also more costly.
Water Desalination: Water Desalination is the process of removing salt
from water for agriculture and to provide drinking water. There are many
methods is use, including evaporation, distillation, and filtration techniques.
Water Elevated Tanks: Water Elevated Tanks, also known as water towers,
are used as holding tanks for municipal or industrial water systems. The
elevation provides pressurization for the water system.
Water Filter Housing: A Water Filter Housing is a housing that is designed
to hold a filter as well as direct water flow through the filter. It has both water
intake and outlet ports that are separated by the filter or filter media.
Water Filtration Systems: Water Filtration Systems remove pollutants and
sediment from water via mechanical, chemical, and/or biological filtration
methods.
Water for domestic use : Potable water used by the public (Home-use).
Water Glass: The water glass is mounted to the water column and has a
series of vertical buttons which change color from green to red to indicate the
level of water in the column. Green represents water and red indicates steam.
This allows for visual observation of the water level in the boiler at all times.
Water Glass: The water glass is mounted to the water column and has a
series of vertical buttons which change color from green to red to indicate the
level of water in the column. Green represents water and red indicates steam.
This allows for visual observation of the water level in the boiler at all times.
Water Glycol: FR hydraulic fluid composed of water and one of the glycols.
Water Glycol Fluid: A hydraulic fluid, that is comprised of a mix of
distilled or other pure water and glycol, to form a fluid that has enough
lubricity to function as a fluid power fluid; but is relatively fire resistant, i.e.
will not support combustion.
Water hammer : Banging of pipes caused by the shock of closing valves
(faucets).
Water Hardening: Process of hardening high-carbon steels by quenching in
water or brine, after heating.
Water Hardening: Process of hardening high carbon steels by quenching in
water or brine, after heating.
Water Lance: A pipe connected by a hose to a water supply. The lance is
used to wash slag from the boiler tubes.
Water Lance: A pipe connected by a hose to a water supply. The lance is
used to wash slag from the boiler tubes.
Water leg : That space that is full of boiler water between two parallel plates.
It usually forms one or more sides of internally fired boilers.
Water lubricant : Water used as a lubricant; for example, in a mechanical
seal on a centrifugal water pump.
Water meter pit (or vault): The box /cast iron bonnet and concrete rings
that contains the water meter.
Water Pollution Control: Water Pollution Control is general term used to
describe methods form removing and preventing the spread of pollutants in
water systems.
Water Quenching: A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The
major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning
or hot stage of the quenching process. See also quenching. (see Quenching)
Water Resistance (Grease): The ability of lubricating grease to withstand
the addition of water to the lubricant system without adverse effects,
generally rated by the following criteria: washout resistance (ASTM D 1264);
water absorption; water corrosion resistance (ASTM D 1743) and water
sprayoff resistance (ASTM D 4049).
Water Softener : Water Softeners are used to remove dissolved minerals
from water. Hard water is undesirable as it can leave mineral scale after
evaporation. This can have adverse effects on heaters, filters, and other water
processing equipment.
Water softener : A device or system used to remove calcium and
magnesium hardness minerals from a water supply.
Water table: The location of the underground water, and the vertical
distance from the surface of the earth to this underground water.
Water table: upper level at which the soil is saturated with water
Water table : The level of groundwater beneathwhich the ground is wholly
saturated with water.
Water tap: The connection point where the home water line connects to the
main municipal water system.
Water Temperature Sensor: A Water Temperature Sensor is used to
accurately monitor water temperature and may also be used to send
enable/disable signals to heaters, chillers, or other devices when the
temperature reaches a certain set point.
Water Test: To subject a casting to water pressure in such a manner that any
porous areas will show leakage.
Water Treatment: Water Treatment is general term that describes the
manipulation of incoming water to make it suitable for the intended purpose.
This can include mechanical, chemical, and biological filtration; and also
chemical treatment to alter basic chemistry (such as pH).
Water Treatment Chemicals: Water treatment chemicals are used in
systems for water filtration, desalination, disinfection, or treatment.
Chemicals may be used to treat algae, reduce rust and scale build-up, balance
the pH of the water, reduce foam, or to disinfect the water.
Water Treatment Plant: A Water Treatment Plant is a industrial or
municipal facility for the purpose of removing pollutants, sediment, and
biological contaminants from water so that it is potable.
Water Treatment Purification System: A Water Treatment Purification
System is used to remove pollutants, suspended solids, and bacteria for water
so it is potable. It may include a combination of physical, chemical, and
biological filters.
Water tube : A boiler tube through which the fluid under pressure flows.
The products of combustion surround the tube.
Water vapor : In air conditioning, the water in the atmosphere.
Water wall : A row of water tubes lining a furnace or combustion chamber,
exposed to the radiant heat of the fire.
Water, brakish : (1) Water having less salt than sea water, but undrinkable.
(2) Water having salinity values ranging from about 0.5 to 17 parts per
thousand.
Water, potable : Water that is safe to drink.
Water, sour : Waste waters containing fetid materials, usually sulfur
compounds.
Water-Based (Aqueous): A coating in which the film forming ingredients
are dissolved in or suspended in a volatile system containing water as the
major solvent.
Water-ice refrigeration system : Heat is absorbed as ice melts and thus
producing a cooling effect.
Waterjet Cutting: Water Jet Cutting uses a directed jet of high pressure
water, often mixed with abrasive particles, to cut materials. Waterjet can be
used to cut nearly any material. It creates minimal heat in the workpiece,
making it desirable for cutting temperature sensitive materials, and can also
be used to cut very thick workpieces.
Waterjet/Abrasive Waterjet Machining: A hydrodynamic machining
process that uses a high-velocity stream of water as a cutting tool. This
process is limited to the cutting of nonmetallic materials when the jet stream
consists solely of water. However, when fine abrasive particles are injected
into the water stream, the process can be used to cut harder and denser
materials. Abrasive waterjet machining has expanded the range of fluid jet
machining to include the cutting of metals, glass, ceramics and composite
materials.
Waterproof: Materials and construction which will prevent water from
passing through walls and joints.
Waterproof cement: A cement which, when set, is watertight.
Waterproof Coatings: A Waterproof Coating is used to protect surfaces and
structure from water and moisture. Common waterproof coatings include
epoxies, shellacs, and polyurethanes paints.
Waterproof Enclosures: A Waterproof Enclosure is a structural case, often
made of plastic or fiberglass, that is made to protect electronics and other
water-sensitive components. They often incorporate gaskets, drip edges, and
other design features to ensure performance.
Waterproof membrane : An additional layer, orskin, provided between the
tunnel’s primary and secondary linings to improve the water tightness of
concrete.
Waterproofing walls: The making of walls impervious to water or dampness
by mixing a compound with the concrete, or by applying a compound to the
surface of the wall
Water-repellent preservative: A liquid applied to wood to give the wood
water repellant properties
Watershed: Land area from which water drains to a particular body of water.
Watershed: all the land area that drains into a particular body of water
Watt (or kW): It is the part of the electrical power that actually does the
work or gets consumed in a circuit. To find watts, multiply the current times
the voltage times the power factor.
Watt (w) : A measure of electric power equal to a current flow of one
ampere under one volt of pressure; or one joule per second in SI units.
Wattle: low retaining wall of live whips/stakes placed on a slope to form a
terrace and limit erosion.
Wave: Out-of-flat condition generally introduced during cold rolling of metal
or alloy coils. Edge waves are more common and generally can be minimized
by allowing for “dropping a cut” during edge slitting. It is also possible to
produce wavy edges during slitting.
Wave: Out of flat condition generally introduced during cold rolling of metal
or alloy coils. Edge waves are more common and generally can be minimized
by allowing for ?dropping a cut? during edge slitting. It is also possible to
produce wavy edges during slitting.
Waviness: A wavelike variation from a perfect surface, generally much
larger and wider than the roughness caused by tool or grinding marks.
Wavy: Not flat. A slight wave following the direction of rolling and beyond
the standard limitation for flatness.
Wavy Edges: A shape defect caused when an edge-to-edge length
differential occurs because the material along the edge(s) are longer than the
material in the center of the strip.
Wavy Edges: A term used to describe a quality defect in which the edge of
the strip is wavy.
Wavy Edges: A term used to describe a quality defect in which the edge of
the strip is wavy.
Wax: The aliphatic paraffin series of hydrocarbons with high boiling points
and high molecular weight; classes include paraffin (crystalline),
microcrystalline and petrolatum (amorphous and microcrystalline).
Petrolatum is obtained from the heavy residual stock; heavier grades are used
for rust prevention and wire rope lubrication. (see Petrolatum)
Wax Pattern: 1. A precise duplicate, allowing for shrinkage, of the casting
and required gates, usually formed by pouring or injecting molten wax into a
die or mold. 2. Wax molded around the parts to be welded by a termite
welding process.
Waypoint: Reference point used for navigation, usually indicated by latitude
and longitude and sometimes altitude and typically used
for GPS and INS navigation.
Weak axis: The cross section which has the minor principal axis.
Wear: The undesired deterioration of a component by the removal of
material from its surface.
Wear: The undesired deterioration of a component by the removal of
material from its surface.
Wear Debris: Particles that become detached in a wear process.
Wear Pad: In forming, an expendable pad of rubber or rubberlike material of
nominal thickness that is placed against the diaphragm to lessen the wear on
it.
Wear Pads: A wear pad is a hard wearing insert that is used as a sacrificial
layer to product structural components subject to surface abrasion.
Wear Resistant Epoxy Linings: Wear Resistant Epoxy Linings are is a
protective polymer coating that can be applied commonly via paint or powder
coating methods and forms a hard impermeable barrier once cured.
Wear Resistant Rubber Sheeting: Wear Resistant Rubber Sheeting is used
in industrial applications as both a liner, and also commonly as a belt
conveyor. Special grades of rubber are formulated to be lightweight, flexible,
and tough wearing and are especially useful for conveying abrasives, slurries,
and ore.
Weather Seal Strip: A weather seal strip is an insulation device typically
used to seal around doors and windows in a building. The weather seal is
usually a piece of foam or plastic and is used to prevent the infiltration of air
through the gap around the perimeter of the door or window.
Weathering: Exposure of materials to the outdoor environment.
Weathering steel: A type of high-strength steel which can be used in normal
outdoor environments without being painted. Should not be used in corrosive
or marine environments.
Weathering Steel: A steel using alloying elements such as copper,
chromium, silicon and nickel to enhance resistance to atmospheric corrosion.
(Refer to ASTM A 606)
Weathering steel : corrosion-resistant steel that initially corrodes; the
presence of corrosion products then limits the further oxidation of the metal
Weatherization: Work on a building exterior in order to reduce energy
consumption for heating or cooling. Work involving adding insulation,
installing storm windows and doors, caulking cracks and putting on weather-
stripping.
Weatherstrip: Narrow sections of thin metal or other material installed to
prevent the infiltration of air and moisture around windows and doors.
Weave Bead: A type of weld bead made with transverse oscillation.
Web: 1) The vertical or diagonal members joined at the top and bottom
chords of a joist or joist girder to form triangular patterns or 2) The portion of
a structural member between the flanges.
Web: The middle plate of an I-beam, H-beam or channel. The web connects
the two flanges, and resists shear forces.
Web: (1) A relatively flat, thin portion ofa forging that effects an
interconnection between ribs and bosses; a panel or wall that is generally
parallel to the forging plane. See also rib. (2) For twist drills and reamers, the
central portion of the tool body that joins the lands. (3) A plate or thin portion
between stiffening ribs or flanges, as in an I-beam, H-beam or other similar
section. (see Rib)
Web buckling: The buckling of a web plate.
Web configuration: The arrangement of the actual web system of a joist or
joist girder which can be shown with a profile view of the member.
Web crippling: The local failure of a web plate in the region of a
concentrated load or reaction.
Web Plate: The vertical plate connecting the upper and lower flanges or
cover plates of a girder.
Wedge: In any given coil, the variance in width from one edge to the
opposite edge. Because USSM buys narrow width (12" to 14") coils slit from
wider coils, the wedge effect presents an ongoing problem in shape and
gauge control.
Wedge Pulleys: A wedge pulley is one one of the most commonly used
pulleys in power transmission systems. The belt is designed with a
trapezoidal (wedge) cross-section to overcome the alignment and belt
slippage problems associated with other pulley designs. Under load, the belt
will wedge deeper into the pulley groove, improving the transmission of the
torque.
Wedge Roll: A roll used to stabilize the plate as it enters the slitter knife
area.
Wedge Roll: A roll used to stabilize the plate as it enters the slitter knife
area.
Wedges , folding (fox wedges): Timber wedges used in pairs for lifting and
tightening. In Australia commonly called ‘fox-wedges’
Weep holes: Small holes in storm window frames that allow moisture to
escape.
Weepage : the leaching out of trapped liquid solutions in galvanized
structures, primarily through pinholes or gaps in welds that were not sealed
over by zinc
Weephole : A hole to allow water to escape from behind a retaining wall and
thus to reduce the pressure behind it.
Wef: World Economic Forum. An independent international organization. Its
annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland brings business and political leaders,
intellectuals and journalists together to discuss world issues.
Weigh Strip Weigh: A coating weight test.
Weighfeeders: A weighfeeder is a component of an industrial conveyer
system used to measure the amount of material traveling through the
conveyer system. The weighfeeder is responsible for measuring the amount
of material, typically bulk materials, that are contained on the weigh belt at
any given time. The weigh feeder provides the mass flow rate measurement
for the system, allowing for process control and automation.
Weighing Controllers: A weighing controller is used in conjunction with a
weigh belt or weighfeeder to provide visual feedback and system responses in
a conveyer system. The weighing controller will use the input from the
weighfeeder to control actions in the system such as adjusting speed control,
stopping the belt, or providing system fault messages when problems are
detected by the weigh system. A weighing controller may also be referred to
as a weight indicator.
Weigh-Strip-Weigh: A coating weight test.
Weight: A force resulting from the effect of gravity on a mass.
Weight Indicators: A weight indicator is a display device used to provide
feedback in a weight measuring system, typically on industrial conveyors.
When the weight indicator provides system feedback and control functions, it
is also referred to as a weigh controller.
Weight Percent: Percentage composition by weight. Contrast with atomic
percent.
Weight to power ratio : It is the weight of the machine producing work. For
example the gas turbine is capable of producing more horse power per given
mass of its machinery, then the same amount of horse power produced by a
machine having many times that mass.
Weir: structure that spans a channel and controls the local streambed
elevation.
Weirbrite Clear: A dried-in-place chromate treatment applied to Weirzin to
provide a bright finish and excellent corrosion protection for non-painted
applications.
Weirbrite Clear: A dried in place chromate treatment applied to Weirzin to
provide a bright finish and excellent corrosion protection for non painted
applications.
Weirchrome: (Or Tin-Free Steel), Also Electrolytic Chromium Coated
Sheets (ECCS) or TFS. Light-gauge, low-carbon, cold reduced steel on which
chromium and oxides of chromium have been electrodeposited; primarily
used for drawn applications, can ends and closures.
Weirchrome: (or tin free steel) Also Electrolytic Chromium Coated Sheets
(ECCS) or TFS. Light gauge, low carbon, cold reduced steel on which
chromium and oxides of chromium have been electrodeposited; primarily
used for drawn applications, can ends and closures.
Weirite: Single reduced product.
Weirlite Mill: A cold reduction rolling mill which further reduces (20 to
45%) the gauge of steel that has already been reduced at the tandem mill and
has been annealed. This mill is used to produce double-reduced (DR) tin mill
products.
Weirlite Mill: A cold reduction rolling mill which further reduces (20 to
45%) the gauge of steel that has already been reduced at the tandem mill and
has been annealed. This mill is used to produce double reduced (DR) tin mill
products at WSC.
Weirzin: Electrolytic zinc-coated steel. Coating weights range from 0.025
oz./sq. ft. to 0.20 oz./sq. ft. This can be given a variety of post treatments to
enhance corrosion resistance and paintability.
Weirzin: Electrolytic zinc coated steel. Coating weights range from 0.025
oz./sq. ft to 0.20 oz./ sq/ ft. This can be given a variety of post treatments to
enhance corrosion resistance and paintability.
Weld: A localized coalescence of metals or nonmetals produced either by
heating the materials to suitable temperatures, with or without the application
of pressure or by the application of pressure alone with or without the use of
filler metal.
Weld: A union made by welding.
Weld Bead: The built-up portion of a fusion weld, formed either from the
filler metal or the melting of the parent metal.
Weld Bead: The built up portion of a fusion weld, formed either from the
filler metal or the melting of the parent metal.
Weld beads : deposits of filler metal from a welding pass
Weld Decay: Intergranular corrosion, usually of stainless steels or certain
nickel-base alloys, that occurs as the result of sensitization in the heat-
affected zone during the welding operation. See also sensitization. (see
Sensitization)
Weld Failure Analysis: Weld failure analysis is an engineering service that
uses computational or experimental techniques to determine the reasons for
the weld failure of a component. The weld failure analysis will determine if
the failure is the result of a faulty weld, or a stress or fatigue failure in the
weld or adjoining materials.
Weld flux : material used to prevent the formation of, or to dissolve and
facilitate removal of, oxides and other undesirable substances
Weld Interface: The interface between weld metal and base metal in a fusion
weld, between base metals in a solid-state weld without filler metal, or
between filler metal and base metal in a solid-state weld with a filler metal
and in a braze.
Weld Line: See preferred term weld interface. (see Weld Interface)
Weld Metal: That portion of a weld that has been melted during welding.
Weld Nugget: The weld metal in spot, seam or projection welding. See also
nugget and resistance spot welding. (see Nugget) (see Resistance Spot
Welding)
Weld Pass: A single progression of a welding or surfacing operation along a
joint, weld deposit or substrate. The result of a pass is a weld bead, layer or
spray deposit.
Weld Pool: The localized volume of molten metal in a weld prior to its
solidification as weld metal.
Weld Reinforcement: Weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a
joint.
Weld residue : impurities left from the welding process; weld residue will
inhibit localized formation of the galvanized coating.
Weld slag : material resulting from the combination of weld material and
weld flux; weld slag will inhibit localized formation of the galvanized coating
Weld Ticket: A red or green ticket used to identify location of a weld in a
coil. These tickets are placed in the sidewall of a coil while the coil is being
produced.
Weld, Incomplete: The junction line of metal that has passed through a die
forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not completely rejoined.
Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity.
Weldability: Is the ability of a steel to be welded without its basic
mechanical properties being changed.
Weldability: The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. A number
of factors affect weldability including chemistry, surface finish, heat-treating
tendencies, etc.
Weldability: The feasibility of welding a particular metal or alloy. A number
of factors affect weldability including chemistry,surface finish,heat treating
tendencies, etc.
Welded Mesh: Welded mesh, also known as welded wire mesh, is produced
by welding pieces of metal wire together to form a continous piece of mesh
material. Welded mesh is commonly used in construction and fencing.
Because it is often used outside, welded mesh is commonly made of stainless
steel or is dipped or coated in a protective material.
Welded splice: A splice between two materials which has the joint made
continuous by the process of welding.
Welded Tube/Pipe: This is made from hot rolled or cold reduced strip, sheet
or plate. Small and medium diameters are produced in continuous, multiple-
roll mills that progressively bend incoming, unheated strip into a circular
cross-section prior to welding along the longitudinal seam. Tube may
subsequently by cold-drawn through dies to achieve precise dimensions and
finish. This is cheaper than the seamless process, but welded tube generally
has a lower mechanical and pressure performance. Large diameters are made
from discrete plate. First, this is bent into a "U" shape, then an "O" shape,
which is welded prior to mechanical or hydraulic expansion – the "E" of the
UOE process – to achieve final dimensions. This pipe can be 400-1,600mm
diameter. Spiral welded tube/pipe uses HR strip that is twisted as it goes
through a mill to form a hollow spiral which is then welded. It is cheap to
make, but has traditionally had a lower integrity than conventional welded
pipe – though it is improving. Diameters of up to 2,500mm are possible.
Welded Tubing: Tubular products which are roll formed and then joined
continuously along a longitudinal seam by a material fusion process. The
process employed at RathGibson is Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). See
"Gas Tungsten Arc Welding" and "Laser Beam Welding" (LBW).
Welder Board: A "U-shaped" wooden trough used to guide a hand welder.
Welder Board: A U shaped wooden trough used to guide hand welder
Welder Box: Special electrical outlet receptacle to accomodate plug from
hand welder. Located at several places throughout the line.
Welder Box: Special electrical outlet receptacle to accommodate plug from
hand welder. Located at several places throughout the line.
Welder Clamps: Devices used to hold the strip securely in place while a
weld is being made.
Welder Clamps: Devices used to hold the strip securely in place while a
weld is being made.
Welder Pinch Roll: A roll located on the three-high tower used to run the
strip into and out of the welder.
Welder Stick: A tool used to lift and hold the edge of the strip to be welded.
This purpose is to check the alignment of the edges.
Welding: The process of joining materials together, usually by heating the
materials to a suitable temperature.
Welding: A technique for joining steel components by the deposition of
small drops of molten steel which bonds to the parent metal.
Welding: A process used to join metals by the application of heat. Fusion
welding, which includes gas, arc and resistance welding, requires that the
parent metals be melted. This distinguishes fusion welding from brazing. In
pressure welding, joining is accomplished by the use of heat and pressure
without melting. The parts that are being welded are pressed together and
heated simultaneously, so that recrystallization occurs across the Interface.
Welding Electrode: A metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in electric arc
welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply molten metal or alloy
at the point where the weld is to be accomplished.
Welding Electrode: A metal or alloy in rod or wire forms used in electric arc
welding to maintain the arc and at the same time supply molten metal or alloy
at the point where the weld is to be accomplished.
Welding Fabrication: Welding fabrication is a production process that uses
welding to assemble components and produce a final part. The welding
fabrication process uses a heat source to melt the adjoining workpieces and a
a filler material is added to the joint, mixing with the melted material, and
finally hardening into the weld joint. There are many different kinds of
welding, with the heat source being supplied by fire, electricity, and lasers,
among others.
Welding Flash: Skin exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of welding or
melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn. Though temporary blindness can
result, it is not permanent, as is popularly believed.
Welding Flash: Skin exposed too long to the ultraviolet rays of welding or
melting arcs will burn as in a sunburn. Though temporary blindness can
result, it is not permanent, as is popularly believed.
Welding Generators: A welding generator is a power supply generator unit
used when electricity is not available for arc welding. The size of the
generator needed is based on the welding application and the required power.
For example, TIG welding and plasma welding usually required a minimum
of 8 kilowatts from an AC generator.
Welding Inspection: Welding inspection is the process of visually or
experimentally analyzing a weld joint to determine the weld quality and/or
weld strength. In addition to visual inspection, weld test equipment can be
used to test weld joints either destructively or non-destructively. See Weld
Test Equipment.
Welding Leads: The electrical cables that serve as either work lead or
electrode lead of an arc welding circuit.
Welding Machines: A welding machine is a piece of equipment used in the
welding process to join two pieces of material together. A welding machine is
usually a self-contained unit that includes all of the parts necessary to
perform the welding process. As such, the welding machine may include a
power supply, a heat source, and the welding torch that delivers the heat
source. Welding machines may be small, portable units or larger, fixed units.
Welding Monitor: A welding monitor is a component in a welding machine
or a welding process used to monitor and control the weld process.
Depending on the type of welding being done, the monitor may allow for
control of voltage/power, gas flow, temperature, length of the weld and other
parameters.
Welding Quality Wire Rods: Produced with care to provide for electric arc
welding, gas welding, submerged arc welding and metal inert gas welding.
These rods are generally supplied from low or medium-carbon killed steel.
Rods for welding are produced as restricted chemistry steels. The chemical
composition for wire rods used for welding wires must be established for
each application. Additional requirements for the rods include that
precautions are taken to prevent detrimental segregation, so that uniform steel
compositions are obtained.
Welding Rod: A rolled, extruded or cast round filler metal for use in joining
by welding.
Welding Rod: A rolled, extruded or cast round filler metal for use in joining
by welding.
Welding Shielded Arc: Electric arc welding in which the molten weld metal
is protected from the atmosphere. An inert gaseous atmosphere or fluxcoated
electrode may be employed.
Welding Shielded-Arc: Electric-arc welding in which the molten weld metal
is protected from the atmosphere. An inert gaseous atmosphere or fluxcoated
electrode may be employed.
Welding Sockets: A welding socket is a connector, such as a 'T', 'Y', cap, or
inline connector, used to provide a welded connection in pipes and tubes. A
welding socket is used in place of butt welding (end-to-end) to provide more
surface area and thereby reducing the amount of heat and time required to
complete the weld connection.
Welding Stress: That stress resulting from localized heating and cooling of
metal during welding.
Welding Stress: That stress resulting from localized heating and cooling of
metal during welding.
Welding washer: A metal device with a hole through it to allow for plug
welding of deck to structural steel.
Welding Wire: A form of welding filler metal, normally packaged as coils or
spools, that may or may not conduct electrical current depending on the
welding process with which it is used. See also electrode (welding) and
welding rod. (see Electrode) (see Welding Rod)
Welding : joining two or more pieces of material by applying heat or
pressure, or both, with or without filler material, to produce a localized union
through fusion or recrystallization across the interface
Welding, Arc: Welding accomplished by using an electric arc that can be
formed between a metal or carbon electrode and the metal being welded;
between two separate electrodes, as in atomic hydrogen welding or between
the two separate pieces being welded, as in flash welding.
Welding, Autogenous: Method of uniting two pieces of metal by melting
their edges together without solder or any added welding metal, as by the
thermite process that employs a medium of finely divided aluminum powder
and oxide or iron by which a temperature of some 2,982°C (5,400°F) is
obtained.
Weldment: An assembly whose component parts are joined by welding.
Well graded: coarse grained soil with an even distribution of sizes.
Well Level: The amount of water that is in the pump hole. Measured in feet.
Well Level: The amount of water that is in the pump hole. It is measured in
feet.
Well-defined engineering activities : A class of activities with
characteristics defined in section 4.2 of the IEA Graduate Attributes and
Professional Competencies.
Well-defined engineering problems : A class of problem with
characteristics defined in section 4.1 of the IEA Graduate Attributes and
Professional Competencies.
Wenstrom Mill: A rolling mill similar to a universal mill but where the
edges and sides of a rolled section are acted on simultaneously.
Wet Blasting: A process for cleaning or finishing by means of a slurry of
abrasive in water directed at high velocity against the workpieces.
Wet bulb : Device used in measurement of relative humidity. Evaporation of
moisture lowers temperature of wet bulb compared to dry bulb temperature in
same area.
Wet bulb temperature (wb) : The temperature registered by a thermometer
whose bulb is covered by a saturated wick and exposed to a current of rapidly
moving air. The wet bulb temperature also represents the dew point
temperature of the air, where the moisture of the air condenses on a cold
surface.
Wet Film Thickness: The thickness of the paint film immediately after
coating and prior to curing. The required wet film thickness is dependent on
the proportion of solids and solvents in the liquid paint for producing the
appropriate dry film thickness.
Wet Film Thickness: Wet film thickness can be measured using the PFund
Gauge. A spherical section of glass is pressed into the wet coating. The
diameter of the spot is measured in mm and wet film thickness correlated to
dry film thickness.
Wet galvanizing : using a liquid flux layer floated on top of the molten zinc;
in the galvanizing process, final cleaning occurs as the material passes
through the flux blanket before entering the molten zinc bath
Wet Scrubber (Gas Washer): In air pollution control, a liquid (usually
water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping foundry gases.
Wet Scrubber (Gas Washer): In air pollution control, a liquid (usually
water) spray device for collecting pollutants in escaping foundry gases.
Wet standby : Boiler is filled completely with water or maintained at normal
operating level with a positive nitrogen pressure of 35 to 70 kPa.
Wet storage stain : white surface oxide and hydroxide that forms on newly
galvanized steel when excessive moisture is present in poorly ventilated
storage
Wet-bulb depression : The difference between the dry-bulb temperature and
the wet bulb temperature.
Wettability Test: The degree to which a metal that has passed through a die
forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not completely rejoined.
Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity.
Wettability Test: The degree to which a metal that has passed through a die
forming a hollow profile (shape), separated and not completely rejoined.
Flare testing is a method of evaluating weld integrity.
Wetting: A phenomenon involving a solid and a liquid in such intimate
contact that the adhesive force between the two phases in greater than the
cohesive force within the liquid. Thus a solid that is wetted, on being
removed from the liquid bath, will have a thin continuous layer of liquid
adhering to it. Foreign substances such as grease may prevent wetting.
Additional agents, such as detergents, may induce wetting by lowering the
surface tension of the liquid.
Wetting: A phenomenon involving a solid and a liquid in such intimate
contact that the adhesive force between the two phases is greater than the
cohesive force within the liquid. Thus a solid that is wetted, on being
removed from the liquid bath, will have a thin continuous layer of liquid
adherring to it. Foreign substances such as grease may prevent wetting.
Addition agents, such as detergents, may induce wetting by lowering the
surface tension of the liquid.
Wetting Agent: A surface active agent that produces wetting by decreasing
the cohesion within the liquid.
Wetting Agent (Cleansers): A surfactant that, added to water causes the
water to spread more easily over the surface of another material. Wetting
agents do not usually impart any detergent or emulsifying properties to
water.
Wetting Agent (Lubricants): An oiliness additive; an additive that adsorbs
to metal to enhance the spreading of a lubricant.
Wheel Bearings: A wheel bearing is a mechanical component used to
transfer load from one rotating component to another. Wheel bearings are
typically designed to allow for the transfer or rotating motion while
restricting linear motion. There are many different types of wheel bearings,
depending on the application and the load range.
Wheel Clamps: A wheel clamp is a mechanism used to lock a wheel in
place, thus preventing it and the vehicle it's attached to from moving. Wheel
clamps may be used as security devices to prevent others from stealing a
vehicle, or as a punitive device such as in the case of locking illegally parked
cars.
Wheel Excavators: A wheel excavator is a construction machine used for
excavating rock and soil and then loading the material into trucks or moving
it to other locations. The wheel term refers to the use of a wheels and tires
instead of tracks for moving the equipment around. The boom, or arm of the
machine is usually capable of fitting various attachments to the end in order
to accomplish specific jobs such as digging, breaking, or scooping.
Wheel Load: The load without impact on any wheel with the trolley and
lifted load (rated capacity) positioned on the bridge to give maximum
loading.
Wheel Yoke: A frame on which a pair of carrier (trolley) wheels are
mounted.
Wheel-abrading : mechanical cleaning method used to remove small
amounts of residues found on steels by means of a rough, rotating wheel
Wheelbase: Distance from center-to-center of outermost wheels.
Whiskers: Thin hair-like growths on metal that are barely visible to the
naked eye, they are stronger than the metals from which they are formed,
probably because they are free from defects.
Whiskers: Thin hair like growths on metal that are barely visible to the
naked eye, they are stronger than the metals from which they are
formed,probably because they are free from defects.
White Annealing: A heat treatment process carried out on pickled steel with
the objective of eliminating the hydrogen that has entered the steel during the
pickling operation, thus removing any tendency to hydrogen embrittlement.
White Annealing: A heat treatment process carried out on pickled steel with
the objective of eliminating the hydrogen that has entered the steel during the
pickling operation thus removing any tendency to hydrogen embrittlement.
White Iron: A cast that is essentially free of graphite and most of the carbon
content is present as separate grains of hard Fe3C. White iron exhibits a
white, crystalline fracture surface because fracture occurs along the iron
carbide platelets.
White Iron: A cast that is essentially free of graphite and most of the carbon
content is present as separate grains of hard Fe3C. white iron exhibits a
white,crystalline fracture surface because fracture occurs along the iron
carbide platelets.
White Layer: (1) Compound layer that forms in steels as a result of the
nitriding process. (2) In tribology, a white-etching layer, typically associated
with ferrous alloys, that is visible in metallographic cross sections of bearing
surfaces. See also Beilby layer. (see Beilby Layer)
White Metal: 1. A general term covering alloys that are based on tin, lead or
antimony, such as bearing, type and babbitt metals. 2. A copper matte of
about 77% Cu obtained from the smelting of sulfide copper ores.
White Oils: Light-colored, usually highly-refined mineral oils frequently
employed in pharmaceutical and medicinal preparation and used as bases for
creams, salves and ointments. White oil lubricants are used where color
and/or environmental concerns are important.
White Petroleum Jelly: The whitest grade of petrolatum.
White Rust: A coating metal oxide, such as zinc oxide, which develops
when the oxygen in the atmosphere and moisture mixes with the coating
material (such as galvanized coating). (see Sacrificial Barrier)
White Rust: A coating metal oxide, such as zinc oxide, which develops
when the oxygen in the atmosphere mixes with the coating material (such as
galvanized coating). See Sacrificial Barrier.
White rust : white, sticky substance comprised of basic zinc carbonate;
forms when galvanized surfaces are constantly covered by water or water
containing sulfides or chlorides
White Ticket: Ticket used to identify coil. The white ticket contains the coil
IPM number, and is placed in the sidewall of the coil.
White-etching Layer: A surface layer in a steel that, as viewed in a section
after etching, appears whiter than the base metal. The presence of the layer
may be due to a number of causes, including plastic deformation induced by
machining or surface rubbing, heating during a metallographic preparation
stage to such an extent that the layer is austenitized and then hardened during
cooling and diffusion of extraneous elements into the surface.
Whole house fan: A fan designed to move air through and out of a home and
normally installed in the ceiling.
Wick Lubrication: Lubrication system that uses a wick to deliver the
lubricant to the bearing surface.
Wide Flange Beam: A structural steel section on which the flanges are not
tapered, but have equal thickness from the tip to the web and are at right
angles to the web. Wide flange beams are differentiated by the width of the
web, which can range from 3 inches to more than 40 inches, and by the
weight of the beam, measured in pounds per foot.
Wide Strips: Strips of widths 600mm and above. Also known as coils in
India and wide coils in Europe etc. Accordingly, the terms HR coils/wide
coils or CR coils/wide coils etc. are commonly used.
Wide-Flange Beam: A structural steel section on which the flanges are not
tapered, but have equal thickness from the tip to the web and are at right
angles to the web. Wide-flange beams are differentiated by the width of the
web, which can range from 3 inches to more than 40 inches, and by the
weight of the beam, measured in pounds per foot.
Wider context of engineering : The economic, social, regulatory,
environmental context in which a particular engineering activity is
performed.
Wide-ranging : Describes a set of considerations with different
characteristics.
Widmanstatten Structure: A structure characterized by a geometric pattern
resulting from the formation of a new phase on certain crystallographic
planes in the parent phase. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is
related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent
phase.
Widmanstatten Structure: A structure characterized by a geometric pattern
resulting from the formation of a new phase on certain crystallographic
planes in the parent phase. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is
related cystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase.
Width: The lateral dimension of rolled steel, as opposed to the length or the
gauge (thickness). If width of the steel strip is not controlled during rolling,
the edges must be trimmed.
Width Variation: Product whose width fluctuates above and below the
customer's finished width tolerance.
Width Variation: Product whose width fluctuates above and below the
customer's finished width tolerance.
Widths: The lateral dimension of rolled steel, as opposed to the length or the
gauge (thickness). If width of the steel strip is not controlled during rolling,
the edges must be trimmed.
Wild Steel: Steel which has not been completely deoxidized and reacts
violently after casting due to liberation of gases of cooling.
Wildlife: any animal that is not tamed or domesticated
Wildlife tree: tree that is topped/killed but much of the trunk left standing
(man-madesnag)
Wildness: A condition that exists when molten metal during cooling evolves
so much gas that it becomes violently agitated, forcibly ejecting metal from
the mold or other container.
Willans line : The Willians line is used to show steam rates at different loads
on the turbine. Often, a willans line for a specific turbine is not available, and
one only has has incomplete information about an installed steam turbine;
namely the rated power and (perhaps a guesstimate) the isentropic efficiency
or specific steam consumption at full load. But what you need and don't have
is the steam consumption at the turbine operating load.
Winch Drive: (Clutch) A hydraulic piston that applies pressure to clutch
plates to obtain the required motor amperage, controlling loop tension on the
winch drive.
Winch Drive (Clutch): A hydraulic piston that applies pressure to clutch
plates to obtain the required motor amperage, controlling loop tension on the
winch drive.
Winch Gear Units: A winch is a mechanical device used to reel in or let out
a rope or cable, while maintaining tension in the line. In a winch gear unit,
the winch is driven by a gear set designed to convert the high speed power
produced by the winch motor into a low speed, high torque force. Winch gear
units cab be designed with planetary, worm, or spur gear units.
Winches: A winch is a mechanical device used to reel in or let out a rope or
cable, while maintaining tension in the line. Winches can be mechanically
controlled by a motor and drive train or manually controlled with a hand
crank.
Wind age drift : That water lost from an open re-circulating-water system by
means of wind blown through the spray area that carries water out of the
system. This is not the same as loss by evaporation, since such a loss can
occur even without evaporation.
Wind Box: The box-type structure of the boiler, located on the burner deck
that contains the fuel supply manifolds, burners and air registers. Combustion
air is delivered to the windbox where it is distributed by means of the air
registers to all four burners.
Wind Box: The box type structure of the boiler, located on the burner deck
that contains the fuel supply manifolds, burners and air registers. Combustion
air is delivered to the windbox where it is distributed by means of the air
registers to all four burners.
Wind brace: A structural member, either a tie or a strut, used to resist lateral
wind loads.
Wind bracing: Metal straps or wood blocks installed diagonally on the
inside of a wall from bottom to top plate, to prevent the wall from twisting,
racking, or falling over “domino” fashion.
Wind column: A vertical member supporting a wall system designed to
withstand horizontal wind loads. Usually between two main vertial load
carrying columns.
Wind load: The estimated pressure or force exerted upon a structure by the
wind, which must be provided for in the design of the structure.
Wind load: A force or lateral pressure in pounds per square foot that is
applied to a member due to wind blowing in any direction.
Wind load: Engineers have made great efforts to understand wind loading
since the Tay Bridge disaster in 1879.
Wind throw: tree blowdown, often due to removal of adjacent trees
Window buck: Square or rectangular box that is installed within a concrete
foundation or block wall. A window will eventually be installed in this
“buck” during the siding stage of construction
Window frame: The stationary part of a window unit; window sash fits into
the window frame.
Window sash: The operating or movable part of a window; the sash is made
of window panes and their border.
Windshear: localised change in wind speed and/or direction over a short
distance, resulting in a tearing or shearing effect, usually at low altitude, that
can cause a sudden loss of airspeed with occasionally disastrous results if
encountered when taking-off or landing.
Windward: The direction or side toward the wind. Opposite of leeward.
Wing wall: a flaring vertical wall on either side of a culvert.
Winning: Recovering a metal from an ore or chemical compound using any
suitable hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical or electrometallurgical
method.
Wiped Coat: A hot dipped galvanized coating from which virtually all free
zinc is removed by wiping prior to solidification, leaving only a thin zinc-iron
alloy layer.
Wiped Joint: A joint made with solder having a wide melting range and with
the heat supplied by the molten solder poured onto the joint. The solder is
manipulated with a hand-held cloth or paddle so as to obtain the required size
and contour.
Wiper Forming: Method of curving sheet metal sections or tubing over a
form block or die in which this form block is moved relative to a wiper block
or slide block.
Wiper Ring: A rubber or other synthetic seal that is fitted around a moving
shaft to form a low pressure seal. Normally used to prevent fluid from
entering the sealed volume.
Wiping: The smearing or removal of material from one point, often followed
by the redeposition of the material at another point, on the surfaces of two
bodies in sliding contact; a form of wear.
Wiping Effect: Activation of a metal surface by mechanical rubbing or
wiping to enhance the formation of conversion coatings, such as phosphate
coatings.
Wire: A solid wrought product that is long in relation to its cross-section,
which is square or rectangular with sharp or rounded corners or edges or is
round, hexagonal or octagonal and whose diameter or greatest perpendicular
distance between parallel faces is less than 0.375 inch.
Wire Bar: A cast shape, particularly of tough pitch copper, that has a cross
section approximately square with tapered ends, designed for hot rolling to
rod for subsequent drawing into wire.
Wire Drawing: Reducing the cross section of wire by pulling it through a
die.
Wire EDM: Wire EDM is short for Wire Electrical Discharge Machining
(EDM) and is an electro-chemical production process used to cut high-
strength metals and alloys. In the Wire EDM process, a voltage is passed
through a thin-wire electrode and the resulting series of rapid electrical
discharges (sparks) erode, or cut through, the material. The material to be cut
must be electrically conductive and the process uses either a steady stream or
a circulating bath of non-conductive fluid (de-ionized water) to flush away
the small amounts of material cut away during the process. Production
process used to cut high-strength metals and alloys. In the Wire EDM
process, a voltage is passed through a thin-wire electrode and the resulting
series of rapid electrical discharges (sparks) erode, or cut through, the
material. The material to be cut must be electrically conductive and the
process uses either a steady stream or a circulating bath of non-conductive
fluid (de-ionized water) to flush away the small amounts of material cut away
during the process.
Wire Ferrules: A ferrule is a type of fastener often used to create a loop
from materials such as rope or wire. The ferrule is a tube-like fastener
through which one or more strands of the material are passed through. A tool
such as a pliers or other crimping device is then used to crimp the ferrule
down around the material until it is tight enough to restrict movement
through the ferrule.
Wire Flame Spraying: A thermal spraying process variation in which the
material to be sprayed is in wire or rod form. See also flame spraying. (see
Flame Spraying)
Wire Mesh: Wire mesh is a product resulting from the combination of wire
strands into a net-like structure. Wire mesh can fabricated with many
different metals, different thickness, and with varying mesh densities. The
mesh can be woven, welded, or manufactured by punching or cutting holes
into a solid sheet of material.
Wire nut: A plastic device used to connect bare wires together.
Wire Rods: Coiled bars of up to 18.5 mm in diameter, used mainly in the
production of wire.
Wire Rope Winch: A winch designed to reel or let out wire rope around the
spindle of the winch. See definition of Winch.
Wire, Alclad: A composite wire product comprised of an aluminum-alloy
wire having on its surface a metallurgically bonded aluminum or aluminum-
alloy coating that is anodic to the alloy to which it is bonded, thus
electrolytically protecting the core alloy against corrosion.
Wire, Cold Heating: Wire quality suitable for use in the manufacture of cold
headed products such as ribets and bolts.
Wire, Drawn: Wire brought to final dimensions by the drawing through a
die.
Wire, Extruded: Wire produced by hot extruding.
Wire, Flattened: Wire having two parallel flat surfaces and round edges
produced by roll-flattening round wire.
Wire, Flattened and Slit: Flattened wire that has been slit to obtain square
edges.
Wireless Access Control Systems: Access control systems define the wide
range of security solutions used to provide an individual or corporate
authority access control over it's facilities and/or computer systems. Access
control systems can be small home security systems or large corporate-wide
computer systems. Access is granted via an electronic key, or passcode, or a
combination of hardware and software keys. A wireless access control system
utilizes wireless communication devices and protocols to allow for the remote
operation of the access control system.
Wireless Communications: Wireless communications refers to the
transmittion of signals through the air rather than through a wired connection.
Wireless communications are transferred by energy signals such as infrared,
radio frequency, laser/light, or acoustic transmissions.
Wiring: Formation of a curl along the edge of a shell, tube or sheet and
insertion of a rod or wire within the curl for stiffening the edge. See also
curling. (see Curling)
Withes: (Pronounced whiffs)The usually half-brick thick dividers between
flues in a chimney.
Wizard Control: Control used to set auto valves at specific points.
Wobble plate-swash plate : Type of compressor designed to compress gas,
with piston motion parallel to crankshaft.
Wolfram: The alternative name for tungsten.
Wolfram: The alternative name for tungsten
Wonderboard : A panel made out of concrete and fiberglass usually used as
a ceramic tile backing material. Commonly used on bathtub decks.
Wood Doors: A wood door is barrier constructed from wood and used to
open and close access through an opening by swinging or sliding the door.
Wood Working Machinery: Wood working machinery includes a wide
array of power equipment designed to cut and shape wood. Wood working
machinery includes different types of saws, planers, routers, lathes, and many
other specialized tools.
Wood : a common natural material strong in both compression and tension
Woodscrew: Threaded fastener for use in wood.
Woody Fracture: A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance due to
the elongation of the individual grains. This may be accentuated by the
presence of slag or by a banded structure. It is gray and dull and is
characteristic of ductile but non-homogeneous material such as wrought iron.
Woody Fracture: A fracture that is fibrous or woody in appearance due to
the elongation of the individual grains. This may be accentuated by the
presence of slag or by a banded structure. It is grey and dull and is
characteristic of ductile but non homogeneous material such as wrought iron
Woody Structure: A macrostructure, found panicularly in wrought iron and
in extruded rods of aluminum alloys, that shows elongated surfaces of
separation when fractured.
Wootz: A carbon steel containing 1 to 1.6% carbon produced by melting a
bloomery iron or an inhomogeneous steel with charcoal in a crucible. The
process originated in India as early as the 3rd Century A.D.
Wootz: A carbon steel containing 1 to 1.6% C produced by melting a
bloomery iron or an inhomogeneous steel with charcoal in a crucible. The
process originated in India as early as the 3rd century A.D.
Work: The transfer of power from one state to another. The movement of
weight over a specified distance.
Work : The product of a force and the distance through which it moves. It is
to be distinguished from energy and from power which is a rate of doing
work. Energy can, however, be expressed in the same units as work, and
often is.
Work Hardening: Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e., in hardness)
produced by cold working.
Work Hardening: Increase in resistance to deformation (i.e. in hardness)
produced by cold working. Same as strain hardening
Work Lead: The electrical conductor connecting the source of arc welding
current to the work. Also called work connection, welding ground or ground
lead.
Work on engineering contracts : Work here shall mean the furnishing of all
labour, materials, equipment and other incidentals necessary or convenient to
the successful completion of the project and the carrying out of all the duties
and the obligations imposed by the contract.
Work Roll Balance: Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the work
rolls up in place.
Work Roll Balance: Cylinders that supply the force used to hold the work
rolls up in place.
Work Rolls: Two, smaller rolls of a four-high stand of the Weirlite Mills,
tandem mills and the temper mills. These rolls, through the use of hydraulic
pressure, are responsible (along with the backup rolls) for the shape of the
steel.
Work Rolls: Two, smaller, rolls of a four high stand of the Weirlite Mills,
Tandem Mills, and the Temper Mills. These rolls, through the use of
hydraulic pressure, are responsible (along with the backup rolls) for the shape
of the steel.
Workability: The characteristic or group of characteristics that determine the
ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
Workability: The characteristic or group of characteristics that determines
the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
Workability : The ease with which a concrete can be mixed, placed and
finished. Wet concretes are workable but weak. Workability can be measured
by the slump test, the compacting factor test, and by the V.-B. Consist meter
test.
Worked Penetration: (ASTM D 217) penetration of a sample of lubricating
grease immediately after it has been brought to 77ºF and subjected to 60
strokes in a standard grease worker.
Working drawings: The complete set of architectural drawings prepared by
a registered architect.
Working Electrode: The test or specimen electrode in an electrochemical
cell.
Working fluid : is the substance which does the work in a heat engine. The
air is one of the working fluids used with gas turbines. Freon's are the
working fluids used with some refrigeration systems. Water is the working
fluid used with steam boilers.
Working load: Also called service load, is the actual load that is acting on
the structure.
Working point: The point where two or more centroid lines of structural
members intersect.
Working the Heat: In open hearth practice, the treatment given a bath (heat),
during the latter part of the process. It involves the addition of ore or pig iron
for the purpose of adjusting the carbon content of the bath. In EAF
operations, adding fluxes, carbon, etc. to attain the proper chemistry.
Worm: An exudation (sweat) of molten metal forced through the top crust of
solidifying metal by gas evolution. See also zinc worms.
Worm Gear: A screw-thread-like gear consisting of worm and worm wheel;
the worm, made of steel, is the driving gear, and the worm wheel, made of
non-ferrous metal, is the driven gear. Worm drives have relatively low gear
ratios.
Worm Gear Limit Switches: A worm gear limit switch is typically used in
actuators or industrial machinery where the rotary motion of the machine is
linked to the linear motion of another part. The limit switch is then used to
trigger an event when the linear motion reaches a predetermined limit.
Worm Gear Screwjacks: A screwjack is a mechanical device used to lift
heavy objects. In a worm gear screwjack, the jacking action is controlled by a
gear or screw that sits perpendicular to the jacking screw.
Worm Gear Sets: A worm gear set contains a screw-like driving gear, called
the worm, and a mating spur gear that is used to drive a rotating piece of
equipment. A worm gear set is capable of generating high torque with a low
turning speed, producing a very high gear ratios.
Worm Gear Speed Reducer: A worm gear set contains a screw-like driving
gear, called the worm, and a mating spur gear that is used to drive a rotating
piece of equipment. A worm gear set is capable of generating high torque
with a low turning speed, producing a very high gear ratios. As a result,
worm gear speed reducers are a very effective way to reduce shaft RPM from
the input to the output of the gear set.
Worm Winch: A worm winch is a winch controlled by a worm gear unit in
which the driving gear,the worm, is a screw-like gear turning a spur gear.
Worm winches typicallly have a very high reliability, however at a much
lower efficiency than planetary or spur gear winches. Worm winches operate
at an efficiency of about 35 to 40%.
Woven Mesh: Woven mesh is a product resulting from the combination of
wire strands, woven into a net-like structure. Woven mesh can fabricated
with many different metals, different wire thicknesses, and with varying
mesh densities.
Wrap, Loose: A condition in a coil due to insufficient tension which creates
a small void between adjacent wraps.
Wrapped drywall: Areas that get complete drywall covering, as in the
doorway openings of bifold and bipass closet doors.
Wrc (welding research council): This organization conducts cooperative
research in welding with interested scientific societies, government
departments, and any company using welded products.
Wringer Rolls: A set of rubber rolls that removes water or solution from the
plate.
Wringer Rolls: A set of rubber rolls that removes water or solution from the
plate.
Wrinkling: A coating defect consisting of the formation of small ridges or
folds in the coating which resemble the surface of a prune, but are usually
smaller in size.
Wrinkling: A coating defect consisting of the formation of small ridges or
folds in the coating which resemble the surface of a prune, but are usually
smaller in size.
Wrot (wrought): Dressed or worked, either by hand or machine.
Wrought Iron: An iron produced by direct reduction of ore or by refining
molten cast-iron under continuous where a pasty mass of solid iron with
included slag is produced. The iron has a low carbon content.
Wrought Iron: Iron that contains 1-3% slag in the form of elongated
particles in the same direction that gives a characteristic grain pattern. It is
more rust-resistant than steel and welds more easily. Has a low carbon
content.
Wrought Iron: An iron produced by direct reduction of ore or by refining
molten cast iron under conditions where a pasty mass of solid iron with
included slag is produced. The iron has a low carbon content.
Wrought iron : an iron alloy that is less brittle than cast iron
Wrought Metals: An easily welded or forged metal containing
approximately 0.2% carbon and total impurities less than 0.5%.
Wrought Prodcut: A product that has been subjected to mechanical working
by such process as rolling,extruding,forging,etc.
Wrought Product: A product that has been subjected to mechanical working
by such processes as rolling, extruding, forging, etc.
Wsd (working stress design): A structural design method whereby a
structural element is designed so that the unit stresses computed under the
action of working or service loads do not exceed the specified allowable
values. See Allowable Stress Design and Elastic Design.
Wt: A hot rolled structural tee shape with symbol WT which is cut or split
from W Shapes.
Wustite: The oxide of iron of lowest valence which exist over a wide range
of compositions, they do not quite include the stoichiometric composition
FeO.
Wustite: The oxide of iron of lowest valence which exist over a wide range
of compositions they do not quite include the stoichiometric composition
FeO.
Wzn: Weir zinc product from the #1 Plater.
X Ray Gauge Recorder: Equipment used to produce a gauge chart that
records thickness measurements.
X Ray Gauge Unit: Equipment used to measure thickness of steel. The unit
is positioned across the width of the strip on the entry end of the line.
X Rays: Form of radiant energy with wavelength shorter than that of visible
light and with the ability to penetrate materials that absorb or reflect ordinary
light. X rays are usually produced by bombarding a metallic target with
electrons in a high vacuum. In nuclear reactions it is customary to refer to
photons originating in the nucleus as gamma rays and to those originating in
the extranuclear part of the atom as x rays.
Xa: Outlet Body, Hazardous Area-Terminal
X-brace: Structural bracing which resembles the letter "X".
Xc: Outlet Body, Hazardous Area-Through
Xfmr: Transformer
Xfrs: Transfer Switch
Xlp: Cross Linked Polyethylene
Xlpl: Cross Linked Polyethylene, Lead Covered
Xmsn: Transmission
Xp: Explosion-proof
Xpd: Explosion-proof Dust Tight
Xpdr: Transponder
Xpg: Explosion-proof Gastight
Xps: Explosion-proof Spin Top, Gas, and Dust Tight
X-ray: Form of radiant energy with a wavelength shorter than that of visible
light and with the ability to penetrate materials that absorb or reflect ordinary
light. X-rays are usually produced by bombarding a metallic target with
electrons in a high vacuum.
X-ray Crystallography: X-ray photographs of metals are a means of
providing information which in many cases cannot be obtained by
microscopic methods. The line produced by each element or phase are
characteristic and their general pattern enables the crystalline structure to be
identified. The scale of the pattern can be used to determine accurately the
size of the unit cell and therefore the distance apart of the individual atoms.
From the relative intensity of the lines, it is possible to deduce the
distribution throughout the unit cell, the various types of atoms in an alloy or
the degree of preferred orientation in the material.
X-ray Diffraction (XRD): An analytical technique in which measurements
are made of the angles at which x-rays are preferentially scattered from a
sample (as well as of the intensities scattered at various angles) in order to
deduce information on the crystalline nature of the sample-its crystal
structure, orientations and so on.
X-ray Fluorescence: Emission by a substance of its characteristic x-ray line
spectrum on exposure to x-rays.
X-ray Gauge Recorder: Equipment used to produce a gauge chart that
records thickness measurements.
X-ray Gauge Unit: Equipment used to measure the thickness of steel. The
unit is positioned across the width of the strip on the entry end of the line.
X-ray Map: An intensity map (usually corresponding to an image) in which
the intensity in any area is proportional to the concentration of a specific
element in that area.
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS): An analytical technique that
measures the energy spectra of electrons emitted from the surface of a
material when exposed to monochromatic x-rays.
X-ray Spectrometry (XPS): Measurement of wavelengths of x-rays by
observing their diffraction by crystals of known lattice spacing.
X-ray Spectrum: The plot of the intensity or number of x-ray photons versus
energy (or wavelength).
X-ray Topography: A technique that comprises topography and x-ray
diffraction. The term topography refers to a detailed description and mapping
of physical (surface) features in a region. In the context of the x-ray
diffraction, topographic methods are used to survey the lattice structure and
imperfections in crystalline materials.
Xylem : The botanical name for wood
Y: Yellow
Y: A “Y” shaped plumbing fitting.
Yag Laser Marker: A YAG Laser Marker is a marking system that uses a
diode-pumped solid state laser. Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) is a
common crystal used in DPSS systems as the lasing medium and is often
doped with neodymium. For additional information, see Diode-Pumped Laser
Marker.
Yard: The principal unit of length in the Imperial system; three feet, equal to
914.4mm.
Yard of concrete-: One cubic yard of concrete is 3′ X 3′ X 3′ in volume, or
27 cubic feet. One cubic yard of concrete will pour 80 square feet of 3 ½”
sidewalk or basement/garage floor.
Yarn: A fibrous material like wool, twisted into a loose thread and added to
greases for special applications.
Yarways: A measuring instrument used to monitor the water level of drums.
Yarways: A measuring instrument used to monitor the water level of drums.
Y-block: A single keel block.
Yellow Brass: 65% copper and 35% zinc. Also known as high brass. A
copper-zinc alloy named for its yellow hue. Formerly a very popular alloy,
but now largely replaced by cartridge brass.
Yellow Brass: 65% copper and 35% zinc. Also known as High Brass. A
copper zinc alloy, named for its yellow hue. Formerly a very popular alloy,
but now largely replaced by Cartridge Brass.
Yellowing: A coating defect consisting of a physical change of a coating in
which the color of the cured coating gets yellower as it ages, or after
rebaking.
Yellowing: A coating defect consisting of a physical change of a coating in
which the color of the cured coating gets yellower as it ages, or after
rebaking.
Yield: The amount of steel delivered to the ladle and not necessarily the same
as the amount of scrap charged. The ratio of the quantity of finished
shipments to the total raw steel produced, adjusted for changes in inventory
and any slabs that are purchased from outside. Yield has significantly
improved during the past decade, primarily as the result of the industry's
conversion to continually cast steel, whose yield is superior to that of
traditional ingot teeming. Tons of finished steel products, divided by total
tons of charged steel, as a percentage.
Yield: The ratio of the quantity of finished shipments to the total raw steel
produced, adjusted for changes in inventory and any slabs that are purchased
from outside. Yield has significantly improved during the past decade,
primarily as the result of the industry's conversion to continually cast steel,
whose yield is superior to that of traditional ingot teeming. Tons of finished
steel products, divided by total tons of charged steel, as a percentage
Yield or buckle : The permanent deformation which a metal piece undergo
when it is stressed beyond its elastic limit
Yield Point: 1) The stress in a material at which there occurs a marked
increase in strain without an increase in stress during tensile testing. 2. The
load or stress at which a marked increase in the deformation of the sheet
occurs without increasing the applied load. Yield point is one of the
characteristics of low-carbon steels after they have been annealed. The yield
point is usually calculated using a tensile-test specimen, and it is the load that
is commensurate with the point beyond the elastic limit at which the
specimen lengthens considerably without an additional increase in load.
Yield Point: The first stress in a material less than the maximum obtainable
stess at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. Also
known as upper yield stress.
Yield point (fy): Is that unit stress at which the stress-strain curve exhibits a
definite increase in strain without an increase in stress which is less than the
maximum attainable stress.
Yield Point Elongation: Corresponds to a region of non-homogeneous
deformation when a sample is subjected to tensile testing.
Yield Point Elongation: Corresponds to a region of non homogeneous
deformation when a sample is subjected to tensile testing.
Yield Ratio: The ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength.
Yield Ratio: The ratio of yield strength to ultimate tensile strength.
Yield Strength: 1. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting
deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain during tensile testing. 2.
The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from a linear
proportionality between load and elongation. In the tension test, the load
associated with an offset of 0.2% from linearity is used for many metals to
calculate the yield strength.
Yield Strength: The stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting
deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is
expressed in terms of strain. Also known as proof stress.
Yield Stress: The stress level of highly ductile materials at which large
strains take place without further increase in stress.
Yil: Yellow Indicating Light
Yoke: The location where a home’s water meter is sometimes installed
between two copper pipes, and located in the water meter pit in the yard.
Young's modulus: See Modulus of Elasticity.
Young's modulus: A measure of the elasticity of a material. Defined
as stress divided bystrain; see modulus of elasticity.
Young's Modulus: The coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a stretched
wire, Young’s Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force per unit cross-
sectional area to the elongation per unit length. The values of Young’s
Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes per square cm. (see
Modulus of Elasticity)
Young's Modulus: the coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a stretched
wire, Young's Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force per unit cross
sectional area to the elongation per unit length. The values of Young's
Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes per square cm. See
Modulus of Elasticity
Yp: Yield Point
Ys: Yield Strength
Z Mill: The full name for z mill is Sendzimir mill. A Z mill operates with a
very small diameter work roll, normally about 2 inches, backed up by a
number of rolls in a pyramid shaped stack. This roll set up allows you to
exert extremely high forces through the work roll and yet keep the work roll
from extreme flexing. The take up roll on the Z Mill also exerts a tension on
the coil as it comes through the mill. The combination of high pressure and
tension makes the mill capable of rolling material thin and flat.
Zahn Viscometer: A crude funnel viscosity device for factory and laboratory
use, consisting of a wire bail that holds a cone-shaped cup with an orifice at
the bottom. After the cup is filled with the sample, the test consists of
recording the temperature and the time required for the test sample to flow
from the filled cup. Cups with orifices of various sizes are available.
Z-bar flashing: Bent, galvanized metal flashing that’s installed above a
horizontal trim board of an exterior window, door, or brick run. It prevents
water from getting behind the trim/brick and into the home.
Zeolite : A natural mineral (hydrous silicates) that has the capacity to absorb
hardness, calcium, and magnesium ions from water.
Zeolite softening : Refers to the process, where zeolite chemicals are capable
to exchange ions with the hardness causing impurities of the water.
Zerk Fitting: A common grease fitting, one of many types of fittings used in
lubrication and hydraulics.
Zero incidents: s commitment to the health and safety of all stakeholders
and to sustainability is evident in the corporation's ZERO Incidents HSE
program. believes ZERO Incidents is an attainable objective.
Zero symbol: Registered service mark of Corporation signifies 's
commitment to achieve ZERO Incidents.
Zeta layer : - the third layer of zinc-iron alloy growth from the base steel
formed during the galvanizing process. The chemical composition of this
layer is approximately 94% zinc and 6% iron. The Zeta layer has a DPN of
179, compared to the base steel's DPN of 159
Zeta potential : The difference in voltage between the surface of the diffuse
layer surrounding a colloidal particle and the bulk liquid beyond.
Zinc (Zn): Applied to steels by hot dipping or by electroplating (galvanizing)
as a corrosion preventative coating.
Zinc ammonium chloride : typical component of the flux solution used in
the cleaning phase of the galvanizing process
Zinc carbonate patina : relatively insoluble zinc carbonate layer that forms
as the galvanized coating weathers, providing added corrosion protection and
abrasion resistance
Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate/Zinc Diaryl Dithiophosphate/ZDDP: A
popular anti-wear additive used in motor oils and hydraulic fluids; though it
also has oxidation inhibiting properties, it cannot be used in engines
employing silver bearings.
Zinc hydroxide : corrosion product formed in response to the presence of
moisture on galvanized articles
Zinc oxide : basic corrosion product formed almost instantaneously on
freshly galvanized articles after withdrawal from the molten zinc metal
Zinc patina : relatively insoluble zinc carbonate layer that forms as the
galvanized coating weathers, providing added corrosion protection and
abrasion resistance
Zinc solder : material used to touch-up and/or repair hot-dip galvanized
surfaces
Zinc Worms: Surface imperfections. characteristic of high-zinc brass
castings, that occur when zinc vapor condenses at the mold/metal interface,
where it is oxidized and then becomes entrapped in the solidifying metals.
Zinc : major element found in the galvanizing kettle that provides both
barrier and cathodic protection for steel
Zinc-iron alloy layers : inner layers of the galvanized coating formed from
interdiffusion reactions between iron in the base steel and molten zinc metal,
(e.g. Delta, Gamma, Zeta)
Zinc-rich paint : (also called “cold galvanizing”) material used to touch-up
and or repair hot-dipped galvanized surfaces, providing barrier protection and
some cathodic protection (if the concentration of zinc is above 94% in dry
film thickness)
Zincrometal: A steel coil-coated product consisting of a mixed-oxide
underlayer containing zinc particles and a zinc-rich organic (epoxy) topcoat.
It is weldable, formable, paintable and compatible with commonly used
adhesives. Zincrometal is used to protect outer body door panels in
automobiles from corrosion.
Zircon: A mineral, zirconium silicate; used as a refractory.
Zircon: The mineral zircon silicate, ZrSiO4, a very high melting point acid
refractory material used as a molding material in steel foundries.
Zirconia: A zirconium oxide used as pigments for paints and in the
manufacture of refractories.
Zirconia: ZrO2 an acid refractory up to 2500 B0C (4532 B0F) having good
thermal shock resistance and low electrical resistively.
Zirconium: Silvery-white, metallic element, mp 1,860°C (3,380°F), a
powerful deoxidizer when added to molten steel.
Zirconium: Silvery white, metallic element, mp 1860 B0C (3380 B0F), a
powerful deoxidizer when added to molten steel.
Zirconium Oxide Refractory: Refractory products consisting substantially
of zirconium dioxide.
Z-mill: The full name for Z-mill is Sendzimir mill. A Z-mill operates with a
very small diameter work roll, normally about two inches, backed up by a
number of rolls in a pyramid-shaped stack. This roll setup allows you to exert
extremely high forces through the work roll and yet keep the work roll from
extreme flexing. The take-up roll on the Z-mill also exerts a tension on the
coil as it comes through the mill. The combination of high pressure and
tension makes the mill capable of rolling material thin and flat.
Zn: Chemical symbol for Zinc
ZN/P Curve: A graphic representation of the effects of speed (N), load (P)
and viscosity on the coefficient of friction (m) as a shaft rotates in a plain
bearing. The dimensionless equation states that the coefficient of friction (m)
is a function (f) of the ratio (viscosity x speed)/load, or m = (f)ZN/P.
Zone Melting: Highly localized melting, usually by induction heating, of a
small volume of an otherwise solid metal piece, usually a metal rod by
moving the induction coil along the rod, the melted zone can be transferred
from one end to the other. In a binary mixture where there is a large
difference in composition on the liquidus and solidus lines, high purity can be
attained by concentrating one of the constituents in the liquid as it moves
along the rod.
Zone valve: A device, usually placed near the heater or cooler, which
controls the flow of water or steam to parts of the building; it is controlled by
a zone thermostat.
Zoning: A governmental process and specification which limits the use of a
property e.g. single family use, high rise residential use, industrial use, etc.
Zoning laws may limit where you can locate a structure. Also see building
codes.
Zoning : Restrictions as to size or character of buildings permitted within
specific areas, as established by urban authorities.
Zoning : The practice of dividing a building into small sections for heating
and cooling control. Each section is selected so that one thermostat can be
used to determine its requirements.
Zr: Chemical symbol for Zirconium
Zulu: Used worldwide for times of flight operations, formerly Greenwich
Mean Time, now Co-ordinated Universal Time (UTC). (for example 1500Z)
Zyglo: A method for non-destructive surface inspection of primarily non-
magnetic materials using fluorescent penetrants. Trade name of Magnaflux
Corp.
Zyglo: A method for nondestructive surface inspection of primarily non
magnetic materials using fluorescent penetrants. Trade name of Magnaflux
Corp.