Concept Check 2.1
Theorists have abandoned the notion
that any one factor can explain
abnormal behavior; they favor an
integrative model. Match each of the
following scenarios to its most likely
influence or influences: (a) behavioral,
(b) biological, (c) emotional, (d) social,
and (e) developmental.
1. The fact that some phobias are
more common than others (such as
fear of
heights and snakes) and may have
contributed to the survival of the
species in the past suggests that
phobias may be genetically prewired.
This is evidence for which influence?
_____b_________
2. Jan’s husband, Jinx, was an
unemployed jerk who spent his life
chasing
women other than his wife. Jan,
happily divorced for years, cannot
understand why the smell of Jinx’s
brand of aftershave causes her to
become nauseated. Which influence
best explains her response? ____a,
c__________
3. Nathan, age16, finds it more difficult
than his 7-year-old sister to adjust to
his parents’ recent separation. This
may be explained by what influences?
_______e_______
4. A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at
a young age was most likely to have
been the initial cause of Juanita’s fear
of heights. Her strong emotional
reaction to heights is likely to maintain
or even increase her fear. The initial
development of the phobia is likely a
result of ______a________ influences;
however, ______c________
influences are likely perpetuating the
phobia.
Concept Check 2.
Determine whether these statements
relating to the genetic contributions of
psychopathology are true (T) or false
(F).
1. ____F__________ The first 20 pairs
of chromosomes program the
development of the body and brain.
(22)
2. _______T_______ No individual
genes have been identified that cause
any major psychological disorders.
3. _________T_____ According to the
diathesis–stress model, people inherit
a vulnerability to express certain traits
or behaviors that may be activated
under certain stress conditions.
4. ______F________ The idea that
individuals may have a genetic
endowment to
increase the probability that they will
experience stressful life events and
therefore trigger a vulnerability is in
accordance with the diathesis–stress
model. (GENE-ENVIRONMENT
CORRELATION MODEL)
5. ______F________ Environmental
events alone influence the
development of our
behavior and personalities.
(BOTH NATURE AND NURTURE
Concept Checks 2.3 Concept Check 2.4

Check your understanding of the brain Check your understanding of

structures and neurotransmitters. behavioral and cognitive influences by
Match each with its description below: identifying the descriptions. Choose
(a) frontal lobe, (b) brain stem, (c) your answers from (a) learned
GABA, (d) midbrain, (e) serotonin, (f) helplessness, (b) modeling, (c)
dopamine, (g) norepinephrine, and (h) prepared learning, and (d) implicit
cerebral cortex. memory.

1. Movement, breathing, and sleeping

depend on the ancient part of the
brain, which is present in most
animals. _____b_________
2. Which neurotransmitter binds to
neuron receptor sites, inhibiting
postsynaptic activity and reducing
overall arousal? ______c________
3. Which neurotransmitter is a switch
that turns on various brain circuits?
_______f_______
4. Which neurotransmitter seems to be
involved in our emergency reactions
or alarm responses? ______g_____
5. This area contains part of the
reticular activating system and
coordinates
movement with sensory output.
_______d_______
1. Karen noticed that every time
Tyrone behaved well at lunch, the
teacher praised him. Karen decided to
behave better to receive praise herself.
____b__________
2. Josh stopped trying to please his
father because he never knows
whether his father will be proud or
outraged. ____a__________
3. Greg fell into a lake as a baby and
almost drowned. Even though Greg
has no recollection of the event, he
hates to be around large bodies of
water. _____d_________
4. Juanita was scared to death of the
tarantula, even though she knew it
wasn’t likely to hurt her. ______c_____

6. Which neurotransmitter is believed

to influence the way we process
information, as well as to moderate or
inhibit our behavior?
____e__________

7. More than 80% of the neurons in the

human central nervous system are
contained in this part of the brain,
which gives us distinct qualities.
______h_______

8. This area is responsible for most of

our memory, thinking, and reasoning
capabilities and makes us social
animals. ____a_________
Concept Checks 2.5 and visual hallucinations.
___b___________
Fill in the blanks to complete these
statements relating to the cultural, 2. Andrew arrived at the clinic
social, and accompanied by police, who had found
developmental factors influencing him dressed only in shorts although
psychopathology. the temperature was 23°F. He was
reportedto the policeby someone who
1. What we_____fear_________ is saw him walking slowly down the
strongly influenced by our social street, making strange faces, and
environments. talking to himself. ______a________

2. The likelihood of your having a

3. When Lisa was brought to Dr.
particular phobia is powerfully
Miller’s office, he asked if she knew the
influenced
date and time, her identity, and where
by your ______gender________.
she was. _______e_______
3. A large number of studies have
demonstrated that the greater the 4. Dr. Jones viewed as inappropriate
number Tim’s laughter after discussing his
and frequency of near-fatal incident and noted that Tim
_____social_________ relationships appeared to be elated.
and ____contacts__________, the _______c_______
longer you are likely to live.
5. Holly’s vocabulary and memory
4. The effect of social and seemed adequate, leading Dr. Adams
interpersonal factors on the expression to estimate that she was of average
of physical intelligence. ______d________
and psychological disorders may differ
with ______age________.
Part B. .
5. The principle of
____equifinality__________ issused 6. __R_, _V__ EEG to show electrical
in developmental activity in the brain of someone who
psychopathology to indicate that we has seizures
must consider a number of paths to a
given outcome.
7. _NR__, _NV__ Rorschach ink
blots
Concept Check 3.1
8. _R__, V ___Structured interviews
Part A.. with definite answers

1. Dr. Swan listened carefully to 9. __NR_, _NV__Sentence

Joyce’s speech pattern, noting its completion
speed, content, and continuity. He
noticed no loose association but did
hear indications of delusional thoughts
Concept Check 3.2
Identify each of the following
statements related to diagnosing
psychological disorders as either true
(T) or false (F).
1. ___T_____The classical categorical
approach to classification assumes
there is only one set of causative
factors per disorder with no overlap
between disorders, and the
prototypical approach uses essential,
defining features, as well as a range of
other characteristics.
2. ____F____ As in earlier versions,
DSM-5 retains a distinction between
organically and psychologically based
disorders.
3. ___F_____ The DSM-5 eradicated
the problem of comorbidity, the
identification of two or more disorders
in an individual at one time, which was
previously caused by imprecise
categories.
4. ___F_____ If two or more clinicians
agree on a patient’s classification, the
assessments are said to be valid.
5. ___T_____ A danger in
psychological classification is that a
diagnostic label might be used to
characterize personally the total
individual
Concept Check 5.1
1. A Panic Attack is an abrupt
experience of intense fear or acute
discomfort accompanied by physical
symptoms, such as chest pain and
shortness of breath.
2. An expected panic attack often
occurs in certain situations but not
anywhere else.
3. Anxiety is associated with specific
brain circuits (for example, behavioral
inhibition system or fight/flight system)
and neurotransmitter systems (for
example, noradrenergic).
4. The rates of comorbidity among
anxiety and related disorders are high
because they share the common
features of anxiety and panic.
5. Stressful life events can trigger
biological and psychological
vulnerabilities to anxiety.
Concept Check 5.2
1. T GAD is characterized by muscle
tension, mental agitation, irritability,
sleeping difficulties, and susceptibility
to fatigue.
2. F Most studies show that in the
majority of cases of GAD, onset is
early in adulthood as an immediate
response to a life stressor.
3. T GAD is prevalent in the elderly
and in females in our society.
4. F GAD has no genetic basis.
5. T Cognitive-behavioral treatment
and other psychological treatments for
GAD are probably better than drug
therapies in the long run.
Concept Check 5.3
1. F Panic Disorder is a disorder in
which an individual experiences
anxiety and panic triggered by being in
an "unsafe" situation.
2. F About 40% of the population
meets the criteria for panic disorder at
some point in life.
3. T Some individuals with panic
disorder are suicidal, have nocturnal
panic, and/or are agoraphobic.
4. T Psychological treatments like PCT
or CBT are highly effective for treating
panic disorder.
Concept Check 5.4
1. Mark had no friends at school and
hid in the boys' bathroom during both
lunch and recess. Social
2. Dennis fears and strenuously avoids
storms. Not surprisingly, on his first
oceangoing cruise, he found that deep
water terrified him, too. Natural
Environment
3. Rita was comfortable at the zoo until
the old terror gripped her at the insect
display. Animal
4. Armando would love to eat fish with
his fishing buddies, but he experiences
an inordinate fear of choking on a
bone. Other
5. John had to give up his dream of
becoming a surgeon because he faints
at the sight of blood. Blood-injection
Injury
6. Rachel turned down several
lucrative job offers that involved public
speaking and took a low-paying desk
job instead. Social
7. Farrah can't visit her rural friends
because of her fear of snakes. Animal
Concept Check 5.5 Concept Check 5.6

1. Judy witnessed a horrific tornado 1. Obsessions are intrusive and

level her farm 3 weeks ago. Since
then, she's had many flashbacks of the
incident, trouble sleeping, and a fear of
going outside in storms. Acute Stress
Disorder
2. Jack was involved in a car accident
6 weeks ago in which the driver of the
other car was killed. Since then, Jack
has been unable to get into a car
because it brings back the horrible
scene he witnessed. Nightmares of the
incident haunt him and interfere with
his sleep. He is irritable and has lost
interest in his work and hobbies.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
nonsensical thoughts, images, or
urges an individual tries to eliminate or
suppress.
2. The practices of washing, counting,
and checking to suppress obsessions
and provide relief are called
compulsions.
3. The lifetime prevalence of OCD is
approximately 1.6%, or even lower.
4. Psychosurgery is a radical
treatment for OCD involving a surgical
lesion to the cingulate bundle.

3. Patricia was raped at the age of 17,

30 years ago. Just recently, she has
been having flashbacks of the event,
difficulty sleeping, and fear of sexual
contact with her husband.
Delayed-onset Posttraumatic
Disorder