Periodic Properties

1) Same (n+l) hone par electrons ko lower orbit me fill karte hain.
2) Stability Order of Configuration:- p6>p5>p3>p4>p2>s2>p1>s1
3) In a given period
Highest IE= Inert Gas
Lowest IE= Alkali metal
4) The reaction of electron gain enthalpy is just opposite of Ionisation Energy.
5) Magic Numbers
Every magic no. Repeats twice
8,8,18,18,32,32
6) In case of Isoelectronic Species:
Positive charge jyada →Size kam.
 Chemical Bonding
1) 'C' par -ve charge actually ek lone pair ki vajah se aata hai.
2) Molecule ke rough structure ke liye:
a. Central atom & surrounding atom ki property ka dhyan rakho.
b. 'N' & 'O' ki property ka dhyan rakhna jaruri.
c. Total Valence e- ka use sahi se krna hai.
3) To minimize repulsion, charge clouds must be placed far from each other.
4) KFCs for VSEPR
a. Charge Clouds = Steric No. =σ + LP
b. Charge Clouds must be at max angular distance.
c. Two types of Geometry exists - Regular and Irregular Geometry
d. LP-LP>LP-BP>BP-BP (Repulsion Order)
e. Kisi bhi geometry me LP-LP ≤ 90° (Not possible)
LP-BP, BP-BP ≤ 90° Possible hai.
 Chemical Bonding
5) Steric No. 1 kisi kam ka nhi hai, kyunki ye molecular structure define hi nhi kr
skta, kyunki ye bond angle nhi bna payega, without bond angle koi sense nhi
structure ka.
6) Bond Angle jyada to bond strength jyada, and nuclear attraction jyada.
7) Lone Pair Nucleus ke pass rhna chahta hai, to equatorial position pr rhega
More EN atom tries to stay on axial position.
8) ABMO se e- nikala ya BMO me e- add kiya to Bond Order increases
BMO se e- nikala ya ABMO mein add kiya to Bond Order decreases
Overall Comparison mein
Stability
BMO>ABMO.
9) Bond Order KFC
O22+(3) , O2+(2.5) , O2(2) , O2-(1.5) , O22- (1)
Coordination compounds
1) Tricks to identify π Acid Ligand:-
a) Ya to VO ho
b) Ya π bond present ho
2) 5MR & 6MR thermodynamically stable hoti hain, to chelation se stability ajaati h.
3) dsp2 me d orbital dx2-y2 hota h, and inner orbital complex banta hai.
4) Tetrahedral structure can't show GI.
5) GI ki possibility: New angle or length possible
Either 90, 180 in Octahedral.
6) Agar planar hai, to optically active hoga hi nhi, slice cut pos jrur hogi.
P- Block Elements
1) D Orbital ki poor shielding ka effect contraction me Ga<Al hota hai.
Iska effect size pr jitna pdta hai, usse jyada IE me pdta h, jisse Tl ki IE high ho jati hai, due to
relative contraction in size.
2) Inert Pair Effect: s-orbital ke e- bonding me participate nhi krte, ye tendency down the
grp increase krti h, due to contraction.
Tl+3 is very good OA (+1.26V)
3) Amphoteric Oxides: BeO, ZnO, PbO, SnO, PbO2 , SnO2, Ga2O3 , Cr2O3, Al2O3, As2O3, Sb2O3,
V2O5.
Neutral: CO, N2O, NO, H2O.
4) BX3 me significant back bonding hai, isliye dimerisation nhi hota, Al me dimerize ho jata
h AlX3.
5) H3BO3 water ka H+ release krta hai.
 P- Block Elements
6) BX3 and LiAlH4 ka reaction me LG driving force hota hai, jisse ki B2H6 bnta h, jisme 3C- 2e bond hota,
kyunki Hydrogen ke pass LP nahi hai, agr bridge or koi aisa species hai, jispe LP hai, to vo 3C - 4e
Bond hota hai.
7) BH3 ki hybridization sp3 hoti, toh iske bond angles ka average bhi around sp3 bond angle k pass
hota h. (97°, 120°) .
8) Borazine me NH3 and B2H6 ka ratio 2:1 hota, and N, O jse compound alternate pr rkhe jate, isse
stability ati hai structure mein.
9) High Cationic charge hoga toh more covalent character.
10) N ki ∆Heg naturally zero hoti hai, baki Sare elements in 15th prd ki -ve hoti h.
11) MP Order Grp 15: Arsenic Sabka Baap (As>Sb>Bi>P>N)
12) Last elements ki density bahut high hoti hai (Tl, Pb, Bi, )
13) H-E-H Bond Enthalpy of NH3 is high, and decreases down the grp, jisse ki BiH3 bht accha reducing
agent bn jata hai.
14) Strong Oxidising Agent se reaction pr Ammonium compounds N2 release krte hai. Ammonium
Salt + Base gives Ammonia.
15) N2O3 only blue coloured oxide of Nitrogen.
16) P4 me km oxygen wala compound (SOCl2)add karenge toh kam oxidation state wala compound
banega (PCl3) and jyada oxygen (SO2Cl2) wala add krenge to jyada oxidation state wala compound
banega (PCl5).
 P- Block Elements
17) ∆Heg for 16 Group S ke liye Maximum and O ke liye minimum.
18) S ki hexafluorides (SF6) exceptionally stable hai.
19) Rhombic Sulphur 369 K pr monoclinic mein change ho jata hai.
20) ∆Heg for Cl is highest, and F is second.
21) X2 + NaOH (cold) gives NaX + NaOX (Used in Haloform)
X2 + NaOH (hot conc.) gives NaX + NaXO3.
22) ∆Heg for Inert Gases is naturally zero. (Dhakke se He ki sabse kam, and Ne ki sabse jyada)
 P- Block Elements
● P+ Alkali me ortho se -O krke Hypo acids bnate hain.
● White P - Hypophosphorous (H3PO2)
● Red P - Hypophosphoric (H4P2O6)
● Orthophosphoric (H3PO4) ko phle dehydrate krke pyrophosphoric
(H4P2O7)bana lete fir usse O hatakar Hypophosphoric bnate.
● Orthophosphorous (H3PO3)ke liye P2O3 in pani.
● Orthophosphoric (H3PO4)ke liye P4O10 in pani.
● (HPO3)n ke liye phosphorus acid ko Br2 me heat karte.