Two-and Three- Dimensional Motion

• Parameters in two and three dimensional

motion
• Uniform circular motion
• Relative motion

1
 Position Vector


r  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ
P

 
r  3iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ m

2
 Displacement Vector
 
For a particle that changes postion vector from r1 to r2 we define the displacement
vector r as follows: r  r  r

2 1
 
r1  x1iˆ  y1 ˆj  z1kˆ r2  x2iˆ  y2 ˆj  z2 kˆ

r   x2  x1  iˆ   y2  y1  ˆj   z2  z1  kˆ  xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ

t1
t2

3
 Average Velocity

 r xiˆ  yjˆ  zkˆ xiˆ yjˆ zkˆ
vavg     
t t t t t

t + Δt

4
 Quick quiz

An ion’s position vector is initially

r  5.0iˆ  6.0 ˆj  2.0kˆ, and 10 s later it is
r  2.0iˆ  8.0 ˆj  2.0kˆ,
what is its v avg during the 10 s?

5
Answer

6
InstantaneousVelocity
 
 r dr
v  lim 
t dt
t  0

t
t + Δt

7
 Average Acceleration
  
 v2  v1 v v v y v z ˆ
aavg    x
i
ˆ j
ˆ k
t t t t t

Instantaneous acceleration
 

a  lim
v dv d
 
t dt dt
ˆ 
vx i  v y j  vz k 
ˆ ˆ dvx ˆ dv y ˆ dvz ˆ
dt
i
dt
j
dt
k  ax iˆ  a y ˆj  az kˆ

t  0

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 Quick quiz

A particle moves so that its position as a

function of time is r  (i  4t j  tkˆ)m.
ˆ 2ˆ

Write expression for its acceleration as

function of time.

9
 Answer
Taking the derivative of the position vector with respect to time, we have,
 d ˆ
v= (i + 4t 2 ˆj + t k)
ˆ = 8t ˆj + kˆ .
dt

Taking the derivative of the velocity with respect to time leads to,
 d
a= (8t ˆj + k)
ˆ = 8 ˆj .
dt

10
 Problem example
A particle leaves the origin with an initial
velocity v  (3.0i )m/s and a constant
acceleration a  (1.0i  0.5 j )m/s 2 .
When it reaches its maximum x coordinate (v x  0)
What are its
(a)velocity
(b)position vector?

11
 Solution
  
(a) At any time t, v  v0  at ,
x component is vx = v0x + axt = 3.00 – 1.00t,
y component is vy = v0y + ayt = –0.500t, v0y = 0.

Maximum x coordinate at t = tm, vx = 0.

Therefore, 3.00 – 1.00tm = 0 or tm = 3.00 s.

The y component, vy = 0 – 0.500(3.00) = –1.50 m/s;

(b) Since it started at the origin, the coordinates of the particle at any time
  
t are given by r  v0t  21 at 2 . At t = tm this becomes


  1
 
r  3.00iˆ  3.00  1.00iˆ  0.50 ˆj  3.00  (4.50iˆ  2.25 ˆj) m.
2
2

12
 Projectile Motion

vox  vo cos  o voy  vo sin  o

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 Projectile motion - cont.
Horizontal Motion: ax  0 The velocity along the x-axis does not change
v x  v0 cos  0 (eqs.1) x  xo   vo cos  o  t (eqs.2)
Vertical Motion: ay   g Along the y-axis the projectile is in free fall
gt 2
v y  v0 sin  0  gt (eqs.3) y  yo   v0 sin  0  t  (eqs.4)
2
If we eliminate t between equations 3 and 4 we get: v y2   v0 sin  0   2 g  y  yo 
2

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 Quick quiz
A basketball is launched with an initial speed of 8.5 m/s and
follows the trajectory shown. The ball enters the basket 0.92
s after it is launched. What are the distances x and y?

a) x = 6.0 m, y = 0.88 m
b) x = 5.4 m, y = 0.73 m
c) x = 5.7 m, y = 0.91 m
d) x = 7.6 m, y = 1.1 m
e) x = 6.3 m, y = 0.96 m

15
 Quick quiz
A basketball is launched with an initial speed of 8.5 m/s and
follows the trajectory shown. The ball enters the basket 0.92
s after it is launched. What are the distances x and y?

a) x = 6.0 m, y = 0.88 m
b) x = 5.4 m, y = 0.73 m
c) x = 5.7 m, y = 0.91 m
d) x = 7.6 m, y = 1.1 m
e) x = 6.3 m, y = 0.96 m

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 Projectile motion - cont.

The equation of the path:

gt 2
x   vo cos  o  t (eqs.2) y   v0 sin  0  t  (eqs.4)
2
If we eliminate t between equations 2 and 4 we get:
g
y   tan  o  x  x 2
This equation describes the path of the motion
2  vo cos  o 
2

The path equations has the form: y  ax  bx 2 This is the equation of a parabola

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 Projectile motion-cont.
Time of flight,
v y  v oy  a y t ,
v y  v oy  v o sin   v o sin  2v o sin 
t   
ay g g

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 Projectile motion-cont.

Range of flight,
 2v o sin  
2
1 2   v sin 2
d x  v ox t  a x t  (v o cos  ) 0
o

2  g  g
 

2sin A cos A  sin 2 A

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 Projectile motion-cont.
Maximum height,
Time to reach max. height,
v o sin 
tt  ,
g
1 2
Use tt and d yt  v oy tt  gtt
2
2
v sin 2 
d yt  H 
o

2g 20
Uniform circular Motion:
Uniform circular motion – with radius r and constant speed v.

2 r
2
v
a Towards center T
r v
21
 2
v
Finish the steps to get
r
 yP x
v  vx iˆ  v y ˆj   v sin   iˆ   v cos   ˆj sin  
cos  P
r r
Here xP and yP are the coordinates of the rotating particle

  y   x ˆ  dv  v dyP  ˆ  v dxP  ˆ
v   v P  iˆ   v P j Acceleration a  =  i   j
 r   r  dt  r dt   r dt 
dyP dxP
We note that:  v y  v cos  and  vx  v sin 
dt dt
vx  v sin 
v y  v cos 

22
  v2  ˆ  v2 ˆ v2 v2
a    cos   i    sin   j a  a a   cos     sin   
2 2 2 2
x y
 r   r  r r

 cos     sin   1
2 2

23
Quick quiz
A steel ball is whirled on the end of a chain in a
horizontal circle of radius R with a constant period T.
If the radius of the circle is then reduced to 0.75R,
while the period remains T, what happens to the
centripetal acceleration of the ball?
a) increases to 1.33 times its initial value.
b) increases to 1.78 times its initial value.
c) decreases to 0.75 times its initial value.
d) decreases to 0.56 times its initial value.
e) does not change. 24
Quick quiz
A steel ball is whirled on the end of a chain in a
horizontal circle of radius R with a constant period T.
If the radius of the circle is then reduced to 0.75R,
while the period remains T, what happens to the
centripetal acceleration of the ball?
a) increases to 1.33 times its initial value.
b) increases to 1.78 times its initial value.
c) decreases to 0.75 times its initial value.
d) decreases to 0.56 times its initial value.
e) does not change. 25
Relative Motion

vPA  vPB  vBA

26
Quick quiz
A train is traveling due east at a speed of 26.8 m/s relative to the
ground. A passenger is walking toward the front of the train at a
speed of 1.7 m/s relative to the train. Directly overhead the train is
a plane flying horizontally due west at a speed of 257.0 m/s relative
to the ground. What is the horizontal component of the velocity of
the airplane with respect to the passenger on the train?

a) 258.7 m/s, due west

b) 285.5 m/s, due west
c) 226.8 m/s, due west
d) 231.9 m/s, due west
e) 257.0 m/s, due west
27
Quick quiz
A train is traveling due east at a speed of 26.8 m/s relative to the
ground. A passenger is walking toward the front of the train at a
speed of 1.7 m/s relative to the train. Directly overhead the train is
a plane flying horizontally due west at a speed of 257.0 m/s relative
to the ground. What is the horizontal component of the velocity of
the airplane with respect to the passenger on the train?

a) 258.7 m/s, due west

b) 285.5 m/s, due west
c) 226.8 m/s, due west
d) 231.9 m/s, due west
e) 257.0 m/s, due west
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