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Askep Luka Bakar Kel4

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Apr 07, 2021

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ASKEP LUKA BAKAR KEL4

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2. \bkt` G`tbsbr` (278:86894) 28. Z`r`k (278:86896)
:. Ibdr`k`(278:86820) 22. Ujby Bkwb`r` (278:86876)
<. I`kle Wbruwu (278:8626<) 2:. Bpr`a`b \`dcnj`kg(278:86887)
6. \bjrbk Dbf` (278:86899) 2<. Ne`dbrtb _egb (278:86866)
5. @rb Fbnbk`m (278:868:9) 26. V`w` Zbobgumgum (278:8687<)
9. @kr` \`dcnj`kg(278:868:6) 25. Nbrf`bt`. \ (278:86862)

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7. @kfr` Eg` (278:868:5) 29. Z`bIuo`bkt` (278:868
4. Oemsck Nbkurukg (278:868269) 27. Iejr`kb \`dcnj`kg (278:8:8)
0. \baedb(278:86890) 24. Fes` L Kbtbsyb (278:868:827)
28.Dekky \`tuncrbkg(278:868:<)

XZCGZBN \VUF@ KEZ\

IBMUAVB\ IBZNB\@ FBK @ANU ME\EDBVBK
UK@YEZ\@VB\ \BZ@ NUV@BZB @KFCKE\@B
VBDUK :8:8

MBVB XEKGBKVBZ

Mbn` pbkobtmbk puo` fbk syumur medbf`rbk tudbk ybkg nbdb esb btbs jermbt fbk
rbdnbt mbruk`bkyb sed`kggb mbn` fbpbt nekyusuk nbmbabd ‑Bsudbk Meperbwbtbk Fekgbk
Gbkggubk \`sten @ktegunek ?Aumb Jbmbr„ fekgbk jb`m seaesb`kyb pekyusukbkkyb jermbt
jbktubk ncrba nbupuk nbter`ba fbr` jerjbgb` p`dbm pbfb mesenpbtbk `k` meacnpcm
nekgulbpmbk ter`nbmbs`d mepbfbKs. Aburb Nbr`bt` \`regbr, \.mep, N.mep seabmu fcsek
pekgbobr ybkg teabd nenjer`mbk j`nj`kgbk,brbdbk, fbk sbrbk mepbfb meacnpcm fbabn
nekyeaesb`mbk nbmbabd `k`.

Mbn` nekybfbr` jbdwb pekyusukbk nbmbabd `k` nbs`d obud fbr` mesenpurkbbk fbr`
`s` nbupuk susukbkkyb, uktum `tu mbn` nenjumb f`r` terdbfbp mr`t`m fbk sbrbk ybkg jers`ibt
nenjbkguk fen` mesenpurkbbk nbmbabd `k` jernbkibbt jbg` pekgenjbkgbk `anu
pekgetbdubk mdususkyb f`j`fbkg meperbwbtbk, bmd`r mbtb t`n meacnpcm nekgulbpmbk
ter`nbmbs`d.

Nefbk :: Kcvenjer :8:8

FBIVBZ @\@

MBVB XEKGBKVBZ.........................................................................................:
FBIVBZ @\@........................................................................................................<
JBJ @ XEKFBDUAUBK
2.2 Abtbr Jeabmbkg..................................................................................6
2.: Vuoubk................................................................................................5
2.< Nbkibbt .............................................................................................5

JBJ @@ V@KOBUBK XU\VBMB

:.2 Mcksep Vecr` Aumb Jbmbr..................................................................9
:.2.2 Feiek`s` Lcnjuts`c/Aumb Jbmbr............................................9
:.2.: Et`cacg`...................................................................................9
:.2.< Bkbtcn` I`s`cacg` `ktegunekt..................................................7
:.2.6 Xbtci`s`cacg` fbk Xbtdwby......................................................2:
:.2.5 Xbtdwby..................................................................................2<
:.2.9 Mabs`i`mbs` Aumb Jbmbr...........................................................26
:.2.7 Vbkfb fbk Geobab.....................................................................25
:.2.4 Aubs Aumb Jbmbr.....................................................................24
:.2.0 pener`msbbk pekukobkg.........................................................:8
:.2.28 Xekbtbabmsbkbbk Lcnjuts`c/Aumb Jbmbr..............................:2
:.2.22 Xerbwbtbk Aumb Jbmbr...........................................................:6
:.2.2: Mcnpa`mbs`............................................................................:5
:.: Mcksep Vecr` Bsudbk Meperbwbtbk.................................................:9
:.:.2 Xekgmbo`bk...............................................................................:9
:.:.: F`bgkcsb Meperbwbtbk............................................................:4
:.:.< @kterveks` Meperbwbtbk...........................................................:4
:.:.6 @npaektbs` Meperbwbtbk..........................................................<8
:.:.5 Evbaubs` Meperbwbtbk.............................................................<8
JBJ @@@ V@KOBUBK MB\U\
JBJ @Y XEKUVUX
6.2 Mes`npuabk.......................................................................................6:
6.: \brbk......................................................................................................6:

JBJ 2
XEKFBDUAUBK
2.2. Abtbr Jeabmbkg
Aumb jbmbr fbpbt nekgbm`jbtmbk nbsbabd ybkg mcnpaems ybkg fbpbt neaubs neaej`d`
merusbmbk i`s`m ybkg tera`dbt pbfb obr`kgbk ybkg teraumb selbrb abkgsukg. Nbsbabd mcnpaems
`k` nenpekgbrud` senub s`sten tujud fbk jejerbpb mebfbbk ybkg nekgbklbn med`fupbk.
\ecrbkg fekgbk aumb jbmbr 58% fbr` aubs pernumbbk tujud fbk nekgbabn` mcnpa`mbs` fbr`
aumb fbk pekgcjbtbk fbpbt terobf` gbkggubk iukgs`ckba, dba `k` nenpukyb` dbrbpbk d`fup
murbkg fbr` 58%. \embrbkg, secrbkg fewbsb fekgbk aubs aumb jbmbr 75% nenpukyb` dbrbpbk
d`fup 58%. fbk jumbk nerupbmbk dba ybkg aubr j`bsb uktum nenuabkgmbk pbs`ek fekgbk
aumb jbmbr 05% ybkg f`seabnbtmbk. Xekgurbkgbk wbmtu pekyenjudbk, bkt`s`pbs` fbk
pekbkgbkbk selbrb f`k` uktum neklegbd mcnpa`mbs`, penea`dbrbbk iukgs` tujud fbabn
perbwbtbk aumb fbk tedk`m redbj`a`tbs` ybkg aej`d eiemt`i senubkyb fbpbt nek`kgmbtmbk rbtb-
rbtb dbrbpbk d`fup pbfb seounabd ma`ek fekgbk aumb jbmbr ser`us.

Jejerbpb mbrbmter`st`m aumb jbmbr ybkg terobf` nenjutudmbk t`kfbmbk mdusus ybkg
jerjefb. Mbrbmter`st`m `k` nea`put` aubskyb, pekyejbj(et`cacg`) fbk bkbtcn` aumb jbmbr. Aumb
jbmbr ybkg nea`jbtmbk pernumbbk tujud ybkg jesbr btbu ybkg neaubs me obr`kgbk ybkg aej`d
fbabn, neneraumbk t`kfbmbk ybkg aej`d `kteks`i fbr`pbfb aumb jbmbr ybkg aej`d mel`a fbk
superi`l`ba. Aumb jbmbr ybkg f`sejbjmbk caed lb`rbk ybkg pbkbs (slbaf jurk) nenpukyb`
perjefbbk prcgkcs`s fbk mcnpa`mbs` fbr` pbfb aumb jbmbr ybkg sbnb ybkg f`sejbjmbk caed
bp` btbu pbpbrbk rbf`bs` `ck`sbs`. Aumb jbmbr mbrekb jbdbk m`n`b neneraumbk pekgcjbtbk
ybkg jerjefb f`jbkf`kgmbk mbrekb sekgbtbk a`str`m (eaemtr`m) btbu pers`mbk bp`. Aumb jbmbr
ybkg nekgekb` geketba`b nekyejbjmbk res`mc k`iems` ybkg aej`d jesbr fbr`pbfb f` tenpbt
ab`k fekgbk umurbk ybkg sbnb. Aumb jbmbr pbfb mbm` btbu tbkgbk fbpbt nenpekgbrud`
menbnpubk iukgs` merob ma`ek fbk neneraumbk tedk`m pekgcjbtbk ybkg jerjefb fbr` acmbs`
pbfb tujud ybkg ab`k. Xekgetbdubk unun perbwbt tektbkg bkbtcn` i`s`cacg` mua`t,
pbtci`s`cacg` aumb jbmbr sbkgbt f`peraumbk uktum nekgekba perj efbbk fbk ferbobt aumb jbmbr
tertektu fbk jergukb uktum nekgbkt`s`pbs` dbrbpbk d`fup sertb terobf`kyb mcnpa`mbs` nuat`
crgbk ybkg nekyertb`.

Xrcgkcs`s ma`ek ybkg nekgbabn` subtu aumb jbmbr jerdujukgbk abkgsukg fekgbk acmbs`
fbk umurbk aumb jbmbr. Ibmtcr ab`k sepert` unur, stbtus mesedbtbk sejeaunkyb fbk `kdbabs`
bsbp fbpbt nenpekgbrud` jerbtkyb aumb jbmbr fbk pekgbrud ab`k ybkg nekyertb`. Ma`ek aumb

jbmbr ser`kg nekgbabn` meobf`bk jersbnbbk ybkg nerug`mbk, sepert` aumb btbu menbt`bk
bkggctb meaubrgb ybkg ab`k, med`abkgbk runbd fbk ab`kkyb.Ma`ek aumb jbmbr dbrus f`ruoum
uktum nekfbpbtmbk ibs`a`tbs perbwbtbk ybkg aej`d jb`m uktum nekbkgbk` segerb fbk nbsbabd
obkgmb pbkobkg ybkg nekyertb` pbfb aumb jbmbr tertektu.

2.: Vuoubk

 Nekoeabsmbk mcksep fbsbr nef`s pbfb pbs`ek fekgbk aumb jbmbr nuab` fbr` fei`k`s`,
et`cacg`, mabs`i`mbs`, pbtci`s`cacg`s, nbk`iestbs`, pener`msbbk f`bgkcst`m, mcnpa`mbs`
fbk pekbtbabmsbkbbk nef`m.
 Nekgbkba`sb fbtb sertb nerunusmbk f`bgkcsb pbfb ma`ek fekgbk aumb jbmbr fbk
nenjubt pbtwbys aumb jbmbr.
 Nenjubt mes`npuabk tektbkg bsudbk meperbwbtbk pbfb ma`ek fekgbk aumb jbmbr

2.< Nbkibbt

Nbkibbt pekua`sbk nbmbabd jbg` penjblb yb`tu nekobf` sunjer reiereks` fbk `kicrnbs`
jbg` crbkg ybkg nenjblb mbryb tua`s `k` supbyb nekgetbdu` fbk aej`d nekfbabn`
jbgb`nbkb lbrb nerbwbt pbs`ek ybkg fekgbk gbkggubk s`sten `ktegunekt aumb jbmbr

JBJ @@

V@KOBUBK XU\VBMB

:.2 Mcksep Vecr` Aumb Jbmbr

:.2.2 Fei`k`s` Lcnjuts`c/Aumb Jbmbr

Aumb jbmbr bfbabd subtu trbunb ybkg f`sejbjmbk caed pbkbs, brus a`str`m, jbdbk m`n`b
fbk pet`r ybkg nekgekb` mua`t, numcsb fbk obr`kgbk ybkg aej`d fbabn.Aumb jbmbr bfbabd aumb
ybkg f`sejbjmbk mcktbm fekgbk sudu t`kgg` sepert` bp`, b`r pbkbs, jbdmbk m`n`b fbk rbf`bs`.
Aumb jbmbr (lcnjust`c/jurk) bfbabd leferb (`kour`) sejbgb` bm`jbt mcktbm abkgsukg btbu
terpbpbr fekgbk sunjer-sunjer pbkbs (tdernba), a`str`m (eaeltr`lt), zbt m`n`b (ldenylba), btbu
rbf`bs` (rbf`bt`ck) .
Aumb jbmbr bfbabd rusbm btbu d`abkgkyb obr`kgbk ybkg f`sejbjmbk mcktbm fekgbk sunjer
pbkbs sepert` mcjbrbk bp` f`tujud (iabne), o`abtbk bp` metujud (iabsd), termekb b`r pbkbs
(slbaf), tersektud jekfb pbkbs (mcktbm pbkbs), bm`jbt sekgbtbk a`str`m, bm`jbt jbdbk-jbdbk
m`n`b, sertb sekgbtbk nbtbdbr` (sukjurk).
Aumb jbmbr ybkg dbkyb nenpekgbrud` mua`t jbg`bk aubr f`mekba fekgbk aumb jbmbr
superi`s`ba btbu ferbobt 2.J`ab leferb nekejus jejerbpb abp`sbk f`jbwbkyb, dba `k` f`sejut
aumb jbmbr sejbg`bk abp`sbk mua`t aubr btbu ferbobt @@.Xbfb aumb jbmbr ybkg nekgekb` seaurud
abp`sbk mua`t btbu ferbobt @@@, leferb neaubs me seaurud abp`sbk mua`t.

:.2.: Et`cacg`
Aumb jbmbr jbkybm f`sejbjmbk mbrekb subtu dba, f`bktbrbkyb bfbabd?

b. Aumb jbmbr sudu t`kgg` (Vdernba Jurk)? gbs, lb`rbk, jbdbk pbfbt

Aumb jbmbr tdernba jurk j`bsbkyb f`sejbjmbk caed b`r pbkbs (slbaf), o`abtbk bp` metujud
(iabsd), mcjbrbk bp` f` tujud (iabn), fbk bm`jbt terpbpbr btbu mcktbm fekgbk cjoem-cjoem
pbkbs ab`kkyb (acgbn pbkbs, fbk ab`k-ab`k) (Ncekbfobt, :885).

j. Aumb jbmbr jbdbk m`n`b (Lden`lba Jurk)

Aumb jbmbr jbdbk m`n`b j`bsbkyb f`sejbjmbk caed bsbn mubt btbu bamba` ybkg j`bsb
f`gukbmbk fbabn j`fbkg `kfustry n`a`ter btbupuk jbdbk penjers`d ybkg ser`kg f`gukbmbk
uktum meperaubk runbd tbkggb (Ncekbfobt, :885).

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l. Aumb jbmbr sekgbtbk a`str`m (Eaeltr`lba Jurk)

A`str`m nekyejbjmbk merusbmbk ybkg f`sejbjmbk mbrekb brus, bp` fbk aefbmbk. Ba`rbk
a`str`m nekobabr f`sepbkobkg jbg`bk tujud ybkg nen`a`m` res`steks` pba`kg rekfbd.Merusbmbk
terutbnb pbfb penjuaud fbrbd, mdususkyb tuk`mb `kt`nb, sed`kggb nekyejbjmbk gbkggubk
s`rmuabs` me f`stba. \er`kg mba` merusbmbk jerbfb obud fbr` acmbs` mcktbm,jb`m mcktbm fekgbk
sunjer brus nbupuk grcwk (Ncekbfobt, :885).

f. Aumb jbmbr rbf`bs` (Zbf`bs` @koury)

Aumb jbmbr rbf`bs` f`sejbjmbk mbrekb terpbpbr fekgbk sunjer rbf`cbmt`i.V`pe `koury `k`
ser`kg f`sejbjmbk caed pekggukbbk rbf`c bmt`i uktum meperaubk terbpeut`m fbabn fuk`b
mefcmterbk fbk `kfustry.Bm`jbt terpbpbr s`kbr nbtbdbr` ybkg terabau abnb ougb fbpbt
nekyejbjmbk aumb jbmbr rbf`bs` (Ncekbfobt, :885).

:.2.< Bkbtcn` I`s`cacg` @ktegunek

2.Ep`fern`s

Ep`fern`s ser`kg m`tb sejut sejbgb` mua`t aubr. Mua`t aubr `k` o`mb f`munpuambk bmbk
nekobf` crgbk terjesbr fbr` tujud. Aubs pernumbbkkyb sekf`r` bfbabd sem`tbr 24 neter
perseg`. Ep`fern`s nen`a`m` jejerbpb abp`sbk ybkg nekgbkfukg enpbt oek`s sea, yb`tu ?

b. \trbtun mcrkeun.

Abp`sbk `k` terf`r` fbr` jbkybm abp`sbk tbkfum (merbt`kbs`), gepekg, mer`kg, t`fbm
jer`kt`, `kt` seakyb sufbd nbt`, fbk negbkfukg zbt merbt`k.

j. \trbtun aus`fun.

\eakyb p`p`d, jefbkyb fekgbk strbtun grbkuacsun bfbabd sea-sea sufbd jbkybm ybkg
med`abkgbk `kt` fbk jut`r-jut`r sea teabd nekobf` oerk`d semba` fbk tenjus s`kbr.

Abp`sbk `k` dbkyb terfbpbt pbfb teabpbm tbkgbk fbk teabpbm mbm`.Fbabn abp`sbk
tera`dbt sepert` subtu p`pb ybkg jek`kg, jbtbs-jbtbs sea sufbd t`fbm jeg`tu tera`dbt f`sejut
strbtun aus`fun.

l. \trbtun grbkuacsun.

Abp`sbk `k` terf`r` fbr` :-< abp`s sea p`p`d sepert` munpbrbk fekgbk `kt` f`tekgbd fbk
s`tcpabsnb jer`s` jut`rbk (grbkuab) merbtcd`ba` btbu gbjukgbk merbt`k fekgbk d`ba`k.Abp`sbk
`k` nekgdbabkg` jekfb bs`kg, munbk fbk jbdbk m`n`b nbsum me fbabn tujud.

f. \trbtun \p`kcsun/strbtun Bmbktcsun.

Abp`sbk `k` nerupbmbk abp`sbk ybkg pba`kg tejba fbk fbpbt neklbpb` 8,: nn terf`r`
fbr` 5-4 abp`sbk. sea-seakyb f`sejut sp`kcsun mbrekb o`mb f`a`dbt f` jbwbd n`mrcsmcp, sea-
seakyb terf`r` fbr` sea ybkg jektumkyb pcaygckba/jbkybm sufut fbr` nenpukyb` tbkfum
(sp`kb). Abp`sbk `k` jeriukgs` uktum nekbdbk gesembk fbk tembkbk fbr` aubr.Jektumkyb tejba
fbk terfbpbt f` fberbd tujud ybkg jbkybm jersektudbk btbu nekbdbk jejbk fbk tembkbk
sepert` tun`t fbk pbkgmba teabpbm mbm`.

F`sejut bmbktcsun sejbj sea-seakyb jerfur`. Verkybtb sp`kb btbu tbkfum tersejut bfb
dujukgbk bktbrb sea ybkg ab`k ybkg f`sejut `kterleauab`r jr`fges btbu oenjbtbk `kterseauabr.

e. \trbtun Jbsba/Gern`kbt`vun.

F`sejut strbtun jbsba mbrekb sea-seakyb teraetbm f`jbg`bk jbsba/jbs`s, strbtun

gern`kbt`vun nekggbkt`mbk sea-sea ybkg f` btbskyb fbk nerupbmbk sea-sea `kfum.

Jektumkyb s`a`kfr`s (tbjukg) fekgbk `kt` ybkg ackockg.F` fbabnkyb terfbpbt jut`r-
jut`r ybkg dbaus f`sejut jut`r neabk`k wbrkb.

\ea tersejut f`susuk sepert` pbgbr pbgbr (pba`sbfe) f`jbg`bk jbwbd sea tersejut
terfbpbt subtu nenjrbk f`sejut nenjrbk jbsba`s, sea-sea jbsba`s fekgbk nenjrbk jbsba`s
nerupbmbk jbtbs terjbwbd fbr` pbfb ep`fern`s fekgbk fern`s.

:. Fern`s

Fern`s bfbabd abp`sbk mua`t ybkg jerbfb f` jbwbd ep`fern`s.Xekyusuk utbnb fbr` fern`s
bfbabd mcabgek (prcte`k pekgubt), serbt ret`muaer (serbt prcte`k ybkg jeriukgs` sejbgb`
pekycmckg), fbk serbt eabst`s (prcte`k ybkg jerperbk fbabn eabst`s`tbs mua`t).

Fern`s nerupbmbk abp`sbk mefub fbr` mua`t, jbtbs fekgbk ep`fern`s f`abp`s` caed
nenjrbke jbsba`s fbk f` sejeabd jbwbd jerjbtbsbk fekgbk sujmut`s tbp` jbtbs `k` t`fbm oeabs
dbkyb f`bnj`a sejbgb` pbtcmbk `babd nuab`kyb terfbpbt sea aenbm.

Fern`s terf`r` fbr` : abp`sbk ?

2. Jbg`bk btbs, Xbrs Xbp`abr`s (strbtun pbp`abr).

:. Jbg`bk jbwbd, Zet`muabr`s (strbtun ret`muabr`s).

Jbtbs bktbrb pbrs pbp`abr`s fekgbk pbrs ret`muabr`s bfbabd jbg`bk jbwbdkyb sbnpb` me
sujmut`s. Jb`m pbrs pbp`abr`s nbupuk pbrs ret`muabr`s terf`r` fbr` serbjut-serbjut yb`tu serbjut
mcabgek, serbjut eabst`s, fbk serbjut ret`muaus.

\erbjut `k` sba`kg jerbkybnbk fbk nbs`kg-nbs`kg nenpukyb` tugbs ybkg

jerjefb.\erbjut mcabgek, uktum nenjer`mbk memubtbk mepbfb mua`t, serbjut eabst`l uktum
nenjer`mbk meaekturbk pbfb mua`t, fbk ret`muaus terfbpbt terutbnb f`sem`tbr meaekobr fbk
ica`mea rbnjut fbk nenjer`mbk memubtbk pbfb babt tersejut.

b) Uksur sea fern`s

Uksure utbnb sea fern`s bfbabd i`jrcjabst, nbmrcibg, fbk terfbpbt sea aenbm ybkg
jermeacnpcm.F`sbnp`kg `tu bfb ougb sea obr`kgbk `mbt jerlbjbkg fbk jerp`gnek pbfb
a`kgmukgbk ep`fern`s ybkg jbkybm nekgbkfukg p`gnek n`sbakyb brecab nbnnbe fbk
sem`tbr bkus.

j) \erbt ctct

\erbt ctct pcacs f`ounpb` f` fbabn fern`s tersusuk nenjektum jermbs f`dujukgmbk fekgbk
ica`mea rbnjut (nusmuaus ereltcr i`a`) jertejbrbk f`seaurud fern`s fbabn ounabd ybkg lumup
jbkybm pbfb mua`t, put`kg susu, pek`s, smrctun fbk sejbg`bk perek`un.

<. D`pcfern`s

Abp`sbk `k` terutbnb jerupb obr`kgbk bf`pcsb ybkg nenjer`mbk jbktbabk bktbrb abp`sbk mua`t
fekgbk strumtur `kterkba sepert` ctct fbk tuabkg.Verfbpbt penjuaud fbrbd, sbrbi fbk a`nie
fekgbk obr`kgbk pekybnjukg ybkg ter`s` sea aenbm.Obr`kgbk aenbm jemerob sejbgb` pekyembt
pbkbs fbk nekyef`bmbk pekybkggb jbg` abp`sbk mua`t f`btbskyb.

Xenjuaud fbrbd mua`t terf`r` fbr` \ujmut`s terf`r` fbr` munpuabk-munpuabk sea-sea aenbm fbk
f`bktbrb gercnjcabk `k` jerobabk serbjut-serbjut obr`kgbk `mbt fern`s.\ea-sea aenbm `k`
jektumkyb juabt fekgbk `kt`kyb terfesbm me p`kgg`r, sed`kggb nenjektum sepert` l`kl`k.

Abp`sbk aenbm `k` f` sejut per`muaus bf`pcsus, ybkg tejbakyb t`fbm sbnb pbfb t`bp-
t`bp tenpbt fbk ougb penjbg`bk bktbrb abm`-abm` fbk perenpubk t`fbm sbnb (jerab`kbk).

Gukb per`muaus bf`pcsus bfbabd sejbgb` \dcm jremer (pegbs) j`ab tembkbk trbunb
nembk`s ybkg nek`npb pbfb mua`t, @scabtcr pbkbs btbu uktum nenpertbdbkmbk sudu,
pek`njuk mbacr`, fbk tbnjbdbk uktum melbkt`mbk tujud.F` jbwbd sujmut`s terfbpbt seabput
ctct menuf`bk jbru terfbpbt ctct.

Obr`kgbk mua`t.

Mua`t f`sejut ougb `ktegunekt btbu mut`s ybkg tunjud fbr` fub nblbn obr`kgbk yb`tu
obr`kgbk ep`tea ybkg nekunjudmbk abp`sbk ep`fern`s fbk obr`kgbk pekg`mbt (pekukobkg)
ybkg nekunjudmbk abp`sbk fern`s (mua`t fbabn).

Meaekobr-meaekobr mua`t

2. Meaekobr sejbseb

Meaekobr `k` jerdujukgbk fekgbk ica`mea rbnjut ybkg jernubrb fbabn sejubd ica`mea
rbnjut.Meaekobr ybkg t`fbm jerdujukgbk fekgbk ica`mea rbnjut jernubrb abkgsukg me

pernumbbk mua`t sepert` ybkg terfbpbt pbfb gabks pek`s, abj`un n`kus, fbk meaekobr tbrsba`b
pbfb meacpbm nbtb.

Meaekobr `k` teraetbm fbabn fern`s fbk t`fbm terfbpbt pbfb mua`t teabpbm mbm` fbk
tbkgbk. Xermenjbkgbk fbk pertunjudbk meaekobr sejbseb terutbnb terobf` seabnb pujertbs f`
jbwbd lcktrca dcrncke, semres` sejun terobf` terus nekerus fbk jernbkibbt uktum
penea`dbrbbk mesedbtbk mua`t.

:.Meaekobr mer`kgbt

Meaekobr mer`kgbt bfbabd meaekobr tujuabr jergeaukg ybkg t`fbm jerlbjbkg, terfbpbt
pbfb seaurud mua`t meluba` pbfb fbsbr mumu, jbtbs j`j`r, gabks pek`s fbk gekfbkg
tea`kgb.Meaekobr `k` pba`kg jbkybm terfbpbt pbfb teabpbm tbkgbk fbk mbm`. Jbg`bk
semretcr`skyb teraetbm f` fbabn fern`s btbu dypcfern`s fbk jergbjukg nenjektum nbssb
tersekf`r`.

Fumtuskyb meaubr nekuou ep`fern`s fbk jerobabk jermeacm-meacm nekybtu fekgbk

ep`fern`s fbk jerobabk sp`rba uktum neklbpb` pernumbbk mua`t. Venpbt jernubrbkyb f`sejut
pcr` mer`kgbt. Verfbpbt : nblbn meaekobr mer`kgbt yb`tu meaekobr mer`kgbt emr`k fbk bpcmr`k.

b.Meaekobr mer`kgbt emr`k.

Versejbr f`seaurud mua`t tujud, meluba` muaup pek`s jbg`bk fbabn fbk tea`kgb aubr,
teabpbm tbkgbk, teabpbm mbm` fbk fbd`.Jbfbk meaekobr terfbpbt f`bktbrb perjbtbsbk mua`t br`
(ep`fern`s) fbk mua`t fern`s.\baurbkkyb jermeacm-meacm meaubr fbk jerbfb pbfb abp`sbk
obkgbt ybkg jerobabk aurus me pcr`-pcr` mer`kgbt.

j.Meaekobr mer`kgbt bpcmr`k.

Meaekobr mer`kgbt ybkg jesbr fbk dbkyb fbpbt f`tenumbk pbfb met`bm, mua`t put`kg
susu, mua`t sem`tbr babt meabn`k fbk fujur. Meaekobr `k` teraetbm aej`d fbabn fbk sbaurbk
mefubkyb jerjeacm-jeacm menuf`bk aurus nekuou ep`fern`s fbk jernubrb pbfb ica`mea
rbnjut.

<.Meaekobr pbyufbrb (gabkfuab nbnbe)

Gabkfuab nbnbe ternbsum meaekobr mua`t mbrekb jerbsba fbr` abp`sbk emtcfernba ybkg
selbrb iukgs`ckba ternbsum s`sten reprcfums`.Meaekobr `k` teraetbm f` btbs ibs`b pemtcrba`s
superi`s`a`s ybkg f`dujukgmbk fekgbk perbktbrbbk obr`kgbk `mbt ackggbr fbk obr`kgbk

aenbm.Meaekobr `k` neaembt erbt fekgbk mua`t f`btbskyb. F`sem`tbr putt`kg susu (pbp`ab
nbnbe) terfbpbt ret`luaun mut`s ybkg tunjud fekgbk jb`m fbk f`kbnbmbk a`gbnektun
suspekscr`un. Me fbabn putt`kg susu jernubrb 25-:8 fumtua` abmt`ierus.

F`sem`tbr pbp`aab nbnbe terfbpbt brebab nbnbe ybkg nekgbkfukg meaekobr sejbseb
ncktgcner` (gabkfuab brecab nbnnbe) ybkg jeriukgs` uktum nea`kfukg` fbk nea`l`kmbk
putt`kg susu pbfb wbmtu jby` nekg`sbp. Xbfb wbk`tb ybkg t`fbm dbn`a fbk t`fbm nekyusu`,
baveca` tbnpbm mel`a fbk pbfbt jer`s` sea-sea grbkuabr.

:.2.6 Xbtci`s`cacg` fbk Xbtdwby

:.2.5 Xbtci`s`cacg`

Aumb jbmbr f`sejbjmbk caed perp`kfbdbk ekerg` fbr` sunjer pbkbs me tujud.Xbkbs
tersejut fbpbt f`p`kfbdmbk neabau` mckfums` btbu rbf`bs`
eaemtrcnbgket`m,ferbobtaumbjbmbrybkgjerdujukgbkfekgbkjejerbpbibmtcr pekyejbj,
mckfums` obr`kgbk ybkg termekb fbk abnbkyb mua`t mcktbm fekgbk sunjer pbkbs.Mua`t fekgbk
aumb jbmbr nekgbabn` merusbmbk pbfb ep`fern`s, fern`s nbupuk obr`kgbk sujmutbk
tergbktukg pbfb pekyejbjkyb.Verobf`kyb `ktegr`tbs mua`t nenukgm`kmbk n`mrccrgbk`sne
nbsum me fbabn tujud.
Med`abkgbklb`rbkbmbknenpekgbrud`k`ab`kcrnbalb`rbkfbkeaemtrca`ttujud bm`jbt fbr`
pek`kgmbtbk pbfb pernebj`a`tbs penjuaud fbrbd sed`kggb terobf` perp`kfbdbk lb`rbk fbr`
`ktrbvbsmuaer me emstrb vbsmuaer neabau` mejclcrbk mbp`aer ybkg jerbm`jbt tujud med`abkgbk
kbtr`un, b`r, macr`fb, mba`un fbk prcte`k pabsnb. Menuf`bk terobf` efenb nekyeaurud fbk
fbpbt jerabkoutpbfb sycm d`pcvcaen`m bpbj`ab t`fbm segerb f`tbkgbk`. Nekurukkyb vcaune
`ktrb vbsmuaer nekyejbjmbk ba`rbk pabsnb me g`koba fbk GIZ (Zbte I`atrbs` Gacneruaus) bmbk
nekuruk sed`kggb dbaubrbk ur`ke nek`kgmbt. O`mb res`tbs` lb`rbk uktum mejutudbk
`ktrbvbsmuaer t`fbm bfemubt j`sb terobf` gbgba g`koba fbk bpbj`ab res`tbs` lb`rbk bfemubt, nbmb
lb`rbk `kterst`s`bafbpbtf`tbr`mmenjba`me`ktrbvbsmuaersed`kggbterobf`ibsef`ures`s.

:.2.9 Xbtdwby

:.2.7 Mabs`i`mbs` Aumb Jbmbr

Aumb jbmbr fbpbt f`mabs`i`mbs`mbk nekurut fbabnkyb obr`kgbk ybkg rusbm fbk f`sejut
sejbgb` aumb jbmbr superi`s`ba pbrt`ba td`lmkess, feep pbrt`ba td`lmkess fbk iuaa
td`lmkess.@st`abd fesmr`pt`i ybkg sesub` bfbabd aumb jbmbr ferbobt-sbtu, -fub, -t`gb.
Mefbabnbk fbk Jbg`bk Geobab Xekbnp`abk aumb Xerobabkbk
pekyejbj aumb mua`t ybkg mesenjudbk
jbmbr termekb
Ferbobt sbtu Ep`fern`s Mesenutbk, Nenerbd, nekobf` Mesenjudbk
(superi`s`ba )? d`perestes`b put`d met`mb f`tembk aekgmbp fbabn
tersekgbt (superseks`v`tbs), n`k`nba btbu tbkpb wbmtu sbtu
nbtbdbr`, rbsb kyer` nerefb efenb n`kggu,
termekb o`mb f`f`kg`kmbk terobf`
bp` pekgeaupbsbk
fekgbk mua`t
`kteks`tbs
rekfbd

Ferbobt-fub Ep`fern`s Kyer`, Neaepud, fbsbr aumb Mesenjudbk

(pbrt`ba- fbk jbg`bk d`perestes`b, jerj`kt`m-j`kt`m fbabn wbmtu
td`lmkess)? fern`s seks`t`i terdbfbp nerbd, ep`fern`s :-< n`kggu,
ters`rbn b`r ufbrb ybkg f`kg`k retbm, pernumbbk penjektumbk
nekf`f`d, aumb jbsbd, terfbpbt pbrut fbk
terjbmbr caed efenb fep`gnektbs`,
kybab bp` `kiems` fbpbt
nekgujbdkyb
nekobf`
ferbobt-t`gb
Ferbobt-t`gb Ep`fern`s, V`fbm terbsb Mer`kg, aumb jbmbr Xenjektumbk
(iuaa- meseaurudb kyer`, sycm, jerwbrkb put`d esmbr,
td`lmkess)? k fern`s denbtur`b sepert` jbdbk mua`t f`peraumbk
terjbmbr kybab fbk (bfbkyb fbrbd btbu gcsckg, mua`t peklbkgmcmbk
bp`, termekb mbfbkg- fbabn ur`k) fbk retbm fekgbk jbg`bk , penjektumbk
lb`rbk nekf`f`d mbfbkg menukgm`kbk aenbm ybkg tbnpbm, pbrut fbk
fbabn wbmtu obr`kgbk puab denca`s`s terfbpbt efenb d`abkgkyb
ybkg abnb, sujmutbk (festrums` sea mcktur sertb

tersekgbt brus fbrbd nerbd), iukgs` mua`t,

a`str`m menukgm`kbk d`abkgkyb obr`
terfbpbt aumb tbkgbk btbu
nbsum fbk meaubr emstrek`tbs
(pbfb aumb jbmbr fbpbt terobf`
a`str`m)

:.2.4 Vbkfb fbk Geobab

 Mua`t menerbdbk
 Zbsb sbm`t f` breb aumb
 Aelet
 Mua`t nenjekgmbm
 Mua`t nekgeaupbs
 Mua`t neaepud
 Xerujbdbk wbrkb mua`t nekobf` put`d, lcmabt, muk`kg, btbu d`tbn

 Mr`ter`b aumb jbmbr

2. Aumb jbmbr r`kgbk

Mr`ter`b aumb jbmbr r`kgbk?

b. VJ\B ≦25% pbfb fewbsb

j. VJ\B ≦28% pbfb bkbm

l. Aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess fekgbk VJ\B ≦:% pbfb bkbm nbupuk fewbsb tbkpb
nekgekb` fberbd nbtb, tea`kgb, wbobd, tbkgbk, mbm`, btbu per`keun.

:. Aumb jbmbr sefbkg

Mr`ter`b aumb jbmbr sefbkg?

b. VJ\B 25“:5% pbfb fewbsb fekgbk mefbabnbk aumb jbmbr iuaa td`lmkess 128%

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j. VJ\B 28-:8% pbfb aumb jbmbr pbrt`ba td`lmkess pbfb pbs`ek bkbm f`jbwbd 28
tbduk fbk fewbsb us`b f`btbs 68 tbduk, btbu aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess 128%

l. VJ\B ≦28% pbfb aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess pbfb bkbm btbu fewbsb tbkpb
nbsbabd mcsnet`m btbu nekgekb` fberbd nbtb, wbobd, tea`kgb, tbkgbk, mbm`, btbu
per`keun

<. Aumb jbmbr jerbt

Mr`ter`b aumb jbmbr jerbt?

b. VJ\B ≥:5%

j. VJ\B ≥:8% pbfb bkbm us`b f`jbwbd 28 tbduk fbk fewbsb us`b f`btbs 68 tbduk

l. VJ\B ≥28% pbfb aumb jbmbr iuaa-td`lmkess

f. \enub aumb jbmbr ybkg nekgekb` fberbd nbtb, wbobd, tea`kgb, tbkgbk, mbm`, btbu
per`keun ybkg fbpbt nekyejbjmbk gbkggubk iukgs` btbu mcsnet`m.

e. \enub aumb jbmbr a`str`m

i. \enub aumb jbmbr ybkg f`sertb` trbunb jerbt btbu trbunb `kdbabs`

g. \enub pbs`ek aumb jbmbr fekgbk mckf`s` jurum

 \et`bp breb aumb jbmbr nenpukyb` t`gb zckb leferb, yb`tu ?

2. _ckb mcbguabs` ? breb ybkg pba`kg fbabn, f`nbkb terobf` menbt`bk seauaer.
:. _ckb stbt`s ? breb pertekgbdbk, tenpbt terobf`kyb gbkggubk supab`
fbrbd,`kiabs`, fbk leferb obr`kgbk.
<. _ckb d`peren`b ? breb ybkg teraubr, j`bsbkyb jerdujukgbk fekgbk aumb jbmbr
ferbobt 2 fbk sedbruskyb senjud fbabn sen`kggu.

 Fbabn neketumbk fbabnkyb aumb jbmbr m`tb dbrus nenperdbt`mbk ibmtcr-ibmtcr

jer`mut ?
2. Z`wbybt terobf`kyb aumb jbmbr
:. Xekyejbj aumb jbmbr
<. \udu bgek ybkg nekyejbjmbk aumb jbmbr
6. Abnbkyb mcktbm fekgbk bgek

5. Vejbakyb mua`t

Gbnjbr aumb jbmbr ferbobt @ (superi`s`ba)

Gbnjbr aumb jbmbr ferbobt @@ (pbrt`ba-td`lmkess)

Gbnjbr aumb jbmbr ferbobt @@@ (iuaa-td`lmkess)

gbnjbr mabs`i`mbs` aumb jbmbr

:.2.0 Aubs Aumb Jbmbr

Jerjbgb` netcfe fbabn nekektumbk aubs aumb jbmbr ?
b. Zunus \enj`abk (Zuae ci K`kes)
Wbaable nenjbg` tujud btbs jbg`bk 0% btbu mea`pbtbk 0 ybkg termekba fekgbk
ruaecik`keyb`tu ?

b. Mepbabfbkaeder ?0%
j. Aekgbk nbs`kg-nbs`kg0% ?24%
l. Jbfbk fepbk 24%, jbfbkjbg`bkjeabmbkg ?<9%
f. Vukgmb`nbs`kg-nbs`kg24 ?<9%
e. Gek`tba`b/per`k`un ?2%

j. Netcfe Aukf bkf Jrcwfer

Netcfe ybkg aej`d tepbt uktum nenperm`rbmbk aubs pernumbbk tujud ybkg terjbmbr
bfbabd netcfe Aukf fbk Jrcwfer ybkg nekgbmu` jbdwb persektbse aubs aumb jbmbr pbfb
jerjbgb` jbg`bk bkbtcn`m, mdususkyb mepbab fbk tukgmb`, bmbk jerujbd nekurut
pertunjudbk. Fekgbk nenjbg` tujud nekobf` fberbd-fberbd ybkg sbkgbt mel`a fbk
nenjer`mbk est`nbs` prcpcrs` aubs pernumbbk tujud uktum jbg`bk-jbg`bk tujud tersejut, m`tb
j`sb nenpercaed est`nbs` tektbkg aubs pernumbbk tujud ybkg terjbmbr.Evbaubs` pekfbduaubk
f`jubt met`mb pbs`ek t`jb f` runbd sbm`t fbk menuf`bk f`rev`s` pbfb dbr` mefub sertb met`gb
pbsmb aumb jbmbr mbrekb gbr`s fenbrmbs` j`bsbkyb jbru tbnpbm oeabs sesufbd per`cfe tersejut.

Netcfe Aukf bkf Jrcwfer

l. Netcfe Veabpbm Vbkgbk

Xbfb jbkybm pbs`ek fekgbk aumb jbmbr ybkg nekyejbr, netcfe ybkg f`pbmb` uktum
nenperm`rbmbk persektbse aumb jbmbr bfbabd netcfe teabpbm tbkgbk (pban netdcf).Aejbr
teabpbm tbkgbk pbs`ek murbkg aej`d sejesbr 2% aubs pernumbbk tujudkyb.Aejbr teabpbm
tbkgbk fbpbt f`gukbmbk uktum nek`ab` aubs aumb jbmbr.

:.2.28 Xener`msbbk Xekukobkg

 D`tukg fbrbd aekgmbp? Dj (Dencgacj`k) turuk nekukoummbk bfbkyb

pekgeaubrbk fbrbd ybkg jbkybm sefbkgmbk pek`kgmbtbk aej`d fbr` 25%
nekg`kf`mbs`mbk bfbkyb leferb, pbfb Dt (Denbtcmr`t) ybkg nek`kgmbt
nekukoummbk bfbkyb med`abkgbk lb`rbk sefbkgmbk Dt turuk fbpbt terobf`
sedujukgbk fekgbk merusbmbk ybkg f`bm`jbtmbk caed pbkbs terdbfbp penjuaud
fbrbd.

 Aeumcs`t? Aeumcs`tcs`s fbpbt terobf` sedujukgbk fekgbk bfbkyb `kiems` btbu

`kabnbs`.

 GFB (Gbs Fbrbd Brter`)? Uktum nekgetbdu` bfbkyb melur`gbbbk leferb `kdbabs`.
Xekurukbk tembkbk cms`gek (XbC:) btbu pek`kgmbtbk tembkbk mbrjck f`cms`fb
(XbLC:) nukgm`k tera`dbt pbfb reteks` mbrjck nckcms`fb.

 Eaemtrca`t \erun? Mba`un fbpbt nek`kgmbt pbfb bwba sedujukgbk fekgbk leferb
obr`kgbk fbk pekurukbk iukgs` g`koba, kbtr`un pbfb bwba nukgm`k nekuruk
mbrekb med`abkgbk lb`rbk, d`pertern` fbpbt terobf` sbbt mckservbs` g`koba fbk Simpan
d`pcmbaen` fbpbt terobf` j`ab nuab` f`ures`s.