DC Circuits

Dr. Md. Aynal Haque

Professor
Department of EEE, BUET
Email: aynal@eee.buet.ac.bd
aynal.haque@northsouth.edu
Cell: 018 1763 8600
 Topic 3

Methods of
Circuit Analysis
 Introduction

• Techniques for circuit analysis:

– Nodal Analysis
→ Based on KCL

– Mesh Analysis
→ Based on KVL

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 Nodal Analysis without Voltage Source

• Make use of node voltages as circuit variables.

• Given a circuit with n nodes:
1. Select a node as the reference node.
Reference node → Node with 0 potential.
2. Assign voltages v1, v2,… vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
3. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes.
Use Ohm’s Law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages.
4. Solve to determine the unknown node voltages.
Use substitution method or Cramer’s Rule.

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 Nodal Analysis without Voltage Source

• Example 1:
– Obtain the node voltages.

Answer
v1 = -2v
v2 = -14v

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 Nodal Analysis without Voltage Source

• Example 2:
– Find the voltages at the three non-reference nodes.

Answer
v1 = 80v
v2 = -64v
v3 = 156v

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 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source

• Two cases to consider:

– Case 1: A voltage source is connected between reference node and
non-reference node.
• Set the voltage at the non-reference node equal to the voltage source.

– Case 2: A voltage source connected between two non-reference

nodes
• The two non-reference nodes form a super node.
• Apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node voltages.

Super node is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent)

voltage source connected between two non-reference nodes and any
elements connected in parallel with it.

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 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source

• Properties of super node:

– The voltage source inside the super node provides constraint

equation needed to solve for the node voltages.
– A super node has no voltage of its own.
– A super node requires the application of both KCL and KVL.

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 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source

• Example 1: Find v and i

v=-0.2v, i = 1.4A
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 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source

• Example 2: Find v1, v2 and v3 using nodal analysis

v1 =3.043 V, v2 =-6.956 V, v3 = 0.6522 V

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 Mesh Analysis
• Make use of mesh currents as circuit variables
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop
within it.
• Only applicable to a planar circuit
• Planar circuit:
– A circuit that can be drawn in a plane with no branches
crossing one another; otherwise non-planar.

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 Mesh Analysis
• Planar circuit:

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 Mesh Analysis
• Non-planar circuit
– No way to redraw it and avoid the branches crossing

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 Mesh Analysis without Current Sources

• Given a circuit with n meshes.

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, .. in to the n meshes. Assume

mesh current flows clockwise.
2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s Law to
express the voltages in terms of mesh currents.

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 Mesh Analysis without Current Sources

• Example 1: Determine mesh currents i1 and i2.

i1 = 2/3 A
i2 = 0A

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 Mesh Analysis without Current Sources

• Example 2: Determine I0 .

I0 = -5A

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 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

• Two cases to consider:

– Case 1: A current source exists only in one mesh.
• Set the mesh current = current source.

– Case 2: A current source exists between the two meshes.

• Create super mesh by excluding the current source and any
elements connected in series with it.

#A super mesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent)

current source in common.

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 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

• Properties of super mesh:

– Current source in the super mesh provides the constraint.
– Super mesh has no current of its own.
– Super mesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.

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 Mesh Analysis with Current Sources

• Example 1: Determine i1, i2 and i3.

i1=3.474
i2 =0.4737
i3 =1.1052

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 Nodal Analysis by Inspection
• Implemented when all
sources in the circuit are
independent current
sources.
• Convert resistors to
conductors.

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 Nodal Analysis by Inspection
• Example: By inspection, determine the node-voltage
equations for the circuit.

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 Mesh Analysis by Inspection
• Implemented when all sources in the circuit are
independent voltage sources.

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 Mesh Analysis by Inspection
• Example: By inspection, determine the mesh-current
equations for the circuit.

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 Questions???

Thank You!!!