TOPIC

INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM AND THE FIGHT AGAINST CORRUPTION IN

NIGERIA

INTRODUCTION

Corruption is a global issue that affects nearly every country, with developing nations like

Nigeria experiencing higher rates of corruption (Alawode, 2009). Consequently, the unethical

conduct of politicians and public officials in Nigeria necessitates holding them accountable to

eradicate or minimize corruption and foster development. The media plays a significant role in

this endeavor by investigating and exposing corrupt activities such as bribery, embezzlement,

and electoral manipulation. Despite extensive campaigns against corruption, it continues to

persist in Nigeria, indicating a systemic problem (Sowunmi et al., 2020). Edmond & Wilson

(2018) even suggest that corruption is deeply ingrained in Nigerian society, becoming

normalized as a way of life. This pervasive corruption among government officials undermines

service delivery and perpetuates decay in the system. Despite efforts to combat corruption

through conferences, seminars, and academic papers, it remains resilient. However, the media is

poised to be a crucial stakeholder in the fight against corruption due to its watchdog role,

particularly through investigative journalism. Investigative reporting is vital for uncovering

hidden corruption and promoting good governance. Sowunmi et al. (2020) emphasize the critical

role of the media in enhancing governance and curbing corruption in Nigeria. According to

Sowunmi et al. (2020), the media not only raises public awareness about corruption, its causes,

consequences, and potential solutions, but also actively investigates and reports instances of

corruption. Emphasizing the media's role in combating corruption, Ayoola (2022) argues that for

democracy to thrive and be effective, the media's role in sustaining it through anti-corruption
efforts cannot be overstated. Ayoola's assertion is supported by the significant impact of the

media in uncovering the Watergate Scandal (1972 to 1974), a notorious case of corruption in

American history that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon. Journalism, often

considered the fourth estate of governance, is a noble profession that disseminates information,

shapes public opinion, and safeguards public interest. However, this role is contingent upon

responsible use, as the media hold government, its agencies, and civil society accountable to the

public. In historical context, governance decisions were typically made without public

consultation, but journalism has facilitated citizen participation in governance by serving as their

voice and conduit of information. In return, the media earns public trust and respect through its

commitment to upholding democratic values and principles. The primary aim of this essay is to

delve into the issue of corruption within the practice of journalism in Nigeria, particularly

considering the country's extensive history of bribery and corruption. The essay intends to

analyze existing literature on the topics of corruption, journalism, and ethics to gain a

comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. Additionally, the essay will highlight how

bribery and corruption have adversely affected the integrity of the noble profession of

journalism.

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the role of the media in anti-corruption campaigns. The

research aims to investigate the efforts of the Nigerian media, both print and broadcast, in

informing the public about the prevalent corruption in Nigeria. It seeks to determine whether the

media are effectively fulfilling their responsibility in raising awareness among the masses. The

study will assess the media's performance based on the perspectives of media consumers.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The significance of this study extends to both the Nigerian media and its consumers, who rely on

it for information and enlightenment. Traditionally regarded as the watchdog of society, the

media not only entertain but also educate and inform the public about local and global events.

For the media to fulfill their role effectively, they must cover, report, and broadcast daily

occurrences, investigate irregularities, and provide platforms for public participation. This

inclusivity fosters a sense of belonging and encourages societal development.

The findings of this study will determine whether the media have met expectations in anti-

corruption campaigns. If the opinions gathered suggest otherwise, it will prompt further research

on how to enhance the media's effectiveness in fulfilling its role. As outlined in the fundamental

objectives of the press, radio, television, and other mass media, they should always prioritize

upholding the responsibility and accountability of the government to the people.

Therefore, the media have a professional obligation to maintain journalistic ethics, including

values such as truth, objectivity, accuracy, and balance. Upholding these principles is essential

for building trust with society and promoting transparency and accountability in governance.

SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of this study encompasses the challenges encountered by Nigerian journalists,

including public scrutiny, condemnation, unethical practices, and government influence over

journalism in Nigeria. Journalism, as a noble profession, is responsible for disseminating

information, shaping public opinion, and safeguarding public interest. It is often considered the

fourth estate of governance, holding government branches, agencies, and civil societies

accountable to the general public. Historically, governance decisions were not subject to public

input, with authorities issuing orders to be followed without soliciting public interest. However,
active citizen participation in governance is facilitated through the liberation of journalism, with

the media serving as both the voice and ears of the citizens. In return, the media gain public trust

and respect.

CONCEPTUALIZING CORRUPTION

Corruption is a complex phenomenon that defies a singular definition due to its multifaceted

nature. Enste & Heldman (2021) affirm the challenge of providing a clear-cut definition,

reflecting its intricate nature. Suntai and Shem (2023) conceptualize corruption as any insincere

behavior that erodes the ethical norms of a society. They further elaborate that corruption

encompasses deliberate actions by officials, both in the public and private sectors, to

illegitimately amass wealth by abusing their positions of authority. Transparency International

(2023) similarly characterizes corruption as the misuse of public power by officials for personal

enrichment, whether through political or bureaucratic channels. Asemah & Asogwa (2022)

portray a corrupt system as one marked by decay in infrastructure, lack of patriotism, disregard

for collective interests, flawed policy implementation, and a gap between vision and reality. The

World Bank, as cited by Begovic (2015), views corruption as the exploitation of public office for

private gain.

However, a notable gap in these definitions is the failure to acknowledge that corruption extends

beyond officials in public and private sectors to encompass ordinary individuals in society,

including the unemployed. Therefore, this paper adopts the definition proposed by Suntai and

Shem (2023), emphasizing that corruption encompasses any insincere behavior that undermines

the ethical fabric of a society.

CONCEPTUALIZING INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

Investigative journalism encompasses a range of definitions, yet there is a general consensus on

its key characteristics: it involves systematic, in-depth, and original research and reporting, often

centered around uncovering hidden information or secrets (Kaplan, 2023). Okon (2017) views

investigative journalism as a non-profit, evidence-based, aggressive, and adversarial practice

within journalism. It goes beyond conventional news reporting, delving deeply into uncovering

previously unknown information to inform the public about events that may impact their lives.

Burgh (2023) describes it as a distinct genre of journalism and an essential tool for holding

individuals and institutions accountable.

According to UNESCO's investigative journalism handbook, Investigative journalism involves

bringing to light matters that are intentionally concealed by individuals in positions of power or

obscured by a chaotic mass of facts and circumstances. It necessitates the use of both covert and

overt sources and documents (Story-Based Inquiry, UNESCO).

ROLES OF INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM

Investigative journalism plays a crucial role in combating corruption, particularly in contexts like

Nigeria where corruption persists despite anti-corruption rhetoric from administrations. Despite

the efforts of various administrations, including the current one, to address corruption, there has

been little tangible progress in implementing effective anti-corruption policies, programs, or

projects (Komolafe, Nkereuwem & Kalu-Amah, 2019). Justine & Egere (2018) highlight that in

African countries like Nigeria, exposing individuals who embezzle public funds is akin to

waging warfare against entrenched corruption.

In this context, investigative journalism serves as a powerful tool for uncovering corruption and

holding perpetrators accountable. By conducting in-depth investigations and exposing corrupt

practices, journalists play a crucial role in raising public awareness and putting pressure on

authorities to act against corruption. Despite the risks involved, investigative journalists continue

to shed light on corruption scandals, contributing to efforts to combat this pervasive problem.

The prevalent lack of accountability in public service and the resulting underdevelopment have

become concerning issues in Nigeria. Justine & Egere (2023) argue that a culture of impunity

prevails, as crimes committed by state actors often go uninvestigated and unreported. This

situation is exacerbated by the underutilization of the media's potential as a driver of social and

economic development.

Commenting on the ineffective approach to fighting corruption in Nigeria, Justine & Egere

(2023) lament the pervasive nature of bribery and corruption, coupled with the perception of

selective enforcement of anti-corruption measures. Despite the efforts of institutions like the

Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices and

Other Related Offences Commission (ICPC), and the Code of Conduct Bureau (CCB), many

alleged corruption cases remain unresolved.

In light of this dire situation, the media emerge as a critical ally in the fight against corruption.

They are expected to serve as a link between the government and the people, acting as the voice

of society. One of the key roles of the media is to function as a civic watchdog, uncovering

hidden issues and holding the government accountable to the public. Kwase & Shem (2020)

emphasize the invaluable role of the mass media in investigating societal problems and revealing

facts that contribute to both rural and national development. This can be achieved through the

practice of investigative journalism, which is essential for shedding light on corruption and

promoting transparency and accountability in Nigeria.

CHALLENGES OF INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM IN THE FIGHT AGAINST

CORRUPTION

Despite its potential impact, investigative journalism faces significant challenges, particularly in

countries like Nigeria where corruption is rampant. Anyadike (2022) notes a concerning trend

where media outlets, including newspapers, television, and radio stations, often feature similar

headlines without conducting thorough investigations into issues of national significance. This

lack of original reporting undermines the effectiveness of investigative journalism in uncovering

new practices or generating fresh data.Ugwu (2023), as cited by Anyadike (2020), identifies

several challenges that threaten investigative journalism in Nigeria, potentially hindering its

proper practice. These challenges cast doubt on the effectiveness of investigative journalism in

the country. Aretha & Ben (2022) further outline key limitations faced by investigative

journalism in Nigeria: The challenges faced by investigative journalism in Nigeria are

multifaceted and include:

a. Media Ownership: Media owners exert significant influence over editorial decisions, including

budget allocations and personnel decisions. This influence can restrict the autonomy of editors

and journalists, limiting their ability to conduct thorough investigations and report on sensitive

issues.

b. Political Interference: Government officials often intimidate and harass journalists to prevent

them from fulfilling their duties. Instances of journalists being arrested, or media houses being

shut down for critical reporting are not uncommon. Political pressure can impede investigative
journalism by instilling fear and discouraging journalists from pursuing stories that may hold

those in power accountable e.g David Hundeyin, Deji Adeyanju experiences in government of

Nigeria, Raymond Dokpesi of Daar communications are all Realtime examples of political

influences in journalism.

c. Economic Constraints: Many media houses in Nigeria face financial difficulties, leading to

low salaries and inadequate resources. Journalists may be tempted to compromise their integrity

by accepting bribes or favors from individuals or organizations seeking favorable media

coverage. Economic pressures can undermine the credibility of the media and contribute to

sensationalism and misinformation (Abosede banjo 2023)

d. Limited Access to Information: Investigative journalists often encounter obstacles in accessing

official records and archives. Official archives may be incomplete, poorly maintained, or subject

to restrictive laws that hinder journalists' ability to obtain necessary information. Journalists must

navigate these challenges creatively and persistently to uncover evidence and pursue

investigative stories (Jesse Ishaku 2022) Overall, these challenges highlight the complex

environment in which investigative journalism operates in Nigeria, posing significant obstacles

to its effectiveness in exposing corruption and promoting accountability. Aretha & Ben (2022)

argue that media owners wield significant influence, not only through direct intervention but also

by establishing boundaries that journalists must adhere to. They dictate the editorial tone and

determine which markets to target, potentially limiting the scope of investigative reporting.
These challenges posed by media ownership dynamics can constrain the autonomy and

investigative capacity of journalists, ultimately impacting the effectiveness of their efforts in

exposing corruption and holding power to account.

CONCLUSIONS

In the face of pervasive corruption in Nigeria, the mass media stand as indispensable players in

the battle against corruption. It is imperative for investigative journalists to recognize that

investigating corrupt practices is not merely a choice but a moral obligation. Failing to fulfill this

duty would amount to a dereliction of their professional responsibilities. Therefore, investigative

journalists must remain steadfast in their pursuit of truth and accountability, even in the face of

daunting challenges. Their commitment to uncovering corruption is essential for fostering

transparency, accountability, and ultimately, progress in Nigerian society.

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