1

ITC405.1: Demonstrate the fundamentals of Digital Logic Design

▪ Number systems: Introduction to Number systems, Binary
Number systems, Signed Binary Numbers, Binary, Octal,
Decimal and Hexadecimal number and their conversions, 1’s
and 2’s complement
▪ Combinational Circuits: NOT,AND,OR,NAND,NOR,EX-OR,EX-
NOR Gates.
▪ Half & Full Adder and subtractor, Reduction of Boolean
functions using K-map method (2,3,4 Variable), introduction to
Multiplexers and Demultiplexers, Encoders & Decoders.
▪ Sequential Circuits: Introduction to Flip Flops: SR, JK, D, T,
master slave flip flop, Truth Table.
2
▪ Number systems include decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal

3
4
5
6
7
8
1. (11111)2
2. (110101)2

Ans:
1. 31
2. 53
9
10
1. 1100.1011
= 8+4+0+0+0.5+0+0.125+0.0625
= 12.6875

2. 101101.10101 = ???
Ans: 45.65625

3. 0.10101 = ???
Ans: 0.65625
11
12
13
14
1. 13
2. 25

Ans:
1. 1101
2. 11001
15
16
17
18
1. 25.5
2. 10.625

Ans:

1. 11001.1
2. 1010.101

19
1. Sign-Magnitude representation
2. One’s Complement representation
3. Two’s Complement representation

20
▪ Left most bit is sign bit, remaining bits represent magnitude
of the number
▪ MSB=0 means positive

▪ MSB=1 means negative

▪ Problems
▪ Need to consider both sign and magnitude in arithmetic
▪ Two representations of zero (+0 and -0)

Sign Magnitude
B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 21
Eg1: +18 = 00010010
-18 = 10010010

Eg2: +68 = 1000100

-68 = 11000100

22
Questions Answers

1. 101100 1. -12
2. 001000 2. +8
3. 0111 3. +7
4. 1111 4. -7

23
▪ The ones' complement of a binary number is defined as the value
obtained by inverting all the bits in the binary representation of the
number (swapping 0s and 1s).
▪ The ones' complement of the number then behaves like the negative
of the original number in some arithmetic operations.
Eg: (+5) – (0101)
(-5) - (1010)

24
Eg1: (+7) – (0111)
(-7) - (1000)
Eg2: (+8) - (01000)
(-8) – (10111)
Eg3: (+15) –(01111)
(-15) – (10000)
For n-bit number, the maximum positive number which can be
represented in 1’s complement representation is (2n-1 -1) & maximum
negative number is –(2n-1 -1).
25
26
27
▪ +3 = 00000011 ▪ One representation of zero
▪ +2 = 00000010 ▪ Arithmetic works easily (see later)
▪ +1 = 00000001 ▪ Negating is fairly easy
▪ +0 = 00000000 ▪ 3 = 00000011
▪ Boolean complement gives 11111100
▪ -1 = 11111111
▪ Add 1 to LSB 11111101
▪ -2 = 11111110
▪ -3 = 11111101

28
▪ Two's complement representation uses the MSB as a sign bit.

▪ Range: -2n-1 through 2n-1 -1

▪ 8 bit 2s complement
▪ +127 = 01111111 = 27 -1
▪ -128 = 10000000 = -27

▪ 16 bit 2s complement
▪ +32767 = 011111111 11111111 = 215 - 1
▪ -32768 = 100000000 00000000 = -215

29
30
31
32
33
34
 11001100
+ 11011010

Ans: 110100110

35
A B Sub (A-B) Borrow
0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1

36
37
38
39
40
41
 10101 - 00111
▪ Take 2's complement of subtrahend 00111, which is
11001. Now, sum them. So,
▪ 10101+11001 =1 01110.
▪ In the above result, we get the carry bit 1. So we
discard this carry bit and remaining is the final
result and a positive number.

42
 10101 - 10111

▪ Take 2's complement of subtrahend 10111, which comes

out 01001. Now, we add both of the numbers. So,
▪ 10101+01001 =11110.
▪ In the above result, we didn't get the carry bit. So calculate
the 2's complement of the result, i.e., 00010. It is the
negative number and the final answer.

43
44
45
46
47
▪ The octal numeral system is the base-8 number system, and uses the digits 0 to 7.

48
49
50
▪365.24=???

Ans: 245.3125

51
52
1. 100 = ??
2. 214 = ??

Ans:
1. 144
2. 326

53
54
55
658.825 = ???

Ans:
1222.646

56
57
58
▪Convert (736)8 into an equivalent binary
number

▪Ans:
▪111011110

59
60
1. 1001110
2. 0.10100110

Ans:
1. 116
2. 0.514
61
62
63
64
65
▪ Obtain decimal equivalent of hexadecimal number
(3A.2F)

▪ Ans: 58.1836

66
67
68
Convert 95.5 into hexadecimal number.

Ans: 5F.8

69
70
71
▪ Convert 2F9A to equivalent binary
▪ Ans: 0010 1111 1001 1010

▪ Convert 10100110101111 into equivalent hex number

▪ Ans: 0010 1001 1010 1111

2 9 A F
=(29AF)H

72
1. Convert the binary number 1011.01 into its equivalent decimal.
2. Convert the octal number (314)8 into its equivalent decimal.
3. Convert the octal number (365.24)8 into its equivalent decimal.
4. Convert the hex number (4C8.2)16 into its equivalent decimal.
5. Convert decimal number 105 into its equivalent binary number.
6. Convert decimal number 204 into its equivalent octal number.
7. Convert decimal number 259 into its equivalent hex number.

73
8. Convert decimal number (85.63) into its equivalent binary
number.
9. Convert decimal number (3000.45) into its equivalent octal
number.
10. Convert decimal number (2003.31) into its equivalent hex
number.
11. Convert decimal number (0.42) into its equivalent binary
number.
12. Convert decimal number (0.6234) into its equivalent octal
number.
13. Convert decimal number (0.122) into its equivalent hex number. 74