ME 301

Jay-Cee R. Billones
 VISION
Laguna University shall be a socially responsive educational
institution of choice providing holistically developed
individuals in the Asia-Pacific Region.

MISSION
Laguna University is committed to produce academically
prepared and technically skilled individuals who are socially
and morally upright citizens.

Department of Mechanical Engineering

MISSION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering of Laguna
University is committed to produce academically prepared
and technically skilled mechanical engineers who are socially
and morally upright citizens.
VISION
The Department of Mechanical Engineering of Laguna
University is envisioned to be the provincial college of choice
producing well-equipped mechanical engineers who
specializes on energy management.
 Table of Contents

Module 1: Introduction To Energy Audit 1

Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 1
Lesson 1. Energy Audit Guidelines 2
Lesson 2. Common Energy Conservation Measures 7
Assessment Task 13
Summary 14
References 14

Module 2: Cooling Load Calculation – Cold Room 15

Introduction 15
Learning Objectives 15
Lesson 1. Cold Room – Cooling load 16
Lesson 2. Cold Room – Cooling load calculation worked 19
Assessment Task 26
Summary 26
Reference 27

Module 3: Audit Presentation 28

Introduction 28
Learning Objectives 28
Lesson 1. Style guide for preparing your project 29
Assessment Task 30
References 30
Course Code: ME - 302

Course Description: The course deals with the energy audit program for
buildings and facilities, initiating energy management programs, guidelines for
methods of reducing energy usage in each area in buildings, conservation of the
energy in the planning, design installation, utilization, maintenance and
modernization of the mechanical systems in the existing and new building,
utilization of micro-computer in the energy management and in automatic controls
of air-conditioning and ventilation systems in building, and case study of energy
saving in buildings

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:
1. Measure energy consumption of a building
2. Compute cooling load requirements of buildings
3. Conduct energy management in buildings

Course Requirements:
Class Standing - 60%
Exam - 40%
Periodic Grade 100%

Computation of Grades:

PRELIM GRADE = 60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Prelim Exam)

MIDTERM GRADE = 30%(Prelim Grade) + 70 %[60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Midterm Exam)]

FINAL GRADE = 30%(Midterm Grade) + 70 %[60% (Class Standing) + 40% (Final Exam)]
 MODULE 1
INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY AUDIT

Introduction

According to Krarti (2011), in the 1970s, building energy retrofits consisted of simple
measures such as shutting off lights, turning down heating temperatures, turning up air-
conditioning temperatures, and reducing hot water temperatures. Today, building energy
management includes a comprehensive evaluation of almost all the energy systems within a
facility. Therefore, the energy auditor should be aware of key energy issues such as the subtleties
of electric utility rate structures and of the latest building energy efficiency technologies and their
applications.

This chapter describes a general but systematic procedure for energy auditing suitable for
both commercial buildings and industrial facilities. Some of the commonly recommended energy
conservation measures are briefly discussed. A case study for an office building is presented to
illustrate the various tasks involved in an energy audit. Finally, an overview is provided to outline
the existing methods for measurement and verification of energy savings incurred by the
implementation of energy conservation measures (Krarti, 2011).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Know about the different approach in energy audit

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Lesson 1. Energy Audit Guidelines

Introduction to Energy Audit

The term “energy audit” is widely used and may have different meanings depending on
the energy service company. Energy auditing of buildings can range from a short walk-through
of the facility to a detailed analysis with hourly computer simulation. Generally, four types of
energy audits can be distinguished as briefly described below (Krarti, 2011).

Walk-Through Audit

This audit consists of a short on-site visit of the facility to identify areas where simple and
inexpensive actions can provide immediate energy use or operating-cost savings. Some
engineers refer to these types of actions as operating and maintenance (O&M) measures.
Examples of O&M measures include setting back heating set-point temperatures, replacing
broken windows, insulating exposed hot water or steam pipes, and adjusting boiler fuel–air ratio
(Krarti, 2011).

Utility Cost Analysis

The main purpose of this type of audit is to carefully analyze the operating costs of the
facility. Typically, the utility data over several years is evaluated to identify the patterns of energy
use, peak demand, weather effects, and potential for energy savings. To perform this analysis, it is
recommended that the energy auditor conduct a walk-through survey to get acquainted with the
facility and its energy systems (Krarti, 2011).

It is important that the energy auditor clearly understand the utility rate structure that
applies to the facility for several reasons including (Krarti, 2011):

 To check the utility charges and ensure that no mistakes were made in calculating the
monthly bills. Indeed, the utility rate structures for commercial and industrial facilities can
be quite complex with ratchet charges and power factor penalties (Krarti, 2011).

 To determine the most dominant charges in the utility bills. For instance, peak demand
charges can be a significant portion of the utility bill especially when ratchet rates are
applied. Peak shaving measures can then be recommended to reduce these demand
charges (Krarti, 2011).

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  To identify whether the facility can benefit from using other utility rate structures to
purchase cheaper fuel and reduce its operating costs. This analysis can provide a
significant reduction in the utility bills especially with implementation of electrical
deregulation and the advent of real-time pricing (RTP) rate structures (Krarti, 2011).

Moreover, the energy auditor can determine whether the facility is a candidate for energy
retrofit projects by analyzing the utility data (Krarti, 2011).

Standard Energy Audit

The standard audit provides a comprehensive energy analysis for the energy systems of
the facility. In addition to the activities described for the walk-through audit and for the utility
cost analysis described above, the standard energy audit includes the development of a baseline
for the energy use of the facility and the evaluation of the energy savings and the cost-
effectiveness of appropriately selected energy conservation measures. The step-by-step
approach of the standard energy audit is similar to that of the detailed energy audit described
later on in the following section. Typically, simplified tools are used in the standard energy audit
to develop baseline energy models and to predict the energy savings of energy conservation
measures (Krarti, 2011).

Detailed Energy Audit

This audit is the most comprehensive but also time-consuming energy audit type.
Specifically, the detailed energy audit includes the use of instruments to measure energy use for
the whole building or for some energy systems within the building (for instance, by end uses:
lighting systems, office equipment, fans, chillers, etc.). In addition, sophisticated computer
simulation programs are typically considered for detailed energy audits to evaluate and
recommend energy retrofits for the facility (Krarti, 2011).
The techniques available to perform measurements for an energy audit are diverse.
During the onsite visit, handheld and clamp-on instruments can be used to determine the
variation of some building parameters such as the indoor air temperature, luminance level, and
electrical energy use. When long-term measurements are needed, sensors are typically used and
connected to a data-acquisition system so measured data can be stored and be accessible

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remotely. Recently, nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) techniques have been proposed (Krarti,
2011).

In the detailed energy audit, more rigorous economic evaluation of the energy
conservation measures are generally performed

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR A DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT

To perform an energy audit, several tasks are typically carried out depending on the type
of audit and the size and function of the audited building. Some of the tasks may have to be
repeated, reduced in scope, or even eliminated based on the findings of other tasks. Therefore,
the execution of an energy audit is often not a linear process and is rather iterative. However, a
general procedure can be outlined for most buildings (Krarti, 2011).

A. Building and Utility Data Analysis

The main purpose of this step is to evaluate the characteristics of the energy systems and
the patterns of energy use for the building. The building characteristics can be collected from the
architectural/mechanical/electrical drawings or from discussions with building operators. The
energy use patterns can be obtained from a compilation of utility bills over several years (Krarti,
2011).

B. Walk-Through Survey

From this step, potential energy savings measures should be identified. The results of this
step are important because they determine if the building warrants any further energy auditing
work. Some of the tasks involved in this step are (Krarti, 2011)

 Identify the customer concerns and needs.

 Check the current operating and maintenance procedures.
 Determine the existing operating conditions of major energy use equipment (lighting,
HVAC systems, motors, etc.).
 Estimate the occupancy, equipment, and lighting (energy use density and hours of
operation).

C. Baseline for Building Energy Use

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The main purpose of this step is to develop a base-case model that represents the existing
energy use and operating conditions for the building. This model is to be used as a reference to
estimate the energy savings incurred from appropriately selected energy conservation measures.
The major tasks to be performed during this step are (Krarti, 2011)
 Obtain and review architectural, mechanical, electrical, and control drawings.
 Inspect, test, and evaluate building equipment for efficiency, performance, and reliability.
 Obtain all occupancy and operating schedules for equipment (including lighting and
HVAC systems).
 Develop a baseline model for building energy use.
 Calibrate the baseline model using the utility data or metered data.

D. Evaluation of Energy Savings Measures

In this step, a list of cost-effective energy conservation measures is determined using

both energy savings and economic analysis. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are
recommended (Krarti, 2011):
 Prepare a comprehensive list of energy conservation measures (using the information
collected in the walk-through survey).
 Determine the energy savings due to the various energy conservation measures pertinent
to the building using the baseline energy use simulation model developed in Step 3.
 Estimate the initial costs required to implement the energy conservation measures.
 Evaluate the cost-effectiveness of each energy conservation measure using an economic
analysis method (simple payback or life-cycle cost analysis).

Tables 1.1 and 1.2 provide summaries of the energy audit procedure recommended for
commercial buildings and for industrial facilities, respectively. Energy audits for thermal and
electrical systems are separated because they are typically subject to different utility rates (Krarti,
2011).

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Table 1.1. Energy Audit Summary for Residential and Commercial Buildings (Krarti, 2011)

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Table 1.2. Energy Audit Summary for Industrial Facilities (Krarti, 2011)

Lesson 2. Common Energy Conservation Measures

In this section some energy conservation measures (ECMs) commonly recommended for
commercial and industrial facilities are briefly discussed. It should be noted that the list of ECMs
presented below does not pretend to be exhaustive nor comprehensive. It is provided merely to
indicate some of the options that the energy auditor can consider when performing an energy
analysis of a commercial or industrial facility. However, it is strongly advised that the energy

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auditor keep abreast of any new technologies that can improve building energy efficiency.
Moreover, the energy auditor should only recommend the ECMs based on a sound economic
analysis for each ECM (Krarti, 2011).

A. Building Envelope

For some buildings, the envelope (i.e., walls, roofs, floors, windows, and doors) can have
an important impact on the energy used to condition the facility. The energy auditor should
determine the actual characteristics of the building envelope. During the survey, a descriptive
sheet for the building envelope should be established to include information such as
construction materials (for instance, the level of insulation in walls, floors, and roofs), the area,
and the number of building envelope assemblies (for instance, the type and the number of panes
for the windows). In addition, comments on the repair needs and recent replacements should be
noted during the survey (Krarti, 2011).
Some of the commonly recommended energy conservation measures to improve the
thermal performance of the building envelope are (Krarti, 2011)

1. Addition of thermal insulation. For building surfaces without any thermal insulation, this
measure can be cost-effective.
2. Replacement of windows. When windows represent a significant portion of the exposed
building surfaces, using more energy-efficient windows (high R-value, low-emissivity
glazing, airtight, etc.) can be beneficial in both reducing the energy use and improving
the indoor comfort level.
3. Reduction of air leakage. When the infiltration load is significant, leakage area of the
building envelope can be reduced by simple and inexpensive weather stripping
techniques.

The energy audit of the envelope is especially important for residential buildings. Indeed,
the energy use from residential buildings is dominated by weather inasmuch as heat gain or loss
from direct conduction of heat or from air infiltration/exfiltration through building surfaces
accounts for a major portion (50 to 80 percent) of the energy consumption. For commercial
buildings, improvements to the building envelope are often not cost-effective due to the fact that
modifications to the building envelope (replacing windows, adding thermal insulation in walls)
are typically considerably expensive. However, it is recommended to audit the envelope
components systematically not only to determine the potential for energy savings but also to

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ensure the integrity of its overall condition. For instance, thermal bridges—if present—can lead
to a heat transfer increase and to moisture condensation. The moisture condensation is often
more damaging and costly than the increase in heat transfer because it can affect the structural
integrity of the building envelope (Krarti, 2011).

B. Electrical Systems

For most commercial buildings and a large number of industrial facilities, the electrical energy cost
constitutes the dominant part of the utility bill. Lighting, office equipment, and motors are the electrical
systems that consume the major part of energy in commercial and industrial buildings (Krarti, 2011).

1. Lighting. Lighting for a typical office building represents on average 40 percent of the total
electrical energy use. There is a variety of simple and inexpensive measures to improve the
efficiency of lighting systems. These measures include the use of energy-efficient lighting lamps
and ballasts, the addition of reflective devices, de-lamping (when the luminance levels are above
the recommended levels by the standards), and the use of day-lighting controls. Most lighting
measures are especially cost-effective for office buildings for which payback periods are less than
one year (Krarti, 2011).
2. Office equipment constitutes the fastest growing part of the electrical loads especially in
commercial buildings. Office equipment includes computers, fax machines, printers, and copiers.
For instance, energy-efficient computers automatically switch to a low-power “sleep” mode or off
mode when not in use (Krarti, 2011).
3. Motors. The energy cost to operate electric motors can be a significant part of the operating
budget of any commercial or industrial building. Measures to reduce the energy cost of using
motors include reducing operating time (turning off unnecessary equipment), optimizing motor
systems, using controls to match motor output with demand, using variable speed drives for air
and water distribution, and installing energy-efficient motors. Table 1.3 provides typical efficiencies
for several motor sizes (Krarti, 2011).

In addition to the reduction in total facility electrical energy use, retrofits of the electrical systems
decrease space cooling loads and therefore further reduce the electrical energy use in the building. These
cooling energy reductions as well as possible increases in thermal energy use (for space heating) should be
accounted for when evaluating the cost-effectiveness of improvements in lighting and office equipment
(Krarti, 2011).

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 Table 1.3 Typical Efficiencies of Motors

C. HVAC Systems

The energy use due to HVAC systems can represent 40 percent of the total energy consumed by a
typical commercial building. The energy auditor should obtain the characteristics of major HVAC
equipment to determine the condition of the equipment, operating schedule, quality of maintenance, and
control procedures. A large number of measures can be considered to improve the energy performance of
both primary and secondary HVAC systems. Some of these measures are listed below (Krarti, 2011):

1. Setting Up/Back Thermostat Temperatures: When appropriate, setback of heating temperatures

can be recommended during unoccupied periods. Similarly, setup of cooling temperatures can be
considered.
2. Retrofit of Constant Air Volume Systems: For commercial buildings, variable air volume (VAV)
systems should be considered when the existing HVAC systems rely on constant volume fans to
condition part or the entire building.
3. Installation of Heat Recovery Systems: Heat can be recovered from some HVAC equipment. For
instance, heat exchangers can be installed to recover heat from air handling unit (AHU) exhaust air
streams and from boiler stacks.
4. Retrofit of Central Heating Plants: The efficiency of a boiler can be drastically improved by
adjusting the fuel–air ratio for proper combustion. In addition, installation of new energy-efficient
boilers can be economically justified when old boilers are to be replaced.
5. Retrofit of Central Cooling Plants: Currently, there are several chillers that are energy-efficient and
easy to control and operate and are suitable for retrofit projects.

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 It should be noted that there is a strong interaction among various components of the heating and
cooling system. Therefore, a whole-system analysis approach should be followed when retrofitting a
building HVAC system. Optimizing the energy use of a central cooling plant (which may include chillers,
pumps, and cooling towers) is one example of using a whole-system approach to reduce the energy use
for heating and cooling buildings (Krarti, 2011).

D. Compressed Air Systems

Compressed air has become an indispensable tool for most manufacturing facilities. Its uses range
from air-powered hand tools and actuators to sophisticated pneumatic robotics. Unfortunately, staggering
amounts of compressed air are currently wasted in a large number of facilities. It is estimated that only a
fraction of 20 to 25 percent of input electrical energy is delivered as useful compressed air energy. Leaks
are reported to account for 10 to 50 percent of the waste and misapplication accounts for 5 to 40 percent
of loss in compressed air (Krarti, 2011).
To improve the efficiency of compressed air systems, the auditor can consider several issues
including whether compressed air is the right tool for the job (for instance, electric motors are more energy
efficient than air-driven rotary devices), how compressed air is applied (for instance, lower pressures can be
used to supply pneumatic tools), how it is delivered and controlled (for instance, the compressed air needs
to be turned off when the process is not running), and how the compressed air system is managed (for
each machine or process, the cost of compressed air needs to be known to identify energy and cost
savings opportunities) (Krarti, 2011).

E. Energy Management Controls

With the constant decrease in the cost of computer technology, automated control of a
wide range of energy systems within commercial and industrial buildings is becoming
increasingly popular and cost-effective. An energy management and control system (EMCS) can
be designed to control and reduce the building energy consumption within a facility by
continuously monitoring the energy use of various pieces of equipment and making appropriate
adjustments. For instance, an EMCS can automatically monitor and adjust indoor ambient
temperatures, set fan speeds, open and close air handling unit dampers, and control lighting
systems. If an EMCS is already installed in the building, it is important to recommend a system
tune-up to ensure that the controls are operating properly. For instance, the sensors should be
calibrated regularly in accordance with manufacturers’ specifications. Poorly calibrated sensors
may cause an increase in heating and cooling loads and may reduce occupant comfort (Krarti,
2011).
F. Indoor Water Management

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 Water and energy savings can be achieved in buildings by using water-saving fixtures
instead of conventional fixtures for toilets, faucets, showerheads, dishwashers, and clothes
washers. Savings can also be achieved by eliminating leaks in pipes and fixtures (Krarti, 2011).
Table 1.4 provides typical water use of conventional and water-efficient fixtures for various
end-uses. In addition, Table 1.4 indicates the hot water use by each fixture as a fraction of the
total water. With water-efficient fixtures, savings of 50 percent of water use can be achieved for
toilets, showers, and faucets (Krarti, 2011).

Table 1.4. Usage Characteristics of Water-Using Fixtures

G. New Technologies

The energy auditor may consider the potential of implementing and integrating new
technologies within the facility. It is therefore important that the energy auditor understand these
new technologies and know how to apply them. Among the new technologies that can be
considered for commercial and industrial buildings are (Krarti, 2011)

1. Building Envelope technologies: Recently several materials and systems have been
proposed to improve the energy efficiency of the building envelope and especially
windows including: Spectrally selective glasses that can optimize solar gains and shading
effects. Chromogenic glazing’s that change their properties automatically depending on
temperature or light-level conditions (similar to sunglasses that become dark in sunlight).
Building integrated photovoltaic panels that can generate electricity while absorbing solar
radiation and reducing heat gain through the building envelope (typically roofs) (Krarti,
2011).
2. Light Pipe technologies: Although the use of day-lighting is straightforward for perimeter
zones that are near windows, it is not usually feasible for interior spaces, particularly those
without any skylights. Recent but still emerging technologies allow the engineer to “pipe”

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 light from roof or wall-mounted collectors to interior spaces that are not close to
windows or skylights (Krarti, 2011).
3. HVAC systems and controls: Several strategies can be considered for energy retrofits
including: Heat recovery technologies such as rotary heat wheels and heat pipes can
recover 50 to 80 percent of the energy used to heat or cool ventilation air supplied to the
building. Desiccant-based cooling systems are now available and can be used in buildings
with large dehumidification loads during long periods (such as hospitals, swimming pools,
and supermarket fresh produce areas). Geothermal heat pumps can provide an
opportunity to take advantage of the heat stored underground to condition building
spaces. Thermal energy storage (TES) systems offer a means of using less-expensive off-
peak power to produce cooling or heating to condition the building during on-peak
periods. Several optimal control strategies have been developed in recent years to
maximize the cost savings of using TES systems (Krarti, 2011).
4. Cogeneration: This is not really a new technology. However, recent improvements in its
combined thermal and electrical efficiency have made cogeneration cost-effective in
several applications including institutional buildings such as hospitals and universities
(Krarti, 2011).

Assessment Task 1

1. What is the best energy audit procedure among the four types and why? Explain your
answer at least 100 words and include citation if coming from other source

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 Summary

Scope of the Study

 Introduction to Energy Audit

 Data gathering on building to be audited
 Evaluation of energy usage of (lights, computers, and air-conditioning units) of the building
 Calculation of heating loads installed in the rooms against the installed air-conditioning unit
 Recommendation on the audited building

References

Krarti, Moncef. 2011. Energy Audit of Building Systems An Engineering Approach, Second Edition.
CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca
Raton, FL 33487-2742

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 MODULE 2
COOLING LOAD CALCULATION – COLD ROOM

Introduction

A cold room is used to store perishable goods such as meat and vegetables to slow down
their deterioration and preserve them as fresh as possible for as long as possible. Heat
accelerates their deterioration so the products are cooled down by removing the heat. To
remove the heat we use a refrigeration system as this allows accurate and automatic control of
the temperature to preserve the goods for as long as possible (Evans, 2017).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Calculate the cooling load and heating load of a building

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Lesson 1. Cold Room – Cooling load

To remove the heat we need to know what the cooling load will be. The cooling load varies
throughout the day so in most cases the average cooling load is calculated and the refrigeration
capacity is calculated to suit this (Evans, 2017).

Figure 2.1. Cold room – Cooling load calculation

Cold Room Heat Sources (Evans, 2017)

Where does all the heat come from that we need to remove?

Figure 2.2. Transmission Load

Typically 5-15% is through transmission loads. This is the thermal energy transferred through
the roof, walls and floor into the cold room. Heat always flows from hot to cold and the interior
of the cold room is obviously a lot colder than its surroundings, so heat is always trying to enter

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the space because of that difference in temperature. If the cold store is exposed to direct sunlight
then the heat transfer will be higher so an additional correction will need to be applied to allow
for this (Evans, 2017).

Figure 2.3. Product load

Then we have Product loads which account for typically 55-75% of the cooling load. This
accounts for the heat that is introduced into the cold room when new products enter. Its also the
energy required to cool, freeze and further cool after freezing. If you’re just cooling the products
then you only need to consider the sensible heat load. If you’re freezing the product then you
need to account for the latent heat also as a phase change occur. During this time energy is used
but you will not see a temperature change while the product changes between a state of liquid
and ice. There is additional energy required to further chill this food down below the freezing
point which is again sensible heat. You also need to account for the packaging as this will
inherently be cooled also. Lastly if you’re cooling fruit and vegetables then these products are
alive and they will generate some heat so you’ll need to account for the removal of this too
(Evans, 2017).

Figure 2.4. Internal Load

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 The next thing to consider is the internal loads which account for around 10-20%. This is the
heat given off by people working in the cold room, the lighting and equipment such as fork lifts
trucks etc. So for this you’ll need to consider what equipment will be used by the staff members
in order to move the products in and out of the store, how much heat will they and the
equipment give off and the daily duration (Evans, 2017).

Figure 2.5. Equipment Load

Then we need to consider the refrigeration equipment in the room which will account for
around 1-10% of the total cooling load. For this we want to know the rating of the fan motors and
estimate how long they will run for each day, then we want to also account for any heat
transferred into the space from defrosting the evaporator (Evans, 2017).

Figure 2.6. Infiltration heat load

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 The last thing we need to consider is infiltration which again adds 1-10% to the cooling load.
This occurs when the door opens so there is a transfer of heat into the space through the air. The
other consideration is ventilation. Fruit and vegetables give off carbon dioxide so some stores will
require a ventilation fans, this air needs to be cooled down so you must account for this if it’s
used (Evans, 2017).

Lesson 2. Cold Room – Cooling load calculation worked

A. Transmission load (Evans, 2017)

 The dimensions of our cold store are 6m long, 5m wide and 4m high.
 The ambient air is 30°c at 50% RH, The internal air is 1°C at 95% RH
 The walls, roof and floor are all insulated with 80mm polyurethane with a U value of
0.28W/m2.K
 The ground temperature is 10°C.

Just to note the manufacturer should tell you what the u value is for the insulation panels, if
not, then you will need to calculate this.

To calculate the transmission load we will be using the formula

Q = U x A x (Temp out – Temp in) x 24 ÷ 1000. (Evans, 2017)

 Q= kWh/day heat load
 U = U value of insulation (we already know this value) (W/m2.K)
 A = surface area of walls roof and floor (we will calculate this) (m2)
 Temp in = The air temperature inside the room (°C)
 Temp out = The ambient external air temperature (°C)
 24 = Hours in a day
 1000 = conversion from Watts to kW.

To calculate “A” is fairly easy, its just the size of each internal walls, so drop the numbers in to
find the area of each wall, roof and floor (Evans, 2017).

Side 1 = 6m x 4m = 24m2
Side 2 = 6m x 4m = 24m2

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Side 3 = 5m x 4m = 20m2
Side 4 = 5m x 4m = 20m2
Roof = 5m x 6m = 30m2
Floor = 5m x 6m = 30m2

Then we can run these numbers in the formula we saw earlier, you’ll need to calculate the
floor separately to the walls and roof as the temperature difference is different under the floor so
the heat transfer will therefore be different (Evans, 2017).

Walls and roof (Evans, 2017)

Q = U x A x (Temp out – Temp in) x 24 ÷ 1000

Q = 0.28W/m2.K x 113m2 x (30°C – 1°C) x 24 ÷ 1000
Q = 22 kWh/day

[113m2 = 24m2 + 24m2 + 20m2 + 20m2 + 30m2 + 30m2 ]

Floor (Evans, 2017)

Q = U x A x (Temp out – Temp in) x 24 ÷ 1000

Q = 0.28W/m2.K x 30m2 x (10°C – 1°C) x 24 ÷ 1000
Q = 1.8 kWh/day

If the floor isn’t insulated then you will need to use a different formula based on empirical data .

Total daily transmission heat gain = 22kWh/day + 1.8kWh/day = 23.8kWh/day (Evans, 2017)

Remember if your cold room is in direct sunlight you’ll need to account for the suns energy also.

B. Product load – Product exchange (Evans, 2017)

Next we will calculate the cooling load from the product exchange that being the heat
brought into the cold room from new products which are at a higher temperature (Evans, 2017).

For this example we’ll be storing apples, we can look up the specific heat capacity of the
apples but do remember if you’re freezing products then the products will have a different

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specific heat when cooling, freezing and sub cooling so you’ll need to account for this and
calculate this separately, but in this example we’re just cooling (Evans, 2017).

There are 4,000kg of new apples arriving each day at a temperature of 5°C and a specific
heat capacity of 3.65kJ/kg.°C (Evans, 2017).

We can then use the formula

Q = m x Cp x (Temp enter – Temp store) / 3600. (Evans, 2017)

 Q = kWh/day
 CP = Specific Heat Capacity of product (kJ/kg.°C)
 m = the mass of new products each day (kg)
 Temp enter = the entering temperature of the products (°C)
 Temp store = the temperature within the store (°C)
 3600 = convert from kJ to kWh.

Calculation

Q = m x Cp x (Temp enter – Temp store) / 3600

Q = 4,000kg x 3.65kJ/kg.°C x (5°C – 1°C) / 3600.
Q = 16kWh/day

C. Product load – Product respiration (Evans, 2017)

Next we calculate the product respiration, this is the heat generated by living products such
as fruit and vegetables. These will generate heat as they are still alive, that’s why we’re cooling
them to slow them down their deterioration and preserve them for longer (Evans, 2017).

For this example I’ve used 1.9kJ/kg per day as an average but this rate changes over time and
with temperature. In this example we’re using a rules of thumb value just to simplify the
calculation since this cooling load is not considered critical. If you were to calculate for a critical
load you should use greater precision. In this example the store maintains a hold of 20,000kg of
apples (Evans, 2017).

To calculate this we’ll use the formula

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Q = m x resp / 3600 (Evans, 2017)
 Q = kWh/day
 m = mass of product in storage (kg)
 resp = the respiration heat of the product (1.9kJ/kg)
 3600 = converts the kJ to kWh.

Q = m x resp / 3600
Q = 20,000kg x 1.9kJ/kg / 3600
Q = 10.5kWh/day

For the product section we’ll sum together the product exchange of 16kWh/day and respiration
load of 10.5kWh/day to get a total product load of 26.5 kWh/day (Evans, 2017).

D. Internal heat load – People (Evans, 2017)

Next we’ll calculate the internal loads from people working in the cold room, as people
generate heat and we need to account for this (Evans, 2017).

We’ll estimate 2 people working in the store for 4 hours a day and we can look up and see at
this temperature they will give off around 270 Watts of heat per hour inside (Evans, 2017).

We’ll use the formula:

Q = people x time x heat / 1000 (Evans, 2017)

 Q = kWh/day
 people = how many people inside
 time = length of time they spend inside each day per person (Hours)
 heat = heat loss per person per hour (Watts)
 1,000 just converts the watts into kW

Calculation:

Q = people x time x heat / 1000

Q = 2 x 4 hours x 270 Watts / 1000
Q = 2.16 kWh/day

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E. Internal heat load – Lighting (Evans, 2017)

Then we can calculate the heat generated by the lighting, this is fairly simple to do and we
can use the formula (Evans, 2017)

Q= lamps x time x wattage / 1000 (Evans, 2017)

 Q = kWh/day,
 lamps = number of lamps within the cold room
 time = hours of use per day
 wattage = power rating of the lamps
 1000 = converts the Watts to kW.

If we have 3 lamps at 100W each, running for 4 hours a day, the calculation would be:

Q= lamps x time x wattage / 1000

Q= 3 x 4 hours x 100W / 1000
Q= 1.2kWh/day

For the total internal load we then just sum the people load (2.16 kWh/day) and lighting load
(1.2kWh/day) to get a value of 3.36kWh/day (Evans, 2017).

F. Equipment load – fan motors (Evans, 2017)

1. Now we can calculate the heat generation of the fan motors in the evaporator. For this
we can the use the formula of:

Q = fans x time x wattage / 1000 (Evans, 2017)

 Q = kWh/day
 fans = the number of fans
 time = fan daily run hours (hours)
 wattage = the rated power of the fan motors (Watts)
 1000 = convert from watts to kw.

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 In this cold room evaporator we’ll be using 3 fans rated at 200W each and estimate that they
will be running for 14 hours per day (Evans, 2017).

Calculation:

Q = fans x time x wattage / 1000

Q = 3 x 14 hours x 200W / 1000
Q = 8.4kWh/day

2. Now we will calculate the heat load caused by defrosting the evaporator. To calculate this
we’ll use the formula:

Q = power x time x cycles x efficiency (Evans, 2017)

 Q = kWh/day,
 power = power rating of the heating element (kW)
 time = defrost run time (Hours)
 cycles = how many times per day will the defrost cycle occur
 efficiency = what % of the heat will be transferred into the space.

In this example our cold room uses an electric heating element rated at 1.2kW, it runs for 30
minutes 3 times per day and the estimate that 30% of all the energy it consumes is just
transferred into the cold room (Evans, 2017).

Q = power x time x cycles x efficiency

Q = 1.2kW x 0.5hours x 3 x 0.3
Q = 0.54kWh/day

The total equipment load is then the fan heat load (8.4kWh/day) plus the defrost heat load
(0.54kWh/day) which therefore equals 8.94 kWh/day (Evans, 2017)

G. Infiltration load (Evans, 2017)

Now we need to calculate the heat load from air infiltration. I’m going to use a simplified
equation but depending on how critical your calculation is then you may need to use other more
comprehensive formulas to achieve greater precision. We will use the formula:

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Q = changes x volume x energy x (Temp out – Temp in ) / 3600 (Evans, 2017)
 Q = kWh/d
 changes = number of volume changes per day
 volume = the volume of the cold store
 energy = energy per cubic meter per degree Celsius
 Temp out is the air temperature outside
 Temp in is the air temperature inside
 3600 is just to convert from kJ to kWh.

We’ll estimate that there will be 5 volume air changes per day due to the door being open,
the volume is calculated at 120m3, each cubic meter of new air provides 2kJ/°C, the air outside is
30°C and the air inside is 1°C (Evans, 2017)

Q = changes x volume x energy x (Temp out – Temp in ) / 3600

Q = 5 x 120m3 x 2kJ/°C x (30°C – 1°C ) / 3600
Q = 9.67 kWh/day

H. Total cooling load (Evans, 2017)

To calculate the total cooling load we will just sum all the values calculated

Transmission load: 23.8kWh/day

Product load: 26.5 kWh/day
Internal load: 3.36kWh/day
Equipment load: 8.94 kWh/day
Infiltration load: 9.67 kWh/day
Total = 72.27 kWh/day

I. Safety Factor (Evans, 2017)

We should also then apply a safety factor to the calculation to account for errors and
variations from design. Its typical to add 10 to 30 percent onto the calculation to cover this, I’ve
gone with 20% in this example so well just multiply the cooling load by a safety factor of 1.2 to
give us our total cooling load of 86.7 kWh/day

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J. Refrigeration cooling capacity sizing (Evans, 2017)

The last thing we need to do is calculate the refrigeration capacity to handle this load, a
common approach is to average the total daily cooling load by the run time of the refrigeration
unit. For this I’m estimating the unit to run 14 hours per day which is fairly typical for this size and
type of store. Therefore our total cooling load of 86.7kWh/day divided by 14 hours means our
refrigeration unit needs to have a capacity of 6.2kW to sufficiently meet this cooling load.

Assessment Task 2

1. On your assessment task, create an audit where a building or establishment is

operating with an air-conditioning system installed.
2. Compute the heating load and compare to installed air-conditioning capacity.
Gather data for two months for their power consumption.
3. Evaluate the data and submit recommendation to reduce the electricity
consumption of the said building.

Summary

Heating and cooling load calculations are carried out to estimate the required capacity of
heating and cooling systems, which can maintain the required conditions in the conditioned
space. To estimate the required cooling or heating capacities, one has to have information
regarding the design indoor and outdoor conditions, specifications of the building, specifications
of the conditioned space (such as the occupancy, activity level, various appliances and equipment
used etc.) and any special requirements of the particular application. For comfort applications,
the required indoor conditions are fixed by the criterion of thermal comfort, while for industrial or

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commercial applications the required indoor conditions are fixed by the particular processes
being performed or the products being stored (Evans, 2017).

Reference

Evans, Paul. 2017. Cooling Load Calculation – Cold Room “The Engineering Mindset”
http://www.TheEngineeringMindset.com

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 MODULE 3
AUDIT PRESENTATION

Introduction

Becoming familiar with the generic proposal structure can help grant seekers better
understand what information funders need to know. If a funder does not specify order of
information, the generic structure offers a pattern to follow (although the genre is flexible).
Sometimes, funders specify the exact order of information for a proposal and do not explicitly ask
for all the generic proposal slots. Despite not always asking for all of the information, funders
need to know the information from each of the six main slots (the current situation, objectives,
project plan, qualifications, costs, and benefits). You may provide some of the information in a
written document, at the pre-proposal stage, during an oral presentation, etc., but funders need
all of the information in some way (Sheenan, 2008).

Learning Outcomes

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Know how to create presentation for every project

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Lesson 1. Style guide for preparing your project

A. Page style
Use white, letter-size paper (8 ½” x 11”), substance 20
Set margins: left = 1.25”; right = 1”; top = 1”; bottom = 1”
Position page number on the lower right hand corner of the page. Do not put page
number on the first page.
Number pages consecutively, including references
B. Typography and paragraph style
1. Text
- Use 11pt. aerial Unicode ms as the font of your text
- Indent paragraphs five (5) spaces or use standard tab to indent
- Follow these specification for all paragraphs: justified. Single space within
paragraphs
- Use 18pt. bookman old style, all caps, centered on the page for title heading (e.g.
MODULE 1 ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACHES). Use numbers for title numbers.
Leave two (2) spaces between the title label and the title heading
- For 2nd level headings, use 14pt. Aerial Unicode MS bold, caps-lower case, flushed
to the left hand margin
- For 3rd level headings, use 12pt Arial Unicode ms bold caps-lower case, flushed to
the left hand margin
2. Tables
- Titles of tables should be 10pt Arial Unicode ms bold capitalized only the first
letter of the first word (but capitalize the first letter of the succeeding words. If
they are proper nouns); do not use period at end; flush to the left hand margin;
place heading above tables. Indent succeeding lines of title. Set single spaced
- Label all tables consecutively using Arabic numerals (e.g. Table 1)
- Data in tables should be 10 to 11pt Arial Unicode ms; flushe left all text in cells; also
center all numerals in cells but align all digits
- Put tables immediately after they are discussed in the text
- Don’t use too many guidelines on tables

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 Assessment Task 3

1. Use the guidelines in the presentation of your project audit as discussed in

this module 3

References

Sheehan, Richard Johnson. 2008. Writing Proposals, New York: Pearson Education.

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