CHAPTER 7: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY

Geometry (from the Greek “geo” = earth and “metria” = measure) arose as the field of
knowledge dealing with spatial relationships. Analytical geometry deals with space and
shape using algebra and a coordinate system. Euclidean geometry deals with space
and shape using a system of logical deductions.

Euclidean geometry was first used in surveying and is still used extensively for
surveying today. Euclidean geometry is also used in architecture to design new
buildings. Other uses of Euclidean geometry are in art and to determine the best
packing arrangement for various types of objects.

A small piece of the original version of Euclid's

elements. Euclid is considered to be the father of modern geometry. Euclid's elements was used
for many years as the standard text for geometry.
This video highlights some of the basic concepts used in geometry.

Video: 2G5V

In Euclidean geometry we use two fundamental types of measurement: angles and

distances.

7.1 Introduction (EMA5M)

Angles (EMA5N)

An angle is formed when two straight lines meet at a point, also known as a vertex.
Angles are labelled with a caret on a letter, for example, B^B^. Angles can also be
labelled according to the line segments that make up the angle, for
example CB^ACB^A or AB^CAB^C. The ∠∠ symbol is a short method of writing
angle in geometry and is often used in phrases such as “sum of ∠∠s in △△”. Angles
are measured in degrees which is denoted by °°, a small circle raised above the text,
similar to an exponent.

Properties and notation (EMA5P)

In the diagram below two straight lines intersect at a point, forming the four
angles a^a^, b^b^, c^c^ and d^d^.

The following table summarises the different types of angles, with examples from the
figure above.

Term Property Examples

Acute angle
0°<angle<90°0°<angle<90° a^a^; c^c^

Right angle
Angle =90°=90°

Obtuse angle
90°<angle<180°90°<angle<180° b^b^; d^d^

Straight angle
Angle =180°=180° a^+b^a^+b^; b^+c^b^+c^

Reflex angle
180°<angle<360°180°<angle<360° a^+b^+c^a^+b^+c^

Adjacent angles Angles that share a vertex and a common side.

a^a^ and d^d^; c^c^ and d^

Vertically opposite Angles opposite each other when two lines

angles intersect. They share a vertex and are equal. a^=c^a^=c^; b^=d^b^=d^

Supplementary
angles Two angles that add up to 180°180° a^+b^=180°a^+b^=180°; b

Complementary
angles Two angles that add up to 90°90°

Revolution The sum of all angles around a point.

a^+b^+c^+d^=360°a^+b^+

Note that adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary.

The following video provides a summary of the terms used to refer to angles.

Video: 2G5W

Parallel lines and transversal lines (EMA5Q)

Two lines intersect if they cross each other at a point. For example, at a traffic
intersection two or more streets intersect; the middle of the intersection is the common
point between the streets.

Parallel lines are always the same distance apart and they are denoted by arrow
symbols as shown below.

In writing we use two vertical lines to indicate that two lines are parallel:

AB∥CD and MN∥OPAB∥CD and MN∥OP

A transversal line intersects two or more parallel lines. In the diagram
below, AB∥CDAB∥CD and EFEF is a transversal line.
The properties of the angles formed by these intersecting lines are summarised in the
following table:

Name of
Definition Examples
angle

Angles that lie in

Interior angles between the
a^a^, b^b^, c^c^ and d^d^ are interior angles.
parallel lines.

Angles that lie

Exterior
outside the
angles e^e^, f^f^, g^g^ and h^h^ are exterior angles.
parallel lines.
 Angles on the
same side of the
lines and the
same side of the
Corresponding a^a^ and e^e^, b^b^ and f^f^, c^c^ and g^g^, d^d^ and h^h^ are
transversal. If the
angles pairs of corresponding
lines are parallel,
angles. a^=e^a^=e^, b^=f^b^=f^, c^=g^c^=g^ and d^=h^d^=h^
the corresponding
angles will be
equal.

Angles that lie in

between the lines
and on the same
Co-interior side of the
a^a^ and d^d^, b^b^ and c^c^ are pairs of co-interior
angles transversal. If the
angles. a^+d^=180°a^+d^=180°, b^+c^=180°b^+c^=180°.
lines are parallel,
the angles are
supplementary.

Equal interior
angles that lie
inside the lines
and on opposite
Alternate
sides of the a^a^ and c^c^, b^b^ and d^d^ are pairs of alternate interior
interior angles
transversal. If the angles. a^=c^a^=c^, b^=d^b^=d^
lines are parallel,
the interior angles
will be equal.

This video provides a short summary of some of the angles formed by intersecting lines.

Video: 2G5X

If two lines are intersected by a transversal such that:

 corresponding angles are equal; or

 alternate interior angles are equal; or

 co-interior angles are supplementary

then the two lines are parallel.

When we refer to lines we can either write EFEF to mean the line through
points EE and FF or EF¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯EF¯ to mean the line segment from point EE to
point FF.
WORKED EXAMPLE 1: FINDING ANGLES

Find all the unknown angles. Is EF∥CGEF∥CG? Explain your answer.

Use the properties of parallel lines to find all equal angles on the diagram

Redraw the diagram and mark all the equal angles.

Determine the unknown angles

AB∴x^y^+160°∴y^p^∴p^r^s^+x^+90°s^+60°∴s^∥CD=60°=180°=20°=y^=20°=
160°=180°=90°=30°(given)(alt ∠s; AB∥CD)(co-int ∠s; AB∥CD)(vert
opp ∠s =)(corresp ∠s; AB∥CD)(∠s on a str
line)AB∥CD(given)∴x^=60°(alt ∠s; AB∥CD)y^+160°=180°(co-
int ∠s; AB∥CD)∴y^=20°p^=y^(vert
opp ∠s =)∴p^=20°r^=160°(corresp ∠s; AB∥CD)s^+x^+90°=180°(∠s on a str
line)s^+60°=90°∴s^=30°

Determine whether EF∥CGEF∥CG

If EF∥CGEF∥CG then p^p^ will be equal to corresponding angle s^s^,
but p^=20°p^=20° and s^=30°s^=30°. Therefore EFEF is not parallel to CGCG.

EXERCISE 7.1
Use adjacent, corresponding, co-interior and alternate angles to fill in all the angles
labelled with letters in the diagram:
You can redraw the diagram and fill in the angles as you find them.

abcdefg=180°−42°=138°=42°=138°=138°=180°−138°=42°=138°=42°(∠s on a
str line)(vert opp ∠s =)(vert opp ∠s =)(co-int ∠s; AB∥CD)(∠s on a str line)(vert
opp ∠s =)(vert opp ∠s =)a=180°−42°=138°(∠s on a str line)b=42°(vert
opp ∠s =)c=138°(vert opp ∠s =)d=138°(co-int ∠s; AB∥CD)e=180°−138°=42°(∠s on a str
line)f=138°(vert opp ∠s =)g=42°(vert opp ∠s =)
Show Answer
Find all the unknown angles in the figure:
B^1D^1 F^1G^3C^3G^1G^2C^2F^2F^3C^1=180°−70°=110°=180°−80°=100°=70°
=80°=70°=70°=180°−70°−80°=30°=30°=30°=80°=80°(∠s on a str line)(∠s on a
str line)(co-int ∠s; AD∥EH)(co-
int ∠s; AD∥EH)(corresp ∠s; BF∥CG)(corresp ∠s; BF∥CG)(∠s on a str
line)(alt ∠s; CF∥DG)(alt ∠s; BF∥CG)(∠s on a str line)(∠s on a str
line)B^1=180°−70°=110°(∠s on a str line)D^1=180°−80°=100°(∠s on a str line)F^1=70°(co-
int ∠s; AD∥EH)G^3=80°(co-
int ∠s; AD∥EH)C^3=70°(corresp ∠s; BF∥CG)G^1=70°(corresp ∠s; BF∥CG)G^2=180°−70°−80°
=30°(∠s on a str line)C^2=30°(alt ∠s; CF∥DG)F^2=30°(alt ∠s; BF∥CG)F^3=80°(∠s on a str
line)C^1=80°(∠s on a str line)
Show Answer
Find the value of xx in the figure:
Y^1=60°Y^1=60° (corresp ∠∠s; AB∥DCAB∥DC).
Y^2=xY^2=x (corresp ∠∠s; AB∥DCAB∥DC).
∴x+60°+(x−20°)2x2x∴x=180°(∠s on a str
line)=180°−40°=140°=70°∴x+60°+(x−20°)=180°(∠s on a str
line)2x=180°−40°2x=140°∴x=70°
Show Answer
Find each of the unknown angles marked in the figure below. Find a reason that leads
to the answer in a single step.

x^x^
x^x^ and AB^CAB^C are alternate interior angles on transversal BCBC. Therefore,
they must be equal in size since AB∥CDAB∥CD.
Therefore x^=55∘x^=55∘.
Show Answer
s^s^
We have just found that x^=55∘x^=55∘. x^+s^+90∘=180∘x^+s^+90∘=180∘ (∠∠s on a
str line)
s^=90∘−55∘=35∘s^=90∘−55∘=35∘
Show Answer
r^r^
∠AE^F∠AE^F and r^r^ are corresponding angles (AB∥CDAB∥CD).
Therefore: r^=135∘r^=135∘.
Show Answer
y^ y^
r^+y^=180∘r^+y^=180∘ (∠∠s on a str line).
y^=180∘−135∘=45∘y^=180∘−135∘=45∘
Show Answer
p^p^
p^=y^p^=y^ (vert opp ∠∠s ==)
Therefore: p^=45∘p^=45∘.
Show Answer
Based on the results for the angles above, is EF∥CGEF∥CG?
To prove EF∥CGEF∥CG we need to show that one of the following is true:
 s^=p^s^=p^ (corresp ∠∠s)
 s^=y^s^=y^ (alt ∠∠s)
 s^+r^=180∘s^+r^=180∘ (co-int ∠∠s)
However s^≠p^s^≠p^, therefore EFEF is not parallel to CGCG.
Show Answer
Find each of the unknown angles marked in the figure below. Find a reason that leads
to the answer in a single step.

a^a^
a^a^ and LM^NLM^N are alternate interior angles on transversal MNMN.
Since LM∥NOLM∥NO they must be equal in size.
Therefore a^=50∘a^=50∘.
Show Answer
b^b^
We have just found that a^=50∘a^=50∘. a^+b^+90∘=180∘a^+b^+90∘=180∘ (∠∠s on a
str line)
b^=90∘−50∘=40∘b^=90∘−50∘=40∘
Show Answer
c^c^
∠LP^Q∠LP^Q and c^c^ are corresponding angles ( LM∥NOLM∥NO).
Therefore: c^=140∘c^=140∘.
Show Answer
e^e^
c^+e^=180∘c^+e^=180∘ (∠∠s on a str line).
e^=180∘−140∘=40∘e^=180∘−140∘=40∘
Show Answer
d^d^
d^=e^d^=e^ (vert opp ∠∠s ==).
Therefore: d^=40∘d^=40∘.
Show Answer
Based on the results for the angles above, is PQ∥NRPQ∥NR?
To prove PQ∥NRPQ∥NR we need to show that one of the following is true:
 b^=d^b^=d^ (corresp ∠∠s)
 b^=e^b^=e^ (alt ∠∠s)
 b^+c^=180∘b^+c^=180∘ (co-int ∠∠s)
b^=d^b^=d^ (corresp ∠∠s), therefore PQ∥NRPQ∥NR. We also note
that b^=e^b^=e^ and b^+c^=180∘b^+c^=180∘.
Show Answer
Determine whether the pairs of lines in the following figures are parallel:
If OP∥QROP∥QR then OA^B+QB^A=180°OA^B+QB^A=180° (co-int ∠∠s).
But OA^B+QB^A=115°+55°=170°OA^B+QB^A=115°+55°=170°. Therefore there
are no parallel lines, OPOP is not parallel to QRQR. Note that we do not
consider STST as this is a transversal.
Show Answer

K2=180°−124°=56°K2=180°−124°=56° (∠∠s on a str line).

If MN∥OPMN∥OP then K^2K^2 would be equal to L^L^, ∴MN∴MN is not parallel
to OPOP. Note that QRQR is a transversal.
Show Answer

Let UU be point of intersection of lines KLKL and TYTY and VV be the point of
intersection of lines KLKL and MNMN.
U^4U^1U^1V^4∴V^4=95°=180°−95°(∠s on a str
line)=85°=85°(given)=U^1U^4=95°U^1=180°−95°(∠s on a str
line)U^1=85°V^4=85°(given)∴V^4=U^1
These are corresponding angles ∴TY∥MN∴TY∥MN.
Show Answer
If ABAB is parallel to CDCD and ABAB is parallel to EFEF, explain why CDCD must
be parallel to EFEF.

If a=2a=2 and b=ab=a then we know that b=2b=2.

Similarly if AB∥CDAB∥CD and EF∥ABEF∥AB then we know that EF∥CDEF∥CD.
Show Answer

Triangles
 Textbooks

 Mathematics Grade 10

 Euclidean Geometry

 Triangles

Previous

7.2 Triangles (EMA5R)

Classification of triangles (EMA5S)

A triangle is a three-sided polygon. Triangles can be classified according to sides:

equilateral, isosceles and scalene. Triangles can also be classified according to angles:
acute-angled, obtuse-angled and right-angled.
We use the notation △ABC△ABC to refer to a triangle with vertices
labelled AA, BB and CC.
Name Diagram Properties

Scalene All sides and angles are different.

Two sides are equal in length. The angles opposite

Isosceles
also equal.

Equilateral All three sides are equal in length and all three angle
Acute
Each of the three interior angles is less than 90°90°

Obtuse
One interior angle is greater than 90°90°.

Right-
angled One interior angle is 90°90°.

Different combinations of these properties are also possible. For example, an obtuse
isosceles triangle and a right-angled isosceles triangle are shown below:

This video shows the different ways to classify triangles.

Video: 2G69

Interior angles of a triangle

1.
On a piece of paper draw a triangle of any size and shape.

2.
Cut it out and label the angles a^a^, b^b^ and c^c^ on both sides of the paper.
3.
Draw dotted lines as shown and cut along these lines to get three pieces of paper.

4.
Place them along your ruler as shown in the figure below.

5.
What can we conclude?

Hint: What is the sum of angles on a straight line?

Exterior angles of a triangle

1. On a piece of paper draw a triangle of any size and shape. On another piece of
paper, make a copy of the triangle.

2.
Cut both out and label the angles of both triangles a^a^, b^b^ and c^c^ on both sides of
the paper.
3.
Draw dotted lines on one triangle as shown and cut along the lines.

4.
Place the second triangle and the cut out pieces as shown in the figure below.

5.
What can we can conclude?
We can use the fact that the angles in a triangle add up to 180∘180∘ to work out the
sum of the exterior angles in a pentagon. This video shows you how.
Video: 2G6B

Congruency (EMA5T)

Two triangles are congruent if one fits exactly over the other. This means that the
triangles have equal corresponding angles and sides. To determine whether two
triangles are congruent, it is not necessary to check every side and every angle. We
indicate congruency using ≡≡.
The following table describes the requirements for congruency:

Rule Description Diagram

RHS If the hypotenuse and one side of a right-angled

or 90°90°HS triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and the
(90°90°, corresponding side of another right-angled triangle,
hypotenuse, then the two triangles are congruent.
side)
△ABC≡△DEF△ABC≡△DEF
SSS
If three sides of a triangle are equal in length to the
corresponding sides of another triangle, then the
(side, side,
two triangles are congruent.
side)

△PQR≡△STU△PQR≡△STU

If two sides and the included angle of a triangle

SAS or S∠∠S
are equal to the corresponding two sides
(side, angle,
and included angle of another triangle, then the
side)
two triangles are congruent.

△FGH≡△IJK△FGH≡△IJK

AAS If one side and two angles of a triangle are equal to

or ∠∠∠∠S the corresponding one side and two angles of
(angle, angle, another triangle, then the two triangles are
side) congruent.

△UVW≡△XYZ△UVW≡△XY
The order of letters when labelling congruent triangles is very important.

△ABC≡△DEF△ABC≡△DEF
This notation indicates the following properties of the two
triangles: A^=D^A^=D^, B^=E^B^=E^, C^=F^C^=F^, AB=DEAB=DE, AC=DFAC=
DF and BC=EFBC=EF.
You might see ≅≅ used to show that two triangles are congruent. This is the
internationally recognised symbol for congruency.

This video shows some practice examples of finding congruent triangles.

Video: 2G6C

Similarity (EMA5V)
Two triangles are similar if one triangle is a scaled version of the other. This means that
their corresponding angles are equal in measure and the ratio of their corresponding
sides are in proportion. The two triangles have the same shape, but different scales.
Congruent triangles are similar triangles, but not all similar triangles are congruent. We
use |||||| to indicate that two triangles are similar.
The following table describes the requirements for similarity:

Rule Description Diagram

AAA
If all three pairs of corresponding angles of
(angle, two triangles are equal, then the triangles
angle, are similar.
angle)

A^=D^A^=D^, B^=E^B^=E^, C^=F^C^=F

∴△ABC|||△DEF∴△ABC|||△DEF

SSS
If all three pairs of corresponding sides of
two triangles are in proportion, then the
(side, side,
triangles are similar.
side)

MNRS=MLRT=NLSTMNRS=MLRT=NLST
∴△MNL|||△RST∴△MNL|||△RST
The order of letters for similar triangles is very important. Always label similar triangles
in corresponding order. For example,

△MNL|||△RST△MNL|||△RTS is correct; but is incorrect.△MNL|||△RST is

correct; but △MNL|||△RTS is incorrect.
You might see ∼∼ used to show that two triangles are similar. This is the internationally
recognised symbol for similarity.

The following video explains similar triangles.

Video: 2G6D

The theorem of Pythagoras (EMA5W)

If △ABC△ABC is right-angled with B^=90°B^=90°, then b2=a2+c2b2=a2+c2.

Converse: If b2=a2+c2b2=a2+c2, then △ABC△ABC is right-angled
with B^=90°B^=90°.
The following video explains the theorem of Pythagoras and shows some examples of
working with the theorem of Pythagoras.

Video: 2G6F
WORKED EXAMPLE 2: TRIANGLES

Determine if the two triangles are congruent. Use the result to find xx, y^y^ and zz.
Examine the information given for both triangles

Determine whether △CDE≡△CBA△CDE≡△CBA

In △CDE△CDE:
D^+C^+E^90°+35°+E^∴E^=180°(sum
of ∠s in △)=180°=55°D^+C^+E^=180°(sum of ∠s in △)90°+35°+E^=180°∴E^=55°
In △CDE△CDE and △CBA△CBA:
DE^CCD^EDE∴△CDE=BA^C=55°=CB^A=90°=BA=3≡△CBA(proved)(given
)(given)(AAS)DE^C=BA^C=55°(proved)CD^E=CB^A=90°(given)DE=BA=3(given)∴△CD
E≡△CBA(AAS)
Determine the unknown angles and sides

In △CDE△CDE:
CE252x2∴x=DE2+CD2(Pythagoras)=32+x2=16=4CE2=DE2+CD2(Pythagoras)52=32+
x2x2=16∴x=4

In △CBA△CBA:
B^+A^+y^90°+55°+y^∴y^=180°(sum of ∠s in △)=180°=35°B^+A^+y^=180°(sum
of ∠s in △)90°+55°+y^=180°∴y^=35°

△CDE∴CE∴z≡△CBA(proved)=CA=5△CDE≡△CBA(proved)∴CE=CA∴z=5
EXERCISE 7.2
Calculate the unknown variables in each of the following figures.
The triangle is isosceles therefore x=yx=y (∠∠s opp equal sides).
180°2x∴x=36°−2x(sum of ∠s in △)=144°=72°=y180°=36°−2x(sum
of ∠s in △)2x=144°∴x=72°=y
Show Answer

xx is an exterior angle, therefore PN^O+OP^N=xPN^O+OP^N=x (ext ∠∠ of △△).

x=30°+68°=98°x=30°+68°=98°
Show Answer
First find yy. y+68°=180°y+68°=180° (∠∠s on a str line). Therefore y=112°y=112°.
yy is an exterior angle, therefore PN^O+OP^N=yPN^O+OP^N=y (ext ∠∠ of △△).
112°x=x+68°=112°−68°=44°112°=x+68°x=112°−68°=44°
Therefore y=112°y=112° and x=44°x=44°.
Show Answer
 NP^O=180°−PN^O−NO^P(sum of ∠s
in △)=180°−90°−NO^P=90°−NO^PNP^O=180°−PN^O−NO^P(sum of ∠s
in △)=180°−90°−NO^P=90°−NO^P

RS^O=180°−OR^S−RO^S(sum of ∠s
in △)=180°−90°−RO^S=90°−RO^SRS^O=180°−OR^S−RO^S(sum of ∠s
in △)=180°−90°−RO^S=90°−RO^S

NO^P=RO^SNO^P=RO^S (vert opp ∠∠s).

∴NP^O=RS^O∴NP^O=RS^O.
Therefore △NPO△NPO and △ROS△ROS are similar because they have the same
angles.
Similar triangles have proportional sides:

∴NPRS1976∴x=NOOR=x116=29∴NPRS=NOOR1976=x116∴x=29
Show Answer

From the theorem of Pythagoras we have:

x2∴x=152+202=625−−−√=25x2=152+202∴x=625=25
Show Answer
We note that:

NP^OPN^O∴PN^O∴△NPO=SR^T(given)=RT^S(given)=RT^S(sum of∠s
in △)|||△TSR (AAA)NP^O=SR^T(given)PN^O=RT^S(given)∴PN^O=RT^S(sum of∠s
in △)∴△NPO|||△TSR (AAA)

Now we can use the fact that the sides are in proportion to find xx and yy:
NOOP1412xOPNPy1218yy=TSTR=21x=21×1214=18=SRTR=618=72=4NOOP
=TSTR1412=21xx=21×1214=18OPNP=SRTRy12=61818y=72y=4

Therefore x=18x=18 and y=4y=4.

Show Answer
From the theorem of Pythagoras:

x2xy2 y2 yy=152−92=144−−−√=12=x2+52=144+25=169−−−√=13x2=152−92x=144=
12y2=x2+52y2=144+25y=169y=13

Therefore x=12x=12 and y=13y=13.

Show Answer
Given the following diagrams:

Diagram A

Diagram B
Which diagram correctly gives a pair of similar triangles?

Diagram A shows a pair of triangles with all pairs of corresponding angles equal (the
same three angle markers are shown in both triangles). Diagram B shows a pair of
triangles with different angles in each triangle. All six angles are different and there are
no pairs of corresponding angles that are equal.

Therefore diagram A gives a pair of triangles that are similar.

Show Answer
Given the following diagrams:

Diagram A

Diagram B
Which diagram correctly gives a pair of similar triangles?

Diagram A shows a pair of triangles with different angles in each triangle. All six angles
are different and there are no pairs of corresponding angles that are equal. Diagram B
shows a pair of triangles with all pairs of corresponding angles equal (the same two
angle markers are shown in both triangles and the third angle in each triangle must be
equal).

Therefore diagram B gives a pair of triangles that are similar.

Show Answer
Have a look at the following triangles, which are drawn to scale:

Are the two triangles congruent? If so state the reason and use the correct notation to
state that they are congruent.

We are not told if n=rn=r and m=qm=q or n=qn=q and m=rm=r therefore we cannot
say that the sides are the same length. Also we are not given any information about the
angles of the two triangles. Therefore we cannot say if the two triangles are congruent.
Show Answer
Have a look at the following triangles, which are drawn to scale:
Are the two triangles congruent? If so state the reason and use the correct notation to
state that they are congruent.

Note that the two pairs of sides are equal, as indicated by the xx and yy. In addition, the
angle between those two sides are marked as equal (this is the included angle).
Therefore, these two triangles are congruent. △PNM≡△QSR△PNM≡△QSR, reason:
SAS.
Show Answer
State whether the following pairs of triangles are congruent or not. Give reasons for
your answers. If there is not enough information to make a decision, explain why.

ACBCAC^B∴△ABC=CE(given)=CD(given)=DC^E(vert
opp ∠s=)≡△EDCSASAC=CE(given)BC=CD(given)AC^B=DC^E(vert
opp ∠s=)∴△ABC≡△EDCSAS
Show Answer

We have two equal sides (AB=BDAB=BD and BCBC is common to both triangles)
and one equal angle (A^=D^A^=D^) but the sides do not include the known angle. The
triangles therefore do not have a SAS and are therefore not congruent.
(Note: AC^BAC^B is not necessarily equal to DC^BDC^B because it is not given
that BC⊥ADBC⊥AD).
Show Answer

There is not enough information given. We need at least three facts about the triangles
and in this example we only know two sides in each triangle.
Note that BCDBCD and ECAECA are not straight lines and so we cannot use
vertically opposite angles.
Show Answer

There is not enough information given. Although we can work out which angles are
equal we are not given any sides as equal. All we know is that we have two isosceles
triangles. Note how this question differs from part a). In part a) we were given equal
sides in both triangles, in this question we are only given that sides in the same triangle
are equal.

Show Answer
 ACBA^CAB^C∴△ABC=AC(common
side)=DA^C(given)=AD^C(given)≡△ADCAASAC=AC(common
side)BA^C=DA^C(given)AB^C=AD^C(given)∴△ABC≡△ADCAAS
Show Answer

Quadrilaterals
 Textbooks

 Mathematics Grade 10

 Euclidean Geometry

 Quadrilaterals

Previous

7.3 Quadrilaterals (EMA5X)

Quadrilateral
 A quadrilateral is a closed shape consisting of four straight line segments.

The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360360°.

Parallelogram (EMA5Y)
Parallelogram
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

WORKED EXAMPLE 3: PROPERTIES OF A PARALLELOGRAM

ABCDABCD is a parallelogram with AB∥DCAB∥DC and AD∥BCAD∥BC. Show that:

1.
AB=DCAB=DC and AD=BCAD=BC
2.
A^=C^A^=C^ and B^=D^B^=D^

Connect ACAC to form △ABC△ABC and △CDA△CDA

Redraw the diagram and draw line ACAC.
Use properties of parallel lines to indicate all equal angles on the diagram

On your diagram mark all the equal angles.

Prove △ABC≡△CDA△ABC≡△CDA
In △ABC△ABC and △CDA△CDA:
A^2C^4AC∴△ABC∴AB=CD=C^3=A^1≡△CDA and BC=DA(alt ∠s; AB∥DC)(
alt ∠s; BC∥AD)(common
side)(AAS)A^2=C^3(alt ∠s; AB∥DC)C^4=A^1(alt ∠s; BC∥AD)AC(common
side)∴△ABC≡△CDA(AAS)∴AB=CD and BC=DA

∴∴ Opposite sides of a parallelogram have equal length.

We have already shown A^2=C^3A^2=C^3 and A^1=C^4A^1=C^4. Therefore,
 A^=A^1+A^2=C^3+C^4=C^A^=A^1+A^2=C^3+C^4=C^
Furthermore,

B^=D^(△ABC≡△CDA)B^=D^(△ABC≡△CDA)
Therefore opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.

Summary of the properties of a parallelogram:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 Both diagonals bisect each other.

WORKED EXAMPLE 4: PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A PARALLELOGRAM

Prove that if both pairs of opposite angles in a quadrilateral are equal, the quadrilateral
is a parallelogram.
Find the relationship between x^x^ and y^y^
In WXYZWXYZ:
W^=Y^Z^=X^W^+X^+Y^+Z^∴2x^+2y^∴x^+y^W^+Z^=y^=x^=360°=360°=1
80°=x^+y^=180° (given) (given) (sum of ∠s in a
quad)W^=Y^=y^ (given)Z^=X^=x^ (given)W^+X^+Y^+Z^=360° (sum of ∠s in a
quad)∴2x^+2y^=360°∴x^+y^=180°W^+Z^=x^+y^=180°

But these are co-interior angles between lines WXWX and ZYZY.
Therefore WX∥ZYWX∥ZY.
Find parallel lines

Similarly W^+X^=180°W^+X^=180°. These are co-interior angles between

lines XYXY and WZWZ. Therefore XY∥WZXY∥WZ.
Both pairs of opposite sides of the quadrilateral are parallel, therefore WXYZWXYZ is
a parallelogram.

Proving a quadrilateral is a parallelogram

1.
Prove that if both pairs of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

2.
Prove that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

3. Prove that if one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are both equal and
parallel, then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are equal.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 The diagonals bisect each other.

 One pair of opposite sides are both equal and parallel.

EXERCISE 7.3
PQRSPQRS is a
parallelogram. PS=OSPS=OS and QO=QRQO=QR. SO^R=96∘SO^R=96∘ and QO^
R=xQO^R=x.

Find with reasons, two other angles equal to xx.

SR^O=QO^R=xSR^O=QO^R=x (alt ∠∠s; SR∥OQSR∥OQ).
OR^Q=QO^R=xOR^Q=QO^R=x (∠∠s opp equal sides).
Therefore SR^OSR^O and OR^QOR^Q are both equal to xx.
Show Answer
Write P^P^ in terms of xx.
P^∴P^=QR^S( opp ∠s of ∥m)=SR^O+OR^Q=2xP^=QR^S( opp ∠s
of ∥m)=SR^O+OR^Q∴P^=2x
Show Answer
Calculate the value of xx.
SO^RSO^P180∘84∘3x∴x=96∘(given)=P^(∠s opp equal
sides)=P^+96∘+QO^R(sum of ∠s on a str
line)=2x+x=84∘=28∘SO^R=96∘(given)SO^P=P^(∠s opp equal
sides)180∘=P^+96∘+QO^R(sum of ∠s on a str line)84∘=2x+x3x=84∘∴x=28∘
Show Answer
Prove that the diagonals of parallelogram MNRSMNRS bisect one another at PP.

Hint: Use congruency.

First number each angle on the given diagram:

In △MNP△MNP and △RSP△RSP:

M1^P1^MN=R1^(alt ∠s; MN∥SR)=P3^(vert opp ∠s =)=RS (opp sides
of ∥m)M1^=R1^(alt ∠s; MN∥SR)P1^=P3^(vert opp ∠s =)MN=RS (opp sides of ∥m)
Therefore △MNP≡△RSP△MNP≡△RSP (AAS).
Now we know that MP=RPMP=RP and therefore PP is the mid-point of MRMR.
Similarly, in △MSP△MSP and △RNP△RNP:
M2^P4^MS=R2^(alt ∠s; MS∥NR)=P2^(vert opp ∠s =)=RN (opp sides
of ∥m)M2^=R2^(alt ∠s; MS∥NR)P4^=P2^(vert opp ∠s =)MS=RN (opp sides of ∥m)
Therefore △MSP≡△RNP△MSP≡△RNP (AAS).
Now we know that NP=SPNP=SP and therefore PP is the mid-point of NSNS.
Therefore the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Show Answer

Rectangle (EMA5Z)
Rectangle
A rectangle is a parallelogram that has all four angles equal to 90°90°.
A rectangle has all the properties of a parallelogram:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 Both diagonals bisect each other.

It also has the following special property:

WORKED EXAMPLE 5: SPECIAL PROPERTY OF A RECTANGLE

PQRSPQRS is a rectangle. Prove that the diagonals are of equal length.

Connect PP to RR and QQ to SS to form △PSR△PSR and △QRS△QRS

Use the definition of a rectangle to fill in on the diagram all equal angles and
sides

Prove △PSR≡△QRS△PSR≡△QRS
In △PSR△PSR and △QRS△QRS:
PSSRPS^R∴△PSRTherefore PR=QR=QR^S=90°≡△QRS=QS(opp sides of
rectangle)(common side) (∠s of rectangle) (RHS)PS=QR(opp sides of
rectangle)SR(common side)PS^R=QR^S=90° (∠s of
rectangle)∴△PSR≡△QRS (RHS)Therefore PR=QS

The diagonals of a rectangle are of equal length.

Summary of the properties of a rectangle:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are of equal length.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 Both diagonals bisect each other.

 Diagonals are equal in length.

 All interior angles are equal to 90∘90°

EXERCISE 7.4
ABCDABCD is a quadrilateral. Diagonals ACAC and BDBD intersect
at TT. AC=BDAC=BD, AT=TCAT=TC, DT=TBDT=TB. Prove that:
ABCDABCD is a parallelogram
AT=TCAT=TC (given)
∴DB∴DB bisects ACAC at TT
and DT=TBDT=TB (given)
∴AC∴AC bisects DBDB at TT
therefore quadrilateral ABCDABCD is a parallelogram (diag of ∥∥m)
Show Answer
ABCDABCD is a rectangle
AC=BDAC=BD (given).
Therefore ABCDABCD is a rectangle (diags of rectangle).
Show Answer

Rhombus (EMA62)
Rhombus
A rhombus is a parallelogram with all four sides of equal length.

A rhombus has all the properties of a parallelogram:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 Both diagonals bisect each other.

It also has two special properties:

WORKED EXAMPLE 6: SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF A RHOMBUS

XYZTXYZT is a rhombus. Prove that:
1.
the diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly;

2.
the diagonals bisect the interior angles.

Use the definition of a rhombus to fill in on the diagram all equal angles and sides

Prove △XTO≡△ZTO△XTO≡△ZTO
XTTOXO∴△XTO∴O^1But O^1+O^4∴O^1=ZT=OZ≡△ZTO=O^4=180°=O^4=9
0° (sides of rhombus)(common side)(diags of rhombus)(SSS)(∠s on a str
line)XT=ZT (sides of rhombus)TO(common side)XO=OZ(diags of
rhombus)∴△XTO≡△ZTO(SSS)∴O^1=O^4But O^1+O^4=180°(∠s on a str line)∴O^1=O^4=90°

We can further conclude that O^1=O^2=O^3=O^4=90°O^1=O^2=O^3=O^4=90°.

Therefore the diagonals bisect each other perpendicularly.

Use properties of congruent triangles to prove diagonals bisect interior angles

X^2and X^2∴Z^1=Z^1=Z^2=Z^2 (△XTO≡△ZTO) (alt ∠s; XT∥YZ)X^2=Z^1 (△X

TO≡△ZTO)and X^2=Z^2 (alt ∠s; XT∥YZ)∴Z^1=Z^2

Therefore diagonal XZXZ bisects Z^Z^. Similarly, we can show that XZXZ also
bisects X^X^; and that diagonal TYTY bisects T^T^and Y^Y^.
We conclude that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior angles.

To prove a parallelogram is a rhombus, we need to show any one of the following:

 All sides are equal in length.

 Diagonals intersect at right angles.

 Diagonals bisect interior angles.

Summary of the properties of a rhombus:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 Both diagonals bisect each other.

 All sides are equal in length.

 The diagonals bisect each other at 90∘90°

 The diagonals bisect both pairs of opposite angles.

Square (EMA63)
Square
A square is a rhombus with all four interior angles equal to 90°90°
OR
 A square is a rectangle with all four sides equal in length.

A square has all the properties of a rhombus:

 Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

 Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

 Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

 Both diagonals bisect each other.

 All sides are equal in length.

 The diagonals bisect each other at 90°90°

 The diagonals bisect both pairs of opposite angles.

It also has the following special properties:

 All interior angles equal 90°90°.

 Diagonals are equal in length.

 Diagonals bisect both pairs of interior opposite angles (i.e. all are 45°45°).

To prove a parallelogram is a square, we need to show either one of the following:

 It is a rhombus (all four sides of equal length) with interior angles equal
to 90°90°.
 It is a rectangle (interior angles equal to 90°90°).

Trapezium (EMA64)
Trapezium
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel.

A trapezium is sometimes called a trapezoid.

Some examples of trapeziums are given below:

Kite (EMA65)
Kite
A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.

WORKED EXAMPLE 7: PROPERTIES OF A KITE

ABCDABCD is a kite with AD=ABAD=AB and CD=CBCD=CB. Prove that:

1.
AD^C=AB^CAD^C=AB^C
2.
Diagonal ACAC bisects A^A^ and C^C^
Prove △ADC≡△ABC△ADC≡△ABC
In △ADC△ADC and △ABC△ABC:
ADCDAC∴△ADC∴AD^C=AB=CB≡△ABC=AB^C(given)(given)(common
side)(SSS)AD=AB(given)CD=CB(given)AC(common
side)∴△ADC≡△ABC(SSS)∴AD^C=AB^C

Therefore one pair of opposite angles are equal in kite ABCDABCD.

ACAC bisects A^A^ and C^C^
Use properties of congruent triangles to prove
A^1and C^1=A^2=C^2(△ADC≡△ABC)(△ADC≡△ABC)A^1=A^2(△ADC≡△ABC)
and C^1=C^2(△ADC≡△ABC)

Therefore diagonal ACAC bisects A^A^ and C^C^.

We conclude that the diagonal between the equal sides of a kite bisects the two interior
angles and is an axis of symmetry.

Summary of the properties of a kite:

 Diagonal between equal sides bisects the other diagonal.

 One pair of opposite angles are equal (the angles between unequal sides).

 Diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles and is an axis of
symmetry.

 Diagonals intersect at 90°90°

EXERCISE 7.5
Use the sketch of quadrilateral ABCDABCD to prove the diagonals of a kite are
perpendicular to each other.

First number the angles:

In △ADO△ADO and △ABO△ABO:
ADAOBA^O∴△ADO∴AB^O=AB=DA^O≡△ABO=AD^O(given)(common
side)(given)(SAS)AD=AB(given)AO(common
side)BA^O=DA^O(given)∴△ADO≡△ABO(SAS)∴AB^O=AD^O

In △ADB△ADB:
let A1^and let AD^O2t+2p∴t+p=A2^=t=AB^O=p=180°(sum of ∠s
in△)=90°let A1^=A2^=tand let AD^O=AB^O=p2t+2p=180°(sum of ∠s in△)∴t+p=90°
Next we note that:

O1^O1^∴AC=AB^O+A1^ (ext ∠ of △)=p+t=90°⊥BDO1^=AB^O+A1^ (ext ∠ of △)O

1^=p+t=90°∴AC⊥BD

Therefore the diagonals of a kite are perpendicular to each other.

Show Answer
Explain why quadrilateral WXYZWXYZ is a kite. Write down all the properties of
quadrilateral WXYZWXYZ.
Quadrilateral WXYZWXYZ is a kite because is has two pairs of adjacent sides that are
equal in length.
 Diagonal between equal sides bisects the other diagonal: WP=PYWP=PY.
 One pair of opposite angles are equal: W1^=Y1^W1^=Y1^.
 Diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles and is an axis of
symmetry: X1^=X2^X1^=X2^.
 Diagonals intersect at 90°90°: WY⊥PXWY⊥PX.
Show Answer
This video provides a summary of the different types of quadrilaterals and their
properties.

Video: 2G77

Relationships between the different quadrilaterals

Heather has drawn the following diagram to illustrate her understanding of the
relationships between the different quadrilaterals. The following diagram summarises
the different types of special quadrilaterals.
1.
Explain her possible reasoning for structuring the diagram as shown.

2. Design your own diagram to show the relationships between the different
quadrilaterals and write a short explanation of your design.

EXERCISE 7.6
The following shape is drawn to scale :

Give the most specific name for the shape.

We start by counting the number of sides. There are four sides in this figure and so it is
either just a quadrilateral or one of the special types of quadrilateral.

Next we ask ourselves if there are any parallel lines in the figure. You can look at the
figure to see if any of the lines look parallel or make a quick sketch of the image and
see if any pairs of opposite lines meet at a point.

Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. This means that the figure can only be one of
the following: parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus or square.

Next we ask ourselves if all the interior angles are 90°. All the interior angles are 90°
and so this must be a square or a rectangle. Finally we check to see if all the sides are
equal in length. In this figure the sides are not equal in length and so it is a rectangle.

Therefore this is a rectangle.

The shape is also a parallelogram and a quadrilateral. This question, however, asked
for the most specific name for the shape.

Show Answer
The following shape is drawn to scale :

Give the most specific name for the shape.

We start by counting the number of sides. There are four sides in this figure and so it is
either just a quadrilateral or one of the special types of quadrilateral.
Next we ask ourselves if there are any parallel lines in the figure. You can look at the
figure to see if any of the lines look parallel or make a quick sketch of the image and
see if any pairs of opposite lines meet at a point.

Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. This means that the figure can only be one of
the following: parallelogram, rectangle, rhombus or square.

Next we ask ourselves if all the interior angles are 90°. All the interior angles are not 90°
and so this must be a parallelogram or a rhombus. Finally we check to see if all the
sides are equal in length. In this figure the sides are equal in length and so it is a
rhombus.

Therefore this is a rhombus.

The shape is also a parallelogram and a quadrilateral. This question, however, asked
for the most specific name for the shape.

Show Answer
Based on the shape that you see list the all the names of the shape. The figure is drawn
to scale

Both pairs of opposite sides are not parallel. This means that the figure can only be
some combination of the following: trapezium, kite, or quadrilateral.
The shape is definitely a quadrilateral because it has four sides. It does not have any
special properties: it does not have parallel sides, or right angles, or sides which are
equal in length. Therefore it is only a quadrilateral.

Show Answer
Based on the shape that you see list the all the names of the shape. The figure is drawn
to scale

Both pairs of opposite sides are not parallel. This means that the figure can only be
some combination of the following: trapezium, kite, or quadrilateral.

The shape is definitely a quadrilateral because it has four sides. It is also a kite because
it has two pairs of adjacent sides which are the same lengths. It cannot be a square or a
rectangle because it does not have right angles. It cannot be a parallelogram or a
trapezium because it does not have any parallel sides. And it is not a rhombus because
the four sides are not all the same length.

Therefore the correct answer is: kite and quadrilateral.

Show Answer
Based on the shape that you see list the all the names of the shape. The figure is drawn
to scale
Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. That means that this shape can belong to one
or more of these groups: square, rhombus, rectangle or parallelogram.

The given shape is a square. However, it is also a rectangle. A square is also a

parallelogram, because it has parallel sides; and it is a rhombus as well, it just happens
to have right angles. A square is also a kite, a trapezium and of course a quadrilateral.

Therefore the correct answer is: square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, kite,
trapezium and quadrilateral.

Show Answer
Find the area
of ACDFACDF if AB=8, BF=17, FE=EC, BE=ED, A^=90∘, CE^D=90∘AB=8, BF=
17, FE=EC, BE=ED, A^=90∘, CE^D=90∘
The Mid-Point Theorem
Grade 10

Euclidean Geometry

Previous

7.4 The mid-point theorem (EMA66)

Proving the mid-point theorem

1.
Draw a large scalene triangle on a sheet of paper.

2.
Name the vertices AA, BB and CC. Find the mid-points (DD and EE) of two sides and
connect them.
3.
Cut out △ABC△ABC and cut along line DEDE.
4.
Place △ADE△ADE on quadrilateral BDECBDEC with vertex EE on vertex CC. Write
down your observations.
5.
Shift △ADE△ADE to place vertex DD on vertex BB. Write down your observations.
6.
What do you notice about the lengths DEDE and BCBC?
7.
Make a conjecture regarding the line joining the mid-point of two sides of a triangle.

WORKED EXAMPLE 8: MID-POINT THEOREM

Prove that the line joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third
side and equal to half the length of the third side.

Extend DEDE to FF so that DE=EFDE=EF and join FCFC

ProveBCFDBCFD is a parallelogram
In △EAD△EAD and △ECF△ECF:
E^1AEDE∴△EAD∴AD^E=E^2=CE=EF≡△ECF=CF^E(vert
opp ∠s=) (given) (by construction)(SAS)E^1=E^2(vert
opp ∠s=)AE=CE (given)DE=EF (by construction)∴△EAD≡△ECF(SAS)∴AD^E=CF^E

But these are alternate interior angles, therefore BD∥FCBD∥FC

 BDDA∴BD\multicolumn2c∴BCFD is a parallelogram =DA=FC=FC(one pair
opp.
sides = and ∥)(given)(△EAD≡△ECF)BD=DA(given)DA=FC(△EAD≡△ECF)∴BD=FC\
multicolumn2c∴BCFD is a parallelogram (one pair opp. sides = and ∥)

Therefore DE∥BCDE∥BC.
We conclude that the line joining the two mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel
to the third side.

Use properties of parallelogram BCFDBCFD to prove that DE=12BCDE=12BC

DFand DF∴2DE∴DE=BC=2(DE)=BC=12BC(opp sides of ∥m)(by
construction)DF=BC(opp sides of ∥m)and DF=2(DE)(by construction)∴2DE=BC∴DE=12BC
We conclude that the line joining the mid-point of two sides of a triangle is equal to half
the length of the third side.

Converse

The converse of this theorem states: If a line is drawn through the mid-point of a side of
a triangle parallel to the second side, it will bisect the third side.

You can use GeoGebra to show that the converse of the mid-point theorem is true.

EXERCISE 7.7
Points CC and AA are the mid-points on lines BDBD and BEBE.
Study △EDB△EDB carefully. Identify the third side of this triangle, using the
information as shown, together with what you know about the mid-point theorem. Name
the third side by its endpoints, e.g., FGFG.

The red line, EDED or DEDE, indicates the third side of the triangle. According to the
mid-point theorem, the line joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side of the triangle.
Show Answer
Points RR and PP are the mid-points on lines QSQS and QTQT.
Study △TSQ△TSQ carefully. Identify the third side of this triangle, using the
information as shown, together with what you know about the mid-point theorem. Name
the third side by its endpoints, e.g., FGFG.

The red line, TSTS or STST, indicates the third side of the triangle. According to the
mid-point theorem, the line joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side of the triangle.

Show Answer
Points CC and AA are given on the lines BDBD and BEBE. Study the triangle
carefully, then identify and name the parallel lines.
The lines EDED and ACAC are parallel according to the mid-point theorem
because ACAC is bisecting the lines EBEBand DBDB.
Show Answer
Points RR and PP are given on the lines QSQS and QTQT. Study the triangle
carefully, then identify and name the parallel lines.

The lines TSTS and PRPR are not parallel according to the mid-point theorem because
line PRPR does not bisect TQTQand SQSQ. Therefore there are no parallel lines in
the triangle.
Show Answer
The figure below shows a large triangle with vertices AA, BB and DD, and a smaller
triangle with vertices at CC, DD and EE. Point CC is the mid-point of BDBD and
point EE is the mid-point of ADAD.
Three angles are given: A^=63∘A^=63∘, B^=91∘B^=91∘ and D^=26∘D^=26∘;
determine the value of DC^EDC^E.
AB∴DC^EDC^E∥EC(Midpt
Theorem)=B^(corresp ∠s; AB∥EC)=91∘AB∥EC(Midpt
Theorem)∴DC^E=B^(corresp ∠s; AB∥EC)DC^E=91∘
Show Answer
The two triangles in this question are similar triangles. Complete the following statement
correctly by giving the three vertices in the correct order (there is only one correct
answer).

△DEC|||△?△DEC|||△?
Angle DD corresponds to angle DD; angle EE corresponds to angle AA; and
angle CC corresponds to angle BB. Therefore, △DEC|||△DAB△DEC|||△DAB.
Show Answer
The figure below shows a large triangle with vertices GG, HH and KK, and a smaller
triangle with vertices at JJ, KK and LL. Point JJ is the mid-point of HKHK and
point LL is the mid-point of GKGK.
Three angles are given: G^=98∘G^=98∘, H^=60∘H^=60∘, and K^=22∘K^=22∘;
determine the value of KJ^LKJ^L.
GH∴KJ^LKJ^L∥LJ(Midpt Theorem)=H^(corresp ∠s; GH∥LJ)=60∘GH∥LJ(Midpt
Theorem)∴KJ^L=H^(corresp ∠s; GH∥LJ)KJ^L=60∘
Show Answer
The two triangles in this question are similar triangles. Complete the following statement
correctly by giving the three vertices in the correct order (there is only one correct
answer).

△HKG|||△?△HKG|||△?
Angle HH corresponds to angle JJ; angle KK corresponds to angle KK ; and
angle GG corresponds to angle LL. Therefore, △HKG|||△JKL△HKG|||△JKL.
Show Answer
Consider the triangle in the diagram below. There is a line crossing through a large
triangle. Notice that some lines in the figure are marked as equal to each other. One
side of the triangle has a given length of 3. Some information is also given about the
lengths of other lines along the edges of the triangle.
Determine the value of xx.

From the mid-point theorem we know:

ABx=2×CE=2(3)=6AB=2×CEx=2(3)=6
Show Answer
Consider the triangle in the diagram below. There is a line crossing through a large
triangle. Notice that some lines in the figure are marked as equal to each other. One
side of the triangle has a given length of 6.

Determine the value of xx.

From the mid-point theorem we know:

MN(6)12(6)3=2×PR=2x=x=xMN=2×PR(6)=2x12(6)=x3=x
Show Answer
In the figure below, VW∥ZXVW∥ZX, as labelled. Furthermore, the following lengths
and angles are
given: VW=12VW=12; ZX=6ZX=6; XY=5,5XY=5,5; YZ=5YZ=5 and V^=59∘V^=59∘
. The figure is drawn to scale.

Determine the length of WYWY.

XX is the mid-point of WYWY and ZZ is the mid-point of VYVY (VW∥ZXVW∥ZX,
also it is given that XZ=12VWXZ=12VW).
 WY=2×XYdefinition of mid-point=2(5,5)=11WY=2×XYdefinition of mid-
point=2(5,5)=11
Show Answer
In the figure below, VW∥ZXVW∥ZX, as labelled. Furthermore, the following lengths
and angles are
given: VW=4VW=4; ZX=2ZX=2; WX=4WX=4; YZ=3,5YZ=3,5 and Y^=30∘Y^=30∘.
The figure is drawn to scale.

Determine the length of XYXY.

XX is the mid-point of WYWY and ZZ is the mid-point of VYVY (VW∥ZXVW∥ZX,
also it is given that XZ=12VWXZ=12VW).
XY=WXdefinition of mid-point=4XY=WXdefinition of mid-point=4
Show Answer
Find xx and yy in the following:
From the mid-point theorem we know:

BCx=2×DE=2(7)=14BC=2×DEx=2(7)=14
Show Answer

From the mid-point theorem we know:

AB73,5=2×DE=2x=xAB=2×DE7=2x3,5=x
Show Answer

ACAC:
We can use the theorem of Pythagoras to find
AC2AC=BC2+AB2=(8)2+(6)2=64+36=100=10AC2=BC2+AB2=(8)2+(6)2=64+36=100
AC=10

From the mid-point theorem we know:

AC105=2×DE=2x=xAC=2×DE10=2x5=x
Show Answer
From the mid-point theorem we know:

STx=2×QR=2(14)=28ST=2×QRx=2(14)=28
To find yy we note the following:
 PQ^R=180°−60°−40°=100°PQ^R=180°−60°−40°=100° (sum of ∠∠s in △△).
 From the mid-point theorem we also know that QR∥STQR∥ST.
Therefore y=100°y=100° (corresp ∠∠s; QR∥STQR∥ST).
The final answer is: x=28 unitsx=28 units and y=100°y=100°.
Show Answer
In the following diagram PQ=2,5PQ=2,5 and RT=6,5RT=6,5.
From the mid-point theorem we know that QR∥STQR∥ST.
Therefore PQ^R=PS^T=90°PQ^R=PS^T=90° (corresp ∠∠s; QR∥STQR∥ST).
Therefore x=180°−90°−66°=24°x=180°−90°−66°=24° (sum of ∠∠s in △△).
To find yy we note that PQ+QS=PSPQ+QS=PS and PQ=QSPQ=QS,
therefore PS=2PQPS=2PQ. Similarly PT=2RTPT=2RT.
We can use the theorem of Pythagoras to find STST:
ST2ST=PS2+PT2=2PQ+2RT=(2(2,5))2+(2(6,5))2=25+169=194=13,93ST2=PS2+P
T2=2PQ+2RT=(2(2,5))2+(2(6,5))2=25+169=194ST=13,93

Therefore: x=24°x=24° and y=13,93y=13,93.

Show Answer
Show that MM is the mid-point of ABAB and that MN=RCMN=RC.
We are given that AN=NCAN=NC.
We are also given that B^=M^=90°B^=M^=90°,
therefore MN∥BRMN∥BR (B^B^ and M^M^ are equal, corresponding angles).
Therefore MM is the mid-point of ABAB (converse of mid-point theorem).
Similarly we can show that RR is the mid-point of BCBC.
We also know that MN=BRMN=BR (MB∥NRMB∥NR and parallel lines are a constant
distance apart).
But BR=RCBR=RC (RR is the mid-point of BCBC), therefore MN=RCMN=RC.
Show Answer
In the diagram below, PP is the mid-point of NQNQ and RR is the mid-point of MQMQ.
The segment inside of the large triangle is labelled with a length of −2a+4−2a+4.

Calculate the value of MNMN in terms of aa.

Use the mid-point theorem to fill in known information on the diagram:
Remember that the mid-point theorem tells us that the
segments MNMN and PRPR have a ratio of 2:12:1 (MNMNis twice as long
as PRPR).
MN=2×PR=2(−2a+4)=−4a+8MN=2×PR=2(−2a+4)=−4a+8
The final answer is MN=−4a+8MN=−4a+8 (twice as long as PRPR).
Show Answer
You are now told that MNMN has a length of 1818. What is the value of aa? Give your
answer as a fraction.
−4a+8−4a(−14)(−4a)a=18=10=(10)(−14)=−52−4a+8=18−4a=10(−14)(−4a)=(10)(−14)
a=−52
Show Answer
In the diagram below, PP is the mid-point of NQNQ and RR is the mid-point of MQMQ.
One side of the triangle has a given length of 2a3+42a3+4.

Find the value of PRPR in terms of aa.

Use the mid-point theorem to fill in known information on the diagram:
Remember that the mid-point theorem tells us that the
segments MNMN and PRPR have a ratio of 2:12:1 (MNMNis twice as long
as PRPR).
MN(2a3+4)12(2a3+4)a3+2=2×PR=2(PR)=PR=PRMN=2×PR(2a3+4)=2(PR)12(2a3+
4)=PRa3+2=PR
Show Answer
You are now told that PRPR has a length of 88. What is the value of aa?
a3+2a3(3)(a3)a=8=6=(6)(3)=18a3+2=8a3=6(3)(a3)=(6)(3)a=18
Show Answer
The figure below shows △ABD△ABD crossed by ECEC. Points CC and EE bisect
their respective sides of the triangle.
The angles D^=59∘D^=59∘ and EC^D=4qEC^D=4q are given; determine the value
of A^A^ in terms of qq.
We note the following from the mid-point theorem:
Also A^=DE^CA^=DE^C
A^+4q+59∘A^=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)=180∘−(4q+59∘)=−4q+121∘A^+4q+59∘=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)A^=180∘−(4q+59∘)=−4q+121∘

In terms of qq, the answer is: A^=−4q+121∘ A^=−4q+121∘.

Show Answer
You are now told that EC^DEC^D has a measure of 72∘72∘. Calculate for the value
of qq.
EC^D4qq=72∘=72∘=18∘EC^D=72∘4q=72∘q=18∘
Show Answer
The figure below shows △GHK△GHK crossed by LJLJ. Points JJ and LL bisect their
respective sides of the triangle.
Given the angles H^=58∘H^=58∘ and KL^J=9bKL^J=9b, determine the value
of K^K^ in terms of bb.
Using the mid-point theorem we can add the following information to the diagram:
Also: H^=KJ^L=58∘H^=KJ^L=58∘
K^+9b+58∘K^=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)=180∘−(9b+58∘)=−9b+122∘K^+9b+58∘=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)K^=180∘−(9b+58∘)=−9b+122∘

In terms of bb, the answer is: K^=−9b+122∘ K^=−9b+122∘.

Show Answer
You are now told that K^K^ has a measure of 74∘74∘. Solve for the value of bb. Give
your answer as a fraction.
K^−9b+122∘b=74∘=74∘=163K^=74∘−9b+122∘=74∘b=163
Show Answer

Chapter Summary
 Mathematics Grade 10

 Euclidean Geometry
Chapter Summary

Previous

7.5 Chapter summary (EMA67)

Presentation: 2G86

A quadrilateral is a closed shape consisting of four straight line segments.

A parallelogram is a quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel.

Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

Both diagonals bisect each other.

A rectangle is a parallelogram that has all four angles equal to 90°90°

Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

Both pairs of opposite sides are equal in length.

The diagonals bisect each other.

The diagonals are equal in length.

All interior angles are equal to 90°90°.

A rhombus is a parallelogram that has all four sides equal in length.

Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

All sides are equal in length.

Both pairs of opposite angles are equal.

The diagonals bisect each other at 90°90°.

The diagonals of a rhombus bisect both pairs of opposite angles.

A square is a rhombus that has all four interior angles equal to 90°90°.
Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel.

The diagonals bisect each other at 90°90°.

All interior angles are equal to 90°90°.
The diagonals are equal in length.

The diagonals bisect both pairs of interior opposite angles (i.e. all are 45°45°
A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of opposite sides parallel.

A kite is a quadrilateral with two pairs of adjacent sides equal.

One pair of opposite angles are equal (the angles are between unequal sides).

The diagonal between equal sides bisects the other diagonal.

The diagonal between equal sides bisects the interior angles.

The diagonals intersect at 90°90°.

The mid-point theorem states that the line joining the mid-points of two sides of a
triangle is parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side.

End Of Chapter Exercises

 Textbooks

 Mathematics Grade 10

 Euclidean Geometry

 End Of Chapter Exercises

Previous
Identify the types of angles shown below:

straight angle

Show Answer

obtuse angle

Show Answer

acute angle

Show Answer

right angle

Show Answer

Reflex angle
Show Answer
An angle of 9191°
obtuse angle

Show Answer
An angle of 180180°
straight angle

Show Answer
An angle of 210210°
reflex angle

Show Answer
Assess whether the following statements are true or false. If the statement is false,
explain why:

A trapezium is a quadrilateral with two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel.

False, a trapezium only has one pair of opposite parallel sides.

Show Answer
Both diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

True

Show Answer
A rectangle is a parallelogram that has all interior angles equal to 9090°.
True

Show Answer
Two adjacent sides of a rhombus have different lengths.

False, two adjacent sides of a rhombus are equal in length.

Show Answer
The diagonals of a kite intersect at right angles.
True

Show Answer
All squares are parallelograms.

True

Show Answer
A rhombus is a kite with a pair of equal, opposite sides.

True

Show Answer
The diagonals of a parallelogram are axes of symmetry.

True

Show Answer
The diagonals of a rhombus are equal in length.

False, the diagonals of a rhombus are not equal in length.

Show Answer
Both diagonals of a kite bisect the interior angles.

False, only one diagonal of a kite bisects one pair of interior angles.

Show Answer
Find all pairs of parallel lines in the following figures, giving reasons in each case.
AB∥CDAB∥CD (alt ∠∠s equal)
Show Answer

Using the sum of angles on a straight line we can state the following:

 M^1=180∘−137∘=43∘M^1=180∘−137∘=43∘
 N^1=180∘−57∘=123∘N^1=180∘−57∘=123∘
NPNP not ∥MO∥MO (corresp ∠∠s not equal).
MN∥OPMN∥OP (corresp ∠∠s equal).
Show Answer
H^1=180∘−120∘=60∘H^1=180∘−120∘=60∘ (∠∠s on a str line).
Therefore GH∥KLGH∥KL (corresp ∠∠s equal).
And GK∥HLGK∥HL (alt ∠∠s equal).
The pairs of parallel lines are GH∥KLGH∥KL and GK∥HLGK∥HL.
Show Answer
Find angles aa, bb, cc and dd in each case, giving reasons:

abcd=180°−73°=107° (co-int ∠s; PQ∥SR)=180°−107°=73° (co-

int ∠s; PS∥QR)=180°−73°=107° (co-
int ∠s; PQ∥SR)=73° (corresp ∠s; PS∥QR)a=180°−73°=107° (co-
int ∠s; PQ∥SR)b=180°−107°=73° (co-int ∠s; PS∥QR)c=180°−73°=107° (co-
int ∠s; PQ∥SR)d=73° (corresp ∠s; PS∥QR)

Therefore a=107°,b=73°,c=107°,d=73°a=107°,b=73°,c=107°,d=73°.
Show Answer
 abcd=80° (sum of ∠s on str
line)=80° (alt ∠s; AB∥CD)=80° (corresp ∠s; CD∥EF)=80° (vert
opp ∠s =)a=80° (sum of ∠s on str
line)b=80° (alt ∠s; AB∥CD)c=80° (corresp ∠s; CD∥EF)d=80° (vert opp ∠s =)

Therefore a=b=c=d=80°a=b=c=d=80°.
Show Answer
abcd=50° (alt ∠s; TX∥WV)=45° (alt ∠s; TX∥WV)=95° (ext ∠ of △)=85° (sum
of ∠'s in △)a=50° (alt ∠s; TX∥WV)b=45° (alt ∠s; TX∥WV)c=95° (ext ∠ of △)d=85° (sum
of ∠'s in △)

Therefore a=50°,b=45°,c=95°,d=85°a=50°,b=45°,c=95°,d=85°.
Show Answer
Find each of the unknown angles marked in the figure below. Find a reason that leads
to the answer in a single step.

x^x^
x^x^ and AB^CAB^C are alternate interior angles on
transversal BCBC. AB∥CDAB∥CD, therefore they must be equal in size.
Therefore x^=45∘x^=45∘.
Show Answer
s^s^
s^=90∘−45∘=45∘s^=90∘−45∘=45∘
Show Answer
r^r^
AE^FAE^F corresponds to (matches) r^r^; and corresponding angles are equal in size
since AB∥CDAB∥CD.
Therefore: r^=135∘r^=135∘.
Show Answer
y^ y^
r^+y^=180∘r^+y^=180∘ (∠∠s on str line):
y^=180∘−135∘=45∘y^=180∘−135∘=45∘
Show Answer
p^p^
p^p^ and y^y^ are vertically opposite angles and vertically opposite angles have the
same measure (equal sizes).
Therefore: p^=45∘p^=45∘.
Show Answer
Based on the results for the angles above, is EF∥CGEF∥CG?
If EFEF is parallel to CGCG, then the following things must all be true:
 s^=p^s^=p^ (corresponding angles)
 s^=y^s^=y^ (alternate interior angles)
 s^+r^=180∘s^+r^=180∘ (co-interior angles)
All the above is true, therefore the lines are parallel.

Show Answer
Given the following diagrams:

Diagram A
Diagram B

Which diagram correctly gives a pair of similar triangles?

We look at the side labels. In diagram A we note that the three pairs of corresponding
sides are in different proportions. In diagram B we note the three pairs of corresponding
sides are in proportion.

Therefore diagram B gives a pair of triangles that are similar.

Show Answer
Given the following diagrams:
Diagram A

Diagram B

Which diagram correctly gives a pair of similar triangles?

Diagram A shows a pair of triangles with all pairs of corresponding angles equal (the
same three angle markers are shown in both triangles). Diagram B shows a pair of
triangles with different angles in each triangle. All six angles are different and there are
no pairs of corresponding angles that are equal.

Therefore diagram A gives a pair of triangles that are similar.

Show Answer
Have a look at the following triangles, which are drawn to scale:

Are the triangles congruent? If so state the reason and use correct notation to state that
they are congruent.

We are given one angle that is equal. We are not given any equal sides (we do not
know if x=cx=c). To determine if two triangles are congruent we need to have three
pieces of information (recall that the reasons for congruent triangles are: SSS, SAS,
AAS and RHS). Therefore we cannot state whether or not the triangles are congruent.
Therefore, there is not enough information to determine if the two triangles are
congruent.

Show Answer
Have a look at the following triangles, which are drawn to scale:

Are the triangles congruent? If so state the reason and use correct notation to state that
they are congruent.

The sides of both triangles are labelled with mm, nn and pp. This means that there are
three pairs of corresponding and equal sides.
Therefore, these two triangles are congruent (△VWU≡△YZX△VWU≡△YZX),
reason: SSS.
Show Answer
Say which of the following pairs of triangles are congruent with reasons.

We are given CB=FECB=FE, AB=DEAB=DE and AC=DFAC=DF.

Therefore △ABC≡△DEF△ABC≡△DEF by SSS.
Show Answer

We are given GI=JLGI=JL, GH=JKGH=JK and GH^I=JK^L=90∘GH^I=JK^L=90∘.

Therefore △GHI≡△JKL△GHI≡△JKL by RHS.
Show Answer
We are
given MO=QRMO=QR, OM^N=PR^QOM^N=PR^Q and MN^O=QP^RMN^O=QP^
R.
Therefore △MNO≡△RPQ△MNO≡△RPQ by AAS.
Show Answer

We are given QR=TUQR=TU, QS=UVQS=UV and SQ^R=VT^USQ^R=VT^U.

But VT^UVT^U is not the included angle between sides UVUV and TUTU.
Therefore △QRS not congruent △TUV△QRS not congruent △TUV.
Show Answer
Using the theorem of Pythagoras, calculate the length xx:
 x2x=(3)2+(3)2=18=18−−√=4,24 cmx2=(3)2+(3)2=18x=18=4,24 cm
Show Answer

x2x=(13)2−(5)2=144=12 cmx2=(13)2−(5)2=144x=12 cm
Show Answer

x2x=(2)2+(7)2=53=53−−√=7,28 cmx2=(2)2+(7)2=53x=53=7,28 cm
Show Answer

First find ACAC:

AC2AC=(25)2−(7)2=576=576−−−√AC2=(25)2−(7)2=576AC=576
Now we note that CD=39−7=32CD=39−7=32 and then we find xx:
x2x2x=(576−−−√)2+(32)2=1600=40 mmx2=(576)2+(32)2x2=1600x=40 mm
Show Answer
Calculate xx and yy in the diagrams below:

x=180°−90°−65°=25°x=180°−90°−65°=25° (sum of ∠∠s in △△).

Show Answer

x=180°−20°−15°=145°x=180°−20°−15°=145° (sum of ∠∠s in △△).

Show Answer

We can find xx using the theorem of Pythagoras:

2524x2x2∴x=152+(2x)2=400=100=10252=152+(2x)24x2=400x2=100∴x=10
We note that the triangles are similar by AAA. Therefore the sides must be in
proportion. Therefore yy is:
x2x∴y=y25=12,5x2x=y25∴y=12,5
Therefore x=10x=10 and y=12,5y=12,5.
Show Answer

This is an isosceles triangle so C^=A^=60°C^=A^=60°.

Therefore x=180°−60°−60°=60°x=180°−60°−60°=60° (sum of ∠∠s
in triangletriangle).
Show Answer

A^=B^=xA^=B^=x.
This is an isosceles triangle so
x+x+3x∴5xx=180°(sum of ∠s in △)=180°=36°x+x+3x=180°(sum of ∠s
in △)∴5x=180°x=36°
Show Answer
The two triangles are similar by AAA. Therefore the sides are in proportion.

x9∴xy12∴y=812=6=7,59=10x9=812∴x=6y12=7,59∴y=10
Therefore x=6x=6 and y=10y=10.
Show Answer
Consider the diagram below. Is △ABC|||△DEF△ABC|||△DEF? Give reasons for your
answer.
EDBADFACEFBC=1832=916=3264=916=4580=916EDBA=1832=916DFAC=3264
=916EFBC=4580=916

All three pairs of sides are in proportion, ∴△ABC|||△DEF∴△ABC|||△DEF.

Show Answer
Explain why △PQR△PQR is similar to △TSR△TSR and calculate the values
of xx and yy.

yP^and S^=30° (vert opp ∠s=)=Q^(∠s opp equal sides)=T^(∠s opp equal
sides)y=30° (vert opp ∠s=)P^=Q^(∠s opp equal sides)and S^=T^(∠s opp equal sides)
However P^+Q^+30°=180°P^+Q^+30°=180° (sum of ∠∠s in △△).
Therefore P^+Q^=150°P^+Q^=150°.
Similarly S^+T^=150°S^+T^=150°.
But P^=Q^P^=Q^ so 2P^=150°2P^=150° and S^=T^S^=T^ so 2S^=150°2S^=150°.
Therefore P^=S^P^=S^.
Therefore △PQR|||△TRS△PQR|||△TRS (AAA).
Now we can use the fact that the sides are in proportion to find xx:
x4,8∴x=3,56,1=2,75x4,8=3,56,1∴x=2,75
Therefore x=2,75x=2,75 and y=30°y=30°.
Show Answer
The following shape is drawn to scale:
Give the most specific name for the shape.

We start by counting the number of sides. There are four sides in this figure and so it is
either just a quadrilateral or one of the special types of quadrilateral.

Next we ask ourselves if there are any parallel lines in the figure. You can look at the
figure to see if any of the lines look parallel or make a quick sketch of the image and
see if any pairs of opposite lines meet at a point.

Both pairs of opposite sides are not parallel. This means that the figure can only be one
of the following: trapezium, kite or quadrilateral.

Next we ask ourselves if one of the pairs of opposite sides is parallel, while the other is
not. Neither of the two pairs of opposite sides is parallel so we must now look to see if
both pairs of adjacent sides are equal in length. Both pairs of adjacent sides are equal
in length. So this is a kite.

Therefore this is a kite.

Show Answer
Based on the shape that you see list the all the names of the shape. The figure is drawn
to scale.
Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel. That means that this shape can belong to one
or more of these groups: square, rhombus, rectangle, and/or parallelogram.

The shape shown is a rhombus. It is certainly a quadrilateral (because it has four sides).
It is also a parallelogram, because the opposite sides are parallel to each other. The
rhombus is not a rectangle or a square because it does not have right angles. However,
the rhombus is a kite, because it has two pairs of adjacent sides which are equal in
length. And finally, it is a trapezium because it has a pair of opposite sides which are
parallel.

Therefore the correct answer is: rhombus, parallelogram, kite, trapezium and
quadrilateral.

Show Answer
FGHIFGHI is a rhombus. F1^=3x+20∘F1^=3x+20∘ ; G1^=x+10∘G1^=x+10∘.
Determine the value of xx.

E2^=90∘E2^=90∘ (diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles)

F1^+G1^+90∘3x+20∘+x+10∘4x∴x=180∘ (sum of ∠s
in △)=90∘=60∘=15∘F1^+G1^+90∘=180∘ (sum of ∠s
in △)3x+20∘+x+10∘=90∘4x=60∘∴x=15∘
Show Answer
In the diagram below, AB=BC=CD=DE=EF=FA=BEAB=BC=CD=DE=EF=FA=BE.

Name:

33 rectangles
ACDFACDF, ABEFABEF and BCDEBCDE
Show Answer
44 parallelograms
ACDFACDF, ABEFABEF, BCDEBCDE and BCEFBCEF
Show Answer
22 trapeziums
ACEFACEF and BCDFBCDF
Show Answer
22 rhombi
ABEFABEF and BCDEBCDE
Show Answer
Points RR and PP are the mid-points on lines QSQS and QTQT.
Study △TSQ△TSQ carefully. Identify the third side of this triangle, using the
information as shown, together with what you know about the mid-point theorem. (Name
the third side by its endpoints, e.g., FGFG.)
The red line, TSTS or STST, indicates the third side of the triangle. According to the
mid-point theorem, the line joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side of the triangle.

Show Answer
Points XX and VV are given on the segments WYWY and WZWZ. Study the triangle
carefully, then identify and name the parallel line segments.

The line segments YZYZ and VXVX are parallel according to the mid-point theorem
because segment VXVX is bisecting the line segments WZWZ and WYWY.
Show Answer
The figure below shows a large triangle with vertices AA, BB and DD, and a smaller
triangle with vertices at CC, DDand EE. Point CC is the mid-point of BDBD and
point EE is the mid-point of ADAD.

The angles A^=39∘A^=39∘ and B^=55∘B^=55∘ are given; determine the value
of DE^CDE^C.
ABDE^CDE^C∥EC(Midpt Theorem)=A^(corresp ∠s; AB∥EC)=39∘AB∥EC(Midpt
Theorem)DE^C=A^(corresp ∠s; AB∥EC)DE^C=39∘
Show Answer
The two triangles in this question are similar triangles. Complete the following statement
correctly by giving the three vertices in the correct order (there is only one correct
answer).

△DEC|||△?△DEC|||△?
Angle DD corresponds to angle DD; angle EE corresponds to angle AA ; and
angle CC corresponds to angle BB. Therefore, △DEC|||△DAB△DEC|||△DAB.
Show Answer
The figure below shows a large triangle with vertices MM, NN and QQ, and a smaller
triangle with vertices at PP, QQand RR. Point PP is the mid-point of NQNQ and
point RR is the mid-point of MQMQ.
With the two angles given, Q^=22∘Q^=22∘ and QR^P=98∘QR^P=98∘, determine the
value of M^M^.
MNM^M^∥RP(Midpt Theorem)=QR^P(corresp ∠s; MN∥PR)=98∘MN∥RP(Midpt
Theorem)M^=QR^P(corresp ∠s; MN∥PR)M^=98∘
Show Answer
The two triangles in this question are similar triangles. Complete the following statement
correctly by giving the three vertices in the correct order (there is only one correct
answer).

△QMN|||△?△QMN|||△?
Angle QQ corresponds to angle QQ; angle MM corresponds to angle RR ; and
angle NN corresponds to angle PP. Therefore, △QMN|||△QRP△QMN|||△QRP.
Show Answer
Consider the triangle in the diagram below. There is a line segment crossing through a
large triangle. Notice that some segments in the figure are marked as equal to each
other. One side of the triangle has a given length of 10. Some information is also given
about the lengths of other segments along the edges of the triangle.
From the mid-point theorem we know:

VW(10)12(10)5=2×XZ=2x=x=xVW=2×XZ(10)=2x12(10)=x5=x
Show Answer
In the figure below, GH∥LJGH∥LJ, as labelled. Furthermore, the following lengths and
angles are
given: GH=10GH=10; LJ=5LJ=5; HJ=9HJ=9; KL=8KL=8 and G^=84∘G^=84∘. The
figure is drawn to scale.

Calculate the length of JKJK.

We are given that GH∥LJGH∥LJ. The length of JLJL is 5 and the length of GHGH is
10, therefore JL=12GHJL=12GH.
Therefore we know from the mid-point theorem that LL is the mid-point
of GKGK and JJ is the mid-point of HKHK.
Therefore HJ=JK=9HJ=JK=9.
Show Answer
The figure below shows triangle GHKGHK with the smaller triangle JKLJKL sitting
inside of it. Furthermore, the following lengths and angles are
given: GH=12;LJ=7;HJ=8;LG=11GH=12;LJ=7;HJ=8;LG=11 ; K^=33∘K^=33∘. The
figure is drawn to scale.

Find the length of KLKL.

You can see in the figure that the segment LJLJ is not parallel to GHGH. This means
that the mid-point theorem cannot apply to this triangle. There are no other options to
use either: this question cannot be solved. There is no solution.
Show Answer
In the diagram below, PP is the mid-point of NQNQ and RR is the mid-point of MQMQ.
One side of the triangle has a given length of z2−2z2−2.

Determine the value of PRPR in terms of zz.

Fill in information on the diagram using the mid-point theorem:
Remember that the mid-point theorem tells us that the
segments MNMN and PRPR have a ratio of 2:12:1 (MNMNis twice as long
as PRPR).
MN(z2−2)12(z2−2)z4−1=2×PR=2(PR)=PR=PRMN=2×PR(z2−2)=2(PR)12(z2−2)=PR
z4−1=PR

The final answer is PR=z4−1PR=z4−1 (half the size as MNMN).

Show Answer
You are now told that PRPR has a length of 22. What is the value of zz?
z4−1z4(4)(z4)z=2=3=(3)(4)=12z4−1=2z4=3(4)(z4)=(3)(4)z=12
The final answer is z=12z=12.
Show Answer
The figure below shows △MNQ△MNQ crossed by RPRP. Points PP and RR bisect
their respective sides of the triangle.
With the two angles given, M^=8bM^=8b and ∠NPR=119∘∠NPR=119∘, determine the
value of Q^Q^ in terms of bb.
Redraw the diagram and fill in the known information using the mid-point theorem:
QP^R=180∘−RP^N=180∘−119∘=61∘QP^R=180∘−RP^N=180∘−119∘=61∘ (∠∠s on str
line).
QR^P=8bQR^P=8b (corresp ∠∠s; MN∥RPMN∥RP).
Therefore:

Q^+8b+61∘Q^=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)=180∘−(8b+61∘)=−8b+119∘Q^+8b+61∘=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)Q^=180∘−(8b+61∘)=−8b+119∘
Show Answer
You are now told that M^M^ has a measure of 76∘76∘. Determine for the value of bb.
Give your answer as an exact fractional value.
M^8bb=76∘=76∘=192M^=76∘8b=76∘b=192
Show Answer
The figure below shows △MNQ△MNQ crossed by RPRP. Points PP and RR bisect
their respective sides of the triangle.
The angles Q^=15dQ^=15d and RP^Q=9dRP^Q=9d are given in the large triangle;
determine the value of M^M^ in terms of dd.
Redraw the diagram and fill in known information using the mid-point theorem:

PR^Q=M^PR^Q=M^ (corresp ∠∠s; MN∥RPMN∥RP).

M^+9d+15dM^=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)=180∘−(9d+15d)=−24d+180∘M^+9d+15d=180∘(sum of ∠s
in △)M^=180∘−(9d+15d)=−24d+180∘
Show Answer
You are now told that RP^QRP^Q has a measure of 60∘60∘. Solve for the value of dd.
Give your answer as an exact fractional value.
RP^Q9dd=60∘=60∘=203RP^Q=60∘9d=60∘d=203
Show Answer
Calculate aa and bb:

In △TRS△TRS and △PTQ△PTQ:

T^TR^STS^R=T^(common ∠)=P^(corresp ∠s; RS∥PQ)=Q^(corresp ∠s; RS∥PQ
)T^=T^(common ∠)TR^S=P^(corresp ∠s; RS∥PQ)TS^R=Q^(corresp ∠s; RS∥PQ)
Therefore △TRS|||△PTQ△TRS|||△PTQ (AAA).
Therefore the sides are in proportion.

TRTPaa+15aa+15a4a3a∴ab4b3b∴b=TSTQ=b4b=14=(a+15)(14)=a+15=15=5=b
4+9=b+36=36=12TRTP=TSTQaa+15=b4baa+15=14a=(a+15)(14)4a=a+153a=15∴a=5b=b4+
94b=b+363b=36∴b=12

Therefore: a=5a=5 and b=12b=12.

Show Answer
△PQR△PQR and △PSR△PSR are equilateral triangles. Prove that PQRSPQRS is a
rhombus.
We are given two equilateral triangles, therefore
in △PSR△PSR: PS=SR=PRPS=SR=PR and
in △PQR△PQR: PQ=QR=PRPQ=QR=PR.
But PRPR is a common side and so PR=PS=SR=PQ=QRPR=PS=SR=PQ=QR.
Also in each triangle all the interior angles are equal to 60°.
Therefore P^1=R^2P^1=R^2 and P^2=R^2P^2=R^2.
Therefore PQ∥SRPQ∥SR and PS∥QRPS∥QR (alt. int. ∠∠'s equal).
∴PQRS∴PQRS is a rhombus (all sides are equal in length, both pairs of opposite sides
parallel).
Show Answer
LMNOLMNO is a quadrilateral with LM=LOLM=LO and diagonals that intersect
at SS such that MS=SOMS=SO. Prove that:

ML^S=SL^OML^S=SL^O
 In △LMSLMMSLS∴△LMS∴ML^S and △LOS=LO (given)=SO (given) is a
common
side≡△LOS (SSS)=SL^OIn △LMS and △LOSLM=LO (given)MS=SO (given)LS is a
common side∴△LMS≡△LOS (SSS)∴ML^S=SL^O
Show Answer
△LON≡△LMN△LON≡△LMN
In △LONLOML^SLN∴△LON and △LMN=LM (given)=SL^O (proved
above) is a common
side≡△LMN (SAS)In △LON and △LMNLO=LM (given)ML^S=SL^O (proved
above)LN is a common side∴△LON≡△LMN (SAS)
Show Answer
MO⊥LNMO⊥LN
We need to show that one
of LS^MLS^M or LS^OLS^O or MS^NMS^N or OS^NOS^N is equal to 90°.
We have already proved that ML^S=OL^SML^S=OL^S and
that LM^S=LO^SLM^S=LO^S (using congruent triangles).
We also note that ML^O=ML^S+OL^SML^O=ML^S+OL^S.
Next we note that:

ML^S+OL^S+LM^S=LO^S∴2(ML^S)+2(LM^S)2(ML^S+LM^S)ML^S+LM^
S=180° (sum of ∠s in △)=180°=180°=90°ML^S+OL^S+LM^S=LO^S=180° (sum
of ∠s in △)∴2(ML^S)+2(LM^S)=180°2(ML^S+LM^S)=180°ML^S+LM^S=90°

Now we note that:

LS^O∴LS^O∴MO=ML^S+LM^S (ext ∠ of △)=90°⊥LNLS^O=ML^S+LM^S (ext ∠

of △)∴LS^O=90°∴MO⊥LN
Show Answer
Using the figure below, show that the sum of the three angles in a triangle is 180°.
Line DEDE is parallel to BCBC.
DE∥BCDE∥BC (given).
e=ce=c (alt ∠∠s; DE∥BCDE∥BC).
d=bd=b (alt ∠∠s; DE∥BCDE∥BC).
d+a+e=180°d+a+e=180° (∠∠s on str line).
And we have shown that e=ce=c and d=bd=b therefore we can
replace dd with bb and ee with cc to get:
a+b+c=180°a+b+c=180°.
Therefore the angles in a triangle add up to 180°180°.
Show Answer
PQRPQR is an isosceles triangle withPR=QRPR=QR. SS is the mid-point
of PQPQ, TT is the mid-point of PRPR and UU is the mid-point of RQRQ.
Prove △STU△STU is also isosceles.
PTSUSU∴SUST∴STBut PR∴SU∴△STU=12PR (given) mid-point of PQ mid-
point of RQ=12PR=PT mid-point of PQ mid-point
of PR=12QR=QU=QR (given)=ST is isosceles.PT=12PR (given)S mid-point
of PQU mid-point of RQSU=12PR∴SU=PTS mid-point of PQT mid-point
of PR∴ST=12QR=QUBut PR=QR (given)∴SU=ST∴△STU is isosceles.
Show Answer
What type of quadrilateral is STRUSTRU? Motivate your answer.
STRUSTRU is a rhombus. It is a parallelogram
since SU∥TRSU∥TR and ST∥URST∥UR (from the mid-point theorem) with four equal
sides: US=ST=TR=RUUS=ST=TR=RU (given and proved above).
Show Answer
If RT^U=68°RT^U=68° calculate, with reasons, the size of
TS^UTS^U.
RT^U∴TU^S∴ST^U∴TS^U∴TS^U=68°=68° (alt ∠s; TR∥SU)=68°(∠s opp
equal sides=180°−2(68)°(sum of ∠s
in △)=180°−136°=44°RT^U=68°∴TU^S=68° (alt ∠s; TR∥SU)∴ST^U=68°(∠s opp equal
sides∴TS^U=180°−2(68)°(sum of ∠s in △)∴TS^U=180°−136°=44°
Show Answer
ABCDABCD is a parallelogram. BE=BCBE=BC. Prove
that AB^E=BC^DAB^E=BC^D.
 BC^DAB^E∴AB^E=BE^C(∠s opp equal
sides=BE^C (alt ∠s; AB∥DC)=BC^DBC^D=BE^C(∠s opp equal
sidesAB^E=BE^C (alt ∠s; AB∥DC)∴AB^E=BC^D
Show Answer
In the diagram below, DD, EE and GG are the mid-points
of ACAC, ABAB and BCBC respectively. EC∥FGEC∥FG.

Prove that FECGFECG is a parallelogram.

AEADFDEC∴FECG=EB ( E is mid-point )=DC ( D is mid-point )∥BC (Midpt
Theorem)∥FG (given) is a parallelogram (opp sides of quad are ∥)AE=EB ( E is
 mid-point )AD=DC ( D is mid-point )FD∥BC (Midpt Theorem)EC∥FG (given)∴FECG is a
parallelogram (opp sides of quad are ∥)
Show Answer
Prove that FE=EDFE=ED.
EDGC∴EDFE∴ED=12BC (Midpt Theorem)=12BC(definition of mid-
point)=GC=GC (opp sides of ∥m)=FEED=12BC (Midpt Theorem)GC=12BC(definition
of mid-point)∴ED=GCFE=GC (opp sides of ∥m)∴ED=FE
Show Answer