GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORK (22622)

ACADEMIC YEAR-2022-23

A MICRO-PROJECT ON
“MANET”

FOR THE AWARD OF

DIPLOMA INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY &

ENGINEERING(IT)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

PROF. R.V.Bhadle

SUBMITTED BY

EnrollmentNo Name Roll no Signature

2011620277 Tagad Pallavi Narayan 43

2011620284 More Sujata Satish 50

2111620416 Patharkar Aarti Arjun 56

2111620417 Pawse Aditi Shivaji 57

2111620418 Shelke Supriya Sundar 58

 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, AMBAD.
DEPARMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORK (22622)

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the micro project entitiled “MANET” being submitted here with for the
award of DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY in INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY of MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD & TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(MSBTE) is the result of Micro-project work guidance of Prof. R.V.BADHLE.
It is to the best of my knowledge and belief that the work embodied in this Micro project has not formed.

earlier the basis for the award of any degree or diploma of this or any otherBoardor examining body.

AcademicYear:2022-2023 Semester: Six (VI)

Place: Ambad
Date:

PROF.R.V.BHADLE PROF. Y.B. SANAP DR.A.M.AGARKAR

Micro-project Guide H.O. D Principal

 DECLARATION

I, the undersigned hereby declare that the project entitled “ MANET ” written and submitted by
me to Government Polytechnic Ambad during Year 2022-2023, Six Semester for partial
fulfillmentof the „Micro Project‟ requirement of “WMN”course under Maharashtra State Board
project of Technical Education, Mumbai curriculum, under the guidance of Prof. R.V.BHADLE
is my original work.
The empirical findings in this project are based on the collected data and are notcopied from any
other sources. There are Names Of Student Who Help/Submit this Project.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have great pleasure to express my immense gratitude towards a dynamic person and my
project guidance. I am Very thank full to Prof.R.V.Bhadle Department of Information Technology.
Government Polytechnic, Ambad for giving me an opportunity to work on an interesting topic over
one semester. The work presented here could not have been accomplished without his most competent
and inspiring guidance, innocessant encouragement, constructive criticism and constant motivation
during all phases of our group Micro-project work. I am highly indebted to him.

I am very much thankful to Head Department of Information Technology all HODs of various
departments and Prof.Dr.A.M.Aagarkar ,The Principal of Government Polytechnic, Ambad for his
encouragement and providing me a motivating environment and project facilities in the Institute to

carry out experiments and complete this Micro-project work.

I would like to extend my thanks to all our professors, staff members and allour friends who extended
their co-operation to complete the project.

I am indeed indebted to my parents and other family members for theirimmense help at all levels
with moral, social & financial support, care and support throughout my studies without which my
work would not have seen light of the day.

With warm regards,

Yours Sincerely,
…………………………………………..
 Introduction of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET)

MANET stands for Mobile Adhoc Network also called a wireless Adhoc network or Adhoc wireless
network that usually has a routable networking environment on top of a Link Layer ad hoc
network.They consist of a set of mobile nodes connected wirelessly in a self-configured, self-healing
network without having a fixed infrastructure. MANET nodes are free to move randomly as the
network topology changes frequently. Each node behaves as a router as they forward traffic to other
specified nodes in the network.

MANET may operate a standalone fashion or they can be part of larger internet. They form a
highly dynamic autonomous topology with the presence of one or multiple different transceivers
between nodes.The main challenge for the MANET is to equip each device to continuously
maintain the information required to properly route traffic.MANETs consist of a peer-to-peer,
self-forming, self-healing network MANET‟s circa 2000-2015 typically communicate at radio
frequencies (30MHz-5GHz). This can be used in road safety, ranging from sensors for the
environment, home, health, disaster rescue operations, air/land/navy defense, weapons, robots,
etc.
 Characteristics of MANET

Dynamic Topologies: Network topology which is typically multi hop may change randomly and
rapidly with time, it can form unidirectional or bi-directional links.
Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links: Wireless links usually have lower reliability,
efficiency, stability, and capacity as compared to a wired network.
Autonomous Behavior: Each node can act as a host and router, which shows its
autonomous behavior.
Energy Constrained Operation: As some or all the nodes rely on batteries or other exhaustible
means for their energy. Mobile nodes are characterized by less memory, power, and lightweight
features.
Limited Security: Wireless networks are more prone to security threats. A centralized firewall is
absent due to the distributed nature.of the operation for security, routing, and host configuration.
Less Human Intervention: They require minimum human intervention to configure the network,
therefore they are dynamically autonomous in nature.

Pros and Cons of MANET

Pros:

Separation from central network administration.

Each node can play both the roles ie. of router and host showing autonomous nature.
Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do not require human intervention.
Highly scalable and suits the expansion of more network hub.

Cons:

Resources are limited due to various constraints like noise, interference conditions, etc.
Lack of authorization facilities.
More prone to attacks due to limited physical security.
High latency i.e. There is a huge delay in the transfer of data between two sleeping nodes.
 Improvement in MANET
Quality of Service (QoS): Researchers are working to improve the quality of service of MANET
by developing efficient routing protocols that provide better bandwidth, throughput, and latency.

Security: To ensure the security of the MANET, researchers are developing efficient security
mechanisms that provide encryption, authentication, and authorization facilities.

Power management: To enhance the lifetime of MANET nodes, researchers are working on
developing efficient power management techniques that reduce the energy consumption of nodes.

Multimedia support: Researchers are working to provide multimedia support to MANET by

developing efficient routing protocols that can handle multimedia traffic efficiently

Standardization: To ensure the interoperability of different MANET devices, researchers are

working on developing standard protocols and interfaces that can be used by different MANET
devices.

Advantages:

Flexibility: MANETs are highly flexible, as they can be easily deployed in various environments
and can be adapted to different applications and scenarios. This makes them ideal for use in
emergency situations or military operations, where there may not be a pre-existing network
infrastructure.

Scalability: MANETs can easily scale to accommodate a large number of nodes, making them
suitable for large-scale deployments. They can also handle dynamic changes in network topology,
such as the addition or removal of nodes.

Cost-effective: Since MANETs do not require any centralized infrastructure, they are often more
cost-effective than traditional wired or wireless networks. They can also be used to extend the
range of existing networks without the need for additional infrastructure.

Rapid Deployment: MANETs can be rapidly deployed in areas where infrastructure is not
available, such as disaster zones or rural .
 Disadvantages

Security: MANETs are vulnerable to security threats, such as attacks by malicious nodes,
eavesdropping, and data interception. Since the network is decentralized, there is no central
authority to ensure the security of the network.

Reliability: MANETs are less reliable than traditional networks, as they are subject to
interference, signal attenuation, and other environmental factors that can affect the quality of the
connection.

Bandwidth: Since MANETs rely on wireless communication, bandwidth can be limited. This can
lead to congestion and delays, particularly when multiple nodes are competing for the same
channel.

Routing: Routing in MANETs can be complex, particularly when dealing with dynamic network
topologies. This can result in inefficient routing and longer delays in data transmission.

Power Consumption: Since MANETs rely on battery-powered devices, power consumption can
be a significant issue. Nodes may need to conserve power to extend the life of the battery,
which can limit the amount of data that can be transmitted.

MANET TOPOLOGIES

The dynamic collection of mobile nodes creating short-lived networks with the absence of
mixed infrastructure is called as MANET.
Every node in MANET has wireless transmitter and receiver with proper antenna. All nodesacts
as routers connected by wireless link.
 TOPOLOGY FORMATION

1 Neighbour Discovery:
The performance of Ad-hoc Network depends on the interaction among communicating entities in a given
neighborhoods.
Thus, in general, before a node starts communicating, it must discover the set of nodes that are within its
direct communication range. Once this information is gathered, the node keeps it in an internal data structure so
that it can be used in different networking activities such as routing.
The behavior of an Ad-hoc node depends on the behavior of its neighboring nodes because it must sense the
medium before it starts transmitting packets to the nodes in its interfering range, Which can cause collision at
the other nodes.

2.Packet Forwarding Algorithms:

An important part of a routing protocol is the packet forwarding algorithm that chooses the one to
forward the data packet among neighbouring nodes.

The forwarding algorithm implements a forwarding goal that may be, for instance, the shortest
average hop distance from source to destination.

In this case, the set of potential nodes may include only those in direct communication range from
the current node or also the set of possible nodes in the route to the destination.

The Compass Selecting Routing (COMPASS) algorithm chooses the node that minimises the angle,
but considers the nodes that are closer to node D. Hence, it is node 4. The random process

forwarding algorithm, as the name suggest, chooses a random node that is in direct communication
range from s.
 Features of MANET
It is an infrastructure less IP based network of mobile and wireless machine nodes connected with
the radio. In operation, the nodes of a MANET does not have centralized administration
mechanism.

It is known for its routeable network properties where each node acts as a "Router" to forward the
traffic to Other specified node in the network.

Characteristics of MANET:
1. In MANET, each node acts as both host and router. Thus it shows autonomous behavior.
2. Multi-hop radio relaying- When a source node and destination node are out of the radio
range, the MANETS are capable of multi-hop routing.
3. It posses distributed nature of operation for security, routing and host configuration. A
centralized firewall is absent.
4. The nodes can join or leave the network anytime, making the network topology dynamic innature.
5. Mobile nodes are characterized by lesser memory, power and lighter in weight features.
6. The reliability, efficiency, stability and capacity of wireless links are often inferior when
compared with wired links. This shows the fluctuating link bandwidth of wireless links.

APPLICATIONS OF MANET:
with the increase of portable devices as well as progress in wireless communication Ad-ho
networking is gaining importance with the increasing number of broad applications in the
commercial sectors, military and private sectors.
Ad-Hoc Networks allow users to access and exchange information regardless of their geographic
position or proximity to infrastructure. All nodes in MANETS are mobile and their connections
dynamic.
MANETS do not require a fixed infrastructure. This offers an advantageous decentralized
character to the network.
The applications of MANET as follows:
1. Military Sector: Military equipment now routinely contains some sort of computer
equipment. Ad- hoc networking would allow the military to take advantage of
commonplace network technology to maintain an information network between the
soldiers, vehicles, and military information headquarters. The basic techniques of Ad-hoc
network came from this field.
2. Crisis -Management Application: Ad hoc can be used in emergency rescue operations
for disaster management, e.g. in fire, flood, or earthquake. This may be because all of the
equipments were destroyed, or perhaps because the region is at remote place. Rescuers
must be able to communicate in order to make the best use of their energy, but also to
maintain safety
3. Low Level: Appropriate low level application might be in domestic networks where
devices can communicate directly to exchange information. Similarly in other civilian
environments like taxi, sports stadium, boat and small aircraft, mobile Ad-hoc
communications have many applications.
4. Data Networks: A commercial application for MANETS include wide range computing.
By allowing computers to forward data to others, data networks may be extended far
beyond the usual reach of installed infrastructure. Networks may be made more widely
available and easier to use.
5. Vehicular Area Network: Ad-hoc network is useful in forming network among different
vehicles on the road and can propagate information like accidents, congestion. It is also
helpful in determining nearby facilities such as gas station, restaurants, hospitals and other
facilities.

6. Personal Area Network: PAN is short range, localized network where nodes are
associated with a given person. These nodes could be attached to someone's cellphone
laptop and television and so on.
Types of MANET Architecture

MANET is an autonomous system of mobile host connected by wireless link. In cellular

network Communication between two Mobile Host (MH) Completely rely on the wired backbone and
fixed base station.
There are two approaches to providing network connectivity in a MANET namely, Hierarchical
network architecture and Flat-routed architecture.

1. Hierarchical Network Architecture:

A hierarchical network design involves dividing the network into discrete layers. Each layer,
or tier, in the hierarchy provides specific functions that define its role within the overall
network.

This helps the network designer and architect to optimize and select the right network hardware
software, and features to performn specific roles for that network layer.

Hierarchical models apply to both LẠN and WAN design. A typical enterprise hierarchical LAN
campus network design includes the following three layers:

1. Access Layer: Provides workgroup/user access to the network.

2. Distribution Layer:Provides policy-based connectivity and controls the

boundarybetween the accėss and core layers.

3. Core Layer: Provides fast transport between distribution within the enterprise camputer.
Flat-Routed Architecture:
The benefit of dividing a flat network into smaller, more manageable blocks is that local traffic
remains local. Only traffic that is destined for other networks is moved to a higher layer. The flat
network has now been divided into three separate broadcast domains.

Designing Challenges of MANET

MANET is defined as a type of Ad-Hoc Network that can change locations and configure itself on
the fly Because MANETS are mobile, they use wireless connections to connect to various
networks. it is an autonomous system of mobile host connected by wireless link.

Challenges in MANET:

1. Routing: Since the topology of the network is constantly changing, the issue of routing
Packets between any pair of nodes becomes a challenging task, because routes between nodes
may potentially contain multiple hops, which is more complex than the single hop
communication.

2. Security and Reliability: An Ad hoc network has its particular security problems due to
nasty neighbor relaying packets. The feature of distributed operation requires different
schemes of authentication and key management. Further, wireless link characteristics
introduce also reliability problems, because of the limited wireless transmission range, the
broadcast nature of the wireless medium, mobility-induced packet losses, and data
transmission errors

3. Quality of Service (Qos): Providing different quality of service levels in a constantly

changing environment will be challenge. The inherent stochastic feature of communications
quality in a MANET makes it difficult to offer fixed guarantees on the services offered to a
device.

4. Internetworking: Addition to the communication within an Ad hoc network, inter-

networking between MANET and fixed networks is often expected in many cases. The
coexistence of routing protocols in such a mobile device is a challenge for the harmonious
mobility management.
5. Power Consumption: For most of the mobile terminals, the communication-related
functions should be optimized for lean power consumption. Conservation of power and
power-aware routing must be taken into consideration.
6. Restricted Wireless Transmission Range: The radio group will be restricted in the
wireless networks and as a result data amounts it can provide much slighter than what a bound
network can provide. This involves routing procedures of wireless networks must be use
bandwidth in ideal way. This can be achieved through protecting the overhead as minimum as
conceivable.
7. Time-Varying Wireless Link Characteristics: Wireless channel is liable to a
range of broadcast disorders such as path harm, declining, intervention and obstruction. These
features resist the series, data rate, and consistency of these cordless transmissions. The range
of which these features disturb the transmission that rest on atmospheric situations and
flexibility of receiver and transmitter.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

• A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially
distributedautonomous devices using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions.

• A WSN system incorporates a gateway that provides wireless connectivity back to the
wired
• world and distributed nodes .The wireless protocol you select depends on your application
requirements.

• Some of the available standards include 2.4 GHz radios based on either IEEE 802.15.4 or
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) standards or proprietary radios, which are usually 900 MHz.

• Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNS) can be defined as a self-configured and infrastructure-

less wireless networks to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature,
sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants and to cooperatively pass their data through
thenetwork to a main location or sink where the data can be observed and analyzed.
Advantages of WSN:

1. WSN is a flexible network and can adapt to the changes.

2. Additional of New Device: WSN Can accommodate new devices in the network any time
with éase.
3. Save Cost: Wireless sensor networkS save a lot of wiring cost and sensors like PIR detectors
are relatively cheaper then wires.

Disadvantages of WSN:

1. WSN networks are not secure as compared to wired networks. Hackers can easily hack the
network.
2. Battery Issue: Nodes need to be charged at regular intervals...

3. Low Communication Speed: Communication speed is comparatively low than

the wired network.
 Conclusion:-
In conclusion, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) offer a unique solution to our ever-
increasing need for wireless connectivity. With their self-organizing and decentralized properties,
MANETs are ideal for situations where traditional infrastructure-based networks are unavailable
or compromised.

However, there are some challenges that must be addressed such as network security and energy
efficiency. Despite these obstacles, the future of MANETs looks promising with advancements in
technology and innovation leading the way. As we continue to rely more on wireless
communication, MANETs will undoubtedly play an increasingly important role in shaping our
interconnected world.

Reference:-
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/introduction-of-mobile-ad-hoc-network-manet
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/introduction-of-mobile-ad-hoc-network-manet/

Nirali publication Book.